Display panel and display device

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a display panel and a display device, wherein the display panel includes: a data line; a scan line; a light-emitting control line; a touch sensing line; and pixels connected to the data line, the scan line, the light-emitting control line and the touch sensing line, wherein the first pixel includes: a light-emitting diode including an anode and a cathode; a pixel driving circuit configured to apply a current corresponding to a data signal received through the first data line to the anode in response to a first scan signal received through the first scan line and a light-emitting control signal received through the first light-emitting control line; and a touch sensing output circuit configured to apply a voltage of the anode to the first touch sensing line in response to the first scan signal.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to and all benefits arising from Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0031312, filed on Mar. 19, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The inventive concept relates to a display panel and a display device. Background Art

[0004] Various types of display devices such as televisions, mobile phones, tablet computers, navigation devices, and gaming devices are being developed for use in multimedia devices. Among the display devices, an organic light emitting display device displays an image using an organic light emitting diode that generates light through electron-hole recombination. For example, an organic light emitting diode is a light emitting diode in which an emitting electroluminescent layer is a film of an organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. The organic light emitting display device has characteristics such as a fast response speed and low power consumption.

[0005] The organic light emitting display device includes a data line, a scan line (or a gate line), and pixels connected to the data line and the scan line. Each pixel includes an organic light emitting diode and a circuit for controlling the amount of current flowing through the organic light emitting diode. The circuit controls the amount of current flowing from a first driving voltage to a second driving voltage via the organic light emitting diode in response to a data signal. In this case, light corresponding to the amount of current flowing through the organic light emitting diode is generated.

[0006] In addition, the organic light emitting display device may include a touch panel as an input device to sense contact by a human finger or an object. Summary of the invention

[0007] An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a display panel, comprising: a plurality of data lines; a plurality of scan lines; a plurality of light-emitting control lines; a plurality of touch sensing lines; and a plurality of pixels connected to the plurality of data lines, the plurality of scan lines, the plurality of light-emitting control lines and the plurality of touch sensing lines, wherein a first pixel among the plurality of pixels comprises: a light-emitting diode comprising an anode and a cathode; a pixel driving circuit configured to apply a current corresponding to a data signal received through a first data line among the plurality of data lines to the anode in response to a first scan signal received through a first scan line among the plurality of scan lines and a light-emitting control signal received through a first light-emitting control line among the plurality of light-emitting control lines; and a touch sensing output circuit configured to apply a voltage of the anode to a first touch sensing line among the plurality of touch sensing lines in response to the first scan signal.

[0008] The voltage of the anode corresponds to a voltage difference between the anode and the cathode of the light emitting diode.

[0009] The touch sensing output circuit includes a transistor including a first electrode connected to the anode, a second electrode connected to the first touch sensing line, and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line.

[0010] The pixel driving circuit includes: a first transistor including a first electrode, a second electrode and a gate electrode, wherein the gate electrode is connected to a first node; a second transistor including a first electrode connected to the first data line, a second electrode connected to the first electrode of the first transistor and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line; a third transistor including a first electrode connected to the second electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line; a fourth transistor including a first electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode for receiving an initialization voltage and a gate electrode connected to a second scan line among the plurality of scan lines; a fifth transistor including a first electrode for receiving a first driving voltage, a second electrode connected to the first electrode of the first transistor and a gate electrode connected to the first light emitting control line; and a sixth transistor including a first electrode connected to the second electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode connected to the anode of the light emitting diode and a gate electrode connected to the first light emitting control line.

[0011] The second scan signal provided through the second scan line has a phase faster than a phase of the first scan signal.

[0012] The cathode of the light emitting diode receives a second driving voltage, and the second driving voltage has a voltage level lower than that of the first driving voltage.

[0013] When the first scan signal has an active level, the light emitting control signal has an inactive level.

[0014] An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a display device, comprising: a display panel, comprising a plurality of data lines, a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of light emission control lines, a plurality of touch sensing lines, and a plurality of pixels connected to the plurality of data lines, the plurality of scan lines, the plurality of light emission control lines, and the plurality of touch sensing lines; an input sensing unit, disposed on the display panel and comprising a plurality of sensing electrodes to sense an external touch input; a drive controller, configured to receive an image signal and output an image data signal, a data control signal, and a scan control signal; a data driving circuit, configured to drive the plurality of data lines in response to the image data signal and the data control signal; and a scan driving circuit, configured to drive the plurality of pixels in response to the scan control signal. scan lines; and a touch sensing circuit configured to output a touch detection signal in response to a touch sensing signal applied from the multiple touch sensing lines to the touch sensing circuit, a first pixel among the multiple pixels comprising: a light emitting diode including an anode and a cathode; a pixel driving circuit configured to apply a current corresponding to a data signal received through a first data line among the multiple data lines to the anode in response to a first scan signal received through the first scan line among the multiple scan lines and a light emitting control signal received through a first light emitting control line among the multiple light emitting control lines; and a touch sensing output circuit configured to apply a voltage of the anode to a first touch sensing line among the multiple touch sensing lines in response to the first scan signal.

[0015] The driving controller applies a mode signal to the touch sensing circuit, and when the mode signal is at an active level, the touch sensing circuit applies the touch detection signal to the driving controller.

[0016] The touch sensing circuit includes: a memory for storing a reference value; an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert each of the touch sensing signals applied from the plurality of touch sensing lines to the analog-to-digital converter into a digital sensing signal; and a comparator configured to compare the reference value with the digital sensing signal and output a touch detection signal corresponding to a result of the comparison.

[0017] When the digital sensing signal is greater than the reference value, the touch detection signal at the effective level is output.

[0018] When the mode signal is at the active level, the comparator compares the reference value with the digital sensing signal and outputs a touch detection signal corresponding to a result of the comparison.

[0019] The driving controller controls the data driving circuit and the scan driving circuit so that a group of pixels among the plurality of pixels displays an image having a predetermined grayscale when an amount of external light is less than a reference level.

