Magnetic nuclear fusion reactor with distributed divertor power

Abstract

The invention relates to a magnetic nuclear fusion reactor with distributed divertor power, which comprises at least one first section (1.1) and at least one second section (1.2) and contains floating layers of fluid. The reactor comprises, in one section, a first vessel (4) for the divertor function, containing at least one adjacent layer that is not in contact with the plasma (2) and which forms an equipotential receiving wall (4.1) of reactive liquid metal, said wall forming an equipotential surface across the entire interior surface, for receiving equal power from ionised particles at any point on the surface; and, in the other section, a second power vessel (5) containing at least one lithium-containing power layer (5.2), which is disposed on the chamber (1) and capable of extracting power from the plasma neutrons and generating tritium.

Description

[0001] DESCRIPTION

[0002] Distributed divertorial power magnetic nuclear fusion reactor

[0003] Technical field of the invention

[0004] The present invention pertains to the technical field of industrial equipment for energy production, specifically to a magnetic nuclear fusion reactor.

[0005] Background of the Invention

[0006] “Stellarators” are a type of toroidal magnetic confinement nuclear fusion device created in 1951 at Princeton University by Lyman Spitzer and can have a scientific-experimental purpose, or an industrial purpose, as is the case of a fusion reactor for a commercial power plant.

[0007] Currently, there are four types of stellarators, classified by their magnetic configuration: quasi-axissymmetric, quasi-helical, quasi-isodynamic, and non-quasi-symmetric. The first three, the most modern and advanced, have a plasma cross-section that varies from ovoid to crescent or bean shapes, including intermediate forms similar to a droplet.

[0008] Stellarator-type reactors have solid breeder blankets that protect the reactor chamber wall from neutrons, as well as being responsible for tritium production and energy extraction. To do this, these blankets are filled with neutron multipliers and tritium generators.

[0009] The problem is that these blankets must be produced multiple times to replace those damaged or degraded by the neutrons themselves, and the cost is very high. In addition, there is the significant cost of the remote maintenance systems needed to replace the damaged solid blankets and the enormous cost of the so-called "hot cells," which are the temporary storage facilities for damaged solid blankets after they have been used in the reactor. These blankets become activated after their time in the reactor and produce gamma and other types of radiation due to the transmutations caused by the neutrons.

[0010] There is a concept for reactors equipped with fluids inside the reactor chamber for tokamak and FRC-type reactors. These fluids generate the necessary tritium and protect the reactor wall from neutrons, a function traditionally performed by so-called breeder blankets. However, these solutions are not truly satisfactory for either tokamak or stellarator reactors because the total fluid flow in the reactor would be enormous and impractical, and small droplets would be generated, failing to integrate the extraction of heat from ionized particles.

[0011] As an example of the state of the art, we can mention the document with publication number ES2956340B2 (CENTER FOR ENERGY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH (CIEMAT)) in which a fusion reactor is defined that presents neutron concentration by means of a magnetic configuration with a high magnetic mirror and a rotating cylinder that maintains a fluid around the plasma in the low magnetic field zone.

[0012] A scientific article (QUERAL, V. on a High-Mirror Stellarator Reactor Exploratory Concept with Neutrons Concentrated on Centrifuge Liquids, 19 / 01 / 2024, IEEE Trans. Plasma Phys. 2024) presents a particular embodiment of the previous case, proposing the use of centrifugal fluids within the cylinder, with fluid entering through nozzles to propel the fluid, instead of being propelled by the cylinder's rotation as established in the previous patent. This concept, including the one described in document ES2956340B2, has the disadvantage that the non-cylindrical areas of the reactor chamber, or any blankets located in such areas, are not protected from neutrons and are damaged, requiring replacement. This results in extremely high costs for new production, remote maintenance systems, and storage facilities for these activated components.

