Microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing method based on tunable rydberg antenna

Abstract

The application discloses a microwave photon electromagnetic spectrum sensing method based on a tunable Rydberg antenna, effectively combines microwave photon technology and Rydberg-based electric field measurement technology, and provides a microwave photon electromagnetic spectrum sensing method based on a tunable Rydberg antenna: electromagnetic signals received by a broadband antenna are loaded on an optical carrier, a microwave photon test method is used to determine the frequency points of the electromagnetic signals, and the center wavelength of a laser required for preparing a Rydberg state is controlled according to the frequency points, so that the Rydberg atom antenna can realize the highest sensitivity detection at the corresponding frequency points. The application effectively combines the bandwidth advantage of the microwave photon technology in signal processing and the precision advantage of the quantum precision measurement technology in signal sensing, and the corresponding electromagnetic spectrum sensing system simultaneously has the advantages of large bandwidth, high sensitivity and rapid processing capacity, thereby providing important solutions for typical applications such as wireless communication spectrum management, electromagnetic environment anomaly detection and electromagnetic shielding effect evaluation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the interdisciplinary field of quantum optics and microwave photonics. Specifically, it refers to a method for identifying electromagnetic signal bands by using microwave photonic signal analysis and precisely controlling the response frequency band of a Rydberg atom antenna by tuning the pump wavelength to achieve broadband, high-sensitivity microwave photonic signal sensing. In particular, it relates to a microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing method, system, and storage medium based on a tunable Rydberg antenna. Background Technology

[0002] Electromagnetic spectrum sensing technology is widely used in wireless communication, radar detection, control and navigation, and the sensing range and accuracy directly affect the performance of various systems. However, electromagnetic spectrum sensing systems based on traditional electronic devices face an "electronic bottleneck" in processing high-frequency signals. Microwave photonics technology can solve this problem better, mainly because: (1) the local oscillator frequency of optical carriers is several orders of magnitude higher than that of microwaves, and the signal capacity is also several orders of magnitude higher; (2) optical carriers can resist various electromagnetic interference environments and have lower requirements for system crosstalk design; (3) the optical waveguide fabrication process is relatively mature, and it has a greater advantage in terms of size, power consumption and stability compared with signal processing systems based on electronic devices; (4) optical carriers can carry multiple signals simultaneously, and efficient multiplexing can be achieved by using different optical degrees of freedom. Therefore, microwave photonics technology is expected to improve the performance indicators of electromagnetic spectrum sensing systems in terms of broadband, parallelism and anti-interference. On the other hand, quantum precision measurement technology has developed rapidly in recent years. Atomic antennas based on Rydberg states have gradually shown performance potential in breaking through classical bottlenecks and approaching the Heisenberg limit, which can further promote the development of electromagnetic spectrum sensing systems in terms of accuracy and sensitivity. In practice, electromagnetic spectrum sensing systems cannot simultaneously achieve both ultra-wideband and high-sensitivity characteristics. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Based on the problems of existing technologies, the technical problem to be solved by this invention is: how to use a broadband antenna to receive electromagnetic signals, convert the electrical signals generated by the antenna into optical signals through an electro-optic modulator, identify the frequency points of the electromagnetic signals using microwave photonics methods, and precisely control the center wavelength of the laser required to prepare the Rydberg state so that the center frequency of the Rydberg atom antenna is consistent with the frequency point of the electromagnetic signal, thereby realizing electromagnetic spectrum sensing with both large bandwidth and high sensitivity attributes.

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, the present invention aims to provide a microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing method based on a tunable Rydberg antenna. This method involves receiving electromagnetic signals with unknown frequency components and waveform intensity using a broadband antenna and generating electrical signals, which are then used to drive an electro-optic modulator to convert the electromagnetic signals into optical signals. The frequency point and frequency band of the electromagnetic signals are determined using microwave photonic methods. Based on the frequency point information obtained through microwave photonic measurement, the pump laser wavelength of the Rydberg antenna is controlled so that the center frequency of the Rydberg antenna coincides with the measurement frequency point, thereby separating the signal in the corresponding frequency band and achieving high-sensitivity detection.