[0020] The voltage of the anode corresponds to a voltage difference between the anode and the cathode of the light emitting diode according to an amount of light incident from the outside.

[0021] The touch sensing output circuit includes a transistor including a first electrode connected to the anode, a second electrode connected to the first touch sensing line, and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line.

[0022] The pixel driving circuit includes: a first transistor including a first electrode, a second electrode and a gate electrode, wherein the gate electrode is connected to a first node; a second transistor including a first electrode connected to the first data line, a second electrode connected to the first electrode of the first transistor and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line; a third transistor including a first electrode connected to the second electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line; a fourth transistor including a first electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode for receiving an initialization voltage and a gate electrode connected to a second scan line among the plurality of scan lines; a fifth transistor including a first electrode for receiving a first driving voltage, a second electrode connected to the first electrode of the first transistor and a gate electrode connected to the first light emitting control line; and a sixth transistor including a first electrode connected to the second electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode connected to the anode of the light emitting diode and a gate electrode connected to the first light emitting control line.

[0023] The second scan signal provided through the second scan line has a phase faster than a phase of the first scan signal.

[0024] The cathode of the light emitting diode receives a second driving voltage, and the second driving voltage has a voltage level lower than that of the first driving voltage.

[0025] When the first scanning signal is at an active level, the light emitting control signal is at an inactive level.

[0026] When the input sensing unit is in an inoperable mode, the driving controller outputs a mode signal at the active level. An exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept provides a display panel, comprising: a plurality of pixels, wherein a first pixel of the plurality of pixels comprises a pixel driving circuit and a touch sensing output circuit, the pixel driving circuit comprising: a first transistor comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and a gate electrode; a second transistor comprising a first electrode connected to a data line, a second electrode connected to the first electrode of the first transistor and a gate electrode connected to a first scan line; a third transistor comprising a first electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode connected to the second electrode of the first transistor and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line; a fourth transistor comprising a first electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode for receiving an initialization voltage and a gate electrode connected to a second scan line; a fifth transistor comprising a first electrode for receiving a driving voltage, a second electrode connected to the first electrode of the first transistor and a gate electrode connected to a light emitting control line; and a sixth transistor comprising a first electrode connected to the second electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode connected to an anode of a light emitting diode and a gate electrode connected to the light emitting control line, the touch sensing output circuit comprising: a seventh transistor comprising a first electrode connected to the anode, a second electrode connected to the touch sensing line and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line.

[0027] A voltage of the anode is applied to the touch sensing line in response to a first scan signal applied to the first scan line.

[0028] The touch sensing output circuit senses a change in a voltage level of the anode to determine whether a touch input occurs at the display panel. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] The above and other features of the present inventive concept will become more apparent by describing in detail exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0030] Figure 1 is a perspective view showing a display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

[0031] Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

[0032] Figure 3 is a plan view showing a display panel according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

[0033] Figure 4is a plan view illustrating an input sensing unit according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

[0034] Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating an organic light emitting display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

[0035] Figure 6 is a circuit diagram illustrating a pixel according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

[0036] Figure 7 is a timing diagram illustrating an operation of a display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

[0037] Figure 8 is a block diagram illustrating a touch sensing circuit according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

[0038] Fig. 9 is a view showing operation characteristics of a light emitting diode according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

[0039] Fig.10 is a view illustrating an operation of a display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept according to a variation amount of external light; and

[0040] Fig.11 is a view illustrating an operation of a display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept according to a variation amount of reflected light. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] Throughout the specification, it will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, the element or layer may be directly on, directly connected to or directly coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present.

[0042] Like reference numerals may refer to like elements throughout the drawings.In the drawings, the thicknesses of layers, films, and regions may be exaggerated for clarity.

[0043] As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0044] Hereinafter, the inventive concept will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0045] Figure 1 is a perspective view illustrating a display device DD according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

[0046] Reference Figure 1, the display device DD may be a device driven in response to an electrical signal. Figure 1 As shown in , the display device DD may be divided into a display area DA and a non-display area NDA when viewed in a plan view.

[0047] The display area DA may be an area activated in response to an electrical signal. In the present exemplary embodiment, the display area DA may be an area sensing an external input FNG in response to an electrical signal applied to the display area DA.

[0048] The external input FNG may be provided in various ways. For example, the external input FNG may include touch, light, and pressure. The touch may include proximity touch and direct touch. Depending on the use of the display device DD, the external input FNG may be provided in various ways.

[0049] In the present exemplary embodiment, the display device DD may be a touch sensing device. Therefore, the external input FNG may be a direct touch by a user, however, this is merely exemplary. For example, as long as the display device DD can sense the external input FNG, the display device DD may include various touch sensing circuits. Therefore, the display device DD should not be limited to a specific embodiment.

[0050] The non-display area NDA is adjacent to the display area DA. A signal line or a driving device for transmitting an electrical signal to the display area DA is disposed in the non-display area NDA.

[0051] In the present exemplary embodiment, the non-display area NDA has a frame shape surrounding the display area DA, however, this is merely exemplary. The non-display area NDA may have various shapes or may be omitted.

[0052] Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a display device DD according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

[0053] Reference Figure 2 The display device DD includes a display panel DP and an input sensing unit ISU. The display device DD may further include a protection member disposed on a lower surface of the display panel DP and an anti-reflection member and / or a window member disposed on an upper surface of the input sensing unit ISU.

[0054] The display panel DP may be a light-emitting display panel, however, the display panel DP should not be specifically limited. For example, the display panel DP may be an organic light-emitting display panel or a quantum dot light-emitting display panel. The organic light-emitting display panel may include a light-emitting layer including an organic light-emitting material. The quantum dot light-emitting display panel may include a light-emitting layer including quantum dots and quantum rods. Hereinafter, an organic light-emitting display panel is described as a representative example of the display panel DP.