[0013] In another scientific article (PALERMO, I. et al. Challenges towards an acceleration in stellarator reactor engineering: The dual coolant lithium-lead breeding blanket helical-axis advanced stellarator case, 14 / 12 / 2023), a reactor concept is proposed that features breeder blankets composed of solid structures with liquids inside, as well as a capillary surface made of liquid metals decoupled from the blankets, functioning as a first wall. However, a solid structure remains that is damaged by neutrons.

[0014] Another scientific article (SA BOZHENKOV et al. Measurements and correction of the 1 / 1 error field in Wendelstein 7-X, 19 / 12 / 2018) reflects the existence of experiments for stellarator-type devices that verify the position of the magnetic surfaces in the experimental stellarator called W7-X, which has a solid first wall. This article defines an experiment, not a reactor, and specifically focuses on stellarator-type devices that are not quasi-symmetric.

[0015] The reference document US2023317304A1 (GATES, DAVID) defines a stellarator reactor concept for generating neutrons optimized to confine fast particles, equipped with special electrical coils.

[0016] Reference document CN114582527A (SOUTHWEST TRAFFIC UNIV.) defines a reactor with a system of solid diverter banks positioned in poloidal channels where magnetic islands are located, and the power of the ionized particles is concentrated on these targets. The problem is that they still have a solid structure that will be affected, and there is a concentration of particles that produces high power levels, resulting in the destruction of the materials in these concentration zones.

[0017] Reference document CN114580217B describes a system for extracting power from ionized particles. In this system, the limiters are in direct contact with the device's plasma, unlike diverters, where the particles are diverted to areas somewhat or very far from the plasma. This document describes a system of solid limiter targets, with the associated wear issues, positioned along the outermost closed magnetic surface of the plasma.

[0018] These reactors are known for using fluids introduced through tangential nozzles to feed and propel a fluid in centrifugal rotation within a cylinder. They have also been traditionally used, for example, to feed fuel to certain rocket nozzles. Furthermore, these reactors operate by concentrating power in specific areas designed to receive ionized particles. This concentration is intentional, a consequence of the reactor's design, as it necessitates pumping the particles. The problem is that the materials in these areas would be destroyed by the production of high power levels, due to the very high power density per unit area, thus limiting power output.Furthermore, power cannot be extracted due to limitations in fluid velocity within the existing tubes in traditional diverters and the required pumping power.

[0019] With this system, ionized particles escape the main plasma through diffusion and turbulence. With any of the current state-of-the-art methods, the particles strike surfaces called divertors (or "divertor targets"), concentrating along striking lines located along the torus, thus facilitating their pumping. This results in power concentration on small surfaces, on the order of tens of MW / m². 2 which can hardly be resisted by materials and extracted by refrigerants.

[0020] Magnetic islands exist at the edges of some types of plasma. These are plasma toroids independent of the main plasma and enveloping its outer surface. In relation to this, there are two types of divertors. If the surfaces receiving the ionized particles are located within the magnetic islands (cutting them; the islands are usually large), they are called island divertors or resonant divertors. If these surfaces are located outside the islands (not cutting them; the islands are usually small, negligible, or nonexistent), they are called non-resonant divertors.

[0021] It is therefore necessary to find a way to solve these problems, in order to increase the power generation of these reactors, which is limited under current conditions, and at the same time solve the problem of damage to the reactor cores that generates excessive maintenance costs.

[0022] Description of the invention

[0023] The distributed divertoidal power magnetic nuclear fusion reactor presented here comprises a contorted toroidal reactor chamber, with a plasma flow confined within it by external magnetic coils arranged along the chamber.

[0024] This chamber is formed by at least a first sector with an ovoid cross-section, where the term ovoid includes ellipsoidal shapes, slightly rounded triangular shapes and circular shapes, and a second sector with a crescent-shaped cross-section, where the sectors are adjacent and alternate according to two or more repetition periods and comprise fluid inlet and outlet nozzles.

