ADSORVENTE SÓLIDO PARA CAPTURAR DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO, MÉTODO PARA PREPARAR UM ADSORVENTE SÓLIDO, E, USO DE UMA RESINA DE POLÍMERO CLOROMETILADO

Abstract

Solid adsorbent for capturing carbon dioxide, process for capturing carbon dioxide, system for capturing carbon dioxide, method for preparing a solid adsorbent, and use of a polymer resin. This disclosure relates to a solid adsorbent for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a gas stream comprising CO2, wherein the solid adsorbent comprises an amine covalently bonded to a polymer resin (e.g., a polystyrene resin), wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 7% by weight at a temperature of about 40 °C and wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity less than about 1.5% by weight at a temperature of about 100 °C, measured when the gas stream still comprises a CO2 concentration of about 4% by volume of the gas stream.

Description

1 / 35 Solid adsorbent for capturing carbon dioxide, method for preparing a solid adsorbent, and use of a chloromethyl polymer resin. FIELD OF DISSEMINATION This disclosure refers, in some embodiments, to the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from a gas stream, such as a combustion gas stream, using solid adsorbent particles. BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced by fuel consumption are a major concern for modern society, as it is the main greenhouse gas affecting the Earth's atmosphere. Although post-combustion CO2 capture is now a mature technology, separating CO2 from combustion gases has many problems that require further development. Some CO2 adsorption technologies use liquid amines to adsorb CO2. However, this approach requires high regeneration energy during the water evaporation process, high fouling rates on process equipment, and a difficult battle with equipment corrosion. Alternatively, solid sorbents can be used, which can reduce regeneration heat due to their low calorific capacity for CO2 capture. Solid sorbent technologies employ a solid support (e.g., polymer substrate, silica, activated carbon) to support hydrophilic molecules—such as amines—that capture CO2 from flue gases. Current solid sorbent CO2 capture technology uses a temperature swing adsorption approach in which a sorbent adsorbs CO2 from a low-temperature flue gas. The CO2-rich sorbent is extracted with a stream at an elevated temperature, and the poor sorbent is recycled back into the process. Existing technologies include a large Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 10 / 134 2 / 35 temperature differential between the effective adsorption and desorption temperatures. A large temperature differential severely increases the cost of the processes, as obtaining and maintaining higher temperatures consumes a lot of energy and resources. In general, higher temperatures can lead to chemical degradation of the solid sorbent, thus decreasing the efficiency of the system, increasing the cost of handling the residual product and replacing the degraded solid sorbent. SUMMARY Consequently, there is a need for improved compositions, methods, and systems to capture carbon dioxide from a gas stream. This disclosure describes improved solid adsorbents for capturing CO2 from a gas stream, including adsorbents with an improved temperature differential between when the solid adsorbent adsorbs and desorbs CO2. This disclosure further describes methods and systems for using improved solid adsorbents. A solid adsorbent for capturing CO2 from a CO2-containing gas stream includes an amine covalently bonded to a polymer resin. In the present application, various amines and polymer resins are used to maximize CO2 absorption capacity at adsorption temperatures, minimize regeneration temperatures, and minimize CO2 absorption capacity at regeneration temperatures. A disclosed solid adsorbent may, for example, have a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 7% by weight at a temperature of about 40 °C and a CO2 absorption capacity less than about 1.5% by weight at a temperature of about 100 °C, when a gas stream still comprises a CO2 concentration of about 4% by volume of the gas stream. In some embodiments, a disclosed solid adsorbent may, for example, have a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 0.07 g / g of solid adsorbent at a temperature of about 40 °C and a Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 11 / 134 3 / 35 CO2 absorption capacity less than about 0.015 g / g solid adsorbent at a temperature of about 100 °C, when a gas stream still comprises a CO2 concentration of about 4% by volume of the gas stream. This can desirably provide a high cyclic loading at which a solid adsorbent can adsorb and desorb CO2 from a gas stream. A solid adsorbent can be used in disclosed processes and systems. A solid adsorbent can be used in a system to capture CO2 from a CO2-containing gas stream. In some embodiments, a system includes an adsorption zone that is connected to a desorption zone via a transfer line and a recycle line. An adsorption zone includes a gas stream inlet to receive a gas stream and an adsorbent bed with a solid adsorbent. In an adsorption zone, a gas stream can be combined with a solid adsorbent so that the solid adsorbent can adsorb CO2 from the gas stream to form a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent. A solid adsorbent can adsorb from about 80% to about 99% of CO2 from a gas stream. For example, a solid adsorbent can adsorb about 80% CO2, or about 85% CO2, or about 90% CO2, or about 95% CO2, or about 99% CO2, where approximately includes plus or minus 5% CO2.An adsorption zone includes a flue gas outlet to release a gas that has had substantially all of its CO2 removed (e.g., a gas with less than about 0.5% CO2). A desorption zone can be configured to receive a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent from the adsorption zone via a transfer line so that CO2 can be desorbed from the solid adsorbent to form a CO2-free solid adsorbent. A disclosed system can be used to perform a process to capture CO2 from a CO2-containing gas stream. According to some models, a process for capturing CO2 from a Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 12 / 134 4 / 35 A gas stream comprising CO2 includes an adsorption and desorption step. To adsorb CO2 from a gas stream, a process includes a step of contacting the gas stream with a solid adsorbent in an adsorption zone to form a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent. To release CO2 from a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent, a process includes a step of heating a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent in a desorption zone to a temperature above about 90 °C to desorb the CO2 from the CO2-enriched solid adsorbent to form desorbed CO2 and a CO2-depleted solid adsorbent. Desorbed CO2 can be collected in another tank. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Some aspects of the disclosure can be understood by reference, in part, to the present disclosure and the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 illustrates a side view of a system for capturing carbon dioxide from a gas stream including an adsorption zone and a desorption zone, both of which include a solid adsorbent, according to a specific embodiment of the disclosure; Figure 2 is a graph of carbon dioxide absorption capacity versus temperature for solid adsorbents with various ethylene binders, according to specific disclosure example embodiments; Figure 3 is a bar graph comparing the carbon dioxide absorption capacity, dry nitrogen content, and nitrogen utilization for solid adsorbents with various ethylene binders, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; Figure 4 is a graph of carbon dioxide absorption capacity versus temperature for solid adsorbents functionalized with diamines with two to six methylene units, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; Figure 5 is a bar graph that compares the capacity of Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 13 / 134 5 / 35 carbon dioxide absorption, dry nitrogen content and nitrogen utilization for solid adsorbents functionalized with diamines with two to six methylene units, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; Figure 6 is a graph of carbon dioxide absorption