[0055] The display panel DP includes a base layer SUB, a circuit element layer DP-CL disposed on the base layer SUB, a display element layer DP-OLED and a thin film encapsulation layer TFE. The display panel DP may further include functional layers, such as an anti-reflection layer and a refractive index control layer.

[0056] The base layer SUB may include at least one plastic film. The base layer SUB may include a plastic substrate, a glass substrate, a metal substrate, or an organic / inorganic composite substrate as a flexible substrate. Figure 1 The described display area DA and non-display area NDA may be disposed on the base layer SUB.

[0057] The circuit element layer DP-CL includes at least one intermediate insulating layer and circuit elements. The intermediate insulating layer includes at least one intermediate inorganic layer and at least one intermediate organic layer. The circuit elements include signal lines and driving circuits for pixels. This will be described in detail later.

[0058] The display element layer DP-OLED includes at least an organic light emitting diode. The display element layer DP-OLED also includes an organic layer, for example, a pixel defining layer. The display element layer DP-OLED may overlap with the circuit element layer DP-CL.

[0059] The thin film encapsulation layer TFE encapsulates the display element layer DP-OLED. The thin film encapsulation layer TFE includes at least one inorganic layer (hereinafter, referred to as the "encapsulation inorganic layer"). The thin film encapsulation layer TFE also includes at least one organic layer (hereinafter, referred to as the "encapsulation organic layer"). The encapsulation inorganic layer protects the display element layer DP-OLED from moisture and oxygen, and the encapsulation organic layer protects the display element layer DP-OLED from foreign substances such as dust particles. The encapsulation inorganic layer includes a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer or an aluminum oxide layer. The encapsulation organic layer includes an acrylic organic layer, however, the encapsulation organic layer should not be limited to this.

[0060] The input sensing unit ISU obtains coordinate information about the external input FNG. The input sensing unit ISU is formed on the display panel DP through a continuous process, or at least some components are coupled to each other through an adhesive member.

[0061] The input sensing unit ISU may have a multi-layer structure. The input sensing unit ISU may include a single-layer or multi-layer conductive layer structure. The input sensing unit ISU may include a single-layer or multi-layer insulating layer structure.

[0062] The input sensing unit ISU may sense the external input FNG by a capacitive sensing method, however, the operation of the input sensing unit ISU should not be particularly limited. For example, the input sensing unit ISU may sense the external input FNG by an electromagnetic induction method or a pressure sensing method.

[0063] Figure 3 is a plan view illustrating a display panel DP according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

[0064] like Figure 3 As shown in FIG. 1 , when viewed in a plan view, the display panel DP includes a display area DP-DA and a non-display area DP-NDA. In the present exemplary embodiment, the non-display area DP-NDA is provided along an edge of the display area DP-DA. The display area DP-DA and the non-display area DP-NDA of the display panel DP correspond to Figure 1 and Figure 2 The display area DA and the non-display area NDA of the display device DD shown in FIG.

[0065] The display panel DP includes a drive circuit SDC, a plurality of signal lines SGL (hereinafter, referred to as "signal lines"), a plurality of signal pads DP-PD (hereinafter, referred to as "signal pads"), and a plurality of pixels PX (hereinafter, referred to as "pixels"). The pixels PX are arranged in the display area DP-DA. Each pixel PX includes an organic light emitting diode and a pixel drive circuit connected to the organic light emitting diode. The drive circuit SDC, the signal lines SGL, the signal pads DP-PD, and the pixel drive circuit may be included in Figure 2 The circuit element layer DP-CL shown in FIG.

[0066] The drive circuit SDC includes a scan drive circuit. The scan drive circuit generates a plurality of scan signals (hereinafter referred to as "scan signals") and sequentially outputs the scan signals to a plurality of scan lines SL (hereinafter referred to as "scan lines"). The scan drive circuit may also output another control signal to the drive circuit of the pixel PX.

[0067] The driving circuit SDC includes a plurality of thin film transistors formed by the same process, such as a low temperature polysilicon (LTPS) process or a low temperature polycrystalline oxide (LTPO) process. The plurality of thin film transistors may form the driving circuit of the pixel PX.

[0068] The signal lines SGL include scan lines SL, data lines DL, power lines PL, and control signal lines CSL. Each scan line SL is connected to a corresponding pixel in the pixels PX, and each data line DL is connected to a corresponding pixel in the pixels PX. The power line PL is connected to the pixel PX. The control signal line CSL applies a control signal to the drive circuit SDC.

[0069] The signal line SGL overlaps the display area DP-DA and the non-display area DP-NDA. The signal line SGL includes a pad portion and a line portion. The line portion overlaps the display area DP-DA and the non-display area DP-NDA. The pad portion is connected to one end of the line portion. The pad portion is arranged in the non-display area DP-NDA and overlaps with a corresponding signal pad in the signal pad DP-PD. The area in the non-display area DP-NDA where the signal pad DP-PD is arranged is the pad area NDA-PD.

[0070] The line portion connected to the pixel PX may form most of the signal line SGL. The line portion may be connected to the transistor of the pixel PX. The line portion may have a single-layer or multi-layer structure and may include a single body or two or more parts. The two or more parts may be arranged on layers different from each other and may be connected to each other via a contact hole in an insulating layer arranged between the two or more parts.

[0071] The display panel DP may further include input sensing pads IS-PD disposed in the pad area NDA-PD. The input sensing pads IS-PD may be formed by the same process as the signal lines SGL, and thus may be disposed on the same layer as the signal lines SGL.

[0072] The input sense pad IS-PD can be connected with Figure 2 The input sensing pad IS-PD may overlap the pad portion of the signal line in the input sensing unit ISU shown in FIG. The input sensing pad IS-PD may be electrically insulated from the signal line SGL of the display panel DP.

