Composite panel with electrically controllable optical properties

Abstract

The invention relates to a composite pane (100) with electrically controllable optical properties, having: - an outer pane (103) and an inner pane (105), which are connected to one another in a planar manner via an intermediate layer (111); - an electrochromic functional element (107) with electrically controllable optical properties within the intermediate layer (111), wherein the total solar energy transmission TTS is higher in the darkened state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmission TE is higher in the darkened state than in the bright state; and - an infrared protection layer (109) with at least one silver-containing layer, which is applied or arranged on the inner side surface of the inner pane (105) facing the intermediate layer (111), on the inner side surface of the outer pane (103) facing the intermediate layer (111) or within the intermediate layer (111), which acts jointly with the electrochromic functional element (107) such that the total solar energy transmission TTS through the composite pane (100) is lower in the darkened state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmission TE through the composite pane (100) is lower in the darkened state than in the bright state.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a composite plate having electrically switchable optical properties and a method for manufacturing the composite plate. Background Technology

[0002] When vehicle occupants close the mechanical sunshade of a sliding roof, they often want more than just to reduce the amount of light entering the vehicle's interior. Instead, they may be interested in being protected from heat generated by thermal radiation reaching the vehicle's interior. This sunshade function can be achieved using a composite panel with electrically controllable optical properties, allowing light transmission to be altered in response to an applied voltage. Electrochromic materials can be used for this purpose.

[0003] Generally, for these technologies, under conditions of shading with lower light transmission, heat transfer is always reduced, meaning lower energy transmission (TE - transmitted energy) and lower total solar energy transmission (TTS - transmission of total solar energy). Conversely, illumination with higher light transmission always occurs with increased heat transfer. SPDs (suspended particle devices) and some electrochromic elements operate in this way.

[0004] However, the inventors have discovered that in some electrochromic materials, a shift in the transmission spectrum into the infrared region can occur between the bright and dark states. In this case, although the panel is darkened in the visible spectrum, thermal radiation is enhanced and enters the interior space of the vehicle. This can lead to unpleasant thermal stimulation for vehicle occupants. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The objective of this invention is to provide a composite plate that can prevent thermal stimulation, which may occur when the transmission spectrum shifts during the control of electrochromic functional elements.

[0006] According to the first aspect, the technical task is solved by a composite plate having electrically controllable optical properties, the composite plate having an outer plate and an inner plate, the outer plate and the inner plate being interconnected in a planar manner via an intermediate layer; an electrochromic functional element having electrically controllable optical properties within the intermediate layer, wherein the total solar transmittance (TTS) is higher in the dark state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmittance (TE) is higher in the dark state than in the bright state; and at least one infrared protective layer disposed or applied on the inner surface of the inner plate facing the intermediate layer, the inner surface of the outer plate facing the intermediate layer, or within the intermediate layer, wherein the infrared protective layer has at least one silver-containing layer. The infrared protective layer works in conjunction with the electrochromic functional element such that the total solar transmittance (TTS) through the composite plate (100) is lower in the dark state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmittance (TE) through the composite plate (100) is lower in the dark state than in the bright state.

[0007] The infrared protective layer has at least one silver-containing layer. This layer blocks infrared radiation while allowing visible light to pass through. Thus, even if a shift in the transmission spectrum occurs due to the switching of the electrochromic functional element, infrared radiation is prevented from entering through this composite glass panel. Composite glass panels can be used, for example, in the automotive field. In this case, the inner panel is adjacent to the interior space of the vehicle, while the outer panel is adjacent to the external environment. The electrochromic functional element changes from a dark state to a bright state by means of a reversible redox reaction. The visible spectrum, or visible light, is understood to be the spectral range from 380 nm to 780 nm.

[0008] In the context of this invention, "blocking infrared radiation" means that the infrared protective layer at least partially reflects and / or absorbs infrared radiation. The infrared protective layer is particularly preferably reflective of infrared radiation. Reflection of infrared radiation has the advantage that the composite panel does not heat up as intensely.

[0009] Electrochromic functional elements are components with switchable, controllable, or adjustable optical properties. Light transmission can be actively affected by applying voltage. When mounted into a composite panel, users can, for example, switch from a transparent (bright) state to a less transparent state, i.e., the dark or opaque state of the composite panel. Layering is also possible.

[0010] The electrochromic functional elements that the composite panels according to the present invention may have are known to those skilled in the art. These electrochromic functional elements can be constructed, for example, as disclosed in US 5321544, US 5404244, US 7372610 B2, US7593154 B2, WO 2012 / 007334 A1, WO 2017 / 102900 A1 or US 20120026573 A1.

[0011] Electrochromic functional elements preferably include, in the following order:

[0012] -First planar electrode,

[0013] -Working electrode,

[0014] - Electrolytes,

[0015] - Corresponding electrodes, and

[0016] - Second planar electrode.

[0017] The first and second planar electrodes are configured for electrical connection to a voltage source. All mentioned layers are preferably firmly connected to each other. All mentioned layers are preferably arranged to overlap each other. The working electrode is often also referred to as an electrochromic layer, and the corresponding electrode is referred to as an ion storage layer.

[0018] The working electrode and the corresponding electrode are capable of reversibly storing charge. Here, the oxidation state of the working electrode in the stored state and the cleared state differs in its color, one of which is bright and the other is dark. The storage reaction can be controlled by an externally applied potential difference. The potential-adjustable color of the electrochromic functional element is preferably placed in a color range from blue to black, especially the adjustable color is black. The potential range used to switch between bright and dark states of the electrochromic functional element is preferably between 0 V and 7 V, and particularly preferably between 0.5 V and 5 V DC voltage.

[0019] The first and second planar electrodes are preferably transparent and conductive. The first and second planar electrodes preferably contain at least one metal, metal alloy, or transparent conducting oxide (TCO). Particularly preferably, the first and second planar electrodes contain silver, gold, copper, nickel, chromium, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, and / or transparent conducting oxides, preferably indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F), antimony-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide, or gallium-doped zinc oxide.

