Easily available smoke generating agent, evaluation and screening method, and evaluation operation process

Abstract

The present invention relates to an easily available smoke agent, an evaluation and screening method, and an evaluation and operation process. The evaluation and screening method of the smoke agent comprises the following steps: determining the effective vaporization fraction of the smoke agent, dividing the effective vaporization fraction by the unit price of the smoke canister or cartridge to obtain the cost-effectiveness ratio of the smoke canister or cartridge, and ranking the cost-effectiveness ratios of various smoke agents. The higher the cost-effectiveness ratio, the greater the economic value of the smoke product. Using this method to evaluate and screen the smoke agent is closer to the actual application effect of the smoke agent. The present invention solves the problem of large-scale purchase of smoke agents due to different formulas and price distortion.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a smoke generating agent, an evaluation and screening method and an operating process. Background Art

[0002] The combination of military and civilian, and the combination of mass and professional is the magic weapon for victory created by our army in the long war years. Local wars under high-tech conditions are no exception. The visible light smoke screen of convenient smoke-generating equipment has a direct effect on the scene matching guidance of precision strikes. Large-scale smoke screens are also widely used in crop pest control, wood fumigation and disinfection, and prevention of crop frostbite. The premise of large-scale smoke generation is to use local materials, low cost and easy to raise. The current problem is that the formulas of various convenient smoke-generating agents contain a large amount of anthracene, naphthalene and other toxic substances to the environment or human body. Various smoke-generating agents are generally compositions of different compounds. Some have more residues after smoke generation, and some have less residues. Therefore, simply calculating the purchase cost cannot reflect the actual value of the smoke-generating product. In addition, when standard equipment is used in conjunction with convenient equipment, or the number of standard equipment is insufficient and the convenient equipment needs to be supplemented, there is currently no evaluation method and conversion standard basis due to the different formulas between smoke-generating agents. It can be seen that the evaluation and screening methods, operation processes and their use in large-scale smoke-generating agent raising are very important topics. Summary of the invention

[0003] In order to solve the above problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a smoke-generating agent formula which is low in cost, easy to prepare and does not contain a large amount of toxic substances and is suitable for large-scale use.

[0004] The invention further provides a method for preparing the smoke generating agent.

[0005] The present invention also provides a method for screening and evaluating smoke agents and evaluating and calculating the consumption quantity, which is used for decision-making in preparing smoke agent raw materials.

[0006] Specifically, the present invention provides a low-cost, easy-to-raise, non-toxic, suitable for large-scale smoke-generating agent, and the formula composition and mass parts are shown in Table 1:

[0007]

[0008] Among the above formulas, the first formula produces a white smoke screen, which is not only suitable for military visible light confrontation, but also for film shooting and the sterilization and fumigation of imported wood. The TNT powder in the raw materials comes from scrapped ammunition, and various raw materials are raised locally, some of which are fertilizers for crops and are cheap.

[0009] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the smoke generating agent as follows:

[0010] After weighing the various raw materials according to the required weight, first pour the diesel or coal powder into the sawdust and mix well, then add other raw materials and mix well again. When using, put it into a perforated iron bucket. The iron bucket can be replaced by a waste gasoline barrel, and the holes can be drilled with a pickaxe.

[0011] The present invention also unexpectedly discovered that after various smoke agent formulas are determined, although the ratio of the residues of various smoke agents after smoking to the original smoke agent is different, after the same smoke agent formula is determined, its residue ratio is unchanged. In addition, during the smoking process, the substances volatilized into the air are positively correlated with the shielding effect of visible light. Therefore, the concept of vaporization fraction is introduced, thereby building a bridge between different smoke agent formulas, unifying standards, and providing a method for screening and evaluating smoke agents and calculating the amount of raw material consumption, which can be used for decision-making when preparing smoke agent raw materials.