[0005] Preferably, the broadband antenna receives electromagnetic signals with different frequency components and loads them onto an optical carrier generated by the light source via an optical modulator.

[0006] Preferably, the microwave photonic signal modulated by the electromagnetic signal is input into the Machzent interferometer, and the two channels of the interferometer have opposite filtering responses.

[0007] Preferably, after dividing the output light, an amplitude comparison function in which the frequency and intensity are monotonic is obtained, and the frequency composition of the electromagnetic signal is deduced from the amplitude.

[0008] Preferably, the above method specifically includes:

[0009] S101, Electromagnetic signal reception: Receives electromagnetic signals with unknown frequency components and waveform intensity through a broadband antenna and generates electrical signals, driving an electro-optic modulator to convert the electromagnetic signals into optical signals.

[0010] S102. Frequency point identification based on microwave photonics: Determine the frequency point and frequency band of electromagnetic signals through microwave photonics methods such as amplitude comparison test;

[0011] S103. Precise electromagnetic signal sensing based on tunable Rydberg antenna: According to the frequency information obtained by microwave photonic measurement, the pump laser wavelength of the Rydberg antenna is controlled so that the center frequency of the Rydberg antenna coincides with the measurement frequency, thereby separating the signal in the corresponding frequency band and achieving high-sensitivity detection.

[0012] Preferably, the above method specifically includes:

[0013] S201. Construct a broadband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system based on microwave photonics, receive complex electromagnetic signals through a broadband antenna, and perform frequency component analysis on the electromagnetic signals using microwave photonics techniques.

[0014] S202. Construct a narrowband tunable Rydberg atom antenna, and use a tunable laser to pump alkali metal atoms to make them work in the Rydberg state, so that they have high sensitivity measurement capability for electromagnetic signals in the narrowband range.

[0015] S203. Tune the laser wavelength according to the frequency components determined by the broadband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system, so that the operating frequency band of the Rydberg atomic antenna is consistent with the frequency components determined by the broadband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system. Obtain the effective information of the electromagnetic signals of each frequency component based on the demodulation intensity result of the light intensity change output by the Rydberg atomic antenna.

[0016] Preferably, the aforementioned microwave photonic methods include, but are not limited to, frequency-amplitude mapping, frequency-space mapping, and frequency-time mapping.

[0017] Preferably, the laser wavelength is controlled according to the spectrum analysis results, so that the Rydberg atoms prepared by laser achieve the highest detection sensitivity at the frequency point, realizing electromagnetic spectrum sensing of microwave photonic broadband identification-atomic antenna precision measurement.

[0018] A system for implementing a microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing method based on a tunable Rydberg antenna includes a light source, a laser, a spectrum analyzer, a Machzent interferometer, and a broadband antenna. It also includes an electromagnetic signal receiving module, a microwave photonic frequency identification module, and an electromagnetic signal sensing module.

[0019] An electromagnetic signal receiving module is used to receive electromagnetic signals with unknown frequency components and waveform intensity through a broadband antenna, generate electrical signals, drive an electro-optic modulator, and convert the electromagnetic signals into optical signals.

[0020] The electromagnetic signal frequency detection module is used to determine the frequency point and frequency band of an electromagnetic signal through amplitude comparison testing or other microwave photonic means.

[0021] The quantum electromagnetic spectrum detection module is used to control the pump laser wavelength of the Rydberg antenna based on the frequency information obtained by microwave photonic measurement, so that the center frequency of the Rydberg antenna coincides with the measurement frequency, thereby separating the signal in the corresponding frequency band and achieving high-sensitivity detection.

[0022] A computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon that, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described method.

[0023] A computer program product includes a computer program / instructions that, when executed by a processor, implement the steps of the above-described method.

[0024] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0025] 1. This invention combines microwave photonics technology and Rydberg-based atomic antenna technology to propose an electromagnetic spectrum sensing method that has the advantages of both broadband and high sensitivity. It can effectively identify the frequency composition of unknown electromagnetic signals and perform high-sensitivity measurements of signals of each frequency component that surpass classical limitations.