[0020] If the first planar electrode and / or the second planar electrode are based on a metallic structure, then the first planar electrode and / or the second planar electrode preferably have a total layer thickness of 1 nm to 50 nm, preferably 2 nm to 30 nm, and particularly preferably 3 nm to 15 nm, respectively. If the first planar electrode and / or the second planar electrode are based on a transparent conductive oxide structure, then the first planar electrode and / or the second planar electrode preferably have a total thickness of 20 nm to 2 μm, particularly preferably 50 nm to 1 μm, completely particularly preferably 100 nm to 600 nm, and especially 300 nm to 500 nm. This achieves advantageous electrical contact between the working electrode and the corresponding electrode, as well as good horizontal conductivity of the layer. In the context of this invention, the first and second planar electrodes are thin layers.

[0021] If something is constructed "based" on a polymeric material, then that thing is composed of at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, and especially at least 70% of such material. The thing may therefore also contain other materials, such as stabilizers or plasticizers.

[0022] When we are talking about thin layers (thin layers), what applies is: if something is “based on” a material structure, then that thing is mostly composed of that material, especially except for possible impurities or dopants, it is essentially composed of that material.

[0023] The total layer resistance of the first and second planar electrodes is preferably from 0.01 ohms / square to 100 ohms / square, particularly preferably from 0.01 ohms / square to 20 ohms / square, and even more particularly preferably from 0.5 ohms / square to 5 ohms / square. Within this range, a sufficiently large current is ensured between the electrodes of the electrochromic functional element, which enables the optimal operating mode of the working electrode and its corresponding electrode.

[0024] The working electrode can be constructed based on inorganic or organic materials. It is preferably based on tungsten oxide, but can also be based on molybdenum oxide, titanium oxide, or niobium oxide, or mixtures thereof. The working electrode can also be based on polypyrrole, PEDOT (poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and polyaniline, or mixtures thereof. The corresponding electrode can be, for example, based on titanium oxide, cerium oxide, or ferric hexacyanidoferrat (II / III) (Eisen(III)-hexacyanidoferrat(II / III)). The electrolyte is constructed from nickel oxide and mixtures thereof. It is ionicly conductive and can be constructed based on hydrated tantalum oxide layers and hydrated antimony oxide layers. Alternatively, the electrolyte can also be based on a polymer containing lithium ions or on tantalum oxide (V) and / or zirconium oxide (IV).

[0025] In an alternative embodiment, the electrochromic functional element does not contain an electrolyte, wherein the working electrode itself serves as the electrolyte. Thus, for example, tungsten oxide can take over the function of the electrolyte depending on its oxidation state. This embodiment is disclosed, for example, in US 2014 / 0022621A1. In particular, reference should be made to US 2014 / 0022621A1. Figure 4 F.

[0026] The electrochromic functional element preferably further comprises a first film and a second film. In this case, a first planar electrode is disposed on the first film with its surface facing away from the working electrode, and a second planar electrode is disposed on the second film with its surface facing away from the corresponding electrode. The first film and / or the second film are preferably transparent. The first film and / or the second film are preferably based on a transparent polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, and / or polycaprolactone structure. The total layer thickness of the electrochromic functional element in this embodiment is preferably 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm.

[0027] In addition, the outer and inner panels each have an outer surface that faces away from the intermediate layer.

[0028] If something is "arranged in a planar manner between the outer and inner panels," this means, in the sense of the invention, that something can be arranged on the electrochromic functional element, or between the outer panel and the inner surface of the inner panel. In this case, the something can be applied directly to the outer or inner panel in space, or arranged on the inner or outer panel through other layers (such as overlay printing). The term "in a planar manner" means that something extends over a large portion of the entire main surface of the composite panel. Preferably, the something extends over at least 60%, particularly preferably at least 70%, very particularly preferably at least 90%, and especially 100% of the main surface of the composite panel.

[0029] In the context of this invention, the expression "bright state" associated with an electrochromic functional element means that the electrochromic functional element has a maximum transmittance of at least 15%, preferably at least 30%, and particularly preferably at least 50% of visible light transmittance (TL). Correspondingly, the expression "dark state" or "shaded state" associated with an electrochromic functional element means that the electrochromic functional element has a minimum transmittance of at most 10%, preferably at most 5%, and especially at most 1% of visible light transmittance (TL).

[0030] In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the light transmission through the composite panel (100) in the darkened state of the electrochromic functional element (107) is less than or equal to 15%, preferably less than or equal to 10%. For occupants of vehicles using such a composite panel, for example as a roof panel, the brightness is significantly reduced when the light transmission is 15% or lower. This improves the comfort of the vehicle.

[0031] In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the composite panel, the infrared protective layer is arranged in a planar manner between the outer panel and the functional element. This achieves, for example, the technical advantages that infrared light cannot enter the functional element and that the functional element cannot heat up, thus achieving optimal thermal comfort.

[0032] In another advantageous embodiment of the composite panel, the infrared protective layer is arranged in a planar manner between the inner panel and the electrochromic functional element. This achieves, for example, the technical advantage of effectively suppressing the entry of infrared light.

[0033] In another advantageous embodiment of the composite panel, an infrared protective layer is applied to the inner surface of the outer panel or to a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer, wherein the PET layer is disposed within an intermediate layer. The infrared protective layer can be applied to the PET layer by a coating method. The PET layer serves as a substrate for the metal layer. This, for example, also achieves the technical advantage of effectively blocking infrared light.

[0034] In another advantageous embodiment of the composite plate, the infrared protective layer comprises at least one silver layer and preferably multiple silver layers. Such a silver layer exhibits particularly advantageous conductivity while simultaneously achieving high transmittance in the visible spectrum. The thickness of the silver layer is preferably from 5 nm to 50 nm, and particularly preferably from 8 nm to 25 nm. Within this range of silver layer thickness, advantageously high transmittance in the visible spectrum and particularly advantageous conductivity are achieved.

[0035] At least one dielectric layer is preferably disposed between two adjacent silver layers of the cladding. Another dielectric layer is preferably disposed below the first silver layer and / or above the last silver layer. The dielectric layer comprises at least one monolayer made of a dielectric material, such as a nitride, for example silicon nitride, or an oxide, such as aluminum oxide. However, the dielectric layer may also comprise multiple monolayers, such as a monolayer of dielectric material, a smoothing layer, an adapter layer, a blocking layer, and / or an antireflective layer. The thickness of the dielectric layer is, for example, from 10 nm to 200 nm. This achieves, for example, the technical advantage of effectively blocking infrared light. Blocking infrared light is particularly well achieved when the infrared protective layer comprises at least two silver layers, particularly preferably three silver layers, and especially exactly three silver layers.

