A multi-point grounding device and an automobile

Abstract

The present invention provides a multi-point grounding device and an automobile, relating to the technical field of on-vehicle electrical appliance grounding. The multi-point grounding device includes a mounting seat, a grounding cone, a grounding body, and a plurality of terminal components. A relief through-hole is formed in the mounting seat. The grounding cone is arranged in the relief through-hole and is used to be fixed on the vehicle frame. The top of the grounding cone is frustum-shaped. A groove matching with the top of the grounding cone is formed at the bottom of the grounding body. The grounding body is press-fitted on the grounding cone and is detachably connected to the grounding cone. The plurality of terminal components are detachably connected to the grounding body. Compared with the prior art, in the multi-point grounding device provided by the present invention, due to the provision of the grounding body and the grounding cone, and the relatively large contact area between the grounding body and the grounding cone, the entire grounding and conduction process is very stable, and phenomena such as local charge concentration or open circuit will not occur, greatly improving the stability of grounding.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of vehicle electrical grounding, and in particular, to a multi-point grounding device and an automobile. Background Art

[0002] Electrical appliances on an automobile are usually grounded through a grounding structure. When the electrical appliances are used in a complex environment and require high-precision control, higher technical requirements are also put forward for grounding safety and protection; multi-point centralized grounding of electrical appliances is one of the effective processing methods for high-precision control of electrical appliances in a complex environment. The traditional grounding structure usually directly bolts or welds the grounding wire to the grounding frame, and conducts electricity through the bolt or solder joint position, resulting in poor grounding effect and poor electrical conductivity stability.

[0003] In view of this, it is particularly important to design and manufacture a multi-point grounding device with good grounding effect and good electrical conductivity stability. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a multi-point grounding device with good grounding effect and good electrical conductivity stability.

[0005] Another purpose of the present invention is to provide an automobile, in which the in-vehicle electrical appliances can be stably grounded, with good reliability, effectively reducing the energy consumption points to the ground, reducing the interference sources of electrical appliance control, and improving the accuracy of electrical appliance control.

[0006] The present invention is implemented by the following technical solutions.

[0007] A multi-point grounding device includes a mounting seat, a grounding cone, a grounding body, and a plurality of terminal assemblies. A relief through-hole is provided on the mounting seat. The grounding cone is arranged in the relief through-hole and is used to be fixed on the vehicle frame. The top of the grounding cone is frustum-shaped. A groove matching with the top of the grounding cone is provided at the bottom of the grounding body. The grounding body is press-fitted on the grounding cone and is detachably connected to the grounding cone. The plurality of terminal assemblies are detachably connected to the grounding body.

[0008] Further, an installation through-hole is provided on the grounding body, and an installation screw hole is provided on the grounding cone. A connecting screw is further provided on the grounding body. The connecting screw passes through the installation through-hole and extends downward into the installation screw hole, and the connecting screw is threadedly connected to the grounding cone.

[0009] Further, the grounding cone includes a frustum portion and a fixing portion integrally provided. The frustum portion is arranged on the top of the fixing portion and protrudes upward from the bottom of the mounting seat, and the frustum portion cooperates with the groove. The fixing portion passes through the relief through-hole and is used to be fixed on the vehicle frame.

[0010] Further, the diameter of the frustum part is greater than that of the fixing part, and the relief through-hole is matched with the fixing part.

[0011] Further, a relief annular groove is formed at the bottom of the mounting base, and the relief annular groove is arranged around the relief through-hole.

[0012] Further, the distance between the top surface of the frustum part and the bottom wall of the mounting base is greater than the depth of the groove, so that there is an installation gap between the bottom surface of the grounding body and the bottom wall of the mounting base.

[0013] Further, the grounding body includes a main body part and a plurality of overlapping parts integrally arranged. The main body part is detachably connected to the grounding cone. The plurality of overlapping parts are arranged around the main body part, and the plurality of terminal assemblies are detachably connected to the plurality of overlapping parts in one-to-one correspondence.