[0073] Figure 3 A circuit board PCB electrically connected to the display panel DP is also shown. The circuit board PCB may be a rigid circuit board or a flexible circuit board. The circuit board PCB may be directly coupled to the display panel DP, or may be connected to the display panel DP through another circuit board.

[0074] The panel drive circuit PDC may be mounted on the circuit board PCB to control the operation of the display panel DP. In addition, the input sensing circuit ISC may be mounted on the circuit board PCB to control the input sensing unit ISU. Each of the panel drive circuit PDC and the input sensing circuit ISC may be mounted on the circuit board PCB in the form of an integrated chip. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, each of the panel drive circuit PDC and the input sensing circuit ISC may be mounted on the circuit board PCB in the form of an integrated chip. The circuit board PCB may include a circuit board pad PCB-P electrically connected to the display panel DP. The circuit board PCB may also include a signal line connecting the circuit board pad PCB-P to the panel drive circuit PDC and / or the input sensing circuit ISC.

[0075] Figure 4 is a plan view illustrating an input sensing unit ISU according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

[0076] Reference Figure 4 , the input sensing unit ISU includes a plurality of sensing electrodes IE (hereinafter, referred to as "sensing electrodes") and a plurality of touch signal lines TSL (hereinafter, referred to as "touch signal lines"). The sensing electrodes IE have inherent coordinate information. For example, the sensing electrodes IE are arranged in a matrix form and are respectively connected to the touch signal lines TSL. The shape and arrangement of the sensing electrodes IE should not be specifically limited. The sensing electrodes IE are arranged in the display area DP-DA. Some parts of the signal lines SL are arranged in the display area DP-DA, and other parts of the signal lines SL are arranged in the non-display area DP-NDA. The input sensing unit ISU according to this exemplary embodiment obtains coordinate information through a self-capacitance method. However, it will be understood that the driving method of the input sensing unit ISU should not be specifically limited, and the input sensing unit ISU can sense external inputs through a mutual capacitance method and / or a self-capacitance method.

[0077] In the present exemplary embodiment, as a representative example, the sensing electrode IE has a quadrangular shape, however, the shape of the sensing electrode IE should not be limited to the quadrangular shape. The sensing electrode IE may have a polygonal shape.

[0078] The sensing electrode IE may include a conductive material. The conductive material may include a metal material or an alloy thereof. As the metal material, gold (Au), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), copper (Cu) and platinum (Pt) may be used.

[0079] In addition, the sensing electrode IE may include a transparent conductive material such as silver nanowire (AgNW), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), antimony zinc oxide (AZO), indium tin zinc oxide (ITZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO 2 Various materials such as ), carbon nanotubes, and graphene may be used as the transparent conductive material. The sensing electrode IE may have a single-layer or multi-layer structure.

[0080] Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating an organic light emitting display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

[0081] Reference Figure 5The organic light emitting display device includes a display panel DP, a driving controller 200, a scan driving circuit 300, a data driving circuit 400, a voltage generating circuit 500, and a touch sensing circuit 600. The scan driving circuit 300 may be included in Figure 3 In addition, the driving controller 200, the data driving circuit 400, the voltage generating circuit 500 and the touch sensing circuit 600 may be included in the driving circuit SDC shown in FIG. Figure 3 In the panel driving circuit PDC shown in .

[0082] According to another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the touch sensing circuit 600 may be disposed in the non-display area DP-NDA of the display panel DP. According to another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the touch sensing circuit 600 may be disposed in the driving controller 200.

[0083] The driving controller 200 receives the image signal RGB and the control signal CTRL and converts the data format of the image signal RGB into a data format suitable for the interface between the data driving circuit 400 and the driving controller 200 to generate the image data signal DATA. The driving controller 200 outputs the scanning control signal SCS.

[0084] The voltage generating circuit 500 generates voltages required to operate the organic light emitting display device. In the present exemplary embodiment, the voltage generating circuit 500 generates a first driving voltage ELVDD, a second driving voltage ELVSS, and an initialization voltage Vint.

[0085] The scan driving circuit 300 receives a scan control signal SCS from the driving controller 200. The scan control signal SCS includes a start pulse signal to start the operation of the scan driving circuit 300. The scan driving circuit 300 generates a scan signal and sequentially outputs the scan signal to the scan lines SL1 to SLn. In addition, the scan driving circuit 300 generates a plurality of light emitting control signals in response to the scan control signal SCS and outputs the light emitting control signals to the plurality of light emitting control lines EL1 to ELn.

[0086] exist Figure 5 In the embodiment, the scan signal and the light emitting control signal are output from one scan driving circuit 300, however, the inventive concept should not be limited thereto. According to another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, a plurality of scan driving circuits may divide and output the scan signal and the light emitting control signal. In addition, according to another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, a scan driving circuit that generates and outputs a scan signal may be provided separately from a scan driving circuit that generates and outputs a light emitting control signal.

[0087] The data driving circuit 400 receives the data control signal DCS and the image data signal DATA from the driving controller 200. The data driving circuit 400 converts the image data signal DATA into a data signal and outputs the data signal to a plurality of data lines DL1 to DLm described later. The data signal is an analog voltage corresponding to the grayscale value of the image data signal DATA.

[0088] The touch sensing circuit 600 receives touch sensing signals from the touch sensing lines TSL1 to TSLn. In an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the touch sensing circuit 600 is operated in response to a mode signal MD provided from the drive controller 200. For example, when the mode signal MD is at an effective level (e.g., a high level), the touch sensing circuit 600 determines whether a touch input occurs based on the touch sensing signals provided from the touch sensing lines TSL1 to TSLn, and outputs a touch detection signal T_DET to the drive controller 200.

[0089] The display panel DP includes scan lines SL1 to SLn, data lines DL1 to DLm, and pixels PX. The scan lines SL1 to SLn extend in a first direction DR1 and are arranged to be spaced apart from each other in a second direction DR2. The data lines DL1 to DLm extend in the second direction DR2 and are arranged to be spaced apart from each other in the first direction DR1. The third direction DR3 may be substantially perpendicular to the first direction DR1 and the second direction DR2.