[0036] In another advantageous embodiment of the composite plate, the energy transmission TE is less than or equal to 25% in the bright state of the composite plate in the spectral range of 800 nm to 2500 nm, preferably less than or equal to 15%, and especially less than or equal to 5%.

[0037] For the composite panel in a bright state, the total solar transmittance (TTS) is preferably less than or equal to 35%, particularly preferably less than or equal to 25%, and especially less than or equal to 15%. This also achieves, for example, the technical advantage of effectively reducing the temperature rise behind the composite glass panel.

[0038] The light transmission TL through the composite panel in the bright state of the electrochromic functional element is preferably greater than or equal to 5%, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 10%, and especially particularly preferably greater than or equal to 20%. The light transmission TL through the composite panel in the dark state of the electrochromic functional element is preferably less than or equal to 10%, particularly preferably less than or equal to 5%, and especially less than or equal to 1%. These are the transmittances of light that are perceived as pleasant to occupants in a vehicle having such a composite panel, in their respective conditions (bright or dark).

[0039] Energy transmission (TE) and total solar transmission (TTS) are measures of the amount of heat entering a vehicle or building through composite panels. Very high TE or TTS values ​​therefore mean that the building or vehicle absorbs a great deal of heat. This typically worsens the thermal comfort of occupants or residents.

[0040] Light transmittance (TL), energy transmittance (TE), and total solar transmittance (TTS) can be averaged according to ISO 9050 (2003-08) for window glass used in buildings. Alternatively, TE and TTS can be determined using ISO 13837 (2008-04) for window glass used in vehicles. The following formula is used to calculate TL for the visible spectral range (380 nm to 780 nm):

[0041] ,

[0042] in It is the relative spectral distribution of the type of light (A) used (see ISO / CIE 10526). It refers to the spectral transmittance of window glass. It is the sensitivity curve of the human eye (see ISO / CIE 10527) and It is the wavelength interval.

[0043] Use the following formula to calculate TE:

[0044] .

[0045] in It refers to the relative spectral distribution of solar radiation. TTS is the sum of TE and secondary heat transfer. Secondary heat transfer refers to the heat components based on convection and infrared radiation re-emitted by the glass.

[0046] .

[0047] Where h e and h i These represent the heat transfer coefficients for outward and inward heat exchange, respectively. According to ISO 9050, the following values ​​can be used: and , Emissivity of the representation layer.

[0048] In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the composite panel includes an emissivity-reducing cladding. The emissivity-reducing cladding is preferably applied to the outer surface of the inner panel. By combining the infrared protective layer with the emissivity-reducing layer, the total solar transmittance (TTS) can be reduced particularly strongly in the darkened state of the electrochromic functional element.

[0049] A reducing emissivity coating is a coating that reflects thermal radiation. Such a coating is often also referred to as a low-emissivity coating or a low-emissivity coating. The reducing emissivity coating has the function of preventing heat from entering the interior space (thermal radiation from the panel itself) and also preventing heat from radiating out of the interior space. In the context of this invention, emissivity is understood as the normal emissivity at 283K according to standard EN 12898.

[0050] The emissivity-reducing coating is preferably a sequence of thin layers (layer structure, layer stack). Here, the layers are conductive, and the optical properties (transmission and reflection) of the coating can be largely determined by the remaining layers, and thus can be specifically tuned through their configuration. So-called antireflective layers or de-reflective coatings having a low refractive index, preferably at most 1.8 and particularly preferably at most 1.6, have a particular effect in this regard. These antireflective layers can, in particular, increase transmission through the plate and reduce reflectivity through interference effects. This effect is decisively dependent on the refractive index and layer thickness.

[0051] In an advantageous extension, the emissivity-reducing coating comprises at least one transparent conductive oxide (TCO). Such a layer is corrosion-resistant and can be used on exposed surfaces. The emissivity-reducing coating preferably comprises indium tin oxide (ITO). However, alternatively, the emissivity-reducing coating may also comprise, for example, indium zinc oxide (IZO), gallium-doped tin oxide (GZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F), or antimony-doped tin oxide (SnO2:Sb). Such a layer (TCO layer) is preferably disposed between two dielectric layers. Common dielectric layers include, for example:

[0052] - An anti-reflective layer, such as one based on silicon nitride, silicon-metal mixed nitride, such as silicon zirconium nitride, titanium oxide, aluminum nitride, or tin oxide, having a layer thickness of, for example, 10 nm to 100 nm, which reduces the reflection of visible light and thereby improves the transparency of the coated plate.

[0053] - An adapter layer, for example based on zinc oxide (ZnO), having a layer thickness of, for example, 3 nm to 20 nm, which improves the crystallinity of the conductive layer;

[0054] - A smoothing layer, such as an amorphous oxide based on tin, silicon, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, gallium and / or indium, especially based on tin-zinc mixed oxide (ZnSnO), having a layer thickness of, for example, 3 nm to 20 nm, which improves the surface structure of the layer above it.

[0055] The emissivity-reducing coating is preferably constructed from the surface to be coated in one of the following orders:

[0056]

[0057] or

[0058] .

[0059] These layer sequences have proven to be particularly advantageous in terms of emission reduction and the amount of reflected thermal radiation.

[0060] The thickness of the conductive layer is preferably 50 nm to 130 nm, particularly preferably 60 nm to 120 nm, for example 70 nm to 100 nm. This results in particularly good optical transparency. The thickness of each silicon nitride layer is preferably 1 nm to 100 nm, particularly preferably 5 nm to 70 nm, and especially 8 nm to 65 nm, independent of each other. The thickness of the silicon oxide layers is preferably 5 nm to 80 nm, particularly preferably 10 nm to 60 nm, and especially 15 nm to 50 nm, independent of each other. Within this layer thickness range, particularly good results are achieved in terms of emission reduction and the amount of reflected thermal radiation.

[0061] The emissivity-reducing coating and infrared protective layer are preferably transparent and do not significantly restrict visibility through the glass plate. The absorption of the emissivity-reducing coating and infrared protective layer in the visible spectrum is preferably from about 1% to about 20%.

[0062] The emissivity-reducing coating that the composite panel according to the invention can have is known to those skilled in the art. For example, the emissivity-reducing coating can be constructed as disclosed in WO2018206236 A1.