[0012] The evaluation and screening method of smoke agents includes the following steps: determining the effective vaporization fraction of the smoke agent, dividing the effective vaporization fraction by the unit price of the smoke agent to obtain the cost-effectiveness ratio of the smoke canister or cartridge, and arranging the cost-effectiveness ratios of various smoke agents from high to low. The higher the cost-effectiveness ratio, the higher the economic value of the smoke product. Using this method to evaluate and screen smoke agents, smoke canisters or smoke cartridges is closer to the actual application effect of the product, thereby solving the problem of price distortion and inflated prices in large-scale procurement of smoke agents.

[0013] The operating process is as follows: with air flowing in, heat the sample to the smoking temperature and keep it for 7 minutes, and determine the vaporization fraction according to the total mass loss. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] Figure 1 This is the thermal weight loss diagram of the smoke agent formula 1 used in the exercise.

[0015] Figure 2 This is the thermal weight loss diagram of the smoke agent of formula 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] Example 1

[0017] Among the various elements of the evaluation operation method, the smoke agent formula, the price of the individual product of the smoke canister or smoke bomb, and the net weight of the combustion type smoke agent are all given by the manufacturer. The only unknown number is the vaporization fraction. The vaporization fraction operation process provided by the present invention is as follows:

[0018] ⒈ Instrument preparation: high temperature furnace with natural ventilation and automatic temperature controller, which can maintain constant temperature and ensure that cold crucibles are placed; porcelain crucible; dryer with desiccant, which should be replaced regularly; balance with maximum load of 200g and sensitivity of 0.0001g; crucible tongs; stopwatch: division is 0.1s.

[0019] ⒉ Preparation. Number the crucible, calcine it to constant weight, and place it in a dryer with a desiccant. Check the quality of the crucible before weighing the sample. When calcining the crucible, place it on a metal bracket hung with a heat-resistant metal wire or a hot thin steel sheet. The size of the bracket should ensure that the crucible can be located in the constant temperature zone of the furnace, and the distance between the lower part of the constant temperature zone of the furnace and the bottom of the crucible is 10 to 20 mm.

[0020] ⒊Test steps. ⑴Use a spatula or a small spoon to carefully mix the prepared sample, and take out 1±0.01g of the sample from two or three places at different depths, and weigh it in a crucible that has been calcined and weighed in advance. After weighing, gently tap to flatten the sample layer. ⑵Put the crucible with the sample on a metal support that has just been taken out of a high-temperature furnace and calcined at the starting temperature of smoke ±10℃, and then quickly put it into the constant temperature zone of the high-temperature furnace at the starting temperature ±10℃. The time from closing the furnace door, putting in the crucible, and closing the furnace door until the furnace temperature reaches the starting temperature ±10℃ should not exceed 3 minutes. ⑶⒋Starting from the time the crucible is placed in the furnace, after calcining in the furnace for 7 minutes, use crucible tongs to take out the support and crucible, place them on a metal plate or asbestos plate, cool them in the air for not less than 5 minutes, then move them into a dryer, cool them to room temperature and weigh them.

[0021] ⒋ Calculation. The vapor fraction X[% (m / m)] of the sample is calculated as follows:

[0022] X

[0023] Where: m1—the mass of the crucible, g;

[0024] m2—the mass of the crucible and the sample before calcination, g;

[0025] m3—the mass of the crucible and the sample after calcination, g;

[0026] Example 2

[0027] The following takes the smoke canister of standard smoke equipment as an example. When it is insufficient, how to use the given smoke agent formula to raise various raw materials and estimate the consumption standard of homemade smoke agent.

[0028] 1 Determination of vaporization parameter V

[0029] The physical and chemical decomposition characteristics of commonly used materials under heat can be determined according to the operating process provided in Example 1. 锯末 =50%.

[0030] The coal powder, mainly lignite, has been tested for vaporization parameters, V 煤粉 =43%.

[0031] Others are V 其它 =100%.

[0032] After weighted calculation, formula V in Table 1 总 =0.745. This is basically consistent with the actual observation of the thermal weight loss result at the highest smoke temperature. Figure 1 .