[0025] In this reactor, the chamber comprises within it layers of fluids of different densities arranged in a floating position one on top of the other and peripherally around the plasma, by means of a centrifugal force and a gravitational force, along the entire chamber and on its entire surface.

[0026] Each of the chamber periods comprises a first divertorial vessel and a second power vessel.

[0027] The first divertorial vessel is capable of performing the divertorial function of the reactor and is configured in one of the sectors of the period.

[0028] The fluid layers in this first vessel comprise at least one layer forming an equipotential receiving wall made of reactive liquid metal and located adjacent to, but not in contact with, the plasma, which forms an equipotential surface covering the entire inner surface of the first vessel, and is positioned in such a way as to allow the reception of the same power of ionized particles at any point on the surface to obtain a distributed divertorial power.

[0029] The second power vessel is configured in a different sector than the first vessel, and its internal fluid layers comprise at least one lithium-containing power layer on the inner surface of the chamber. This power layer is capable of extracting energy from the plasma neutrons, shielding the chamber from radiation, and generating tritium. An adjacent, non-contact receiver wall, composed of a liquid metal or liquid metal alloy with a lower density than the power layer, floats above it. Furthermore, the equipotential receiver wall of the first vessel is thicker and closer to the plasma than the receiver wall of the second vessel, enabling it to extract energy from ionized particles.

[0030] The magnetic nuclear fusion reactor proposed here represents a significant improvement over the state of the art.

[0031] This is because, thanks to the first divertorial vessel, which constitutes an equipotential receiving wall layer with an equipotential surface shape, and the combination of this element with the fact that this layer is made up of a reactive liquid metal, such as lithium, it is possible to receive the same power of ionized particles throughout this surface, which is a large surface that covers the entire surface of the vessel.

[0032] The combination of both characteristics is able to generate a reception of the ionized particles in a distributed manner throughout the surface of the receiving wall equipotentiality and cause the pumping of said ionized particles that reach this layer to extract the maximum of their power and prevent the particles from accumulating.

[0033] This has the advantage that by using an equipotential surface on which the ionized particles are distributed, combined with the pumping of these particles by the highly reactive fluid material, the power density that reaches the divertorial surfaces is very low, as it is distributed over a large surface area, and this allows it to be resisted and extracted without problem by the liquid metal that forms the equipotential receiving wall of the first divertorial vessel.

[0034] Another great advantage of this reactor is the use of thick centrifugal fluids located around the perimeter of the plasma in all sectors of each reactor period, as they are tritium producing fluids, which are not damaged by neutrons, protect the chamber from the action of said neutrons and whose useful life allows continuous use of them, without being replaced, until the end of the reactor's useful life.

[0035] All of this allows the reactor to operate independently of the condition of the cladding, since there are no such claddings and therefore they are neither damaged nor need to be replaced. Instead, there are fluid layers that perform their functions. Thus, the need for periodic cladding replacement is eliminated, as is the need for long-term cladding storage facilities while they continue to generate radiation. This results in significant savings in both time and costs.

[0036] It is therefore a nuclear fusion reactor with distributed and uniform divertor power that effectively solves the problem of power concentration on the divertor surfaces that receive the ionized particles in current reactors, as well as the problem of breeder blankets and the high cost of both the maintenance systems they require and the cell systems for storing them.

[0037] Brief description of the drawings

[0038] In order to aid a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, according to a preferred embodiment thereof, a series of drawings are provided as an integral part of this description, where, for illustrative and non-limiting purposes, the following has been represented:

[0039] Figure 1 shows a perspective view of a magnetic nuclear fusion reactor, for a first preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0040] Figure 2 shows a perspective view of the interior of a first divertorial vessel of a magnetic nuclear fusion reactor, for a first preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0041] Figure 3 shows a longitudinal sectional view of a first divertorial vessel of a magnetic nuclear fusion reactor, for a first preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0042] Figure 4 shows a view of section A-A' of a first divertorial vessel of a magnetic nuclear fusion reactor, for a first preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0043] Figure 5 shows a view of section B-B' of a second power vessel of a magnetic nuclear fusion reactor, for a first preferred embodiment of the invention. Figure 6 shows the fluid positioning method in a first divertorial vessel of a magnetic nuclear fusion reactor, for a first preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0044] Figure 7 shows the fluid positioning mode in a first divertorial vessel of a magnetic nuclear fusion reactor, for a second preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0045] Figure 8 shows a cross-sectional view of a first divertorial vessel and the fluid positioning mode in a magnetic nuclear fusion reactor for a third preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0046] Figure 9 shows a detailed view of the layer structure of the first vessel for a third preferred embodiment.

[0047] Figure 10 shows a view of the magnetic island cut for a fourth preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0048] Detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention

[0049] In view of the figures provided, it can be observed how in a first preferred embodiment of the invention, the distributed divertorial power magnetic nuclear fusion reactor proposed herein comprises a reactor chamber (1) with a contorted toroidal shape, with a plasma flow (2) confined within it by means of external magnetic coils (3), arranged along the chamber (1).

[0050] This chamber (1) is made of a mechanically resistant material and is formed at least by a first sector (1.1) with an ovoid cross-section and a second sector (1.2) with a crescent-shaped cross-section, where these sectors are adjacent and alternate according to two or more repetition periods and comprise fluid inlet and outlet nozzles (7, 8).

[0051] In this embodiment, the cross-section of the first sector (1.1) has a slightly rounded triangular shape, but as already indicated, the term ovoid includes both this shape and an ellipsoidal or circular shape, so in other embodiments it may have any of the other options included in the term ovoid. As shown in Figures 2 to 5, the reactor chamber (1) comprises layers of fluids of different densities arranged floating one on top of the other and perimetrically around the plasma (2), by means of a centrifugal force and a gravitational force, along the entire length of the chamber (1) and across its entire surface.

[0052] The term centrifugal force includes inertial forces that arise when a moving fluid changes direction, for example, when a fluid flows over a concave surface, such as an arc of a circle. Centrifugal force also encompasses inertial forces that occur when a fluid makes complete turns within a circle or cylinder.

[0053] In this preferred embodiment of the invention, the reactor has two repetition periods and each of these periods comprises a first divertorial vessel (4), capable of performing the divertorial function of the reactor, and a second power vessel (5).

[0054] The first vessel (4) is configured in one of the sectors, and the fluid layers in this first vessel (4) comprise at least one layer forming an equipotential receiving wall (4.1) made of reactive liquid metal and located adjacent to, but not in contact with, the plasma (2). This equipotential receiving wall (4.1) forms an equipotential surface that covers the entire inner surface of the first vessel (4) and is positioned to allow the reception of the same power of ionized particles at any point on the surface to obtain a distributed diverttorial power.

[0055] In this first preferred embodiment of the invention, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, the first vessel (4) comprises two side walls (6) located at both ends thereof, perpendicular to its axis and having an annular shape so that they separate the fluid layers of this first vessel (4) from those of the rest of the chamber (1) and at the same time allow the passage of plasma (2) through its central opening (6.1).

[0056] The fluid layers inside the second power vessel (5) comprise at least one lithium-containing power layer (5.2) located on the inner surface of the chamber (1), capable of extracting neutron energy from the plasma, protecting the chamber (1) from its radiation, and generating tritium. In this first preferred embodiment of the invention, the power layer (5.2) is specifically formed from a molten salt containing lithium for the production of tritium.

[0057] The second vessel (5) further comprises a layer located adjacent to and without contact with the plasma (2) that forms a receiving wall (5.1), formed by a liquid metal or liquid metal alloy, with a lower density than the power layer (5.2), and located floating above it as can be seen in Figure 5.