[0026] 2. The microwave photonic amplitude-frequency mapping measurement device and the Rydberg atomic antenna used in this invention are both optical systems, which have good interoperability and compatibility, and are expected to achieve board-level integrated systems through chip-integrated optical path technology.

[0027] 3. The “coarse and fine” electromagnetic spectrum sensing method proposed in this invention can quickly analyze the electromagnetic spectrum components and achieve high-sensitivity detection of signals at specific frequency points through Rydberg antenna tuning. It overcomes the bottleneck problem that the bandwidth and sensitivity of a single electromagnetic spectrum sensing method are difficult to balance, and can play a significant role in fields such as spectrum management and environmental monitoring. Attached Figure Description

[0028] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly introduced below. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0029] Figure 1 A schematic diagram illustrating the working principle of microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing based on a tunable Rydberg antenna is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The features and exemplary embodiments of various aspects of the present invention will now be described in detail. To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only configured to explain the present invention and are not configured to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the present invention can be practiced without some of these specific details. The following description of the embodiments is merely intended to provide a better understanding of the present invention by illustrating examples of the invention.

[0031] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used merely to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising..." does not exclude the presence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element.

[0032] This invention provides an embodiment of a microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing method based on a tunable Rydberg antenna. The method involves receiving electromagnetic signals with unknown frequency components and waveform intensity using a broadband antenna and generating electrical signals, which in turn drive an electro-optic modulator to convert the electromagnetic signals into optical signals. The frequency point and frequency band of the electromagnetic signals are determined using microwave photonic methods. Based on the frequency point information obtained through microwave photonic measurement, the pump laser wavelength of the Rydberg antenna is controlled so that the center frequency of the Rydberg antenna coincides with the measurement frequency point, thereby separating the signal in the corresponding frequency band and achieving high-sensitivity detection.

[0033] In some embodiments, the broadband antenna receives electromagnetic signals with different frequency components and loads them onto an optical carrier generated by a light source via an optical modulator.

[0034] In some embodiments, a microwave photonic signal modulated by an electromagnetic signal is input into a Machzent interferometer, and the two channels of the interferometer have opposite filtering responses.

[0035] In some embodiments, after dividing the output light, an amplitude comparison function in which the frequency and intensity are monotonic is obtained, and the frequency composition of the electromagnetic signal is deduced from the amplitude.

[0036] This invention provides an embodiment of a microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing method based on a tunable Rydberg antenna, comprising:

[0037] S101, Electromagnetic signal reception: Receives electromagnetic signals with unknown frequency components and waveform intensity through a broadband antenna and generates electrical signals, driving an electro-optic modulator to convert the electromagnetic signals into optical signals.

[0038] S102. Frequency point identification based on microwave photonics: Determine the frequency point and frequency band of electromagnetic signals through microwave photonics methods such as amplitude comparison test;

[0039] S103. Precise electromagnetic signal sensing based on tunable Rydberg antenna: According to the frequency information obtained by microwave photonic measurement, the pump laser wavelength of the Rydberg antenna is controlled so that the center frequency of the Rydberg antenna coincides with the measurement frequency, thereby separating the signal in the corresponding frequency band and achieving high-sensitivity detection.

[0040] This invention provides an embodiment of a microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing method based on a tunable Rydberg antenna, comprising:

[0041] S201. Construct a broadband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system based on microwave photonics, receive complex electromagnetic signals through a broadband antenna, and perform frequency component analysis on the electromagnetic signals using microwave photonics techniques.

[0042] S202. Construct a narrowband tunable Rydberg atom antenna, and use a tunable laser to pump alkali metal atoms to make them work in the Rydberg state, so that they have high sensitivity measurement capability for electromagnetic signals in the narrowband range.

[0043] S203. Tune the laser wavelength according to the frequency components determined by the broadband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system, so that the operating frequency band of the Rydberg atomic antenna is consistent with the frequency components determined by the broadband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system. Obtain the effective information of the electromagnetic signals of each frequency component based on the demodulation intensity result of the light intensity change output by the Rydberg atomic antenna.