[0033] 2 Determination of absolute formula coefficient K

[0034] According to the thermal weight loss diagram of the smoke agent, the maximum smoke rate of the standard smoke canister V' =56.2%, that is, the residue reaches 43.8%. Each packing of smoke agent is 1.600±0.150kg. Take 1.600kg. Then the required homemade smoke agent weight W (kg) and the number of standard small smoke cans N (pieces) have the following relationship:

[0035] W=1.600×0.562 / 0.745N=1.21N

[0036] Let W = KN, then the absolute formula coefficient is:

[0037] K=1.21

[0038] After calculation, the K values ​​of other homemade smoke agent formulas are shown in Table 2.

[0039]

[0040] 3 Determination of relative coefficient K'

[0041] Let the relative coefficient K of formula l in Table 2 be ' =1, then the relative coefficient of other formulas K ' The calculation results are shown in Table 2.

[0042] According to the "Smoke Agent Consumption Standard", it can be determined that the smoke agent should be made according to Formula 1. The consumption standard is shown in Table 3.

[0043]

[0044] Total amount of smoke agent required for other formulations W ' , press K ' And Table 24 for quick calculation. That is: W'=K'W

[0045] 10.2 Implementation and Examples of Photoelectric Countermeasure Smoke Camouflage

[0046] In conjunction with the camouflage mission of a certain exercise conducted in our area, we conducted a large-scale optoelectronic countermeasure smoke camouflage test in the desert Gobi.

[0047] Smoke generating equipment

[0048] ⑴ 600 sets of standard small smoke canisters.

[0049] ⑵ 32000kg of self-made smoke agent, main components and percentage content are shown in Table 4.

[0050]

[0051] Basic information of the operation

[0052] ⑴ Filling method. Large smoke canister: specification φ580×1000, quantity 70, each filled with about 70kg of smoke agent; medium smoke canister: specification φ260×300, quantity 100, each filled with about 5.5kg of smoke agent; small smoke pit: quantity 81, each filled with about 8kg of smoke agent; large smoke pit: quantity 2, to hold the remaining smoke agent.

[0053] (2) Configuration. It is configured in a V-shaped belt in the upwind direction of the predetermined target. The left wing is about 250m long and mainly deploys medium-sized smoke canisters; the right wing is about 1,200m long and mainly deploys large smoke canisters. The gaps in the photoelectric countermeasure smoke screen formed on the terrain where the V-shaped belt is not convenient for deploying large and medium-sized smoke canisters are supplemented by small smoke canisters.

[0054] ⑶ Preparation. Use the tip of a pick or a φ15mm U-shaped nail to punch several holes on the top of the large and medium-sized iron barrels to be loaded, and evenly position and punch 3 holes on the side waist. Place large empty smoke cans according to the configuration requirements and fill them with smoke agent. Insert ignition devices into the holes on the side waist.

[0055] ⑷ Division of troops and tasks. Each time, 60 troops are used for ignition, and each person ignites 9 or 10 sticks.

[0056] Photoelectric countermeasures against smoke screen effects

[0057] The test results of optoelectronic countermeasures against smoke camouflage are shown in Table 5.

[0058]

[0059] Applying the calculation method of estimating the consumption standard of smoke-generating equipment to the evaluation of the effect of large-scale photoelectric countermeasures against smoke screens in a certain exercise in our district, the number of homemade smoke agents equivalent to standard small smoke canisters N=W / K=32000 / 1.21=26446.

[0060] In a test during the exercise, the wind speed was 2 m / s to 5 m / s in the downwind direction. According to the "Standard for Consumption of Standard Smoke Canisters", the shielding of 1 km front and 100 m depth was continuously implemented for 1 hour. Under the weather conditions of downwind and medium wind speed, 800 smoke canisters were consumed. Theoretically, the shielding of the front in this test can reach: (N / 3+200) / 800=9.77 km.

[0061] That is, the shielding area is 0.1×9.77=0.977 km 2This is consistent with the actual observed effect of the optoelectronic countermeasure smoke screen after it leaves the ground.

[0062] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0063] Through actual smoke-generating experiments, we have gained new insights into the characteristics of homemade smoke-generating equipment.

[0064] ⑴ The raw materials are widely available and the war resources have great potential. The main components of homemade smoke agents are commonly used nitrogen fertilizers, civilian fuels, and waste products from the wood industry. They are very easy to raise locally during wartime.