[0014] Further, a plurality of positioning rib strips are arranged on the mounting base. The plurality of overlapping parts are arranged corresponding to the plurality of positioning rib strips one by one. A positioning groove matched with the positioning rib strip is formed at the bottom of each overlapping part.

[0015] Further, the multi-point grounding device further includes a protective cover. The protective cover covers the mounting base and jointly encloses a grounding inner cavity with the mounting base. The grounding body and the grounding cone are both accommodated in the grounding inner cavity.

[0016] An automobile includes a vehicle frame and a multi-point grounding device. The multi-point grounding device includes a mounting base, a grounding cone, a grounding body and a plurality of terminal assemblies. A relief through-hole is formed in the mounting base. The grounding cone is arranged in the relief through-hole and is used for being fixed on the vehicle frame. The top of the grounding cone is frustum-shaped. A groove matched with the top of the grounding cone is formed at the bottom of the grounding body. The grounding body is press-fitted on the grounding cone and is detachably connected to the grounding cone. The plurality of terminal assemblies are detachably connected to the grounding body. The mounting base is arranged on the vehicle frame, and the grounding cone is fixedly connected to the vehicle frame.

[0017] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0018] A multi-point grounding device provided by the present invention has a relief through-hole formed in the mounting seat. The grounding cone is arranged in the relief through-hole and fixed to the vehicle frame. A groove matching with the top of the grounding cone is formed at the bottom of the grounding body. The top of the grounding cone is frustum-shaped. The grounding body is press-fitted onto the grounding cone and detachably connected to the grounding cone. Through the cooperation between the groove and the top of the grounding cone, the grounding body can contact the grounding cone with a relatively large contact area. At the same time, a plurality of terminal components are detachably connected to the grounding body. During grounding, multiple grounding wires are connected to the plurality of terminal components and electrically connected to the vehicle frame through the grounding body and the grounding cone to achieve the grounding function. Since the grounding body and the grounding cone are provided and the contact area between the grounding body and the grounding cone is relatively large, the entire grounding and conduction process is very stable, and phenomena such as local charge concentration or open circuit will not occur, greatly improving the grounding stability. Compared with the prior art, the multi-point grounding device provided by the present invention has good grounding effect, reliability, and good conduction stability. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required to be used in the embodiments. It should be understood that the following drawings only show some embodiments of the present invention and should not be regarded as limiting the scope. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other related drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0020] Figure 1 is the exploded structural schematic diagram of the multi-point grounding device provided by the first embodiment of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 2 is the partial structural schematic diagram of the multi-point grounding device provided by the first embodiment of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 3 is the partial structural schematic diagram of the multi-point grounding device provided by the first embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 4 is the cross-sectional structural schematic diagram of the multi-point grounding device provided by the first embodiment of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 5 is the partial exploded structural schematic diagram of the multi-point grounding device provided by the first embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 6 is Figure 4 the partial enlarged schematic diagram of VI in

[0026] Icons: 100 - Multi - point grounding device; 110 - Mounting base; 111 - Relief through - hole; 113 - Relief ring groove; 115 - Positioning rib; 117 - Second boss structure; 130 - Grounding cone; 131 - Frustum part; 133 - Fixed part; 150 - Grounding body; 151 - Main body part; 153 - Lapping part; 170 - Terminal assembly; 171 - Wiring terminal; 173 - Suspension screw; 175 - Steel tie - strap; 180 - Connecting screw; 190 - Protective cover; 191 - First boss structure. Detailed implementation mode

[0027] To make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are some, but not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. Usually, the components of the embodiments of the present invention described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings here can be arranged and designed in various different configurations.

[0028] Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention provided in the drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely represents selected embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0029] It should be noted that: Similar reference numerals and letters denote similar items in the following drawings. Therefore, once an item is defined in one drawing, it does not need to be further defined and explained in subsequent drawings.