[0044] In some embodiments, microwave photonic methods include, but are not limited to, frequency-amplitude mapping, frequency-space mapping, and frequency-time mapping.

[0045] In some embodiments, the laser wavelength is controlled according to the spectrum analysis results, so that the Rydberg atoms prepared by laser reach the highest detection sensitivity at the frequency point, realizing electromagnetic spectrum sensing of microwave photonic broadband identification-atomic antenna precision measurement.

[0046] This invention provides a system embodiment for implementing the above-described microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing method based on a tunable Rydberg antenna, comprising a light source, a laser, a spectrum analyzer, a Machzent interferometer, and a broadband antenna, and further comprising an electromagnetic signal receiving module, a microwave photonic frequency identification module, and an electromagnetic signal sensing module, wherein...

[0047] An electromagnetic signal receiving module is used to receive electromagnetic signals with unknown frequency components and waveform intensity through a broadband antenna, generate electrical signals, drive an electro-optic modulator, and convert the electromagnetic signals into optical signals.

[0048] The electromagnetic signal frequency detection module is used to determine the frequency point and frequency band of an electromagnetic signal through amplitude comparison testing or other microwave photonic means.

[0049] The quantum electromagnetic spectrum detection module is used to control the pump laser wavelength of the Rydberg antenna based on the frequency information obtained by microwave photonic measurement, so that the center frequency of the Rydberg antenna coincides with the measurement frequency, thereby separating the signal in the corresponding frequency band and achieving high-sensitivity detection.

[0050] like Figure 1The diagram illustrates an embodiment of the working principle of a microwave photonics-Rydberg joint electromagnetic spectrum sensing system. A broadband antenna receives electromagnetic signals with different frequency components and loads them onto an optical carrier generated by a light source via an optical modulator. The microwave photonic signal modulated by the electromagnetic signal is then input into a Machzent interferometer. The two channels of the interferometer have opposite filtering responses. After dividing the output light, an amplitude comparison function with a monotonic relationship between frequency and intensity is obtained. The frequency composition of the electromagnetic signal can be deduced from the amplitude. The laser wavelength is controlled based on the spectrum analysis results, enabling Rydberg atoms prepared by the laser (with a narrow working bandwidth, high detection sensitivity, and a working frequency band varying with the laser wavelength) to achieve maximum detection sensitivity at their respective frequency points. This realizes the electromagnetic spectrum sensing function of microwave photonics broadband identification and atomic antenna precision measurement.

[0051] This invention provides an embodiment of a microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing method based on a tunable Rydberg antenna. The electromagnetic signal received by the broadband antenna is loaded onto an optical carrier, and the frequency of the electromagnetic signal is determined using a microwave photonic testing method. Based on the frequency, the center wavelength of the laser required to prepare the Rydberg state is controlled, so that the Rydberg atom antenna can achieve the highest sensitivity detection at the corresponding frequency.

[0052] In some embodiments, the microwave photonics testing method involves a broadband antenna receiving electromagnetic signals and converting them into electrical signals. The electrical signals are then used to drive an electro-optic detector to convert the electrical signals into optical signals. The electromagnetic signals are then measured and inverted by transforming the optical signals. The microwave photonics testing method includes, but is not limited to, frequency-amplitude mapping, frequency-space mapping, and frequency-time mapping. The specific structure and implementation of the microwave photonics testing system are not limited, nor are the number of systems used or the specific spectral range corresponding to each system limited.

[0053] In some embodiments, frequency control is achieved by determining the frequency components of the electromagnetic spectrum signal through microwave photonic testing, i.e., determining the number of carriers and the local oscillator frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum signal, and then tuning the working wavelength of the Rydberg state tunable laser based on the local oscillator frequency so that the response frequency of the narrowband high-sensitivity Rydberg antenna is consistent with the local oscillator frequency.

[0054] In some embodiments, the Rydberg antenna uses a laser to pump alkali metal atoms, exciting them to a near-ionization level in the Rydberg state. The Rydberg atoms sense the electromagnetic signal and generate a frequency drift. By using interferometry, a correspondence between the output light intensity and the electromagnetic signal intensity can be established, thereby achieving detection accuracy and sensitivity close to the Heisenberg limit.