[0065] ⑵Does not contain large amounts of toxic substances.

[0066] ⑶ Less residue, good smoke and shielding effect. In the exercise, the residue rate of the formula we used was 25.5%. It was significantly lower than the 43.8% of the standard smoke canister. The violent smoke temperature was 175℃, and the differential thermal diagram was shown in Figure 2 , easy to ignite, and has good photoelectric effect against smoke screens.

[0067] ⑷ Simple packaging, high storage and transportation efficiency. Since the components of the homemade smoke agent are non-toxic to the human body, it is not necessary to store and transport them in iron barrels. Therefore, a large amount of packaging materials and transportation capacity are saved. Nitric acid plating will agglomerate due to the conversion of crystal form after long storage time, but this can be improved by adding additives.

[0068] ⑸ Low toxicity, convenient for combat readiness training.

[0069] ⑹ Low cost, conducive to the formation of large-scale, long-term photoelectric countermeasure smoke screen.

[0070] ⑺ The present invention solves some key technical problems in the large-scale photoelectric countermeasure smoke screen release, and can complete the photoelectric countermeasure smoke screen camouflage of the predetermined target and area in a relatively short time. The photoelectric countermeasure smoke screen has a fast guarantee speed, strong timeliness, safe operation, manpower saving, and great campaign and tactical significance. It can also control the amount of smoke canisters according to meteorological conditions and guarantee intentions, saving a large amount of smoke equipment.

[0071] ⑻ The relationship between the weight W (kg) of the homemade smoke agent and the number N (pieces) of standard small smoke canisters is: W=KN, where K is a constant and is only related to the formula of the smoke agent. The K values ​​corresponding to the five specific embodiments of the present invention are 1.21, 1.26, 1.09, 1.41, and 1.35, respectively. When the number of standard smoke canisters is N, the weight corresponding to a certain smoke agent formula can be quickly calculated according to this formula. This has practical significance for troop operations and the protection of national strategic targets.

[0072] ⑼ The large-scale optoelectronic countermeasure smoke camouflage technology composed of standard equipment and homemade smoke-generating equipment will play due role in future high-tech homeland defense wars.

Claims

1. An application of an easily available smoke-generating agent in photoelectric smoke screen countermeasures, the application comprising the following steps: Provide the mass ratio of smoke agent: Formula 1: sawdust 35, diesel 5, coal 20, ammonium nitrate 40; Formula 2: sawdust 35, diesel 5, TNT powder 20, ammonium nitrate 40; Formula 3: sawdust 50%, diesel 7%, coal powder 20%, potassium nitrate 23; Formula 4: sawdust 50%, fluorene 15%, coal powder 15%, potassium nitrate 20; The method for rapidly evaluating the smoke agent comprises: determining the effective vaporization fraction of the formula by thermogravimetric method, dividing the effective vaporization fraction by the unit price of the smoke agent to obtain the cost-effectiveness ratio of the smoke agent, and arranging the cost-effectiveness ratios of various smoke agents from high to low, and the higher the cost-effectiveness ratio, the higher the economic value of the smoke agent; The effective vaporization fraction X[%(m / m)] of the sample is calculated as follows: Where: m1—the mass of the crucible, g; m2—the mass of the crucible and the sample before calcination, g; m3—the mass of the crucible and the sample after calcination, g; Taking the effective vaporization fraction as the evaluation index of photoelectric countermeasure smoke screen, a conversion relationship is established between the weight of smoke agent and the number of standard small smoke canisters. The conversion relationship is: W = KN; Where W is the total weight of the smoke agent, in kilograms; N is the number of standard smoke canisters to be replaced; K is the absolute formula coefficient of the total weight of the smoke agent and the standard smoke canister to be replaced. The K values ​​of Formula 1 to Formula 4 are calculated to be 1.26, 1.09, 1.41, and 1.35 respectively based on the given smoke agent formula and the effective vaporization parameters tested. The total weight of the smoke agent is calculated based on this conversion relationship.

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