[0030] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the terms "center", "upper", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc. is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, or the orientation or positional relationship in which the product of the invention is usually placed during use. It is only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention. In addition, the terms "first", "second", etc. are only used for distinguishing descriptions and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0031] In the description of the present invention, it should also be noted that, unless otherwise clearly specified and defined, the terms "arranged", "connected", "installed", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and it can be the communication inside two components. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific situations.

[0032] The following will describe in detail some embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. Without conflict, the features in the following embodiments can be combined with each other.

[0033] The First Embodiment

[0034] Referring to Figures 1 to 6 , this embodiment provides a multi-point grounding device 100, which is installed on the bracket of an automobile and is electrically connected to in-vehicle electrical appliances on the automobile as a grounding structure to play a grounding role. It should be noted that in this embodiment, the multi-point grounding device can be connected to multiple grounding wires simultaneously.

[0035] The multi-point grounding device 100 provided in this embodiment includes a mounting base 110, a grounding cone 130, a grounding body 150, a plurality of terminal assemblies 170, and a protective cover 190. A relief through-hole 111 is provided on the mounting base 110. The grounding cone 130 is arranged in the relief through-hole 111 and is used to be fixed on the vehicle frame. The top of the grounding cone 130 is frustum-shaped. A groove matching with the top of the grounding cone 130 is provided at the bottom of the grounding body 150. The grounding body 150 is press-fitted on the grounding cone 130 and is detachably connected to the grounding cone 130. The plurality of terminal assemblies 170 are detachably connected to the grounding body 150. The protective cover 190 is covered on the mounting base 110 and together with the mounting base 110 encloses a grounding inner cavity to play a dust-proof role. The grounding body 150 and the grounding cone 130 are both accommodated in the grounding inner cavity.

[0036] In this embodiment, through the cooperation between the groove and the top of the grounding cone 130, the grounding body 150 can contact the grounding cone 130 with a large contact area. At the same time, the plurality of terminal assemblies 170 are detachably connected to the grounding body 150. When grounding, multiple grounding wires are connected to the plurality of terminal assemblies 170 and are electrically connected to the vehicle frame through the grounding body 150 and the grounding cone 130 to achieve the grounding function. Since the grounding body 150 and the grounding cone 130 are provided and the contact area between the grounding body 150 and the grounding cone 130 is large, the entire grounding and conducting process is very stable, and phenomena such as local charge concentration or open circuit will not occur, greatly improving the stability of grounding.

[0037] It should be noted that in this embodiment, both the grounding cone 130 and the grounding body 150 are made of materials with good electrical conductivity, such as red copper, aluminum, etc., to ensure the conduction reliability of grounding to the greatest extent.

[0038] The grounding body 150 is provided with an installation through-hole, and the grounding cone 130 is provided with an installation screw hole. A connecting screw 180 is further provided on the grounding body 150. The connecting screw 180 passes through the installation through-hole and extends downward into the installation screw hole, and the connecting screw 180 is threadedly connected with the grounding cone 130. Specifically, the top of the protective cover 190 is also provided with a fixing hole. After passing through the fixing hole, the connecting screw 180 penetrates the installation through-hole and extends into the installation screw hole, and a washer is provided between the nut of the connecting screw 180 and the protective cover 190, which can press the dust-proof cover.

[0039] In this embodiment, a first chamfered inclined surface is provided at the bottom end of the installation through-hole, and a second chamfered inclined surface is provided at the top end of the installation screw hole. The first chamfered inclined surface and the second chamfered inclined surface are arranged opposite to each other and form an annular groove surrounding the connecting screw 180. Through the chamfer design of the contact point between the installation through-hole and the installation screw hole, a certain margin is provided during installation, and at the same time, the charge concentration phenomenon at the sharp corners is avoided, which affects the current transmission.

[0040] In this embodiment, the grounding cone 130 is welded to the vehicle frame to play a fixing role, and the connecting screw 180 does not penetrate the installation screw hole. At the same time, the mounting seat 110 is also welded to the vehicle frame, which also plays a fixing role.