[0055] In some embodiments, the structure, atomic composition, pumping method, detection method, operating bandwidth, tuning range, device structure, system parameters, etc. of the Rydberg antenna system are not limited.

[0056] The present invention also provides an embodiment of a computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, which, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described method.

[0057] The present invention also provides an embodiment of a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described method.

[0058] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0059] First, this invention combines microwave photonics technology and Rydberg-based atomic antenna technology to propose an electromagnetic spectrum sensing method that combines the advantages of broadband and high sensitivity. This method can effectively identify the frequency composition of unknown electromagnetic signals and perform high-sensitivity measurements of each frequency component that surpass classical limitations.

[0060] Secondly, the microwave photonic amplitude-frequency mapping measurement device and the Rydberg atomic antenna used in this invention are both optical systems, which have good interoperability and are expected to achieve board-level integrated systems through chip-integrated optical path technology.

[0061] Furthermore, the "coarse and fine" combined electromagnetic spectrum sensing method proposed in this invention can quickly analyze electromagnetic spectrum components and achieve high-sensitivity detection of signals at specific frequency points through Rydberg antenna tuning. This overcomes the bottleneck problem of bandwidth and sensitivity being difficult to balance in a single electromagnetic spectrum sensing method, and can play a greater role in fields such as spectrum management and environmental monitoring.

[0062] For ease of description, the above devices are described separately by function as various units. Of course, in implementing this application, the functions of each unit can be implemented in one or more software and / or hardware.

[0063] Those skilled in the art will understand that embodiments of the present invention can be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Therefore, the present invention can take the form of a completely hardware embodiment, a completely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention can take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) containing computer-usable program code.

[0064] This invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, generate instructions for implementing the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 A device that provides the functions specified in one or more boxes.

[0065] This application can be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, that are executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform a specific task or implement a specific abstract data type. This application can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices connected via a communication network. In distributed computing environments, program modules can reside in local and remote computer storage media, including storage devices.

[0066] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing device to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means, which are implemented in a process Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The function specified in one or more boxes.

[0067] These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing equipment to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable equipment to produce a computer-implemented process, thereby providing instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable equipment for implementing the process. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The steps of the function specified in one or more boxes.

[0068] In a typical configuration, a computing device includes one or more processors (CPU), input / output interfaces, network interfaces, and memory.

[0069] Memory may include non-persistent storage in computer-readable media, such as random access memory (RAM) and / or non-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM) or flash RAM. Memory is an example of computer-readable media.

[0070] Computer-readable media includes both permanent and non-permanent, removable and non-removable media that can store information using any method or technology. Information can be computer-readable instructions, data structures, modules of programs, or other data. Examples of computer storage media include, but are not limited to, phase-change memory (PRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), other types of random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technologies, CD-ROM, digital versatile optical disc (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic tape, magnetic magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transferable medium that can be used to store information accessible by a computing device. As defined herein, computer-readable media does not include transient computer-readable media, such as modulated data signals and carrier waves.

[0071] It should also be noted that the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element.

[0072] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner. Similar or identical parts between embodiments can be referred to mutually. Each embodiment focuses on describing the differences from other embodiments. In particular, the system embodiments are basically similar to the method embodiments, so the description is relatively simple; relevant parts can be referred to the descriptions in the method embodiments.

[0073] The above description is merely an embodiment of this application and is not intended to limit the scope of this application. Various modifications and variations can be made to this application by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of this application should be included within the scope of the claims of this application.