[0090] Each of the light emitting control lines EL1 to ELn is substantially parallel to a corresponding scan line of the scan lines SL1 to SLn.

[0091] Each of the touch sensing lines TSL1 to TSLn is substantially parallel to a corresponding scan line of the scan lines SL1 to SLn. In an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the touch sensing lines TSL1 to TSLn correspond to the scan lines SL1 to SLn, respectively, however, the number of touch sensing lines may be less than the number of scan lines SL1 to SLn. For example, the touch sensing lines may be arranged only in a predetermined area required for sensing a touch input.

[0092] Each pixel PX is connected to a corresponding scan line among the scan lines SL1 to SLn, a corresponding light emission control line among the light emission control lines EL1 to ELn, a corresponding data line among the data lines DL1 to DLm, and a corresponding touch sensing line among the touch sensing lines TSL1 to TSLn.

[0093] Each pixel PX receives a first driving voltage ELVDD and a second driving voltage ELVSS having a voltage level lower than that of the first driving voltage ELVDD. Each pixel PX is connected to a first driving voltage line (eg, Figure 3 Each pixel PX is connected to an initialization line RL receiving an initialization voltage Vint.

[0094] Each pixel PX can be electrically connected to two scan lines. Figure 5 As shown in , pixels arranged in a second pixel row may be connected to scan lines SL1 and SL2 .

[0095] The scan lines SL1 to SLn, the light emitting control lines EL1 to ELn, the data lines DL1 to DLm, the first driving voltage lines PL, the initialization lines RL, the pixels PX, the scan driving circuit 300, and the data driving circuit 400 may be formed on the base substrate by a plurality of photolithography processes. The insulating layer may be formed on the base substrate by a plurality of deposition or coating processes. Each insulating layer may be a thin layer that completely covers the display panel DP, or may include at least one insulating pattern that overlaps a specific component of the display panel DP. The insulating layer may include an organic layer and / or an inorganic layer. In addition, an encapsulation layer may also be formed on the base substrate to protect the pixels PX.

[0096] The display panel DP receives a first driving voltage ELVDD and a second driving voltage ELVSS. The first driving voltage ELVDD is applied to the pixel PX via the first driving voltage line PL. The second driving voltage ELVSS is applied to the pixel PX via an electrode or a power line formed on the display panel DP.

[0097] The display panel DP receives an initialization voltage Vint. The initialization voltage Vint is applied to the pixel PX via the initialization line RL.

[0098] Figure 6 is an equivalent circuit diagram illustrating a pixel PXij according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

[0099] Figure 6 A representative example of an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel PXij connected to the i-th data line DLi among the data lines DL1 to DLm, the j-th scan line SLj and the (j-1)-th scan line SLj-1 among the scan lines SL1 to SLn, and the j-th light emitting control line ELj among the light emitting control lines EL1 to ELn is shown. Figure 5 Each pixel PX shown in FIG. 1 may have Figure 6 The equivalent circuit diagram of the pixel PXij has the same circuit configuration as shown in FIG.

[0100] Reference Figure 6, the pixel PXij includes an organic light emitting diode ED (hereinafter, referred to as a "light emitting diode"), a pixel driving circuit PX_D for controlling the light emission of the light emitting diode ED, and a touch sensing output circuit TS_OUT. In the present exemplary embodiment, the pixel driving circuit PX_D of the pixel PXij includes a first transistor T1, a second transistor T2, a third transistor T3, a fourth transistor T4, a fifth transistor T5, and a sixth transistor T6, and a capacitor Cst. The touch sensing output circuit TS_OUT includes a seventh transistor T7. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, each of the first transistor T1 to the seventh transistor T7 may be a p-type transistor including an LTPS semiconductor layer, however, the present invention should not be limited thereto. In other words, according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, each of the first transistor T1 to the seventh transistor T7 may be an n-type transistor including an oxide semiconductor as its semiconductor layer. In addition, according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the first transistor T1 to the seventh transistor T7 may be an n-type transistor, and the other transistors of the first transistor T1 to the seventh transistor T7 may be p-type transistors. In addition, the circuit configuration of the pixel driving circuit PX_D should not be limited to Figure 6 For example, Figure 6 The pixel driving circuit PX_D shown in FIG. 1 is merely exemplary, and the configuration of the circuit may be changed.

[0101] The pixel driving circuit PX_D may include transistors T1 to T6 and a capacitor Cst. Figure 5 At least one of the scan driving circuit 300 and the data driving circuit 400 shown in FIG. 4 may include transistors formed by the same process as the pixel driving circuit PX_D.

[0102] For ease of explanation, the j-th scan line SLj and the (j-1)-th scan line SLj-1 are referred to as the first scan line SLj and the second scan line SLj-1, respectively. The first scan line SLj and the second scan line SLj-1 may transmit the first scan signal Sj and the second scan signal Sj-1, respectively. The first scan signal Sj and the second scan signal Sj-1 may turn on / off the second transistor T2, the third transistor T3, the fourth transistor T4, and the seventh transistor T7, which are p-type transistors. The first scan signal Sj and the second scan signal Sj-1 may be signals having the same pulse width and period. The second scan signal Sj-1 is a signal whose phase is faster than that of the first scan signal Sj.

[0103] The light emitting control line ELj may transmit a light emitting control signal EMj to control the light emitting of the light emitting diode ED included in the pixel PXij. The light emitting control signal EMj transmitted by the light emitting control line ELj may have a waveform different from the first scan signal Sj and the second scan signal Sj-1 transmitted by the first scan line SLj and the second scan line SLj-1. The data line DLi may transmit a data signal Di, and the first driving voltage line PL may transmit a first driving voltage ELVDD. The data signal Di may have a voltage level that varies according to an image signal input to the display device, and the first driving voltage ELVDD may have a substantially constant level.