[0058] This receiving wall (5.1) is made of a liquid metal or liquid metal alloy, preferably of high chemical reactivity, with a lower density than the power layer (5.2) of the second vessel (5), and is located floating above it.

[0059] In this preferred embodiment, this receiving wall (5.1) is made of molten lithium. In other embodiments, it may be made of molten lithium mixed with particles to increase viscosity, as is the case with the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) of the first vessel (4).

[0060] Likewise, it is true that the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) of the first vessel (4) has a greater thickness than the receiving wall (5.1) of the second vessel (5) and is closer to the plasma (2) than said receiving wall (5.1), so that it is capable of extracting the power of the ionized particles.

[0061] The fact that the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) is located closer to the plasma (2) and has a greater thickness than the receiving wall (5.1) of the second vessel (5) allows the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) to receive and absorb the power from ionized particles, while the receiving wall (5.1) of the second vessel (5) receives an insignificant power from ionized particles.

[0062] The thickness of the power layer (5.2) of the second vessel (5) depends on the magnetic configuration in each sector, being preferably thinner in sectors where the vessel is crescent-shaped and its axis has a smaller radius of curvature. Experiments conducted for the development of this invention have shown that it is more difficult to create thick liquid surfaces in crescent-shaped vessels with a curved axis. In this first preferred embodiment of the invention, as shown in Figures 1, 4, and 6, the first vessel (4) is configured in the first sector (1.1), which, as previously mentioned, has an ovoid cross-section, specifically, in this case, a triangular cross-section with rounded vertices.

[0063] For its part, the second vessel (5) is configured in the second sector (1.2), with a semilunar shape, as can be seen in Figures 1 and 5, since it must be in the sector different from that corresponding to the first vessel (4).

[0064] Thus, the first vessel (4) can be located in the toroid area with an ovoid cross-section chamber, as occurs in this first embodiment, because the smooth curvatures and the lower magnetic field are favorable in some magnetic configurations, but it can also be located in the area with a semi-lunar or bean-shaped cross-section chamber, because the vertical pouring of fluids is favorable, that is, in other embodiments it can be designed in the opposite way, with the first vessel (4) in the second sector (1.2), with a semi-lunar cross-section, as shown in a second embodiment represented in Figure 7, and the second vessel (5) in the first sector (1.1) with an ovoid cross-section.

[0065] The free fluid surface in the first vessel (4) corresponds to the shape of the equipotential surface in the torus region where the first vessel (1.1) is located. The equipotential surface is chosen depending on whether it is desired to intercept particles in islands or particles outside the islands, because there is a slight difference between the two equipotential surfaces.

[0066] In the first vessel (4) the inner section narrows and gets closer to the plasma (2) than in the second vessel (5), so that practically all the ionized particles are directed to the free surface in the divertorial structure.

[0067] In this first preferred embodiment of the invention, as shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4, the fluid layers inside the first vessel (4) further comprise a sliding layer (4.3) located on the inner surface of the chamber (1) and a divertorial power layer (4.2) located between the sliding layer (4.3) and the equipotential receiving wall (4.1). The divertorial power layer (4.2) is capable of receiving the power of the neutrons from the plasma (2) and protecting the chamber (1) from its radiation. The sliding layer (4.3) is thin, with a higher density than the other fluids in this first vessel (4), while the fluid of the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) has a lower density. The sliding layer (4.3) is in contact with the first vessel (4) due to centrifugal and gravitational forces, facilitating the rotation of the divertorial power layer (4).2) and prevent turbulence from being generated, keeping the free surface in a defined and controllable position.

[0068] In this preferred embodiment, the sliding layer (4.3) is formed from a liquid; however, in other embodiments, it may be formed from a lubricating powder, fine particles, or mechanical drive elements such as thin, lubricated conveyor belts. It must be a temperature-resistant and vacuum-compatible material. It acts as a lubricant to reduce friction between the thicker divertorial power layer (4.2) inside the first vessel (4).