[0063] In another advantageous embodiment of the composite panel, an infrared protective layer is configured to reflect incident infrared light. This, for example, achieves the technical advantages of lower energy transmission (TE) and lower total solar transmission (TTS).

[0064] In another advantageous embodiment of the composite panel, an infrared protective layer is configured to absorb incident infrared light. This, for example, also achieves the technical advantage of reducing the entry of infrared light.

[0065] In another advantageous embodiment of the composite panel, the electrochromic functional element is arranged between two layers comprising polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyurethane (PU), and / or cyclic olefin polymer (COP). These layers are preferably constructed based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB). These layers preferably contain at least one plasticizer. This achieves, for example, the technical advantage that the functional element is embedded between two suitable layers. The intermediate layer is therefore preferably composed of two layers.

[0066] In another preferred extension, the electrochromic functional element, more specifically, the sides of the functional element, are surrounded by a third layer. The third layer is constructed as a frame, having recesses into which the electrochromic functional element is inserted. The third layer may be composed of a thermoplastic film, preferably comprising polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyurethane (PU), and / or cyclic olefin polymer (COP), and preferably including at least one plasticizer, wherein the recesses are introduced into the thermoplastic film by shearing. Alternatively, the third layer may also consist of multiple film segments surrounding the functional element. The intermediate layer is then composed of at least three layers arranged planarly to each other, wherein the intermediate layer has a recess into which the electrochromic functional element is disposed. During manufacturing, the third layer is disposed between the first and second layers, wherein the sides of all layers are preferably aligned. The third layer preferably has approximately the same thickness as the functional element. This compensates for the local thickness difference introduced by the positional limitations of the functional elements, making it possible to avoid glass breakage during lamination and creating an improved visual appearance.

[0067] In another advantageous embodiment of the composite panel, at least one of the layers includes dye molecules for neutralizing the color of the electrochromic functional element. Alternatively, the color of the electrochromic functional element can also be neutralized when viewed through the composite panel by adding a dyed thermoplastic layer, preferably a dyed PVB film. The color of the dye molecules or the thermoplastic layer is preferably yellow or orange. The advantage of this embodiment is that the natural color of the electrochromic functional element can be compensated for.

[0068] In another advantageous embodiment of the composite panel, the electrochromic functional element and / or infrared protective layer have a thickness of 0.1 mm to 1 mm, preferably 0.3 nm to 0.5 mm nm. This achieves, for example, the technical advantage that the transparency of the composite panel is only slightly affected in the visible range.

[0069] In another advantageous embodiment of the composite panel, the outer and / or inner panels comprise or are composed of soda-lime glass, quartz glass, or borosilicate glass. The inner and / or outer panels have a thickness of 0.5 mm to 15 mm, particularly preferably 1 mm to 5 mm. This, for example, achieves the technical advantage of using particularly suitable materials for the outer and / or inner panels.

[0070] The outer and inner panels can be flat glass (plate glass). This is particularly suitable for applications in the construction industry. Alternatively, the outer and inner panels can also be curved. This is particularly suitable for applications in the transportation industry.

[0071] According to the second aspect, this technical task is achieved by a method for manufacturing a composite panel having an outer panel and an inner panel, the outer panel and the inner panel being interconnected in a surface manner via an interlayer. The method includes the steps of:

[0072] - An infrared protective layer is disposed or applied to the inner surface of the outer panel facing the intermediate layer, the inner surface of the inner panel facing the intermediate layer, or not or applied within the intermediate layer, the infrared protective layer having at least one silver-containing layer.

[0073] An electrochromic functional element with electrically controllable optical properties is arranged in the intermediate layer, wherein the total solar transmittance (TTS) of the electrochromic functional element is higher in the dark state than in the bright state, and / or the energy transmittance (TE) of the electrochromic functional element is higher in the dark state than in the bright state.

[0074] The infrared protective layer works in conjunction with the electrochromic functional element to make the total solar transmittance (TTS) through the composite panel lower in the dark state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmittance (TE) through the composite panel lower in the dark state than in the bright state.

[0075] Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of the composite panel according to the invention in vehicles used in land, air, or water transportation, particularly in motor vehicles, wherein the composite panel can be used, for example, as a side window panel and / or a glass roof, preferably as a glass roof. It is preferred to use the composite panel as a glass roof for a vehicle. The composite panel according to the invention can also be used as a functional and / or decorative component, as well as as a component in furniture, equipment, and buildings. The composite panel can also be used as a component of a transparent display.

[0076] Different extensions of the present invention can be implemented individually or in any combination. In particular, the features mentioned above and described below can be used not only in the given combinations, but also in other combinations or individually, without departing from the scope of the present invention. Attached Figure Description

[0077] The invention is described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. The drawings are schematic and not to scale. The drawings do not limit the invention in any way. Wherein:

[0078] Figure 1 A schematic cross-sectional view of a composite plate with multiple layers is shown.

[0079] Figure 2 The transmission spectra of the electrochromic functional element are shown in both bright and dark states without an infrared protective layer.

[0080] Figure 3The transmission and reflection spectra of the electrochromic functional element are shown in bright and dark states without an infrared protective layer.

[0081] Figure 4 The spectrum of the electrochromic functional element is shown in both bright and dark states with an infrared protective layer.

[0082] Figure 5 A schematic stacked structure with a coating that reduces emissivity is shown.

[0083] Figure 6 Another schematic stacked structure with a colored thermoplastic layer is shown.

[0084] Figure 7A Another schematic stacking structure is shown.

[0085] Figure 7B Showing for such Figure 7A The spectrum of the stacked structure shown,

[0086] Figure 8A Another schematic stacking structure is shown.

[0087] Figure 8B Showing for such Figure 8A The spectrum of the stacked structure shown,

[0088] Figure 9 The spectrum is shown for a stacked structure including SPD functional elements without an infrared protective layer.

