Separator

Abstract

The present invention provides a separator, which includes: a shell, a spiral channel is arranged in the shell; an air intake component, the air intake component has a receiving chamber and a discharge port, the discharge port is connected with the receiving chamber and the spiral channel, so that the mixed gas in the receiving chamber enters the spiral channel through the discharge port; a heat exchange component, at least part of the heat exchange component is arranged in the spiral channel to exchange heat with the mixed gas in the spiral channel. By cooling the high-temperature mixed gas to absorb the heat in the high-temperature mixed gas, the heat in the high-temperature mixed gas can be collected for effective utilization, and the heat can be recycled, thereby solving the problem that the heat generated by the centrifugal oil separator in the prior art during the separation process is not effectively utilized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of separators, and in particular to a separator. Background Art

[0002] There are many kinds of oil separators used for oil separation in cooling systems, including centrifugal oil separators that rely on centrifugal force to separate oil. Centrifugal oil separators mainly separate oil by creating a rotating effect of airflow and using centrifugal force to throw oil droplets onto the barrel wall of the separator.

[0003] However, the heat generated by the centrifugal oil separator in the prior art during the separation process is usually directly dissipated without being collected and utilized, resulting in heat waste. Summary of the invention

[0004] The main purpose of the present invention is to provide a separator to solve the problem that the heat generated by the centrifugal oil separator in the prior art during the separation process is not effectively utilized.

[0005] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention provides a separator, which includes: a shell body, in which a spiral channel is arranged; an air intake component, the air intake component has a accommodating chamber and an exhaust port, the exhaust port is connected with the accommodating chamber and the spiral channel, so that the mixed gas in the accommodating chamber enters the spiral channel through the exhaust port; a heat exchange component, at least a part of the heat exchange component is arranged in the spiral channel to exchange heat with the mixed gas in the spiral channel.

[0006] Furthermore, the separator also includes a spiral plate, which is arranged in the shell to form a spiral channel; wherein, along the axial direction of the spiral channel, from one end of the spiral plate to the other end, the outer circumference of the cross section of the spiral plate perpendicular to the axis of the spiral channel gradually increases.

[0007] Furthermore, there are multiple discharge ports, which are arranged at intervals along a predetermined direction; wherein the predetermined direction is parallel to the axis of the spiral channel.

[0008] Furthermore, the air intake component is tubular, and the tube cavity of the air intake component forms a receiving cavity; the air intake component is inserted on the shell, and the exhaust port is arranged on the tube section of the air intake component located in the shell.

[0009] Furthermore, a first pipe opening of the air intake component located outside the shell is connected to the accommodating chamber so that the mixed gas is introduced into the accommodating chamber through the first pipe opening; and / or a shielding portion is provided at a second pipe opening of the air intake component located inside the shell to prevent the mixed gas in the accommodating chamber from flowing out of the second pipe opening.

[0010] Furthermore, the heat exchange component comprises a spiral tube, which is arranged in the spiral channel, and a heat exchange medium is introduced into the tube cavity of the spiral tube.

[0011] Furthermore, the heat exchange component also includes: a first tube body, which is connected to the first end of the spiral tube and extends out from the shell so that heat exchange medium can be passed into the spiral tube through the first tube body; and / or a second tube body, which is connected to the second end of the spiral tube and extends out from the shell so that the heat exchange medium after heat exchange can flow from the spiral tube into the second tube body.

[0012] Furthermore, a sealed cavity is provided in the shell, and the separator also includes: an outlet pipe, which is inserted into the shell so that the tube cavity of the outlet pipe is connected with the sealed cavity; the spiral channel is connected with the sealed cavity so that the gas separated in the spiral channel enters the outlet pipe after passing through the sealed cavity.

[0013] Furthermore, a sealed cavity is provided in the shell, and the spiral channel is connected to the sealed cavity so that the oil separated in the spiral channel falls into the sealed cavity. The separator also includes: an oil return pipe, which is inserted in the lower part of the shell so that the lumen of the oil return pipe is connected to the sealed cavity, thereby allowing the oil falling into the sealed cavity to enter the oil return pipe.