[0069] The fluid in the divertorial power layer (4.2) has a higher viscosity than the fluid in the power layer (5.2) of the second vessel (5), allowing it to maintain its geometric shape under gravitational forces. Its density is lower than that of the sliding layer (4.3) and higher than that of the equipotential receiving wall (4.1).

[0070] In this preferred embodiment, the thickness of the divertorial power layer (4.2) of this first vessel (4) is less than the thickness of the power layer (5.2) of the second vessel (5) so as to decrease the formation of waves and fluid instabilities in the first vessel (4) and, in addition, a protection function of the first vessel (4) against neutrons is achieved, producing a certain auxiliary amount of tritium and collecting the power of the corresponding neutrons.

[0071] The equipotential receiving wall (4.1) is a fluid layer that preferentially floats on the divertorial power layer (4.2), and its free surface is positioned so that it receives approximately the same power at any point on the surface. The equipotential receiving wall (4.1) is represented as a zero-volume line in Figures 3, 4, 6, and 7.

[0072] In a third preferred embodiment, as shown in Figures 8 and 9, the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) is located on a thin, cooled, solid equipotential surface-shaped sheet (11), positioned a short distance from the free surface of the divertorial power layer (4.2), for greater dimensional accuracy of the surface. This sheet is shown in Figure 9.

[0073] In this preferred embodiment, the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) is formed of molten lithium. In other embodiments, it may be formed of molten lithium mixed with particles to increase viscosity.

[0074] In this preferred embodiment, the reactor comprises cuts perpendicular to the chamber axis in the second vessel (5) that have a concave shape when viewed from the inside.

[0075] As shown in Figure 1, in this first preferred embodiment of the invention, the inlet and outlet nozzles (7, 8) of the reactor sections are tangential to the surface of the chamber (1) and are located at the lowest point of the fluid thickness, to position the fluids by centrifugal force and avoid turbulence. The cross-section of the inlet nozzles (7) is smaller than that of the outlet nozzles (8), with the number of nozzles (7, 8) being greater in the first vessel (4) than in the second vessel (5).

[0076] A greater number of nozzles (7, 8) in the first vessel (4) allows for more precise thickness control and a reduction in fluid turbulence that could create waves or uncontrolled thicknesses. This is necessary because the particles circulate in a direction quite tangential to the equipotential surface, meaning that small deviations from the desired theoretical surface would result in excessively heated surface areas, or so-called hot spots in diverters.

[0077] Furthermore, in this first embodiment, the first vessel (4) comprises additional inlet nozzles (9) for the injection of the slip layer (4.3), located in the lower part of the fluid layers and tangent to the inner surface of the first vessel (4).

[0078] Additionally, the high viscosity of the divertorial power layer (4.2), the action of the sliding layer (4.3), and the numerous nozzles (7, 8) in the first vessel (4) for precise fluid regulation and propulsion are prevented from producing appreciable waves on the free surface of the equipotential receiving wall fluid (4.1). This precision and absence of waves are necessary in the divertorial zone because the particles, guided by the magnetic field, have a very small angle of incidence with respect to the equipotential receiving wall fluid (4.1), and any wave or surface unevenness can produce power concentrations in hot spots and zones. Consequently, the plasma edge (2) may exhibit magnetic islands (10), and, as assumed in the first, second, and third embodiments, the equipotential receiving wall fluid (4.1) may be affected.1) is located in a position outside the plasma (2) and the aforementioned possible magnetic islands (10) existing on its edge.

[0079] On the other hand, in other embodiments, such as a fourth embodiment, it may happen that the plasma edge (2) has magnetic islands (10) and the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) is positioned so that it cuts these magnetic islands (10), as shown in Figure 10,

[0080] Thus, in the fourth embodiment shown in Figure 10, the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) cuts through magnetic islands (10) located at the edge of the plasma (2). In this figure, as in Figure 2, the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) and the sliding layer (4.3) have been given greater thickness, so that they are clearly defined in these figures, unlike in the other figures where they are represented as a line.