[0089] Figure 10 The spectrum is shown for a stacked structure including another electrochromic functional element without an infrared protective layer, and

[0090] Figure 11 A block diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing composite panels is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0091] Figure 1A schematic cross-sectional view of a composite panel 100 having electrically controllable optical properties is shown. The composite panel 100 has multiple layers. An outer panel 103 is connected to an inner panel 105 in a face-to-face manner via an intermediate layer 111. The outer panel 103 and the inner panel 105 are permanently and stably connected to each other via the intermediate layer 111 through lamination. The intermediate layer 111 includes at least one thermoplastic adhesive film. The thermoplastic adhesive film contains at least one thermoplastic polymer, preferably ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and / or polyvinyl butyral (PVB). This achieves the connection between the intermediate layer 111 and the outer panel 103 and the inner panel 105. However, the thermoplastic adhesive film may also, for example, contain at least polyurethane, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyacetal resin, casting resin, acrylate, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, polyvinyl fluoride and / or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene. The thickness of the thermoplastic adhesive film is preferably 0.25 mm to 1 mm, for example 0.38 mm or 0.76 mm.

[0092] An electrochromic functional element 107 with electrically controllable optical properties is disposed in the intermediate layer 111. This electrochromic functional element can be electrically controlled between a bright state and a dark state. In the bright state, the functional element 107 reduces infrared radiation, while in the dark state, the functional element 107 is more transparent to infrared radiation (see [link to relevant documentation]). Figure 2 The intermediate layer 111 further has an infrared protection layer 109 for blocking infrared radiation and two polycaprolactone (PCL) layers 113, with functional elements 107 arranged between the PCL layers.

[0093] Functional element 107 can, in principle, be applied to, for example, the inner surface of the outer panel 103 or the inner panel 105. The inner surface refers to the surface of the panel facing the intermediate layer. In a preferred configuration, functional element 107 is arranged planarly between at least two thermoplastic adhesive films. Functional element 107 is here connected to the outer panel 103 via at least one first thermoplastic adhesive film and to the inner panel 105 via at least one second thermoplastic adhesive film. Here, the first and second thermoplastic adhesive films are in contact with the outer panel 103 or the inner panel 105, causing the functional element 107 to be bonded to the outer panel 103 and the inner panel 105 to form a composite panel 100.

[0094] The outer panel 103 and the inner panel 105 may typically comprise unstressed, partially stressed, or stressed glass, preferably flat glass, float glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, or clear plastic, preferably rigid clear plastic, especially polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl chloride and / or mixtures thereof, and preferably have a thickness of 0.5 mm to 15 mm, particularly preferably 1 mm to 5 mm.

[0095] Figure 2 The transmission spectrum of the electrochromic functional element 107 in a bright state and a dark state is shown as a function of wavelength.

[0096] In the visible spectrum (400-800 nm), the transmittance of the electrochromic element 107 is lower in the dark or shaded state than in the bright state. However, in the infrared range (800-2500 nm), the transmittance of the electrochromic element 107 is higher in the shaded state than in the bright state. Under these conditions, a spectral shift occurs when the element 107 is switched.

[0097] The transmission curves show that the bright state blocks infrared light, while the dark state allows infrared light to pass through. Therefore, the energy transmission (TE) and total solar energy transmission (TTS) are higher in the dark state compared to the bright state.

[0098] Figure 3 The transmission spectra of the electrochromic functional element 107 in a bright state and a dark state are shown without the infrared protective layer 109. These transmission spectra correspond to those from... Figure 2 Those transmission spectra. Additionally, the reflection spectra of functional element 107 in a bright state and in a dark or shaded state are shown.

[0099] Figure 4 The transmission spectrum of the electrochromic functional element 107 in a bright state and in a dark or shaded state is shown with the additional infrared protective layer 109. Infrared light transmission is substantially blocked in the shaded state of the functional element 107. In contrast, infrared light reflection is higher in the shaded state of the functional element 107.

[0100] Thermal stimuli caused by infrared radiation can be prevented by an infrared protective layer 109, such as infrared-absorbing polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or an infrared-reflecting layer. A suitable infrared protective layer 109 can be determined by simulation and optical measurement of the stacking structure of the composite panel 100. Here, the goal is that the energy transmittance TE is greater in the bright state than in the shaded state (TE(bright) > TE(shaded)), and the total solar energy transmittance TTS is also greater in the bright state than in the shaded state (TTS(bright) > TTS(shaded)).

[0101] It is demonstrated that a silver-based coating on a glass or polyethylene terephthalate layer (PET layer) can cause a lower energy transmittance TE and a lower total solar energy transmittance TTS for the shaded state than for the bright state. The reason for this is that the silver coating has a high reflectance in the near-infrared range and also reflects red light in the visible spectral range. By combining the silver-based infrared protective layer 109 with the electrochromic functional element 107, the infrared transmittance of the composite panel 100 can be reduced, such that the total solar energy transmittance TTS is lower for the shaded state than for the bright state (TTS(shaded) < TTS(bright)). Thus, shading results in preventing heat release in a vehicle, which is expected by vehicle occupants. In addition, the blue color of the electrochromic (EC) functional element 107 can be neutralized in the shaded state 203 by adding a yellow PVB intermediate layer.

[0102] Based on the stacking structure, the following values of the light transmittance TL, energy transmittance TE, and total solar energy transmittance TTS are obtained. The layer sequences listed below are in the order from the outside to the inside.

[0103] 1. Without an infrared protective layer

[0104] Stacking structure - layer thickness:[[]]

[0105] 2.1 mm thick outer plate 103 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based unstained layer 113 / electrochromic functional element 107 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based unstained layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick inner plate 105

[0106] The inner plate 105 and the outer plate 103 are composed of soda-lime glass, for example.

[0107] Light transmittance TL (bright / shaded): 32% / 1%

[0108] Energy transmittance TE (bright / shaded): 18% / 26%

[0109] Total solar energy transmittance TTS (bright / shaded): 38% / 44%

[0110] 2. Infrared-absorbing PVB <00002​​

[0112] 2.1 mm thick outer panel 103 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based infrared protective layer 109 / electrochromic functional element 107 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick inner panel 105

[0113] The inner panel 105 and the outer panel 103 are, for example, composed of soda-lime glass. In this example, the infrared protective layer is a PVB-based infrared absorbing layer.