[0014] Furthermore, the oil return pipe includes a first pipe section and a second pipe section connected to each other, the second pipe section is located in the sealing cavity and arranged along the vertical direction; the first pipe section is inserted on the shell, and the center line of the first pipe section and the center line of the second pipe section are arranged at a predetermined angle.

[0015] According to the technical solution of the present invention, the separator includes a shell, an air intake component and a heat exchange component, wherein a spiral channel is arranged in the shell; the air intake component has a accommodating chamber and a discharge port connected with the accommodating chamber, so that the mixed gas in the accommodating chamber is discharged through the discharge port; the discharge port is connected with the spiral channel, so that the mixed gas discharged through the discharge port enters the spiral channel, and when the mixed gas entering the spiral channel flows through the spiral channel, due to the different densities of the oil and the gas, the oil droplets or oil mist in the mixed gas can be thrown onto the cavity wall of the spiral channel under the action of centrifugal force to achieve oil-gas separation; and, at least a part of the heat exchange component is arranged in the spiral channel, so that the heat exchange component exchanges heat with the mixed gas in the spiral channel, and when the heat exchange component is a cooling component, it can cool the high-temperature mixed gas to absorb the heat in the high-temperature mixed gas, so as to collect the heat in the high-temperature mixed gas for effective utilization, realize the recycling of heat, and reduce the waste of heat, thereby solving the problem that the heat generated in the separation process of the centrifugal oil separator in the prior art is not effectively utilized.

[0016] In addition, since the temperature of the separator itself can be lowered by the heat exchange component, this is helpful to ensure the oil separation work of the separator. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] The drawings constituting a part of the present application are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention. The exemplary embodiments of the present invention and their descriptions are used to explain the present invention and do not constitute an improper limitation of the present invention. In the drawings:

[0018] Figure 1 A schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of a separator according to the present invention is shown;

[0019] Figure 2 Shows Figure 1 Top view of the separator in .

[0020] The above drawings include the following reference numerals:

[0021] 100. Separator;

[0022] 10. Shell; 11. Sealed cavity; 12. Spiral channel; 13. Side panel; 14. First sealing plate; 15. Second sealing plate;

[0023] 20. air intake component; 21. accommodating chamber; 22. exhaust port;

[0024] 30. heat exchange component; 31. spiral tube; 32. first tube body; 33. second tube body;

[0025] 40. spiral plate; 50. air outlet pipe; 60. oil return pipe; 61. first pipe section; 62. second pipe section. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and in combination with the embodiments.

[0027] It should be noted that the following detailed descriptions are illustrative and are intended to provide further explanation of the present application. Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as those commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present application belongs.

[0028] It should be noted that the terms used herein are only for describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the exemplary embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular form is also intended to include the plural form. In addition, it should be understood that when the terms "comprise" and / or "include" are used in this specification, it indicates the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components and / or combinations thereof.

[0029] The present invention provides a separator 100, please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2The separator 100 includes a shell 10, an air intake component 20 and a heat exchange component 30. The shell 10 is provided with a spiral channel 12. The air intake component 20 has a accommodating chamber 21 and an exhaust port 22. The exhaust port 22 is connected to the accommodating chamber 21 and the spiral channel 12 so that the mixed gas in the accommodating chamber 21 enters the spiral channel 12 through the exhaust port 22. At least a part of the heat exchange component 30 is arranged in the spiral channel 12 to exchange heat with the mixed gas in the spiral channel 12.