[0081] In the case of a reactor in which the area covered by the first vessel (4) is very elongated, some section of the first vessel (4), such as at the junction of the first and second sectors (1.1, 1.2), the first vessel (4) would occupy an intermediate sector with a teardrop shape, as occurs in a third preferred embodiment shown in Figure 8.

[0082] Based on the existence of centrifugal and gravitational force, and the inlet and outlet nozzles (7, 8), three possible methods of fluid positioning within the chamber (1) can be established.

[0083] Thus, a first method is that of a centrifugal perimeter positioning with complete rotation of the fluid, so that the fluid that enters through the inlet nozzles (7) mixes with the existing one, and is extracted through the outlet nozzles (8) after its mixing and after several complete rotations of the volume elements within the concave surfaces (generated by circles, ellipses or concave semi-moons viewed from the inside).

[0084] A second method is fluid positioning by centrifugal forces with direct inlet and outlet, in which the fluid enters through the inlet nozzles (7) and emerges through the outlet nozzles (8) with virtually no interaction with other fluids inside the chamber (1). A concave surface allows fluid positioning on ceilings and vertical walls.

[0085] Finally, a third possible positioning of the fluid is by mainly gravitational force with direct entry and exit, which allows fluids to be placed on horizontal or inclined ground surfaces, making a concave or slightly convex surface possible in this case.

[0086] In this first embodiment, because the divertorial power layer (4.2) does not necessarily incur excessive fluid flow due to the possible small size of the first vessel (4), it can have fluid positioning by centrifugal forces with direct entry and exit, fluid positioning by mainly gravitational force, or centrifugal perimetral fluid positioning with complete rotation.

[0087] As an example, the case of this first preferred embodiment of the invention is provided, in which, as can be seen in Figure 6, the divertorial power layer (4.2) of the first vessel (4) is positioned according to the second method, by positioning the fluid by centrifugal forces with direct entry and exit.

[0088] The case of the second preferred embodiment, shown in Figure 7, is also provided, in which the first vessel is located in the second crescent-shaped sector and the divertorial power layer (4.2) has a positioning by mainly centrifugal force with direct entry and exit, with fluid flowing vertically.

[0089] In a third preferred embodiment shown in Figure 8, another possibility of positioning the divertorial power layer (4.2) by gravitational forces with direct entry and exit is shown, on the lower area or floor of the first vessel (4), located in the gravitationally lower part of the first vessel (4), in this case a slightly convex floor being possible, represented for a case in which the first vessel (4) is located in an intermediate sector with a teardrop shape.

[0090] In the case of the power layer (5.2) of the second vessel (5), as it covers the entire second vessel (5) and the layer is necessarily thick to generate tritium, it may incur excessive fluid flow in the case of fluid positioning by centrifugal forces with direct entry and exit, so centrifugal perimetric fluid positioning with complete rotation is preferably used for it.