capacity versus CO2 pressure for Purolite AllO at 50 °C and an ethylenediamine functionalized solid adsorbent at 50 °C, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; Figure 7 is a graph of carbon dioxide absorption capacity versus CO2 pressure for Purolite Al 10 at 120 °C and a solid adsorbent functionalized with ethylenediamine at 110 °C and 120 °C, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; Figure 8 is an isothermal graph of carbon dioxide absorption capacity versus CO2 pressure for a solid adsorbent functionalized with ethylenediamine at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 110 °C and 120 °C, according to a specific example of disclosure embodiments; Figure 9 is an isothermal graph of carbon dioxide absorption capacity versus CO2 pressure for a solid adsorbent functionalized with 1,3-diaminopropane at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 110 °C and 120 °C, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; Figure 10 is an isothermal graph of carbon dioxide absorption capacity versus CO2 pressure for a solid adsorbent functionalized with 1,4-diaminobutane at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 110 °C and 120 °C, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; Figure 11 is an isotherm plot comparing isotherms for a solid adsorbent functionalized with ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, or 1,4-diaminobutane at 50 °C and 120 °C, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 14 / 134 6 / 35 Figure 12 is an isotherm plot comparing isotherms for a solid adsorbent functionalized with ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, or 1,4-diaminobutane at 60 °C and 110 °C, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; Figure 13 is an isotherm plot comparing isotherms for a solid adsorbent functionalized with ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, or 1,4-diaminobutane at 70 °C, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; Figure 14 is an isotherm plot comparing isotherms for a solid adsorbent functionalized with ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, or 1,4-diaminobutane at 80 °C, according to specific example embodiments of the disclosure; and Figure 15 is a dV / dW intrusion plot based on mercury or nitrogen intrusion of the disclosure; and vs. pore diameter, according to specific example embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION This disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to a solid adsorbent for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a gas stream (e.g., a flue gas, natural gas, synthesis gas, coal gasification gas, coke oven gas, refinery gas). A solid adsorbent can be used to adsorb CO2 from a gas stream at a low temperature (e.g., about 20 °C to about 80 °C) to produce CO2-enriched solid adsorbent and a clean gas stream. In some disclosed embodiments, a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent can be efficiently recycled by heating it to a temperature of about 100 °C to about 120 °C to remove the adsorbed CO2 to regenerate the original solid adsorbent. The currently disclosed solid adsorbents, methods, and systems desirably provide maximization of CO2 adsorption at a given temperature. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 15 / 134 7 / 35 temperature and the minimization of adsorption at a regeneration temperature. The disclosed solid adsorbents include functional groups that resulted in greater CO2 absorption compared to existing solid adsorbents. Additionally, a disclosed solid adsorbent may include a narrow range between a temperature used to efficiently adsorb CO2 onto a solid adsorbent and a temperature to efficiently desorb CO2 from the same solid adsorbent, which presents a significant commercial advantage over known technologies. SOLID ADSORBENTS According to some embodiments, a disclosed solid adsorbent includes an amine covalently bonded to a polymer resin. A disclosed solid adsorbent can advantageously capture and release CO2 from a gas stream at a lower energy cost than existing adsorbents. In some embodiments, a reduction in energy cost may be due to the relatively small temperature differential between when the solid adsorbent adsorbs and desorbs CO2. Furthermore, disclosed solid adsorbents can efficiently desorb CO2 at a lower temperature than known adsorbents, thus decreasing the costs (e.g., energy costs associated with heating) associated with the practice of methods and systems for using these solid adsorbents.Some of the key factors that provide a disclosed solid adsorbent with this added benefit include having a resin with an ideal pore volume range, an ideal surface area range, an ideal porosity range, and an ideal covalently bonded amine. The invention further relates to the use of a polymer resin having an amine covalently bonded to said resin, as a solid adsorbent for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a gas stream comprising CO2, wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 7% by weight at a temperature of about Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 16 / 134 8 / 35 of 40 °C and wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity of less than about 1.5% by weight at a temperature of about 100 °C, measured when the gas stream still comprises a CO2 concentration of about 4% by volume of the gas stream. In some embodiments, a disclosed solid adsorbent may be represented, but not limited to, by Formula I below, where n is a number of monomeric repeating units and R is an amine. In some embodiments, R includes a hydrogen atom, an alkylamine, an alkynylamine, an alkenylamine, an arylamine, a linear chain alkylamine, and a branched chain alkylamine. An alkylamine including any listed above may include one or more methylene spacers between each nitrogen atom, such as from about 1 methylene to about 12 methylenes (Cl-Cl2). R Formula 1 One advantage of the present invention is that the length of the R group is substantially constant. By constant, it means that for each batch of adsorbent manufactured, the R group has substantially the same length. Furthermore, the length of the R group can also be reproduced between manufactured batches. This allows for the supply of adsorbent batches with the same characteristics, avoiding the need for extensive readjustments in adsorbent processes after replacing one batch of adsorbents according to the invention with another batch of adsorbents according to the invention. In one modality, at least 95% of group R has the same Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 17 / 134 9 / 35 length and, preferably, at least 99% of the R groups have the same length. In one embodiment, the adsorbent has an alkylamine as its functional group R, wherein the length of the alkylamine is at least 95% the same, and more preferably, the alkylamine is selected from the group consisting of ethyleneamine, propyleneamine, or butyleneamine. Preferably, at least 99% of the functional groups have the same length. Having 99% of the same length means that if ethylene amine is selected, at least 99% of the functional group is ethylene amine. If R is an alkyleneamine, it means that an alkylenediamine is covalently bonded to the resin. For example, if R is an ethyleneamine, the amine covalently bonded to the resin is an ethylenediamine. A disclosed solid adsorbent may include any number of amines covalently bonded to any number of polymer resin units (collectively a polymer resin). A disclosed amine can be covalently linked to a polymer resin. An amine includes any number of amines (e.g., primary, secondary, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,6-diaminohexane, 1,9-diaminononane, 1,2-diaminopropane (some forms, tertiary) including benzylamine, ethylenediamine, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,7-diaminoheptane, 1,10-diaminodecane, 1,5-diaminopentane, 1,8-diamino-octane, 1,3-diaminopentane, combinations thereof. Therefore, R may include alkylamines, arylamines, alkyldiamines, aryldiamines, alkyltriamines, aryltriamines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the amine is selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane. An amine component of a solid adsorbent is not limited to the amines listed. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 18 / 134 For example, a disclosed solid adsorbent may include a diamine that has from one to ten methylene units separating the amines. Additionally, an amine in a disclosed solid adsorbent may include from one to ten amines. A solid adsorbent may include a polymeric resin covalently bonded to an alkylamine that has one amine, or two amines, or three amines, or four amines, or five amines, or six amines, or seven amines, or eight amines, or nine amines, or ten amines. For example, a disclosed solid adsorbent may include a polymer resin covalently bonded to an ethylenediamine. Based on the amount of bonded amine, a solid adsorbent may have various dry nitrogen contents. In some embodiments, a solid adsorbent may have a dry nitrogen content of about 1 mol / kg to about 30 mol / kg. For example, a solid adsorbent may have a dry nitrogen content of about 1 mol / kg, or about 5 mol / kg, or about 10 mol / kg, or about 15 mol / kg, or about 20 mol / kg, or about 25 mol / kg, or about 30 mol / kg, where about includes plus or minus 5 mol / kg. A solid adsorbent can include a polymer resin of any general size. For example, a solid adsorbent can include a polymer resin with an n value of 2 to 10,000 or greater. In some embodiments, a solid adsorbent includes a polymer resin with an n value of 2, or about 25, or about 50, or about 75, or about 100, or about 250, or about 500, or about 1,000, or about 2,000, or about 3,000, or about 4,000, or about 5,000, or about 6,000, or about 7,000, or about 8,000, or about 9,000, or about 10,000, where about includes plus or minus 500. In some embodiments, a polymer resin may be a polystyrene. A disclosed polymer resin can be crosslinked with varying amounts of a crosslinking agent (e.g., divinylbenzene (DVB), methylene bisacrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 19 / 134 11 / 35 N-(1-hydroxy-2,2-dimethoxyethyl)acrylamide), which can alter one or more physical characteristics of the polymer resin, including pore volume, surface area, and porosity. Changes (e.g., increase, decrease) in at least one pore volume, surface area, and porosity of a polymer resin can alter (e.g., increase, decrease) the CO2 adsorption capacities of a solid adsorbent. In some embodiments, a solid adsorbent includes a polymer resin (e.g., a polystyrene) that has been crosslinked with about 4% to about 10% DVB, by weight of the polymer. Disclosed polymer resins with a DVB crosslinking of about 4% to about 10% (e.g., -5.5%) may have superior mechanical and expansion properties compared to polymer resins with lower DVB crosslinking (e.g., ~1%-2%) that promote desirable CO2 adsorption and desorption at advantageous temperatures.For example, disclosed resins crosslinked with about 4% to about 10% DVB provide desirable pore volume, surface area, and porosity, which synergistically promote high CO2 adsorption rates at temperatures of about 40°C to about 60°C and higher desorption rates at temperatures of about 100°C to about 120°C, compared to existing polymeric resins. Furthermore, having desirable pore volume, surface area, and porosity, it can also synergistically provide a solid adsorbent that has a higher CO2 absorption capacity of about 7% by weight at a temperature of about 40°C, and wherein the solid adsorbent has a lower CO2 absorption capacity of about 1.5% by weight at a temperature of about 100°C.In some embodiments, which have desirable pore volume, surface area and porosity, it can also synergistically provide a solid adsorbent that has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 0.07 g / g of solid adsorbent at a temperature of about 40 °C, and in which the solid adsorbent has a capacity of... Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 20 / 134 12 / 35 CO2 absorption less than about 0.015 g / g of solid adsorbent at a temperature of about 100 °C. In some embodiments, a disclosed polymer resin may be crosslinked with about 4% DVB, or about 6% DVB, or about 8% DVB, or about 10% DVB, wherein about includes more or less 1% DVB, by weight of the polymer resin. According to some embodiments, a polymer resin may have a pore volume of about 0.001 cm³ / g or about 0.5 cm³ / g. For example, a disclosed polymer resin may have a pore volume of about 0.001 cm³ / g, or about 0.01 cm³ / g, or about 0.05 cm³ / g, or about 0.1 cm³ / g, or about 0.5 cm³ / g, where about includes plus or minus 0.1 cm³ / g. Having a polymer resin with a relatively high pore volume compared to existing polymer resins desirably allows for enhanced diffusion of gas and therefore CO₂ into the polymer resin. Disseminated polymeric resins with enhanced diffusion can advantageously provide higher CO2 adsorption rates at temperatures of about 40 °C to about 60 °C and higher desorption rates at temperatures of about 100 °C to about 120 °C, compared to existing polymeric resins.Having a polymer resin with a relatively high pore volume compared to existing polymer resins can also synergistically provide a solid adsorbent that has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 7% by weight at a temperature of about 40 °C, and wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity less than about 1.5% by weight at a temperature of about 100 °C. In some embodiments, having a polymer resin with a relatively high pore volume compared to existing polymer resins can also synergistically provide a solid adsorbent that has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 0.07 g / g of solid adsorbent at a temperature of about 40 °C, and wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity less than about 0.015 g / g of adsorbent. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 21 / 134 13 / 35 solid at a temperature of about 100 °C. In some embodiments, a polymer resin can have a porosity ranging from about 10% to about 99%. Porosity, or the percentage of void volume over the total volume of the resin, can be directly related to a polymer resin having high or low CO2 diffusion through the polymer resin. For example, a disclosed polymer resin with a porosity of 50% or higher may advantageously have high diffusion so that CO2 can easily infiltrate and adsorb onto the polymer resin or an amine covalently bonded to the polymer resin. A disclosed polymer resin may have a porosity greater than about 10%, or greater than about 20%, or greater than about 30%, or greater than about 40%, or greater than about 50%, or greater than about 60%, or greater than about 70%, or greater than about 80%, or greater than about 90%, or greater than about 99%, wherein about includes plus or minus 5%.A disclosed polymer resin may have a higher porosity compared to known polymer resins, thus promoting higher CO2 adsorption rates at temperatures of about 40 to about 60 °C and higher desorption rates at temperatures of about 100 °C to about 120 °C, compared to existing polymer resins. A disclosed polymer with a higher porosity compared to known polymer resins may also synergistically provide a solid adsorbent that has a higher CO2 absorption capacity of about 7% by weight at a temperature of about 40 °C, and wherein the solid adsorbent has a lower CO2 absorption capacity of about 1.5% by weight at a temperature of about 100 °C.In some embodiments, a disclosed polymer with a higher porosity compared to known polymeric resins can also synergistically provide a solid adsorbent that has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 0.07 g / g of solid adsorbent at a temperature of about 40 °C, and in which the... Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 22 / 134 14 / 35 Solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity of less than about 0.015 g / g of solid adsorbent at a temperature of about 100 °C. Disclosed polymer resins, according to some embodiments, may include a surface area of ​​about 1 to about 60 m² / g. Disclosed polymer resins with a higher surface area compared to known polymer resins may have a comparatively higher CO2 absorption (% by weight or g / g of solid adsorbent). A higher surface area may allow for more surface contact of CO2 with the polymer resin. A disclosed polymer may have a higher surface area relative to known polymer resins when compared with similar weights of the comparative polymer resins.A disclosed polymer resin may have a surface area of ​​about 1 m² / g, or about 10 m² / g, or about 20 m² / g, or about 30 m² / g, or about 40 m² / g, or about 50 m² / g, or about 60, where about includes plus or minus 5 m² / g. In some embodiments, a disclosed polymer with a higher surface area may provide higher CO₂ adsorption rates at temperatures of about 40 °C to about 60 °C and higher desorption rates at temperatures of about 100 °C to about 120 °C, compared to existing polymer resins. A disclosed polymer with a higher surface area compared to known polymeric resins can synergistically provide a solid adsorbent that has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 7% by weight at a temperature of about 40 °C, and wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity less than about 1.5% by weight at a temperature of about 100 °C.In some embodiments, a disclosed polymer with a higher surface area compared to known polymeric resins can synergistically provide a solid adsorbent that has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 0.07 g / g of solid adsorbent at a temperature of about 40 °C, and in which the... Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 23 / 134 15 / 35 solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity of less than approximately 0.015 g / g of solid adsorbent at a temperature of approximately 100 °C. In some embodiments, a disclosed solid adsorbent includes a polymer resin with a pore diameter of about 1 nm to about 10 nm. For example, a polymer resin may have a pore diameter of about 1 nm, or about 2 nm, or about 3 nm, or about 4 nm, or about 5 nm, or about 6 nm, or about 7 nm, or about 8 nm, or about 9 nm, or about 10 nm, where about includes plus or minus about 0.5 nm. Having a higher pore diameter may desirably promote a gas stream with CO2 to easily access the surfaces of a solid adsorbent so that it can more readily adsorb CO2 from the gas stream. In the disclosed embodiments, having a pore diameter of about 1 nm to about 10 nm can work synergistically with other disclosed characteristics to promote high CO2 absorption capacity at temperatures of about 40 °C and low absorption capacity at temperatures of about 100 °C. In some embodiments, a solid adsorbent includes a polymer resin with a nitrogen-to-carbon ratio of about 0.05 to about 0.25. For example, a polymer resin may have a nitrogen-to-carbon ratio of about 0.05, or about 0.10, or about 0.15, or about 0.20, or about 0.25, where about includes plus or minus 0.025. Having a nitrogen-to-carbon ratio of about 0.05 to about 0.25 may desirably provide high CO2 absorption capacity at temperatures of about 40 °C and low absorption capacity at temperatures of about 100 °C. A polymer resin may also have a nitrogen weight of about 5 to about 20% by weight of the polymer resin on a dry basis. For example, a polymer resin may have a nitrogen content of about 5% by weight, or about 7.5% by weight, or about 10% by weight, or about 12.5% ​​by weight, or about 15% by weight, or Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 24 / 134 16 / 35 approximately 7.5 by weight, or approximately 7.5 by weight, wherein approximately includes plus or minus 1.25% by weight, by weight of the polymer resin on a dry basis. In some embodiments, a polymer resin may also have a nitrogen weight of about 0.05 g / g of polymer resin to about 0.20 g / g of polymer resin, by weight of the polymer resin on a dry basis. For example, a polymer resin may have a nitrogen weight of about 0.05 g / g of polymer resin, or about 0.075 g / g of polymer resin, or about 0.10 g / g of polymer resin, or about 0.125 g / g of polymer resin, or about 15 g / g of polymer resin, or about 0.175 g / g of polymer resin, or about 0.2 g / g of polymer resin, wherein about includes more or less 0.0125 g / g of polymer resin, by weight of the polymer resin on a dry basis. A polymer resin, according to some embodiments, may have an average particle diameter ranging from about 100 µm to about 1,000 µm. A polymer resin may have an average particle diameter of about 100 µm, or about 200 µm, or about 300 µm, or about 400 µm, or about 500 µm, or about 600 µm, or about 700 µm, or about 800 µm, or about 900 µm, or about 1,000 µm, where about includes plus or minus 50 µm. According to some embodiments, a disclosed polymer resin may have a mesh size of about 10 to about 500. For example, a disclosed polymer resin may include a mesh size of about 10, or about 25, or about 50, or about 100, or about 125, or about 150, or about 175, or about 200, or about 125, or about 150, or about 175, or about 200, or about 225, or about 250, or about 275, or about 300, or about 325, or about 350, or about 375, or about 400, or about 425, or about 450, or about 475, or about 500, where about includes more or less 12.5. Having a larger mesh size can, desirably, provide an area of Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 25 / 134 17 / 35 larger surface area. In some embodiments, the present disclosure refers to a disclosed solid adsorbent for capturing CO2 from a gas stream comprising CO2, wherein the solid adsorbent includes an amine covalently bonded to a polymer resin, a polymer resin with a pore volume of about 0.001 cm3 / ga about 0.01 cm3 / g, a surface area of ​​about 1 m2 / ga about 60 m2 / g, a polystyrene polymer resin, a porosity of about 45% to about 55%, a dry nitrogen content of about 5 mol / kg to about 10 mol / kg and a dry nitrogen content exceeding about 10% by weight (0.1 g / g of solid adsorbent), by weight of the solid adsorbent, at a temperature of about 40 °C, by weight of the solid adsorbent. One embodiment of the invention relates to a method for preparing a solid adsorbent to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from a gas stream comprising CO2. The method comprises the step of combining an amine with a chloromethylated polymer resin to form the solid adsorbent. The resulting solid adsorbent has a dry nitrogen content of about 5 mol / kg to about 10 mol / kg, wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than about 7% by weight at a temperature of about 40 °C and wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity less than about 1.5% by weight at a temperature of about 100 °C, measured when the gas stream still comprises a CO2 concentration of about 4% by volume of the gas stream. In a preferred embodiment, the amine is a diamine. In the step of combining amine and chloromethylated polymer resin, the amine is present in at least stoichiometric amounts compared to the chloromethylated groups of the polymer resin. The advantage of the current method is that by linking the amine compounds to the polymer resin in this way, the variation in the length of the functional groups attached to the resin is the same. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 26 / 134 18 / 35 which is the variation of the amine used. This means that if a commercially available amine is used, the variation in the length of the attached amine groups is substantially the same as for the commercially used amine. Typically, commercially available amines have a purity of 99%. If an amine with such purity is used, the percentage of functional groups with the same length is also 99%. One or more embodiments relating to the solid sorbent and / or the use of the resin with an amine covalently bonded to it may be combined. COg ADSORPTION SYSTEMS As shown in Figure 1, the present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to a system (100) for capturing CO2 from a gas stream (107) including CO2. A system (100) may include an adsorption zone (110) having a solid adsorbent configured to adsorb CO2 from a gas stream (107) and generate a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent. The system (100) may further include a desorption zone (115) configured to desorb CO2 from a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent produced by the adsorption zone (110). An adsorption zone (110) may be connected (e.g., directly, indirectly) to a desorption zone (115), for example, through one or more of a transfer line and a recycling line.As shown in Figure 1, a transfer line (155) can allow the transfer of one or more of a solid adsorbent, a fluid, and a gas from the bottom of an adsorption zone (110) to the riser (135) which continues the transfer to the top of the desorption zone (115). A recycling line (160) allows a solid adsorbent to be transferred from the bottom of a desorption zone (115) to an ascending tube (135) which continues the transfer to the top of an adsorption zone (110). Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 27 / 134 19 / 35 As illustrated in Figure 1, a system (100) may include an adsorption zone (110) configured to receive a gas stream (107) (e.g., a combustion gas) through a gas inlet (105). An adsorption zone (110) includes one or more solid adsorbent beds (120) that support a solid adsorbent (125) as it comes into contact with an incoming gas containing CO2 at a temperature of about 20 °C to about 80 °C. An adsorption zone (110) may be heated by any known means, including steam, heating coils, thermocouples, external heating, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, since CO2 adsorption may be an exothermic reaction, no heat input may be required.According to some embodiments, an adsorption zone can be cooled by any known means, including fluid cooling (e.g., water cooling), gas cooling (e.g., air cooling), and combinations thereof. Upon contact with a gas containing CO2, the CO2 can be adsorbed onto a solid adsorbent (125), thus producing a CO2-poor combustion gas (132) and a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent. A CO2-poor combustion gas (132) may have a CO2 content of less than about 2% by weight of the CO2-poor combustion gas (132).For example, a CO2-poor combustion gas (132) may have a CO2 content of less than about 2%, or less than about 1.8%, or less than about 1.6%, or less than about 1.4%, or less than about 1.2%, or less than about 1%, or less than about 0.8%, or less than about 0.7%, or less than about 0.6%, or less than about 0.5%, or less than about 0.4%, or less than about 0.3%, or less than about 0.2%, or less than about 0.1%, where about includes plus or minus 0.05%, by weight of the CO2-poor combustion gas (132). At the top of an adsorption zone (110) is a CO2-poor gas outlet (130) where CO2-poor gas outlet (130) can leave the system (100) to be collected. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 28 / 134 20 / 35 by any number of gas tanks and compressors or it may be released into the environment. In some embodiments, an adsorption zone (110) may have any number of solid adsorbent beds (120) as required for desired CO2-poor gas outputs (132). For example, an adsorption zone (110) may have from one to ten solid adsorbent beds (120). As shown in Figure 1, an adsorption zone (110) may have five solid adsorbent beds (120), but the adsorption zone (110) may also have one solid adsorbent bed (120) or two solid adsorbent beds (120) or three solid adsorbent beds (120) or four solid adsorbent beds (120) or six solid adsorbent beds (120) or seven solid adsorbent beds (120) or eight solid adsorbent beds (120) or nine solid adsorbent beds (120) or ten solid adsorbent beds (120). In some embodiments, solid adsorbent beds (120) are arranged in a horizontal plane and are stacked vertically along the interior of an adsorption zone (110).In an adsorption zone (110) with more than one solid adsorbent bed (120), solid adsorbent particles (125) can flow from an upper solid adsorbent bed downwards to any solid adsorbent bed (120) contained below until the solid adsorbent particles (125) leave the adsorption zone (110) as they are transported to a desorption zone (115). The flow from an upper solid adsorbent bed (120) to a lower one can be driven by gravity, gas pressure, fluid pressure, and combinations thereof. After a solid adsorbent (125) contained in an adsorption zone (110) becomes a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent, it can be transferred to a riser (135) being pushed by the gas pressure supplied by the gas blower (140). A riser (135) includes a rotating mechanical device that transports solid adsorbent from one position to another in a disclosed system (100). The gas is supplied by a gas blower. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 29 / 134 21 / 35 (140) includes any compressible gas, such as argon, nitrogen, helium, air, oxygen, CO2, a lean combustion gas and combinations thereof. A riser (135) may receive a solid adsorbent enriched with CO2 received from the bottom of an adsorption zone (110), via a transfer line (155), so that it may be transferred by the ascender tube 135 to the top of a desorption zone (115). In some embodiments, once a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent has been transferred to a desorption zone (115), the thermal energy received from the steam produced by a steam generator (145) can induce the desorption of CO2 from the CO2-enriched solid adsorbent to produce a CO2-depleted solid adsorbent and isolated CO2 that can leave a system (100) through a CO2 gas outlet (150) to be collected by any number of tanks and compressors. A steam generator (145) can heat a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent contained in a desorption zone (115) to a temperature of about 100 °C to about 120 °C, which causes the desorption of CO2 from the CO2-enriched solid adsorbent. Similar to an adsorption zone (110), a desorption zone (115) can have any number of solid adsorbent beds (120). For example, a desorption zone (115) can have from one to ten solid adsorbent beds (120). As shown in Figure 1, a desorption zone (115) may have five solid adsorbent beds (120), but the desorption zone (115) may also have one solid adsorbent bed (120), or two solid adsorbent beds (120), or three solid adsorbent beds (120), or four solid adsorbent beds (120), or six solid adsorbent beds (120), or seven solid adsorbent beds (120), or eight solid adsorbent beds (120), or nine solid adsorbent beds (120), or ten solid adsorbent beds (120). Having a higher number of solid adsorbent beds may increase the capacity of a desorption zone (115) to hold solid adsorbent. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 30 / 134 22 / 35 whether enriched with CO2 or depleted. According to some embodiments, once a CO2-depleted solid adsorbent is generated in a desorption zone (115), it can be returned to an adsorption zone (110) so that it can be recycled. Initially, the solid adsorbent (125) contained within a desorption zone (115) is transferred from the top of the desorption zone (115) to the bottom of the desorption zone (115) by pressure generated by the gas produced by a gas blower (140). Once a solid adsorbent (125) is at the bottom of a desorption zone (115), it will be a CO2-depleted solid adsorbent that is transferred by a riser (135) to return to the top of an adsorption zone (110), as shown in Figure 1. According to some models, a disclosed system (100) can remove from about 5% to about 99.9% of CO2 from a gas. A system (100) can remove more than about 5%, or more than about 10%, or more than about 15%, or more than about 20%, or more than about 25%, or more than about 30%, or more than about 35%, or more than about 40%, or more than about 45%, or more than about 50%, or more than about 55%, or more than about 60%, or more than about 65%, or more than about 70%, or more than about 75%, or more than about 80%, or more than about 85%, or more than about 90%, or more than about 95%, or more than about 99%, of a CO2 of a gas, wherein about includes more or less 2.5%, by weight of the gas.Additionally, a disclosed system (100) may produce a gas with less than about 90% CO2, or less than about 80% CO2, or less than about 70% CO2, or less than about 60% CO2, or less than about 50% CO2, or less than about 40% CO2, or less than about 30% CO2, or less than about 20% CO2, or less than about 10% CO2, or less than about 1% CO2, wherein about includes plus or minus 5% CO2, by weight of the gas. For example, a system (100) may produce a gas with 0.4% CO2. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 31 / 134 23 / 35 CO2, by weight of the gas. In addition to the components described in Figure 1, the disclosed systems (100) may include additional components. For example, a system (100) may include a temperature reducer, a pre-regenerator, a first condensation accumulator, a second condensation accumulator, a preheater and a CO2-free solid adsorbent cooler. In some embodiments, a system (100) includes a temperature reducer that cools the gas stream (107). A gas stream may be received at a temperature of about 40 °C to 50 °C and needs to be cooled to ensure proper adsorption once it reaches an adsorption zone (110). A temperature reducer may include cooling heat exchangers that cool a gas stream (107) to a temperature of about 30 °C. As cooling may create condensation, a temperature reducer may include a first condensation accumulator that sequesters the condensation created by a quenching cooler. In some embodiments, a system (100) may include a heat exchanger between an adsorption zone (110) and a pre-regenerator so that a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent can be heated to a temperature ranging from about 60 °C to about 100 °C. A heat exchanger is connected to the bottom of an adsorption zone (110) via a connector. Additionally, a heat exchanger is connected to the top of a pre-regenerator via a connector. A disclosed heat exchanger acts as an intermediate station before a CO2-enriched solid reaches a pre-regenerator. A preheater may be heated by electric heating coils, steam, and combinations thereof. According to some embodiments, a system (100) may include a pre-regenerator configured to heat a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent that may be heated to a temperature ranging from about 100 °C to about 120 °C. The heat may be supplied to a pre-regenerator at Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 32 / 134 24 / 35 from a steam generator (145). A pre-regenerator may have from one to ten solid adsorbent beds. For example, a pre-regenerator may have one solid adsorbent bed, or two solid adsorbent beds, or three solid adsorbent beds, or four solid adsorbent beds, or five solid adsorbent beds, or six solid adsorbent beds, or seven solid adsorbent beds, or eight solid adsorbent beds, or nine solid adsorbent beds, or ten solid adsorbent beds. A pre-regenerator may connect to the top of a desorption zone (115) via a connector. A pre-regenerator can transfer at least a portion of a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent contained within the pre-regenerator to a desorption zone (115) via a connector so that the CO2 desorption process can continue. A desorption zone (115) may operate similarly and contain similar components as shown in Figure 1. However, in some embodiments, between a desorption zone (115) and an adsorption zone (110), a CO2-depleted solid adsorbent cooler may intercept a CO2-depleted solid adsorbent as it is transferred from the desorption zone (115) to the adsorption zone (110). A CO2-free solid adsorbent cooler uses a heat exchanger to reduce the temperature of the CO2-free solid adsorbent cooler to a range of about 40 °C to about 110 °C, allowing it to be recycled and efficiently adsorb CO2 from a gas again. A desorption zone (115), an adsorption zone (110) and a CO2-depleted solid adsorbent cooler can be interconnected via a series of connectors. According to some models, as CO2 is released by desorption in a preheater, a pre-regenerator and a desorption zone (115), it can be collected by a CO2 compressor that connects to each component via connectors. A CO2 compressor can receive, compress and store the released CO2. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 33 / 134 25 / 35 In some embodiments, a disclosed system (100) may operate under substantially dry conditions. For example, a disclosed system (100) may be substantially anhydrous. However, a system (100) may operate under conditions that permit some water, such as that contained in a solvent and in a gas stream comprising CO2 and some water. CO2 ADSORPTION PROCESSES In some embodiments, this disclosure relates to processes for capturing CO2 from a gas stream comprising CO2 (e.g., a flue gas) using the systems described above and solid adsorbents. A disclosed process includes contacting a gas stream with a solid adsorbent in an adsorption zone to form a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent and a CO2-poor flue gas. In some embodiments, a CO2-poor flue gas may have a CO2 content of less than about 2% by weight of the CO2-poor flue gas. The disclosed processes can be adjusted to target the specific production of CO2-poor flue gases with specific CO2 compositions.For example, a process can be adjusted to produce a CO2-poor flue gas with a CO2 content of less than about 2%, or less than about 1.8%, or less than about 1.6%, or less than about 1.4%, or less than about 1.2%, or less than about 1%, or less than about 0.8%, or less than about 0.7%, or less than about 0.6%, or less than about 0.5%, or less than about 0.4%, or less than about 0.3%, or less than about 0.2%, or less than about 0.1%, where about includes plus or minus 0.05%, by weight of the CO2-poor flue gas. For example, a disclosed process may absorb from about 80% to about 100% of CO2 from a gas stream containing from about 400 ppm to about 30% CO2 by volume, which may result in a lean flue gas with a CO2 content of less than about 2%. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 34 / 134 26 / 35 A process may involve the use of a solid adsorbent that has an amine covalently bonded to a polymer resin (e.g., polystyrene). As described above, a solid adsorbent composition can be adjusted to provide a desired CO2-poor flue gas result. In some embodiments, a process may involve heating a portion of a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent in a desorption zone at a temperature of about 90 °C to about 120 °C, to desorb at least a portion of the CO2 from the CO2-enriched solid adsorbent to form desorbed CO2 and a CO2-depleted solid adsorbent. For example, a solid adsorbent enriched with CO2 can be heated in a desorption zone to a temperature of about 90 °C, or about 100 °C, or about 110 °C, or about 120 °C, where approximately includes plus or minus 5 °C.Additionally, a solid adsorbent enriched with CO2 can be heated to a temperature to desorb at least 10% of the adsorbed CO2, or at least about 20% of the adsorbed CO2, or at least about 30% of the adsorbed CO2, or at least about 40% of the adsorbed CO2, or at least about 50% of the adsorbed CO2, or at least about 60% of the adsorbed CO2, or at least about 70% of the adsorbed CO2, or at least about 80% of the adsorbed CO2, or at least about 90% of the adsorbed CO2, or at least about 99% of the adsorbed CO2, wherein about includes plus or minus 5%. If a desorption zone is not suitable for complete or substantially complete desorption, a process may include a heating step of a portion of a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent in a pre-regenerator at a temperature of about 90 °C to about 120 °C before heating the CO2-enriched solid adsorbent in a desorption zone. Additionally, a process may include heating a portion of a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent in a preheater at a temperature of about 60 °C to about 100 °C before... Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 35 / 134 27 / 35 of heating the CO2-enriched solid adsorbent in a pre-regenerator. The inclusion of additional heating units as described above may desirably provide more complete desorption of CO2 from a CO2-enriched solid adsorbent. According to some embodiments, a disclosed process may include the recycling of a solid adsorbent that has had CO2 desorbed from it. For example, a process may include a recycling step of a CO2-depleted solid adsorbent by transferring the CO2-depleted solid adsorbent from a desorption zone to an adsorption zone. Once a solid adsorbent has been depleted of adsorbed CO2, it is free to adsorb CO2 from a gas again. Recycling may involve cooling a solid adsorbent from a temperature of about 40 °C to about 110 °C and then placing it on top of an adsorption zone using a riser. Additionally, this disclosure refers to a process for using a solid adsorbent to capture CO2 from a gas stream, as well as systems for carrying out the process. One or more of the above-mentioned system modalities can be combined. The attached claims and their dependencies form an integral part of the description by means of this reference. EXAMPLES The following examples illustrate some specific embodiments of the present disclosure. These examples represent specific approaches that work well in the practice of the application and, therefore, may be considered examples of modes for its practice. However, those skilled in the art should, in the light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made to the specific embodiments that are disclosed without departing from the spirit and scope of the application. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 36 / 134 28 / 35 EXAMPLE 1 A solid adsorbent for CO2 capture can be synthesized in many different ways; many processes involve combining a polymeric resin with a diamine in a solvent. An example is shown below. A 100 ml round-bottom flask was filled with 20 ml of EDA. 1 g of a Merrifield resin was combined with the ethylenediamine and a magnetic stirrer inside the round-bottom flask. The mixture was stirred at 300 rpm and heated to 50 °C overnight (approximately 18 hours). After mixing was complete, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature while continuing to stir at 300 rpm. After reaching room temperature, the mixture was filtered using a Buchner funnel fitted with a black label filter. After filtering the resin, it was washed in a Buchner funnel with deionized water and methanol. Washes with water and methanol were alternated until the resin became slightly lighter in color.Approximately 300 ml of methanol and 300 ml of deionized water were used. After washing, the resin was left to dry at room temperature at about 1 ATM under a hood for six hours. After this initial drying, the resin was dried in a vacuum oven for about 20 hours at 70 °C, 200 mbar, with small amounts of nitrogen gas flow. The oven was flushed with nitrogen gas at least one hour beforehand to remove all air from the oven. After this step, the resin was removed from the oven and stored in a 10 ml glass bottle. The resulting resin is an example of a disclosed solid adsorbent. EXAMPLE 2. Figure 2 shows an illustrative graph of carbon dioxide absorption capacity versus temperature for selected solid adsorbents that were generated by the covalent bonding of an amine to a polystyrene resin, with the amines being various ethylene ligands. Specifically, the graph compares seven disclosed solid adsorbents that were prepared Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 37 / 134 29 / 35 to be functionalized with one of ethylenediamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), or benzylamine. In this graph, a feed gas containing 4% CO2 by volume was used, and the analysis was performed using a Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). As shown in Figure 2, at a temperature of approximately 40 °C, the order of CO2 absorption capacity (% by weight of the solid adsorbent) of the tested solid adsorbents, from highest to lowest, is the solid adsorbent with the following covalently linked amine: EDA, benzylamine, DETA, and then TETA. The solid adsorbents that have TEPA and PEHA as amines did not have an appreciable CO2 absorption capacity. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 2, the CO2 absorption capacity reduces to less than about 1.5% by weight for all solid adsorbents once the temperature increases above about 110 °C. EXAMPLE 3 Figure 3 compares the CO2 absorption capacity and nitrogen utilization at 40 °C and 4% by volume and the dry nitrogen content for disclosed solid adsorbents, each having EDA, DETA, TETA, TEPA, and PEHA as their covalently bonded amine group. In this example, the solid adsorbents are referenced by their amine group. As shown in Figure 3, the order of CO2 absorption capacity at 40 °C and 4% by volume (referenced as UC at 40 °C and 4% by volume), from highest to lowest, is EDA, DETA, and TETA, with TEPA and PEHA having no measurable results. The dry nitrogen content shows a similar pattern, with the dry nitrogen content going from highest to lowest: DETA, TETA, EDA, TEPA, and PEHA. Of these samples released, the solid adsorbent EDA had the highest nitrogen utilization, followed by DETA and TETA, while TEPA and PEHA did not provide measurable nitrogen utilization. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 38 / 134 30 / 35 EXAMPLE 4 Five solid adsorbents were prepared using the methods described in Example 1, with the solid adsorbents being functionalized with various diamines including EDA (referred to as EDA), 1,3-diaminopropane (referred to as C3), 1,4-diaminobutane (referred to as C4), 1,5-diaminopentane (referred to as C5), and 1,6-diaminohexane (referred to as C6). These solid adsorbents were then tested for their CO2 absorption capacity, dry nitrogen content, and nitrogen utilization. Figure 4 shows an illustrative graph of carbon dioxide absorption capacity versus temperature for solid adsorbents with various diamine ligands along with a benzylamine-covalently bonded solid adsorbent as a comparison, according to specific illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. Specifically, the graph compares EDA, C3, C4, C5, C6, and benzylamine.As shown in Figure 4, the order of CO2 absorption capacity from highest to lowest at a temperature of 60 °C is C3, C4, EDA, C5, benzylamine, and C6. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 4, the CO2 absorption capacity reduces to less than about 1.5% by weight for all solid adsorbents at a temperature of about 100 °C. EXAMPLE 5. Figure 5 shows the CO2 absorption capacity at 40 °C and 4% by volume, the dry nitrogen content, and the nitrogen utilization at 40 °C and 4% by volume for the adsorbents in Examples 4. As shown in Figure 5, the order of CO2 absorption capacity at 40 °C and 4% by volume, from highest to lowest, is C4, C3, EDA, C5, and then C6. The order of dry nitrogen content from highest to lowest is EDA, C5, and then C6. All solid adsorbents showed similar nitrogen utilization values. EXAMPLE 6 Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 39 / 134 31 / 35 The CO2 absorption capacities of the EDA and Purolite Al 10 covalently bonded polymeric resins, respectively, were obtained at a single temperature of 50 °C (isothermal) in a CO2 pressure range varying from 0 bar to 0.1 bar. As shown in Figure 6, both samples readily adsorb CO2 and saturate at approximately 12% by weight or higher of the solid adsorbent. Similarly, in Figure 7, the CO2 absorption capacities of the functionalized resins EDA and Purolite Al 10 were measured at a higher temperature. Isothermal data were obtained for the EDA resin at temperatures of 110 °C and 120 °C, with isothermal data obtained for the Purolite Al 10 resin at a temperature of 120 °C. As shown in Figure 7, a significant drop in CO2 absorption is shown for the EDA resin when increasing the temperature from 110 °C to 120 °C. EXAMPLE 7 Isotherms of the resins disclosed in Example 4 were obtained. These data are shown in Figures 9-11. Specifically, the covalently bonded polymeric resins EDA (Figure 8), 1,3-diaminopropane (C3) (Figure 9), and 1,4-diaminobutane (C4) (Figure 10) were obtained at temperatures including 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 110 °C, and 120 °C. The data obtained are plotted on other isomers as shown in Figures 11-14, which directly compare the EDA, C3, and C4 data at specific temperatures. At 50 °C, the order of CO2 absorption from highest to lowest is C3>EDA>C4. At 60 °C, the order of CO2 absorption from highest to lowest is C3>C4>EDA. At 70 °C, the order of CO2 absorption from highest to lowest is C3>C4>EDA. At 80 °C, the order of CO2 absorption from highest to lowest is C3>C4>EDA. At 110 °C, the order of CO2 absorption from highest to lowest is C3>C4>EDA. At 120 °C, the order of CO2 absorption from highest to lowest is C4>C3>EDA. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 40 / 134 32 / 35 EXAMPLE 8 BET, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and elemental analyses were performed on several disclosed solid adsorbents. These data are shown in Figure 15. As shown in Figure 15, the mIP and BET data are shown for EDA samples. BET is based on nitrogen physisorption and provides data characterizing the surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of a solid adsorbent. Figure 15 shows the diameter distribution of an example of the material with micropores and macropores. The N / C ratio is an important property of the material. EXAMPLE 9 Table 1 shows the elemental analysis data from CHN flash, which illustrate the carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen components of the disclosed solid adsorbents. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 41 / 134 LU O O IX I— ζ LU O ω O O O < O LU co < UC at 40 °C and 4% CO by volume; [mohkg] eo co ¢0 uo o_ CM 1.50524 0.46227 0.004522 δ ώ cd 2.058938 2.249989 2.223471 03 δ CD_ 1.445749 1.734143 0.031811 0.022722 0.099977 0.156783 1.113383 UC at 40 °C and 4% by volume of CO2 [% by weight] o σί 6.62 2.03 O ο g Di' 03 o' CM CO co 7.631965 0.14 0.44 0.69 Flash CHN Carbon [% of Sum of Hydrogen Nitrogen 1 [%] 89.9 (-θ' CD kD δ cd' cq' 6Ό8 9Ό8 998 6Z6 CM co' co 9Ό6 C0 cq' co CM_ CD xr cp o LD. LD_ 03 co □o 3.73 co” CQ_ co Cô” eo cd CD cd co CJ) CQ co' CM of CD_ 6'69 cm' Cp. δ cf CD 64.9 CD of CD OT CO co co' co CM ê- T- C» cq' Physiosorption of M2 Average adsorption pore diameter 4.6764 4.6167 3.6402 3.101 co cd 4.6764 3.8857 5.0456 2.1652 <n Volume de poro total de adsorção de ponto único 0,008766 0,005142 0,005639 0,0036 0,005013 0,008766 0,006124 0,005785 uo g 0,83 Área de superfície de BET[ma / 0] 6,7403 δ CD CO CD 969ΕΪ 5,8728 6,7403 CQ 4,5861 CD CO 00 GD 525 Ethylenediamine (EDA) Diethylenetriamine (DETA) Triethylenetriamine (TETA) Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) Pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) Ethylenediamine (EDA) 1,3-Di am Ino propane oiiEinqouiujEiQ-t?' |, 1,5-Diaminopentane 1,6-Diaminohexane Benzylamine Ethylenediamine, linked to the polymer N-(2-aminoethyl)ammomethyl polystyrene resin crosslinked with 1% DVB (50-100 mesh) (3.1 3?5 mmol / g) StratoSpheres PL-Deta resin (Diethylenetriamine) Diethylenetriamine, linked to the polymer PS-EDA (3.7) Sample ID 286120 286310 CQ CM CD CO cM CD CD ¢0 OJ 286280 φ CM CD CO CM 286449 286450 co CM CD CO CM 286283 286123 Sigma Aldrich TCI Sigma Aldrich rP -C g .y am c / 5 < 2015 Bull Source | Internal Resin | Internal Resin | Internal Resin | Internal Resin | Internal Resin | Internal Resin | Internal Resin | Internal Resin | Internal Resin | SPSS Resin | SPSS Resin | SPSS Resin | SPSS Resin | Resin Literature Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 42 / 134 34 / 35 It is understood that the devices listed for each unit are for illustrative purposes only, and this is not intended to limit the scope of application. A specific combination of these or other devices or units may be configured in such a system for the intended use based on the teachings of the application. Those skilled in the art may make various alterations to the form, size, number, separation feature, and / or arrangement of the parts without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Each disclosed component, system, and process step may be implemented in conjunction with any other disclosed component, system, or process step and in any order according to certain embodiments. When the verb “may” appears, it is intended to convey an optional and / or permissive condition, but its use is not intended to suggest any lack of operability, unless otherwise indicated. Those skilled in the art may make various alterations to the methods of preparation and use of a composition, device, and / or system of the disclosure. When desired, some embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced to the exclusion of other embodiments. Furthermore, when ranges have been provided, the disclosed endpoints may be treated as exact and / or approximations as desired or required by the particular embodiment. When endpoints are approximated, the degree of flexibility may vary proportionally to the order of magnitude of the range. For example, on the one hand, a range limit of about 50 in the context of a range of about 5 to about 50 may include 50.5, but not 52.5 or 55, and on the other hand, a range limit of about 50 in the context of a range of about 0.5 to about 50 may include 55, but not 60 or 75. Additionally, it may be desirable in some embodiments to mix and match range limits. Furthermore, in some embodiments, each disclosed Figure (e.g., in one or more of the examples, tables, and / or drawings) may form the basis of a range (e.g., value represented). Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 43 / 134 35 / 35 + / - approximately 10%, value represented + / - approximately 50%, value represented + / - approximately 100%) and / or a range endpoint. With respect to the first, a value of 50 represented in an example, table and / or drawing can form the basis of a range of, for example, approximately 45 to approximately 55, approximately 25 to approximately 100 and / or approximately 0 to approximately 100. These equivalents and alternatives, along with obvious changes and modifications, should be included within the scope of this disclosure. Consequently, the foregoing disclosure is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the disclosure as illustrated by the appended claims. Title, abstract, background, and headings are provided in accordance with regulations and / or for the reader's convenience. They do not include admissions as to the scope and content of the prior art and no limitations applicable to all disclosed embodiments. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 44 / 134

Claims

1 / 3 CLAIMS 1. Solid adsorbent for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a gas stream comprising CO2, said solid adsorbent characterized in that it comprises an amine covalently bonded to a chloromethylated polymer resin, wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than 7% by weight at a temperature of 40°C, and wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity less than 1.5% by weight at a temperature of 100°C, as measured when the gas stream further comprises a CO2 concentration of 4% by volume, per volume of the gas stream, and wherein the amine is an alkyldiamine, and wherein the alkyldiamine has a chain length and wherein the chain length of the alkyldiamine is C1-C12 and is covalently bonded to the resin by at least 95% the same.

2. Solid adsorbent according to claim 1, characterized in that the solid adsorbent comprises at least one of: the chloromethylated polymer resin comprising a pore volume of 0.001 cm3 / g to 0.5 cm3 / g; the chloromethylated polymer resin comprising a surface area of ​​1 m2 / g to 60 m2 / g; the chloromethylated polymer resin comprising polystyrene; the chloromethylated polymer resin comprising a porosity of 15% to 60%.

3. Solid adsorbent according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the solid adsorbent comprises a dry nitrogen content of 5 mol / kg to 10 mol / kg.

4. Solid adsorbent according to claim 1, being Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, page 45 / 134 2 / 3 characterized in that the amine comprises at least one of an ethylenediamine, a 1,3-diaminopropane, a 1,4-diaminobutane, a 1,5-diaminopentane, a 1,6-diaminohexane, a 1,7-diaminoheptane, a 1,8-diaminooctane, a 1,9-diaminononane, a 1,10-diaminodecane, a 1,3-diaminopentane, a 1,2-diaminopropane and combinations thereof.

5. Method for preparing a solid adsorbent to capture carbon dioxide, CO2, from a gas stream comprising CO2, the method being characterized in that it comprises: combining an amine with a chloromethylated polymer resin to form the solid adsorbent, wherein the solid adsorbent comprises a dry nitrogen content of 5 mol / kg to 10 mol / kg, wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than 7% by weight at a temperature of 40°C, and wherein the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity less than 1.5% by weight at a temperature of 100°C, as measured when the gas stream still comprises a CO2 concentration of 4% by volume, per volume of the gas stream, and wherein the amine is an alkyldiamine, and wherein the alkyldiamine has a chain length and wherein the chain length of the alkyldiamine is C1-C12 and is covalently linked to the resin by at least 95% the same.

6. Use of a chloromethylated polymer resin having an amine covalently bonded thereto, as a solid adsorbent to capture carbon dioxide, CO2, from a gas stream comprising CO2, characterized in that the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity greater than 7% by weight at a temperature of 40°C, and in that the solid adsorbent has a CO2 absorption capacity less than 1.5% by weight at a temperature of 100°C, as measured when the gas stream still comprises a CO2 concentration of 4% by volume, per volume of Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 46 / 134 3 / 3 gas stream, and where the amine is an alkyldiamine, and where the alkyldiamine has a chain length and where the chain length of the alkyldiamine is C1-C12 and is covalently linked to the resin by at least 95% the same. Petition 870250016708, dated 28 / 02 / 2025, p. 47 / 134

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