[0041] In other preferred embodiments of the present invention, the grounding body 150 abuts against the surface of the vehicle frame, and the connecting screw 180 penetrates downward through the vehicle frame and is connected to the vehicle frame, so that the fixing function of the grounding cone 130 can be achieved in the same way.

[0042] In other preferred embodiments of the present invention, the mounting seat 110 abuts against the surface of the vehicle frame and is fixed by the grounding cone 130. At the same time, a plurality of ventilation holes are provided on the lower surface of the mounting seat 110, which can prevent water accumulation and dust.

[0043] In this embodiment, both the mounting seat 110 and the protective cover 190 are disc-shaped structures, which are convenient for manufacturing and installation, that is, the mounting seat 110 is circular, and the protective cover 190 is also circular. At the same time, it is convenient to fix the mounting seat 110 at the cross of the vehicle frame. In other preferred embodiments of the present invention, the mounting seat 110 and the protective cover 190 can also be rectangular structures or diamond structures, etc., which are not specifically limited herein.

[0044] The protective cover 190 is also provided with a plurality of relief grooves for the wiring terminals 171 to extend out. During installation, the plurality of relief grooves correspond to the outer ends of the plurality of wiring terminals 171 one by one. At the same time, the edge of the protective cover 190 cooperates with the edge of the mounting base 110. Specifically, the edge of the protective cover 190 has a first boss structure 191, and the edge of the mounting base 110 has a second boss structure 117. The first boss structure 191 abuts against the second boss structure 117, and there is a reserved gap between the inner side of the first boss structure 191 and the outer side of the second boss structure 117, forming an aesthetic line, so that there will be no dislocation during cooperation. Preferably, the reserved gap is 0.2 mm.

[0045] The grounding cone 130 includes a frustum part 131 and a fixing part 133 which are integrally arranged. The frustum part 131 is arranged on the top of the fixing part 133 and protrudes upward from the bottom of the mounting base 110, and the frustum part 131 cooperates with the groove, and the fixing part 133 passes through the relief through-hole 111 for fixing on the vehicle frame.

[0046] In this embodiment, the frustum part 131 is frustum-shaped and has a top holding plane and a circumferential arc surface. The circumferential arc surface increases in radius from top to bottom. The top holding plane abuts against the bottom of the grounding body 150, and the circumferential arc surface abuts against the side wall of the groove on the grounding body 150. By setting the conical structure design, the contact area and the supporting force are increased, and at the same time, the contact surface is more fitting, ensuring the stability of electrical conduction.

[0047] In this embodiment, the diameter of the frustum part 131 is larger than the diameter of the fixing part 133, and the relief through-hole 111 cooperates with the fixing part 133. Specifically, the fixing part 133 continues to extend downward from the bottom of the frustum part 131. There is a stop surface between the bottom of the frustum part and the fixing part 133. The diameter of the relief through-hole 111 cooperates with the fixing part 133, so that the fixing part 133 can pass through the relief through-hole 111 and be fixed on the vehicle frame.

[0048] In this embodiment, a counterbore is further provided on the inner side of the relief through-hole 111. The counterbore is used to accommodate the frustum part 131 and plays a positioning role.

[0049] In this embodiment, a relief ring groove 113 is provided at the bottom of the mounting base 110. The relief ring groove 113 is arranged around the relief through-hole 111. Specifically, the relief ring groove 113 is arranged on the outer side of the relief through-hole 111. When the mounting base 110 is welded to the vehicle frame, welding beads will be generated on the mounting base 110 around the relief through-hole 111. By providing the relief ring groove 113, the welding beads can be avoided, thereby ensuring the welding effect and the connection effect.