[0104] The first transistor T1 includes a first electrode connected to the first driving voltage line PL via a fifth transistor T5, a second electrode electrically connected to the anode of the light emitting diode ED via a sixth transistor T6, and a gate electrode connected to a first end of the capacitor Cst. The gate electrode of the first transistor T1 is connected to a node GN. The first transistor T1 receives a data signal Di transmitted on the data line DLi in response to a switching operation of the second transistor T2, and provides a driving current Ied to the light emitting diode ED.

[0105] The second transistor T2 includes a first electrode connected to the data line DLi, a second electrode connected to the first electrode of the first transistor T1, and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line SLj. The second transistor T2 is turned on in response to the first scan signal Sj applied thereto via the first scan line SLj to transmit the data signal Di applied thereto from the data line DLi to the first electrode of the first transistor T1.

[0106] The third transistor T3 includes a first electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor T1, a second electrode connected to the second electrode of the first transistor T1, and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line SLj. The first electrode of the third transistor T3 is connected to the node GN. The third transistor T3 is turned on in response to the first scan signal Sj applied thereto via the first scan line SLj to connect the gate electrode and the second electrode of the first transistor T1, and thus the first transistor T1 is connected in a diode configuration.

[0107] The fourth transistor T4 includes a first electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor T1, a second electrode connected to the initialization line RL transmitting the initialization voltage Vint, and a gate electrode connected to the second scan line SLj-1. The first electrode of the fourth transistor T4 is connected to the node GN. The fourth transistor T4 is turned on in response to the second scan signal Sj-1 applied thereto via the second scan line SLj-1 to transmit the initialization voltage Vint to the gate electrode of the first transistor T1, and thus, performs an initialization operation to initialize the voltage of the gate electrode of the first transistor T1.

[0108] The fifth transistor T5 includes a first electrode connected to the first driving voltage line PL, a second electrode connected to the first electrode of the first transistor T1, and a gate electrode connected to the j-th light emitting control line ELj.

[0109] The sixth transistor T6 includes a first electrode connected to the second electrode of the first transistor T1, a second electrode connected to the anode of the light emitting diode ED, and a gate electrode connected to the j-th light emitting control line ELj.

[0110] The fifth and sixth transistors T5 and T6 are substantially simultaneously turned on by the light emitting control signal EMj applied thereto through the jth light emitting control line ELj, and thus the first driving voltage ELVDD is transmitted to the light emitting diode ED after being compensated by the first transistor T1 connected in a diode configuration.

[0111] As described above, the first end of the capacitor Cst is connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor T1, and the second end of the capacitor Cst is connected to the first driving voltage line PL.

[0112] A cathode of the light emitting diode ED may be connected to a terminal transmitting the second driving voltage ELVSS.

[0113] The touch sensing output circuit TS_OUT outputs the voltage of the anode of the light emitting diode ED to the j-th touch sensing line TSLj as a touch sensing signal TSj in response to the first scan signal Sj applied thereto via the first scan line SLj.

[0114] The seventh transistor T7 of the touch sensing output circuit TS_OUT includes a first electrode connected to the anode of the light emitting diode ED, a second electrode connected to the j-th touch sensing line TSLj, and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line SLj. In addition, the gate electrode of the seventh transistor T7 is connected to the gate electrode of the third transistor T3, and the first electrode of the seventh transistor T7 is connected to the second electrode of the sixth transistor T6. In response to the first scan signal Sj, the seventh transistor T7 is turned on, so that the voltage at the anode of the light emitting diode ED can be transmitted to the j-th touch sensing line TSLj.

[0115] Reference Figure 6 and Figure 7 , an operation of a display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept will be described.

[0116] Figure 7 is a timing diagram illustrating an operation of a display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

[0117] Reference Figure 6 and Figure 7During the initialization period of one frame, a second scan signal Sj-1 at a low level is provided via the second scan line SLj-1. The fourth transistor T4 is turned on in response to the second scan signal Sj-1 at a low level, and the initialization voltage Vint is transmitted to the gate electrode of the first transistor T1 through the fourth transistor T4, thereby initializing the first transistor T1.

[0118] Then, when the first scan signal Sj at a low level is provided via the first scan line SLj during the data programming and compensation period, the second transistor T2 is turned on, and substantially simultaneously, the third transistor T3 is turned on. In this case, the first transistor T1 is connected in a diode configuration through the turned-on third transistor T3 and is forward biased. Then, a compensation voltage Di-Vth is applied to the gate electrode of the first transistor T1, which is a voltage obtained by subtracting the threshold voltage Vth of the first transistor T1 from the data signal Di provided by the data line DLi. In other words, the gate voltage applied to the gate electrode of the first transistor T1 can become the compensation voltage Di-Vth.

[0119] The first driving voltage ELVDD and the compensation voltage Di-Vth are applied to both ends of the capacitor Cst, and the capacitor Cst is charged with charges corresponding to a voltage difference between both ends of the capacitor Cst.

[0120] Then, the light emitting control signal EMj provided from the j-th light emitting control line ELj during the light emitting period changes from a high level to a low level. During the light emitting period, the fifth transistor T5 and the sixth transistor T6 are turned on in response to the light emitting control signal EMj at a low level. Therefore, a driving current is generated due to a voltage difference between the gate voltage of the gate electrode of the first transistor T1 and the first driving voltage ELVDD, and the driving current is applied to the light emitting diode ED via the sixth transistor T6. Therefore, the driving current Ied flows through the light emitting diode ED.

[0121] In addition, during the sensing period S_P in which the first scan signal Sj is at a low level, the second scan signal Sj-1 is at a high level, and the emission control signal EMj is at a high level, the seventh transistor T7 outputs the voltage of the anode of the light emitting diode ED to the jth touch sensing line TSLj.