Claims

CLAIMS 1- A distributed divertorial power magnetic nuclear fusion reactor, comprising a toroidal reactor chamber (1) with a plasma flow (2) confined within it by external magnetic coils (3) arranged along the chamber (1), wherein this chamber (1) is formed by at least a first sector (1.1) with an ovoid cross-section and a second sector (1.2) with a crescent-shaped cross-section, such that the sectors are adjacent and alternate according to two or more repetition periods and comprise fluid inlet and outlet nozzles (7, 8), characterized in that the reactor chamber (1) comprises within it layers of fluids of different densities arranged floating one on top of the other and perimetrically around the plasma (2), by means of a centrifugal force and a gravitational force, along the entire length of the chamber (1) and on its entire surface, wherein each period of the chamber (1) comprises - a first divertorial vessel (4) capable of performing the divertorial function of the reactor, configured in one of the sectors, wherein the fluid layers in this first vessel (4) comprise at least one layer located adjacent to and without contact with the plasma (2), forming an equipotential receiving wall (4.1), formed by reactive liquid metal and forming an equipotential surface that covers the entire inner surface of the first vessel (4) and is located in such a position as to allow the reception of the same power of ionized particles at any point on the surface to obtain a distributed divertorial power; and - a second power vessel (5) configured in a sector different from that corresponding to the first vessel (4), wherein the fluid layers inside comprise at least one power layer (5.2) containing lithium, located on the inner surface of the chamber (1), capable of extracting power from the neutrons of the plasma, protecting the chamber (1) from its radiation and generating tritium, and a layer located adjacent to and without contact with the plasma (2) forming a receiving wall (5.1), formed of a liquid metal or liquid metal alloy, with a lower density than the power layer (5.2), and located floating on it; wherein the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) of the first vessel (4) has a greater thickness than the receiving wall (5.1) of the second vessel (5) and is closer to the plasma (2) than said receiving wall (5.1), so that it is capable of extracting power from the ionized particles. 2- Reactor according to claim 1, wherein the fluid layers inside the first vessel (4) comprise a sliding layer (4.3) located on the inner surface of the chamber (1) and a divertorial power layer (4.2), capable of receiving the power of the neutrons from the plasma (2) and protecting the chamber (1) from its radiation, located between the sliding layer (4.3) and the equipotential receiving wall (4.1), wherein the fluid of the sliding layer (4.3) has a higher density than the rest of the fluids in this first vessel (4), the fluid of the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) having a lower density than the rest. 3- Reactor according to claim 2, wherein the divertorial power layer (4.2) of the first vessel (4) has a smaller thickness and a higher viscosity than the power layer (5.2) of the second vessel (5). 4- Reactor according to claim 2, wherein the sliding layer (4.3) is formed by a liquid, lubricating powder or by flowing particles or by fluid-lubricated mechanical drag elements. 5- Reactor according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the receiving wall (5.1) and / or the receiving equipotential wall (4.1) are formed from molten lithium 6- Reactor according to claim 5, wherein the receiving wall (5.1) and / or the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) are formed from molten lithium mixed with particles to increase viscosity. 7- Reactor according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) is located on a solid sheet shaped like an equipotential surface. 8- Reactor according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the power layer (5.2) is formed by a molten salt containing lithium for the production of tritium. 9- Reactor according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the first vessel (4) comprises at both ends thereof, two side walls (6) perpendicular to its axis and having an annular shape such that they are capable of separating the fluid layers of this first vessel (4) from those of the rest of the chamber (1) and allowing the passage of the plasma (2) through its central opening (6.1). 10- Reactor according to any of the preceding claims, comprising cuts perpendicular to the axis of the chamber (1) in the second vessel (5) which have a concave shape when viewed from the inside. 11- Reactor according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the inlet and outlet nozzles (7, 8) of the sectors are tangential to the surface of the chamber (1) and are located in the lowest part of the fluid thickness, to position the fluids by centrifugal force and avoid turbulence, wherein the section of the inlet nozzles (7) is smaller than that of the outlet nozzles (8), the number of nozzles (7, 8) being greater in the first vessel (4) than in the second vessel (5). 12- Reactor according to any of claims 2 to 11, wherein the first vessel (4) comprises additional inlet nozzles (9) for the injection of the slip layer (4.3), located in the lower part of the fluid layers and tangent to the inner surface of the first vessel (4). 13- Reactor according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the plasma edge (2) has magnetic islands (10) and the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) is positioned such that it cuts said magnetic islands (10). 14- Reactor according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the plasma edge (2) has magnetic islands (10) and the equipotential receiving wall (4.1) is located outside the plasma (2) and these magnetic islands (10). 15- Reactor according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the first vessel (4) is configured in the first sector (1.1) and the second vessel (5) is configured in the second sector (1.2).

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