[0030] In the separator 100 of the present invention, the separator 100 includes a shell 10, an air intake component 20 and a heat exchange component 30. The shell 10 is provided with a spiral channel 12; the air intake component 20 has a receiving chamber 21 and a discharge port 22 connected to the receiving chamber 21, so that the mixed gas in the receiving chamber 21 is discharged through the discharge port 22; the discharge port 22 is connected to the spiral channel 12, so that the mixed gas discharged through the discharge port 22 enters the spiral channel 12. When the mixed gas entering the spiral channel 12 flows through the spiral channel 12, due to the different densities of the oil and the gas, the oil droplets or oil mist in the mixed gas can be centrifuged. Under the action of force, the oil is thrown onto the cavity wall of the spiral channel 12 to achieve oil-gas separation; and, at least a part of the heat exchange component 30 is arranged in the spiral channel 12, so that the heat exchange component 30 and the mixed gas in the spiral channel 12 can exchange heat. When the heat exchange component 30 is a cooling component, the high-temperature mixed gas can be cooled to absorb the heat in the high-temperature mixed gas, so that the heat in the high-temperature mixed gas can be collected for effective utilization, the heat is recycled, and the heat waste is reduced, thereby solving the problem that the heat generated by the centrifugal oil separator in the separation process in the prior art is not effectively utilized.

[0031] In addition, since the temperature of the separator 100 itself can be lowered by the heat exchange component 30 , this is helpful to ensure the oil separation work of the separator 100 .

[0032] In the specific implementation process, the oil droplets and oil liquid thrown onto the cavity wall of the spiral channel 12 fall down under the action of their own gravity. Optionally, the oil droplets and oil liquid mentioned above are lubricating oil droplets and lubricating oil liquid.

[0033] In this embodiment, the separator 100 further includes a spiral plate 40, which is disposed in the housing 10 to enclose a spiral channel 12. Optionally, the spiral plate 40 is a metal plate.

[0034] Specifically, along the axial direction of the spiral channel 12 , from one end of the spiral plate 40 to the other end thereof, the outer circumference of the cross section of the spiral plate 40 perpendicular to the axial direction of the spiral channel 12 gradually increases.

[0035] Optionally, the axial direction of the spiral channel 12 is parallel to the vertical direction; from the upper end to the lower end of the spiral plate 40, the outer circumference of the cross section of the spiral plate 40 perpendicular to the axis of the spiral channel 12 gradually increases.

[0036] Optionally, there are multiple discharge ports 22 , and the multiple discharge ports 22 are arranged at intervals along a predetermined direction; wherein the predetermined direction is parallel to the axis of the spiral channel 12 .

[0037] In this embodiment, the air intake component 20 is tubular, and the tube cavity of the air intake component 20 forms a receiving cavity 21; the air intake component 20 is inserted into the shell 10, and the exhaust port 22 is arranged on the tube section of the air intake component 20 located in the shell 10.

[0038] Optionally, the plurality of discharge ports 22 are all disposed on a pipe section of the air intake component 20 located inside the housing 10 , and the plurality of discharge ports 22 are arranged at intervals along an extension direction of the air intake component 20 .

[0039] Optionally, the air intake component 20 is a straight tube, and the extending direction of the air intake component 20 is parallel to the vertical direction.

[0040] Specifically, the first pipe opening of the air intake component 20 located outside the shell 10 is connected to the accommodating chamber 21 so that the mixed gas is introduced into the accommodating chamber 21 through the first pipe opening; that is, the first pipe opening of the air intake component 20 is its air intake.

[0041] Optionally, the first pipe opening of the air inlet component 20 is arranged upward; and the exhaust port 22 is arranged in a horizontal direction.

[0042] Specifically, a shielding portion is provided at the second pipe opening of the air intake component 20 located in the shell 10 to prevent the mixed gas in the accommodating chamber 21 from flowing out from the second pipe opening, thereby preventing the high-temperature, high-pressure and high-speed mixed gas flowing out from the second pipe opening from impacting the oil in the shell 10; that is, the second pipe opening of the air intake component 20 is a blind hole.

[0043] In this embodiment, the heat exchange component 30 includes a spiral tube 31 . The spiral tube 31 is disposed in the spiral channel 12 . A heat exchange medium flows into the tube cavity of the spiral tube 31 .

[0044] Specifically, the heat exchange component 30 also includes a first tube body 32, which is connected to the first end of the spiral tube 31 and extends from the shell 10 so that the tube cavity of the first tube body 32 is connected to the tube cavity of the spiral tube 31, and then the heat exchange medium is introduced into the spiral tube 31 through the first tube body 32; the tube opening of the first tube body 32 extending outside the shell 10 is the inlet of the heat exchange medium.