[0122] Figure 8 is a block diagram illustrating a touch sensing circuit 600 according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

[0123] Reference Figure 8 , the touch sensing circuit 600 includes a memory 610 , an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 620 , and a comparator 630 .

[0124] The memory 610 stores a reference value REF. The analog-to-digital converter 620 converts each of the touch sensing signals TS1 to TSn applied thereto from the touch sensing lines TSL1 to TSLn into a digital sensing signal DTS. The comparator 630 compares the reference value REF with the digital sensing signal DTS and outputs a touch detection signal T_DET corresponding to the comparison result. In the present exemplary embodiment, the comparator 630 is operated in response to the mode signal MD. For example, when the mode signal MD is at an effective level (e.g., a high level), the comparator 630 compares the reference value REF with the digital sensing signal DTS and outputs a touch detection signal T_DET corresponding to the comparison result. When the mode signal MD is at an ineffective level (e.g., a low level), the comparator 630 is not operated.

[0125] Reference Figure 5 , Figure 6 and Figure 8 , the driving controller 200 may output a mode signal MD at an effective level (eg, a high level) in a specific operation mode. Figure 4 ) is in an inoperable mode in which normal operation is impossible, the driving controller 200 outputs the mode signal MD at an active level. For example, the input sensing unit ISU operating in a capacitive manner displays the device DD (refer to Figure 1 ) The user's touch input may not be sensed in the water mode immersed in water. The driving controller 200 outputs the mode signal MD at an effective level in the water mode. Therefore, the user's touch input in the water mode can be sensed by the pixels PX of the display panel PD and the touch sensing circuit 600 instead of being sensed by the input sensing unit ISU.

[0126] When the driving controller 200 is not in a specific operation mode (e.g., water mode), the driving controller 200 may output a mode signal MD at a non-active level (e.g., low level). When the mode signal MD is at a non-active level, the touch sensing circuit 600 is not operated. For example, the touch sensing circuit 600 is not operated in a normal mode in which the input sensing unit ISU is normally operated.

[0127] Fig. 9 is a view illustrating operational characteristics of a light emitting diode ED according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

[0128] Reference Figure 6 and Fig. 9 When the light emitting diode ED absorbs external light, electrons are ejected and become free, forming electron-hole pairs. In this case, an instantaneous voltage is generated due to the difference in mobility between electrons and holes, and the voltage of the anode of the light emitting diode ED changes.

[0129] The light emitting colors such as red, green, and blue of the light emitting diode ED can be determined according to the type of impurities added to the light emitting diode ED, and the voltage of the anode can be changed differently even when the same external light is irradiated. For example, the voltage of the anode of the red light emitting diode ED increases from about 0 volts when no light is irradiated to about 2.33 volts on average after the light is irradiated. The voltage of the anode of the green light emitting diode ED increases from about 0 volts when no light is irradiated to about 7.19 volts on average after the light is irradiated. The voltage of the anode of the blue light emitting diode ED increases from about 0 volts when no light is irradiated to about 8.44 volts on average after the light is irradiated. As described above, the voltage change of the anode is different depending on the color of the light emitting diode ED under the same external light, however, as Fig. 9 As shown in , the voltage level of the anode increases regardless of the color of the light emitting diode ED.

[0130] Fig.10 is a view illustrating an operation of a display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept according to a variation amount of external light.

[0131] Reference Fig.10 , assuming that a user touches the touch area TA of the display panel DP to display the device DD therein (refer to Figure 1 ) performs a specific application (e.g., a camera shutter) in a water mode immersed in water. When the external input FNG contacts the touch area TA of the display panel DP, the external light E_L is blocked in the touch area TA by the external input FNG. In the pixel PX disposed in the touch area TA, when the external light E_L is input, the voltage level of the anode of the light emitting diode ED increases, and when the external light E_L is blocked, the voltage level of the anode of the light emitting diode ED decreases. In an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the touch sensing circuit 600 can determine whether a touch input occurs by sensing a change in the voltage level of the anode of the light emitting diode ED.

[0132] When the change of the digital sensing signal DTS output from the analog-to-digital converter 620 is greater than the reference value REF, Figure 8 The comparator 630 shown in FIG outputs a touch detection signal T_DET at a valid level (e.g., a high level). In addition, when the change in the digital sensing signal DTS output from the analog-to-digital converter 620 is less than the reference value REF, the comparator 630 outputs a touch detection signal T_DET at a non-valid level (e.g., a low level).

[0133] The change of the digital sensing signal DTS may be the difference between the digital sensing signal DTSk-1 in the (k-1)th frame and the digital sensing signal DTSk in the kth frame, for example, (DTSk-1)-(DTSk). According to the experimental results of the change of the digital sensing signal DTS when the external light E_L is incident into the pixel PX and when the external light E_L is blocked, the digital sensing signal DTS stored in Figure 8 The reference value REF in the memory 610 shown in can be set by an optimal value.

[0134] Figure 5 The driving controller 200 shown in FIG. 1 can determine that an external input FNG occurs when the touch detection signal T_DET is at an effective level (e.g., a high level), and can perform an operation corresponding to the external input FNG. For example, in the case of operating a camera application in the water mode, it can be recognized that when the touch detection signal T_DET is at an effective level, a camera shutter is input. Therefore, in the water mode, the display device DD can sense the touch input using the display panel DP instead of the input sensing unit ISU.

[0135] Fig.11 is a view illustrating an operation of a display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept according to a variation amount of reflected light.

[0136] Reference Fig.11 , in an environment where external light does not exist or in an environment where external light is low (for example, at night), it may not be easy to sense the amount of change in external light. The display device DD may be operated so that a group of pixels among the pixels PX display an image with a predetermined grayscale level in an environment where external light does not exist or the external light is low. For example, the even-numbered pixels PX-EVEN emit light while displaying an image with a predetermined grayscale level in the water mode.