[0050] In this embodiment, the distance between the top surface of the frustum portion 131 and the bottom wall of the mounting base 110 is greater than the depth of the groove, so that there is an installation gap between the bottom surface of the grounding body 150 and the bottom wall of the mounting base 110. Specifically, when the grounding body 150 is pressed on the frustum portion 131, there is an installation gap between the lowest point of the grounding body 150 and the bottom wall of the mounting base 110, avoiding the situation that the grounding body 150 presses the mounting base 110 when sliding down along the frustum portion 131, resulting in insufficient pressing between the grounding body 150 and the frustum portion 131. Preferably, the installation gap is 0.2 mm - 0.5 mm.

[0051] The grounding body 150 includes a main body portion 151 and a plurality of overlapping portions 153 integrally provided. The main body portion 151 is detachably connected to the grounding cone 130, and the plurality of overlapping portions 153 are arranged around the main body portion 151. A plurality of terminal assemblies 170 are detachably connected to the plurality of overlapping portions 153 one by one.

[0052] In this embodiment, a plurality of positioning ribs 115 are provided on the mounting base 110. The plurality of overlapping portions 153 are arranged corresponding to the plurality of positioning ribs 115 one by one. A positioning groove matching with the positioning rib 115 is formed at the bottom of each overlapping portion 153.

[0053] In this embodiment, there are 4 overlapping portions 153. The 4 overlapping portions 153 are arranged in a cross shape around the main body portion 151, and each overlapping portion 153 is in a rectangular shape. Of course, the number of overlapping portions 153 here can also be 3 or 5 or other numbers. The plurality of overlapping portions 153 are evenly arranged around the main body portion 151, and the specific number is not specifically limited here.

[0054] Each terminal assembly 170 includes two wiring terminals 171. The two wiring terminals 171 are respectively arranged on two corresponding sides of the corresponding overlapping portion 153 and are fixedly arranged on the overlapping portion 153 through the same bolt structure. Each wiring terminal 171 is in full contact with the overlapping portion 153 to ensure a sufficient electrical contact area.

[0055] In this embodiment, a hanging hole is formed on the outer side wall of each overlapping portion 153 away from the main body portion 151. A hanging screw 173 is arranged in the hanging hole, and a steel tie 175 is connected to the hanging screw 173. The two wiring terminals 171 on the overlapping portion 153 are connected together by the steel tie 175, and the steel tie 175 also serves to support the wires in the two wiring terminals 171. Specifically, a fixed limit hole is formed on the hanging bolt, and the steel tie 175 passes through the fixed limit hole and is connected to the wiring terminal 171 to play a fixing role.

[0056] Each terminal block 171 includes a fixing portion 133 and a tubular joint. The tubular joint is used to connect the grounding wire. The fixing portion 133 is fixed to the overlapping portion 153 by bolts. The steel tie 175 is wrapped around the two tubular joints at the same time to fix the tubular joints. At the same time, the steel tie 175 can fix the grounding wire and the tubular joint together.

[0057] In summary, the present embodiment provides a multi-point overlapping device, a clearance hole 111 is provided on the mounting seat 110, a grounding cone 130 is arranged in the clearance hole 111, and the grounding cone 130 is fixed on the vehicle frame, a groove matching with the top of the grounding cone 130 is provided at the bottom of the grounding body 150, the top of the grounding cone 130 is in the shape of a cone, the grounding body 150 is crimped on the grounding cone 130 and is detachably connected to the grounding cone 130, and the cooperation between the groove and the top of the grounding cone 130 enables the grounding body 150 to contact the grounding cone 130 with a larger contact area, and at the same time, multiple terminal assemblies 170 are detachably connected to the grounding body 150. During grounding, multiple grounding wires are connected to multiple terminal assemblies 170, and are electrically connected to the vehicle frame through the grounding body 150 and the grounding cone 130 to achieve the grounding function. Since the grounding body 150 and the grounding cone 130 are provided, and the contact area between the grounding body 150 and the grounding cone 130 is relatively large, the entire grounding conductive process is very stable, and local charge concentration or circuit breaking will not occur, thereby greatly improving the stability of the grounding.