[0114] Light transmission TL (bright / dark): 31% / 1%

[0115] Energy transmission TE (bright / dark): 17% / 20%

[0116] Total Solar Transmission (TTS) (Bright / Shaded): 38% / 40%

[0117] 3. Non-metallic infrared protective layer

[0118] Stacked structure - layer thickness:

[0119] 2.1 mm thick outer panel 103 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / Infrared protective layer 109 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / Electrochromic functional element 107 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick inner panel 105

[0120] Light transmission TL (bright / dark): 32% / 1%

[0121] Energy transmission TE (bright / dark): 16% / 16%

[0122] Total Solar Transmission (TTS) (Bright / Shaded): 33% / 33%

[0123] The infrared protective layer 109 is a combination of multiple non-metallic interference layers applied to a thin film that reflects infrared solar energy with minimal impact on transmission in the visible range.

[0124] 4. Infrared protective layer with 3 silver layers

[0125] Stacked structure - layer thickness:

[0126] 2.1 mm thick outer panel 103 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / Infrared protective layer 109 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / Electrochromic functional element 107 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick inner panel 105

[0127] Light transmittance TL (bright / dark): 27% / 0.8%

[0128] Energy transmission TE (bright / dark): 12% / 4%

[0129] Total solar transmittance (TTS) (bright / dark): 27% / 21%

[0130] In this example, the infrared protective layer 109 is composed of a silver-containing transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film embedded between PVB-based layers 113 to create a protective barrier against harmful solar radiation. In this example, the infrared protective layer 109 has three silver layers. The silver layers are separated from each other by a dielectric layer.

[0131] 5. Infrared protective layer with two silver layers

[0132] Stacked structure - layer thickness:

[0133] 2.1 mm thick outer panel 103 / Infrared protective layer 109 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / Electrochromic functional element 107 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick inner panel 105

[0134] Light transmittance TL (bright / dark): 26% / 0.8%

[0135] Energy transmission TE (bright / dark): 13% / 7%

[0136] Total Solar Transmission (TTS) (Bright / Shaded): 29% / 25%

[0137] The infrared protective layer 109 is silver-based and reflects light in the infrared range above 800 nm. In this example, the infrared protective layer 109 has two silver layers. In this example, the infrared protective layer 109 is applied directly to the inner surface of the outer plate 103, i.e., the surface facing layer 113.

[0138] 6. Infrared protective layer with 3 silver layers

[0139] Stacked structure - layer thickness:

[0140] 2.1 mm thick outer panel 103 / Infrared protective layer 109 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / Electrochromic functional element 107 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick inner panel 105

[0141] Light transmittance TL (bright / dark): 25% / 0.8%

[0142] Energy transmission TE (bright / dark): 11% / 3%

[0143] Total solar transmittance (TTS) (bright / dark): 23% / 17%

[0144] An infrared protective layer 109 with three silver layers, such as the infrared protective layer 109 shown in Example 6, is even better at blocking TE and TTS through the composite plate.

[0145] 7. An infrared protective layer with three silver layers and a coating to reduce emissivity.

[0146] Stacked structure - layer thickness:

[0147] 2.1 mm thick outer panel 103 / Infrared protective layer 109 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / Electrochromic functional element 107 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick inner panel 105 / Emissivity-reducing coating 117

[0148] A low-emissivity cladding 117 (Low-E layer) is a layer constructed to reflect thermal radiation or reduce emission at room temperature. The low-emissivity cladding 117 is, for example, a sequence of layers with an ITO layer. The reflected wavelength range is, for example, 10 μm. Since glass is not transparent in this wavelength range, this layer is located on the outer surface of the inner panel 100.

[0149] Light transmittance TL (bright / dark): 25% / 0.8%

[0150] Energy transmission TE (bright / dark): 11% / 3%

[0151] Total Solar Transmission (TTS) (Bright / Dark): 20% / 13%

[0152] Figure 4 Figures 7 and 8 illustrate the optical performance of the example described above with number 6, using an infrared protective layer 109 with three silver layers. This shows that, except for a small peak around the wavelength of 800 nm, the infrared transmission of the composite plate 100 can be completely suppressed in a darkened state. A particularly preferred stacked structure for applications in the automotive field is a combination having a cladding 117 with reduced emissivity, as shown in the example with number 7.

[0153] Furthermore, color matching of the composite panel 100 can be performed. Typically, it is also possible to add electrochromic molecules to the electrochromic functional element 107, which switch to yellow or red to produce an overall neutral gray. Alternatively, dyes can be used in the thermoplastic layer 113. Such a dyed thermoplastic layer 113, preferably based on a PVB structure, cannot be actively switched and similarly affects not only the bright state but also the dark state.

[0154] Figure 5 A schematic stacked structure of the composite glass panel 100 is shown. This stacked structure corresponds to the example numbered 7, which has two transparent layers 113, for example, based on a PVB structure. Unlike examples 1 to 6, the composite panel 100 has a cladding 117 on the outer surface of the inner panel 105 to reduce emissivity. The composite panel 100 has different tints in its bright state, i.e., its transparent state, and its dark state (see Table 1).

[0155] Table 1: For those from Figure 5 The coloring of composite board 100 in both bright and dark states.

[0156] L*a*b*-Color Space L* a* b* Bright state 57 -7.2 5.0 Darkened state 8 7.9 -18.0

[0157] Figure 6 Another schematic stacked structure of the composite glass panel 100 is shown. This stacked structure corresponds to the example with number 7, in which a transparent thermoplastic layer 113, for example, based on PVB construction, has been replaced by a dyed yellow thermoplastic layer 115, for example, based on PVB construction. This achieves color matching with respect to the functional element 107. Color matching is performed using the dyed yellow layer 115. The concentration of the dye can be adapted to the thickness of layer 115. Due to the yellow color of the dyed layer 115, a neutral gray of the composite panel 100 is obtained when the color value of the functional layer 107 is in the blue range. The composite panel 100 has corresponding colors in its bright state, i.e., transparent state, and dark state (see Table 2).

[0158] Table 2: For those from Figure 6 The coloring of composite board 100 in both bright and dark states.

[0159] L*a*b*color space L* a* b* Bright state 57 -9.1 11.0 Darkened state 8 5.6 -14.7

[0160] Instead of the PVB-based dyeing layer 115, other layers can be used, such as those made of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyurethane (PU), or cyclic olefin polymer (COP). The same applies to acoustic PVB or PVB with infrared-absorbing particles.