[0045] Specifically, the heat exchange component 30 also includes a second tube body 33, which is connected to the second end of the spiral tube 31 and extends from the shell 10 so that the tube cavity of the second tube body 33 is connected to the tube cavity of the spiral tube 31, thereby allowing the heat exchange medium after heat exchange to flow from the spiral tube 31 into the second tube body 33; the tube mouth of the second tube body 33 extending outside the shell 10 is the outlet of the heat exchange medium.

[0046] Optionally, the heat exchange medium is a cooling liquid, so that the heat exchange component 30 is a cooling component.

[0047] Specifically, there are multiple spiral tubes 31 to enhance the cooling effect on the mixed gas in the spiral channel 12; optionally, the multiple spiral tubes 31 are arranged along the axial direction perpendicular to the spiral channel 12; there are multiple first tube bodies 32, and the multiple first tube bodies 32 are arranged one-to-one with the multiple spiral tubes 31; there are multiple second tube bodies 33, and the multiple second tube bodies 33 are arranged one-to-one with the multiple spiral tubes 31.

[0048] In this embodiment, a sealed cavity 11 is provided in the housing 10 , and the sealed cavity 11 is a cavity portion outside the spiral channel 12 in the housing 10 .

[0049] Specifically, the spiral channel 12 is in communication with the sealed chamber 11 , so that the gas separated from the mixed gas flows from the spiral channel 12 into the sealed chamber 11 .

[0050] In this embodiment, the separator 100 also includes an air outlet pipe 50, which is inserted into the shell 10 so that the tube cavity of the air outlet pipe 50 is connected with the sealed cavity 11, so that the separated gas flowing into the sealed cavity 11 enters the air outlet pipe 50, and then is discharged through the air outlet pipe 50 or enters other components.

[0051] Optionally, the air outlet pipe 50 is a straight pipe; the air outlet pipe 50 is inserted into the upper part of the shell 10 .

[0052] Specifically, the spiral channel 12 is connected to the sealed cavity 11 so that the oil separated from the mixed gas falls into the sealed cavity 11, that is, the oil droplets and oil thrown onto the cavity wall of the spiral channel 12 fall to the bottom of the sealed cavity 11 under the action of their own gravity.

[0053] In this embodiment, the separator 100 also includes an oil return pipe 60, which is inserted into the lower part of the shell 10 so that the lumen of the oil return pipe 60 is connected with the sealing chamber 11, and then under the action of the internal and external pressure difference of the shell 10, the oil falling into the sealing chamber 11 enters the oil return pipe 60.

[0054] Specifically, the oil return pipe 60 includes a first pipe section 61 and a second pipe section 62 connected to each other. The second pipe section 62 is located in the sealed cavity 11 and is arranged in the vertical direction so that the pipe opening of the second pipe section 62 away from the first pipe section 61 is arranged downward, so that the oil at the bottom of the sealed cavity 11 enters the second pipe section 62; that is, the pipe opening of the second pipe section 62 away from the first pipe section 61 is the oil inlet. The first pipe section 61 is inserted into the housing 10 so that the pipe opening of the first pipe section 61 away from the second pipe section 62 is the oil outlet, so that the oil in the oil return pipe 60 can be discharged or flow into other components through the oil outlet.

[0055] Specifically, the oil inlet end face of the oil return pipe 60 is spaced apart or gap-matched with the bottom wall of the sealing cavity 11 to prevent impurities at the bottom of the oil pool in the sealing cavity 11 from entering the oil return pipe 60 , thereby ensuring the quality of the oil entering the oil return pipe 60 .

[0056] Specifically, the centerline of the first pipe section 61 is arranged at a predetermined angle with the centerline of the second pipe section 62. Optionally, the predetermined angle is 90 degrees, that is, the centerline of the first pipe section 61 is perpendicular to the centerline of the second pipe section 62, and the pipe opening of the first pipe section 61 away from the second pipe section 62 is arranged in the horizontal direction.

[0057] Specifically, the housing 10 is provided with a first through hole, through which the air intake component 20 passes, so as to be inserted on the housing 10. Optionally, the outer wall of the air intake component 20 is welded to the hole wall of the first through hole to ensure the sealing effect of the sealing cavity 11.