Claims

1.A method for microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing based on tunable Rydberg antenna, comprising: S101, receiving electromagnetic signals, receiving electromagnetic signals with unknown frequency components and waveform intensity through a broadband antenna and generating electrical signals, driving an electro-optical modulator to convert electromagnetic signals into optical signals; S102, frequency point identification based on microwave photons, determining the frequency point and frequency band of the electromagnetic signal through microwave photonic means such as amplitude comparison test; S103, precise sensing of electromagnetic signals based on tunable Rydberg antenna, controlling the pump laser wavelength of the Rydberg antenna according to the frequency point information obtained by the microwave photonic measurement means, so that the center frequency of the Rydberg antenna coincides with the measurement frequency point, the signal of the corresponding frequency band is separated out and high sensitivity detection is realized; wherein, a broadband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system based on microwave photons is constructed, complex electromagnetic signals are received through a broadband antenna, and microwave photonic means is used to analyze the frequency components of the electromagnetic signals; a narrowband tunable Rydberg atom antenna is constructed, and alkali metal atoms are pumped by a tunable laser to work in the Rydberg state, so that they have high sensitivity measurement capability for electromagnetic signals in a narrowband range; the wavelength of the laser is tuned according to the frequency components determined by the broadband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system, so that the working frequency band of the Rydberg atom antenna is consistent with the frequency components determined by the broadband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system, and the effective information of the electromagnetic signal of each frequency component is obtained according to the intensity change of the light output by the Rydberg atom antenna. 2.The method for microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing based on tunable Rydberg antenna according to claim 1, wherein the broadband antenna receives electromagnetic signals with different frequency components and loads them onto an optical carrier generated by an optical modulator. 3.The method for microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing based on tunable Rydberg antenna according to claim 2, wherein the microwave photonic signal modulated by the electromagnetic signal is input into a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the two channels of the interferometer have opposite filter responses. 4.The method for microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing based on tunable Rydberg antenna according to claim 3, wherein the output light is subjected to a subtraction operation to obtain an amplitude comparison function with a monotonic relationship between frequency and intensity, and the frequency point composition of the electromagnetic signal is inversely deduced according to the amplitude. 5.The method for microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing based on tunable Rydberg antenna according to claim 1, wherein the microwave photonic means includes but is not limited to frequency-amplitude mapping method, frequency-space mapping method, and frequency-time mapping method. 6.The method for microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing based on tunable Rydberg antenna according to claim 1, wherein the wavelength of the laser is controlled according to the spectrum analysis result, so that the Rydberg atom prepared by the laser has the highest detection sensitivity at the frequency point, and electromagnetic spectrum sensing is realized through microwave photonic broadband identification-atom antenna precise measurement. 7.A system for implementing the method for microwave photonic electromagnetic spectrum sensing based on tunable Rydberg antenna according to claim 1, comprising a light source, a laser, a spectrum analyzer, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and a broadband antenna, and further comprising an electromagnetic signal receiving module, a microwave photonic frequency point identification module, and an electromagnetic signal sensing module. An electromagnetic signal receiving module is configured to receive an electromagnetic signal with unknown frequency components and waveform intensity through a wideband antenna, generate an electrical signal, drive an electro-optical modulator, and convert the electromagnetic signal into an optical signal; An electromagnetic signal frequency point detecting module is configured to determine the frequency point and frequency band of the electromagnetic signal through amplitude comparison test or other microwave photonics means; A quantum electromagnetic spectrum detecting module is configured to control the pump laser wavelength of the Rydberg antenna according to the frequency point information obtained by the microwave photonics measuring means, make the center frequency of the Rydberg antenna coincide with the measuring frequency point, separate the signal of the corresponding frequency band, and realize high-sensitivity detection; A wideband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system based on microwave photonics is constructed, complex electromagnetic signals are received through a wideband antenna, and the electromagnetic signals are analyzed in terms of frequency components by using microwave photonics means; A narrowband tunable Rydberg atom antenna is constructed, alkali metal atoms are pumped by a tunable laser to work in a Rydberg state, and the alkali metal atoms have high-sensitivity measurement capability for electromagnetic signals in a narrowband range; The wavelength of the tunable laser is adjusted according to the frequency components determined by the wideband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system, so that the working frequency band of the Rydberg atom antenna is consistent with the frequency components determined by the wideband electromagnetic spectrum sensing system, the intensity result is demodulated according to the light intensity change output by the Rydberg atom antenna, and effective information of the electromagnetic signal of each frequency component is obtained. 8.A computer readable storage medium, having stored thereon a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the method of any one of claims 1-6.

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