[0161] Figure 7A Another schematic cross-sectional view of a composite plate 100 having multiple layers is shown. Figure 7BShowing with Figure 7A The relevant spectrum. The composite panel 100 has a tinted lower glass (VG10) as the inner panel 105. The tinted glass is gray glass with a light transmittance of 28%. The infrared protective layer 109 is a three-layer silver layer on the inner surface of the outer panel 103. This structure of the composite panel 100 also covers practical applications and achieves improved color neutrality due to the low light transmittance.

[0162] Stacked structure - layer thickness:

[0163] 2.1 mm thick outer panel 103 / Infrared protective layer 109 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / Electrochromic functional element 107 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick colored inner panel 105

[0164] Light transmission TL (bright / dark): 7.8% / 0.2%

[0165] Energy transmission transmittance (TE) (bright / dark): 3.5% / 0.7%

[0166] Total solar transmittance (TTS) (bright / dark): 17.5% / 15.6%

[0167] Figure 8A Another schematic cross-sectional view of a composite plate 100 having multiple layers is shown. Figure 8B Showing with Figure 8A The relevant spectrum. The composite panel 100 has a tinted lower glass (VG10) as the inner panel 105 and an emissivity-reducing cladding 117, which is configured to reflect thermal radiation or reduce emission at room temperature. The emissivity-reducing cladding is, for example, a layer sequence with ITO layers. The tinted glass is gray glass with a light transmittance of 28%. The infrared protective layer 109 is, for example, a three-layer silver layer, which is applied to the inner surface of the outer panel 103. With this structure of the composite panel 100, practical applications are covered due to the low light transmittance. The structure with the emissivity-reducing cladding 117 (low-emissivity layer) has almost the same characteristics as in... Figure 7B The spectrum shown is the same as the spectrum without the emissivity-reducing coating 117, and thus the TL and TE values. However, the composite plate 100 with the emissivity-reducing coating 117 has a significantly better TTS value. This effect is achieved by the emissivity-reducing coating 117.

[0168] Stacked structure - layer thickness:

[0169] 2.1 mm thick outer panel 103 / Infrared protective layer 109 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / Electrochromic functional element 107 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick colored inner panel 105 / Emissivity-reducing coating 117

[0170] Light transmittance (TL) (bright / dark): 7.6% / 0.2%

[0171] Energy transmission transmittance (TE) (bright / dark): 3.4% / 0.7%

[0172] Total solar transmittance (TTS) (bright / dark): 13.4% / 11.2%

[0173] Figure 9 The transmission spectra of the SPD functional element (SPD - Suspended Particle Device) in bright and dark states are shown as a function of wavelength, without the application of the infrared protective layer 109. The SPD functional element is placed in the composite plate 100, and the stacking structure of the composite plate 100 is as follows:

[0174] 2.1 mm thick outer panel 103 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / SPD functional element / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick inner panel 105

[0175] The inner plate 105 and the outer plate 103 are, for example, composed of soda-lime glass.

[0176] In the visible spectrum (380 nm to 780 nm), the transmittance of the SPD functional element is lower in the dark or shaded state than in the bright state. In the infrared range (780 nm to 2500 nm), the transmittance of the SPD functional element is also lower in the shaded state, especially in the more frequently used infrared range (780 nm to 1300 nm), than in the bright state. Under these conditions, no shift occurs when switching the SPD functional element.

[0177] Transmission curves show that the SPD functional element does not have the following problematic issue: blocking infrared light in the bright state while allowing infrared light to pass through in the dark state. Energy transmission (TE) and total solar transmittance (TTS) are significantly lower in the dark state compared to the bright state.

[0178] Light transmittance TL (bright / dark): 38.7% / 0.8%

[0179] Energy transmission transmittance (TE) (bright / dark): 50.9% / 21.2%

[0180] Total solar transmittance (TTS) (bright / dark): 62.3% / 40.8%

[0181] Figure 10 The transmission spectra of another electrochromic functional element, which is not functional in the sense of this invention, are shown as a function of wavelength in a bright state and a dark state without the application of the infrared protective layer 109. This other electrochromic functional element differs from those from Examples 1 to 7. Figure 1 Electrochromic functional element 107 is used in composite board 100. The stacking structure of composite board 100 is as follows:

[0182] 2.1 mm thick outer panel 103 / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / another electrochromic functional element / 0.38 mm thick PVB-based undyed layer 113 / 2.1 mm thick inner panel 105

[0183] In the visible spectrum (400-800 nm), the transmittance of this other electrochromic functional element is lower in the dark or shaded state than in the bright state. In the infrared range (800-2500 nm), the transmittance of this other electrochromic functional element is slightly lower in the shaded state than in the bright state.

[0184] Transmission curves show that not all electrochromic functional elements suffer from the following problem: the bright state blocks infrared light while the dark state allows infrared light to pass through. For certain electrochromic functional elements (such as the one shown in this example), the energy transmission (TE) and total solar transmittance (TTS) in the dark state are much lower than in the bright state.

[0185] Light transmission TL (bright / dark): 56.9% / 2.8%

[0186] Energy transmission TE (bright / dark): 41.7% / 2.0%

[0187] Total solar transmittance (TTS) (bright / dark): 55.6% / 27.2%

[0188] Figure 11A block diagram of a method for manufacturing composite panel 100 is shown. In step S101, an infrared protective layer 109 for blocking infrared radiation is applied to the outer panel 103 or the inner panel 104, or disposed within the intermediate layer 111. In step S102, an electrochromic functional element 107 having electrically controllable optical properties is disposed within the intermediate layer 111. In the case of the electrochromic functional element, the total solar transmittance (TTS) is higher in the dark state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmittance (TE) is higher in the dark state than in the bright state. Subsequently, the outer panel 103 and the inner panel 105 are interconnected via the intermediate layer 111 to form composite panel 100. Here, the total solar transmittance (TTS) through composite panel 100 is lower in the dark state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmittance (TE) through composite panel (100) is lower in the dark state than in the bright state.

[0189] The composite panel 100 meets automakers' expectations in terms of thermal comfort (TTS (brightness) > TTS (darkness)), aesthetics (color), and durability. The composite panel 100 achieves the technical advantage of preventing unwanted heating of the vehicle's interior space and thermal stimulation of vehicle occupants.

[0190] All the features described and illustrated in connection with the various embodiments of the present invention can be arranged in different combinations within the subject matter of the invention in order to simultaneously achieve the advantageous effects of the features.