[0058] Specifically, the housing 10 is provided with a second through hole, through which the air outlet pipe 50 passes, so as to be inserted into the housing 10. Optionally, the outer wall of the air outlet pipe 50 is welded to the hole wall of the second through hole to ensure the sealing effect of the sealed cavity 11.

[0059] Specifically, the housing 10 is provided with a third through hole, through which the first tube 32 passes, so as to be inserted into the housing 10. Optionally, the outer wall of the first tube 32 is welded to the hole wall of the third through hole to ensure the sealing effect of the sealing cavity 11.

[0060] Specifically, the housing 10 is provided with a fourth through hole, through which the second tube 33 passes, so as to be inserted into the housing 10. Optionally, the outer wall of the second tube 33 is welded to the hole wall of the fourth through hole to ensure the sealing effect of the sealing cavity 11.

[0061] Specifically, the housing 10 is provided with a fifth through hole, through which the oil return pipe 60 passes, so as to be inserted into the housing 10. Optionally, the outer wall of the oil return pipe 60 is welded to the hole wall of the fifth through hole to ensure the sealing effect of the sealing cavity 11.

[0062] Specifically, the shell 10 includes a side panel 13 , a first sealing plate 14 and a second sealing plate 15 . The first sealing plate 14 and the second sealing plate 15 are respectively located at two ends of the side panel 13 . The side panel 13 , the first sealing plate 14 and the second sealing plate 15 together form a sealed cavity 11 .

[0063] Optionally, at least a portion of the side panel 13 is in contact with the spiral plate 40; the side panel 13 and the spiral plate 40 are an integrally formed structure; during the specific implementation process, a metal flat plate can be used to roll the side panel 13 and the spiral plate 40.

[0064] From the above description, it can be seen that the above embodiments of the present invention achieve the following technical effects:

[0065] In the separator 100 of the present invention, the separator 100 includes a shell 10, an air intake component 20 and a heat exchange component 30. The shell 10 is provided with a spiral channel 12; the air intake component 20 has a receiving chamber 21 and a discharge port 22 connected to the receiving chamber 21, so that the mixed gas in the receiving chamber 21 is discharged through the discharge port 22; the discharge port 22 is connected to the spiral channel 12, so that the mixed gas discharged through the discharge port 22 enters the spiral channel 12. When the mixed gas entering the spiral channel 12 flows through the spiral channel 12, due to the different densities of the oil and the gas, the oil droplets or oil mist in the mixed gas can be centrifuged. Under the action of force, the oil is thrown onto the cavity wall of the spiral channel 12 to achieve oil-gas separation; and, at least a part of the heat exchange component 30 is arranged in the spiral channel 12, so that the heat exchange component 30 and the mixed gas in the spiral channel 12 can exchange heat. When the heat exchange component 30 is a cooling component, the high-temperature mixed gas can be cooled to absorb the heat in the high-temperature mixed gas, so that the heat in the high-temperature mixed gas can be collected for effective utilization, the heat is recycled, and the heat waste is reduced, thereby solving the problem that the heat generated by the centrifugal oil separator in the separation process in the prior art is not effectively utilized.

[0066] In addition, since the temperature of the separator 100 itself can be lowered by the heat exchange component 30 , this is helpful to ensure the oil separation work of the separator 100 .

[0067] It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", etc. in the specification and claims of the present application and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects, and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that the data used in this way can be interchangeable where appropriate, so that the embodiments of the present application described herein can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described herein, for example. In addition, the terms "including" and "having" and any of their variations are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions, for example, a process, method, system, product or device that includes a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units that are clearly listed, but may include other steps or units that are not clearly listed or inherent to these processes, methods, products or devices.

[0068] For ease of description, spatially relative terms such as "above", "above", "on the upper surface of", "above", etc. may be used here to describe the spatial positional relationship between a device or feature and other devices or features as shown in the figure. It should be understood that spatially relative terms are intended to include different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation described in the figure. For example, if the device in the accompanying drawings is inverted, the device described as "above other devices or structures" or "above other devices or structures" will be positioned as "below other devices or structures" or "below other devices or structures". Thus, the exemplary term "above" can include both "above" and "below". The device can also be positioned in other different ways (rotated 90 degrees or in other orientations), and the spatially relative descriptions used here are interpreted accordingly.