[0058] Second embodiment

[0059] The present embodiment provides a car, including a frame and a multi-point grounding device 100, wherein the basic structure and principle of the multi-point grounding device and the technical effects produced are the same as those of the first embodiment. For the sake of brief description, for parts not mentioned in this embodiment, reference may be made to the corresponding contents in the first embodiment.

[0060] The multi-point grounding device 100 includes a mounting seat 110, a grounding cone 130, a grounding body 150 and a plurality of terminal assemblies 170. The mounting seat 110 is provided with a clearance through hole 111. The grounding cone 130 is disposed in the clearance through hole 111 and is used to be fixed on a vehicle frame. The top of the grounding cone 130 is in a cone shape. The bottom of the grounding body 150 is provided with a groove that matches the top of the grounding cone 130. The grounding body 150 is pressed and connected to the grounding cone 130 and is detachably connected to the grounding cone 130. The plurality of terminal assemblies 170 are detachably connected to the grounding body 150. The mounting seat 110 is provided on the vehicle frame, and the grounding cone 130 is fixedly connected to the vehicle frame.

[0061] The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the present invention may have various modifications and variations. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-point grounding device, characterized in that, It includes a mounting base, a grounding cone, a grounding body and a plurality of terminal assemblies. A relief through-hole is formed in the mounting base. The grounding cone is arranged in the relief through-hole and is used to be fixed on the vehicle frame. The top of the grounding cone is frustum-shaped. A groove matching with the top of the grounding cone is formed at the bottom of the grounding body. The grounding body is press-fitted on the grounding cone and is detachably connected to the grounding cone. The plurality of terminal assemblies are detachably connected to the grounding body; The grounding cone includes a frustum part and a fixing part integrally arranged. The frustum part is arranged at the top of the fixing part and protrudes upward from the bottom of the mounting base, and the frustum part matches with the groove. The fixing part passes through the relief through-hole and is used to be fixed on the vehicle frame; Wherein, the frustum part is frustum-shaped and has a supporting plane and a circumferential arc surface.

2. The multi-point grounding device according to claim 1, wherein An installation through-hole is formed in the grounding body, an installation screw hole is formed in the grounding cone, and a connecting screw is further arranged on the grounding body. The connecting screw passes through the installation through-hole and extends downward into the installation screw hole, and the connecting screw is in threaded connection with the grounding cone.

3. The multi-point grounding device according to claim 1, characterized in that The diameter of the frustum part is larger than that of the fixing part, and the relief through-hole matches with the fixing part.

4. The multi-point grounding device according to claim 1, characterized in that, A relief annular groove is formed at the bottom of the mounting base, and the relief annular groove is arranged around the relief through-hole.

5. The multi-point ground connection device according to claim 1, wherein The distance between the top surface of the frustum part and the bottom wall of the mounting base is greater than the depth of the groove, so that there is an installation gap between the bottom surface of the grounding body and the bottom wall of the mounting base.

6. The multi-point grounding device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The grounding body includes a main body part and a plurality of overlapping parts integrally arranged. The main body part is detachably connected to the grounding cone. The plurality of overlapping parts are arranged around the main body part. The plurality of terminal assemblies are detachably connected to the plurality of overlapping parts in one-to-one correspondence.

7. The multi-point grounding device according to claim 6, characterized in that A plurality of positioning rib strips are arranged on the mounting base. The plurality of overlapping parts are arranged in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of positioning rib strips. A positioning groove matching with the positioning rib strip is formed at the bottom of each overlapping part.

8. The multi-point grounding device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multi-point grounding device further includes a protective cover. The protective cover covers the mounting base and jointly encloses a grounding inner cavity with the mounting base. The grounding body and the grounding cone are both accommodated in the grounding inner cavity.

9. A vehicle, characterized in that, It includes a vehicle frame and the multi-point grounding device according to any one of claims 1-8. The mounting base is arranged on the vehicle frame, and the grounding cone is fixedly connected to the vehicle frame.

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