[0191] All method steps can be implemented by devices suitable for executing their respective method steps. All functions performed by specific features can be method steps of a method.

[0192] The scope of protection of this invention is given by the claims and is not limited to the features set forth in the specification or shown in the figures.

[0193] List of reference numerals

[0194] 100 Composite Glass Panel

[0195] 103 outer panel

[0196] 105 Inner Panel

[0197] 107 Electrochromic functional element

[0198] 109 Infrared protective layer

[0199] 111 Intermediate Layer

[0200] 113th floor

[0201] 115 Staining layer

[0202] 117. Coatings that reduce emissivity.

Claims

1. A composite plate (100) having electrically controllable optical properties, said composite plate having: - Outer panel (103) and inner panel (105), the outer panel and the inner panel are connected to each other in a surface manner via an intermediate layer (111); - An electrochromic functional element (107) with electrically controllable optical properties within the intermediate layer (111), wherein the total solar transmittance (TTS) is higher in the dark state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmittance (TE) is higher in the dark state than in the bright state, wherein in the bright state, the electrochromic functional element (107) reduces infrared radiation, while in the dark state, the electrochromic functional element (107) is more transparent to infrared radiation; and - An infrared protective layer (109) having at least one silver-containing layer, said infrared protective layer being applied to or disposed on the inner surface of the inner plate (105) facing the intermediate layer (111), on the inner surface of the outer plate (103) facing the intermediate layer (111), or within the intermediate layer (111), said infrared protective layer working in conjunction with said electrochromic functional element (107) such that the total solar transmittance (TTS) through the composite plate (100) is lower in the dark state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmittance (TE) through the composite plate (100) is lower in the dark state than in the bright state. The bright state means that the electrochromic functional element (107) has a maximum transmittance of at least 15% light transmission (TL) to visible light, and the dark state means that the electrochromic functional element (107) has a minimum transmittance of at most 10% light transmission (TL) to visible light.

2. The composite panel (100) according to claim 1, wherein the infrared protective layer (109) is arranged in a planar manner between the outer panel (103) and the electrochromic functional element (107).

3. The composite panel (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the infrared protective layer (109) is applied to the surface of the outer panel (103) facing the intermediate layer (111) or to the polyethylene terephthalate layer, wherein the polyethylene terephthalate layer having the infrared protective layer (109) is disposed within the intermediate layer (111).

4. The composite plate (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the infrared protective layer (109) comprises at least two silver layers.

5. The composite plate (100) according to claim 4, wherein the infrared protective layer (109) comprises at least three silver layers.

6. The composite plate (100) according to claim 4, wherein the infrared protective layer (109) comprises exactly three silver layers.

7. The composite panel (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the total solar transmittance (TTS) of the composite panel (100) is less than or equal to 35% in the bright state of the electrochromic functional element (107).

8. The composite panel (100) according to claim 7, wherein the total solar transmittance (TTS) of the composite panel (100) is less than or equal to 25% in the bright state of the electrochromic functional element (107).

9. The composite panel (100) according to claim 7, wherein the total solar transmittance (TTS) of the composite panel (100) is less than or equal to 15% in the bright state of the electrochromic functional element (107).

10. The composite panel (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the light transmission TL through the composite panel (100) is greater than or equal to 5% in the bright state of the electrochromic functional element (107).

11. The composite panel (100) according to claim 10, wherein the light transmission TL through the composite panel (100) is greater than or equal to 10% in the bright state of the electrochromic functional element (107).

12. The composite panel (100) according to claim 10, wherein the light transmission TL through the composite panel (100) is greater than or equal to 20% in the bright state of the electrochromic functional element (107).

13. The composite panel (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the emissivity-reducing cladding (117) is applied in a planar manner to the outer surface of the inner panel (105) opposite to the intermediate layer (111).

14. The composite plate (100) according to claim 13, wherein the emissivity-reducing coating (117) comprises a conductive oxide (TCO).

15. The composite plate (100) according to claim 14, wherein the emissivity-reducing cladding (117) comprises indium tin oxide (ITO).

16. The composite panel (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the infrared protective layer (109) is configured to reflect incident infrared light.

17. The composite panel (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the electrochromic functional element (107) is disposed between two layers (113), the layers comprising polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyurethane (PU) and / or cyclic olefin polymer (COP), mostly composed of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyurethane (PU) and / or cyclic olefin polymer (COP) or entirely composed of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyurethane (PU) and / or cyclic olefin polymer (COP).

18. The composite panel (100) according to claim 17, wherein at least one of the layers (113) comprises dye molecules for neutralizing the color of the electrochromic functional element (107).

19. The composite plate (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one silver-containing layer of the infrared protective layer (109) has a thickness of 5 nm to 50 nm.

20. The composite plate (100) according to claim 19, wherein at least one silver-containing layer of the infrared protective layer (109) has a thickness of 8 nm to 25 nm.

21. The composite panel (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the outer panel (103) and / or the inner panel (105) comprises or is composed of soda-lime glass and has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 15 mm.

22. The composite panel (100) according to claim 21, wherein the outer panel (103) and / or the inner panel (105) have a thickness of 1 mm to 5 mm.

23. A method for manufacturing a composite panel (100), the composite panel having an outer panel (103) and an inner panel (105), the outer panel and the inner panel being connected to each other surface-to-surface via an intermediate layer (111), the method comprising the steps of: - An infrared protective layer (109) having at least one silver-containing layer is arranged or applied (S101) to the inner surface of the outer plate (103) facing the intermediate layer (111), the inner surface of the inner plate (105) facing the intermediate layer (111), or within the intermediate layer (111), and - An electrochromic functional element (107) with electrically controllable optical properties is arranged (S101) within the intermediate layer (111), wherein the total solar transmittance (TTS) is higher in the dark state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmittance (TE) is higher in the dark state than in the bright state. The infrared protective layer (109) and the electrochromic functional element (107) work together to make the total solar transmittance (TTS) through the composite plate (100) lower in the dark state than in the bright state and / or the energy transmittance (TE) through the composite plate (100) lower in the dark state than in the bright state. The bright state means that the electrochromic functional element (107) has a maximum transmittance of at least 15% light transmission (TL) to visible light, and the dark state means that the electrochromic functional element (107) has a minimum transmittance of at most 10% light transmission (TL) to visible light.

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