[0069] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the present invention may have various modifications and variations. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A separator, characterized in that: include: A housing (10), wherein a spiral channel (12) is provided in the housing (10); an air intake component (20), the air intake component (20) comprising a containing chamber (21) and an exhaust port (22), the exhaust port (22) being in communication with both the containing chamber (21) and the spiral channel (12), so that the mixed gas in the containing chamber (21) enters the spiral channel (12) through the exhaust port (22); a heat exchange component (30), at least a portion of which is disposed in the spiral channel (12) to exchange heat with the mixed gas in the spiral channel (12); The separator further comprises a spiral plate (40), wherein the spiral plate (40) is arranged in the housing (10) to enclose the spiral channel (12); wherein, along the axial direction of the spiral channel (12), from one end of the spiral plate (40) to the other end thereof, the outer circumference of a cross section of the spiral plate (40) perpendicular to the axial direction of the spiral channel (12) gradually increases; The air intake component (20) is tubular, and the tube cavity of the air intake component (20) forms the accommodating cavity (21); the air intake component (20) is inserted into the shell (10), and the exhaust port (22) is arranged on the tube section of the air intake component (20) located inside the shell (10); there are a plurality of exhaust ports (22), and the plurality of exhaust ports (22) are arranged at intervals along a predetermined direction; the predetermined direction is parallel to the axis of the spiral channel (12).

2. The separator according to claim 1, characterized in that A first pipe opening of the air intake component (20) located outside the housing (10) is communicated with the accommodating chamber (21), so that a mixed gas is introduced into the accommodating chamber (21) through the first pipe opening; and / or A shielding portion is provided at the second pipe opening of the air intake component (20) located in the housing (10) to prevent the mixed gas in the accommodating chamber (21) from flowing out of the second pipe opening.

3. The separator according to claim 1, characterized in that The heat exchange component (30) comprises a spiral tube (31), wherein the spiral tube (31) is arranged in the spiral channel (12), and a heat exchange medium flows into the tube cavity of the spiral tube (31).

4. The separator according to claim 3, characterized in that The heat exchange component (30) further comprises: a first tube body (32), the first tube body (32) being connected to the first end of the spiral tube (31) and extending from the shell (10) so as to allow a heat exchange medium to flow into the spiral tube (31) through the first tube body (32); and / or A second tube body (33), the second tube body (33) is connected to the second end of the spiral tube (31) and extends out from the shell (10) so that the heat exchange medium after heat exchange flows from the spiral tube (31) into the second tube body (33).

5. The separator according to claim 1, characterized in that The housing (10) has a sealed cavity (11) therein, and the separator further comprises: An air outlet pipe (50) is inserted into the shell (10) so that the lumen of the air outlet pipe (50) is in communication with the sealed cavity (11); the spiral channel (12) is in communication with the sealed cavity (11) so that the gas separated in the spiral channel (12) passes through the sealed cavity (11) and enters the air outlet pipe (50).

6. The separator according to claim 1, characterized in that The housing (10) has a sealed cavity (11) therein, and the spiral channel (12) is in communication with the sealed cavity (11) so that the oil separated in the spiral channel (12) falls into the sealed cavity (11), and the separator further comprises: An oil return pipe (60) is inserted into the lower part of the housing (10) so that the lumen of the oil return pipe (60) is in communication with the sealing chamber (11), thereby allowing the oil falling into the sealing chamber (11) to enter the oil return pipe (60).

7. The separator according to claim 6, characterized in that The oil return pipe (60) comprises a first pipe section (61) and a second pipe section (62) which are connected to each other, wherein the second pipe section (62) is located in the sealing cavity (11) and is arranged in a vertical direction; the first pipe section (61) is inserted into the housing (10), and the center line of the first pipe section (61) and the center line of the second pipe section (62) are arranged at a predetermined angle.

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