[0137] In the presence of external input FNG, when the external input FNG approaches the pixel PX, light output from the even pixel PX-EVEN may be supplied to the odd pixel PX-ODD as reflected light R_L. In addition, when the external input FNG contacts the pixel PX, the reflected light R_L is blocked.

[0138] The voltage level of the anode of the light emitting diode ED in the odd pixel PX-ODD may change as the reflected light R_L is incident and blocked. Therefore, the touch sensing circuit 600 may sense the change of the voltage level of the anode of the light emitting diode ED in an environment with low external light.

[0139] Fig.11A method of sensing a touch input by sensing a change in the voltage level of the anode of the light emitting diode ED in the odd pixel PX-ODD when the even pixel PX-EVEN emits an image with a predetermined grayscale in the water mode is shown, however, the inventive concept should not be limited thereto. For example, the odd pixel PX-ODD may emit an image with a predetermined grayscale in the water mode, and the touch input may be sensed by sensing a change in the voltage level of the anode of the light emitting diode ED in the even pixel PX-EVEN. According to another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the even pixel PX-EVEN and the odd pixel PX-ODD may emit light alternately every frame.

[0140] According to the above-described embodiments of the present invention, the display panel may output the voltage of the anode of the light-emitting diode to the touch sensing line. The touch sensing circuit of the display device may sense the change in the voltage level of the anode of the light-emitting diode to determine whether a touch input occurs. Therefore, even if the input sensing unit is in an inoperable mode in which normal operation is impossible, it may be determined whether a touch input occurs based on the change in the voltage level of the anode of the light-emitting diode.

[0141] Although the inventive concepts have been described with reference to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts, it will be understood that various changes and modifications of the inventive concepts may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concepts set forth in this disclosure.

Claims

1. A display panel, in, The display panel comprises: Multiple data lines; Multiple scan lines; Multiple light control lines; a plurality of touch sensing lines; and A plurality of pixels connected to the plurality of data lines, the plurality of scan lines, the plurality of light emitting control lines and the plurality of touch sensing lines, wherein a first pixel of the plurality of pixels comprises: A light emitting diode, comprising an anode and a cathode; a pixel driving circuit configured to apply a current corresponding to a data signal received through a first data line among the plurality of data lines to the anode in response to a first scan signal received through a first scan line among the plurality of scan lines and a light emission control signal received through a first light emission control line among the plurality of light emission control lines; and a touch sensing output circuit configured to apply the voltage of the anode to a first touch sensing line among the plurality of touch sensing lines in response to the first scan signal, The touch sensing output circuit includes a transistor, and the transistor includes a first electrode connected to the anode, a second electrode directly connected to the first touch sensing line, and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line.

2. The display panel according to claim 1, in, The voltage of the anode corresponds to a voltage difference between the anode and the cathode of the light emitting diode.

3. The display panel according to claim 1, in, The pixel driving circuit comprises: A first transistor comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and a gate electrode, wherein the gate electrode is connected to a first node; a second transistor including a first electrode connected to the first data line, a second electrode connected to the first electrode of the first transistor, and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line; a third transistor including a first electrode connected to the second electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor, and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line; a fourth transistor including a first electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode for receiving an initialization voltage, and a gate electrode connected to a second scan line among the plurality of scan lines; a fifth transistor including a first electrode for receiving a first driving voltage, a second electrode connected to the first electrode of the first transistor, and a gate electrode connected to the first light emitting control line; and A sixth transistor includes a first electrode connected to the second electrode of the first transistor, a second electrode connected to the anode of the light emitting diode, and a gate electrode connected to the first light emission control line.

4. The display panel according to claim 3, in, The second scan signal provided through the second scan line has a phase faster than a phase of the first scan signal.

5. The display panel according to claim 3, in, The cathode of the light emitting diode receives a second driving voltage, and the second driving voltage has a voltage level lower than that of the first driving voltage.

6. The display panel according to claim 1, in, When the first scan signal has an active level, the light emitting control signal has an inactive level.

7. A display device, in, The display device comprises: A display panel, comprising a plurality of data lines, a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of light emission control lines, a plurality of touch sensing lines, and a plurality of pixels connected to the plurality of data lines, the plurality of scan lines, the plurality of light emission control lines, and the plurality of touch sensing lines; an input sensing unit, disposed on the display panel and comprising a plurality of sensing electrodes to sense an external touch input; A driving controller configured to receive an image signal and output an image data signal, a data control signal and a scanning control signal; a data driving circuit configured to drive the plurality of data lines in response to the image data signal and the data control signal; a scan driving circuit configured to drive the plurality of scan lines in response to the scan control signal; and a touch sensing circuit configured to output a touch detection signal in response to a touch sensing signal applied to the touch sensing circuit from the plurality of touch sensing lines, Wherein, the first pixel among the plurality of pixels comprises: A light emitting diode, comprising an anode and a cathode; a pixel driving circuit configured to apply a current corresponding to a data signal received through a first data line among the plurality of data lines to the anode in response to a first scan signal received through a first scan line among the plurality of scan lines and a light emission control signal received through a first light emission control line among the plurality of light emission control lines; and a touch sensing output circuit configured to apply the voltage of the anode to a first touch sensing line among the plurality of touch sensing lines in response to the first scan signal, The touch sensing output circuit includes a transistor, and the transistor includes a first electrode connected to the anode, a second electrode directly connected to the first touch sensing line, and a gate electrode connected to the first scan line.

8. The display device according to claim 7, in, The driving controller applies a mode signal to the touch sensing circuit, and when the mode signal is at an active level, the touch sensing circuit applies the touch detection signal to the driving controller.

9. The display device according to claim 8, in, The touch sensing circuit comprises: A memory for storing a reference value; an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert each of the touch sensing signals applied to the analog-to-digital converter from the plurality of touch sensing lines into a digital sensing signal; and The comparator is configured to compare the reference value with the digital sensing signal and output a touch detection signal corresponding to a result of the comparison.

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