Interference detection in an analyte monitoring system

Abstract

Analyte monitoring methods and systems for interferent detection. Methods can include generating one or more analyte measurements using one or more analyte detectors of an analyte sensor, the analyte measurements indicative of an analyte level in a first medium. Methods can include generating one or more interferent measurements using one or more interferent detectors of the analyte sensor and / or one or more interferent sensors of a transceiver, the interferent measurements indicative of an interferent level in the first medium. Methods can include transmitting the one or more analyte measurements using a transceiver interface of the analyte sensor and receiving the one or more analyte measurements from the analyte sensor using a sensor interface of the transceiver. Methods can include using the transceiver to calculate an analyte level in a second medium using at least the one or more analyte measurements and the one or more interferent measurements.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62 / 934,589, filed November 13, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This invention relates to systems and methods for analyte monitoring. Specifically, aspects of the invention relate to the detection of interfering substances in analyte monitoring systems. Background Technology

[0004] The prevalence of diabetes continues to increase in industrialized countries and is projected to rise to 4.4% of the global population (366 million people) by 2030. Glycemic control is a key determinant of long-term prognosis for people with diabetes, and poor glycemic control is associated with an increased risk of retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral vascular disease requiring amputation, as well as myocardial infarction, stroke, and amputation. Despite the development of new insulin and other classes of antidiabetic therapies, approximately half of people with diabetes do not achieve the recommended target hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level <7.0%.

[0005] Frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is essential for achieving strict glycemic control in people with diabetes, especially those requiring insulin therapy. However, current blood (finger-prick) glucose testing is cumbersome, and even in structured clinical studies, patient adherence to the recommended frequency of SMBG decreases significantly over time. Furthermore, finger-prick measurements provide only information about a single point in time and do not provide information about intraday fluctuations in blood glucose levels that can be more closely correlated with certain clinical outcomes.

[0006] Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been developed in an effort to overcome the limitations of fingertip SMBG, thereby helping to improve patient outcomes. These systems are able to increase the frequency of glucose measurements and better characterize dynamic glucose fluctuations, including unrealized hypoglycemic episodes. Furthermore, the integration of CGMs with automated insulin pumps allows for the creation of a closed-loop “artificial pancreas” system that more closely approximates physiological insulin delivery and improves adherence.

[0007] Monitoring real-time analyte measurements from living organisms via wireless analyte monitoring sensors offers numerous health and research benefits. Innovation is needed to enhance such analyte monitoring systems. Summary of the Invention

[0008] One aspect of the present invention provides an analyte monitoring system including an analyte sensor and a transceiver. The analyte sensor may include one or more analyte detectors configured to generate one or more analyte measurements indicating analyte levels in a first medium. The analyte sensor may include one or more interfering detectors configured to generate one or more interfering detector measurements indicating interfering levels in the first medium. The analyte sensor may include a transceiver interface configured to transmit the one or more analyte measurements and the one or more interfering detector measurements. The transceiver may include a sensor interface configured to receive the one or more analyte measurements and the one or more interfering detector measurements from the analyte sensor. The transceiver may include a processor configured to calculate analyte levels in a second medium using at least the one or more analyte measurements and the one or more interfering detector measurements.

[0009] Another aspect of the invention provides an analyte monitoring system including an analyte sensor and a transceiver. The analyte sensor may include one or more analyte detectors configured to generate one or more analyte measurements indicating analyte levels in a first medium. The analyte sensor may include a transceiver interface configured to transmit the one or more analyte measurements. The transceiver may include a sensor interface configured to receive the one or more analyte measurements from the analyte sensor. The transceiver may include one or more interference sensors configured to generate one or more interference measurements indicating interference levels in the first medium. The transceiver may include a processor configured to calculate analyte levels in a second medium using at least the one or more analyte measurements and the one or more interference measurements.

[0010] In some aspects, calculating the analyte level in the second medium may include calculating the analyte level in the first medium using at least one or more of the analyte measurements. In some aspects, calculating the analyte level in the second medium may include calculating the interfering substance level in the first medium using at least a calculated analyte level in the first medium and a calculated interfering substance level in the first medium.

[0011] In some aspects, calculating the analyte level in the second medium using at least the calculated analyte level in the first medium and the calculated interfering substance level in the first medium may include adjusting one or more parameters of the conversion function based on the at least calculated interfering substance level in the first medium. In some aspects, calculating the analyte level in the second medium using at least the calculated analyte level in the first medium and the calculated interfering substance level in the first medium may include calculating the analyte level in the second medium using at least an adjusted conversion function and the calculated analyte level in the first medium.

[0012] In some aspects, the analyte sensor may further include an analyte index and an interfering index. In some aspects, the analyte index may include analyte index molecules, and the interfering index may include interfering index molecules. In some aspects, the analyte sensor may further include an index structure, and analyte index molecules may be distributed throughout the index structure. In some aspects, interfering index molecules may be distributed throughout the index structure. In some aspects, the analyte sensor may further include an analyte excitation light source configured to irradiate the analyte index with analyte excitation light, and the analyte index may be configured to emit analyte emission light in response to irradiation by the analyte excitation light, the analyte emission light indicating the analyte level in a first medium. In some aspects, the one or more analyte detectors may include an analyte photodetector configured to output an analyte signal indicating the amount of analyte emission light received by the analyte photodetector.

[0013] In some aspects, the analyte excitation source may also be configured to illuminate an interfering indicator with analyte excitation light, and the interfering indicator may be configured to emit interfering emission light in response to analyte excitation light illumination, the interfering emission light indicating the level of interfering substances in the first medium. In some aspects, the one or more interfering substance detectors may include an interfering substance photodetector configured to output an interfering substance signal indicating the amount of interfering substance emission light received by the interfering substance photodetector. In some aspects, the analyte sensor may also include an interfering substance excitation source configured to illuminate an interfering substance indicator with interfering substance excitation light, the wavelength range of which may differ from the wavelength range of the interfering substance excitation light, and the interfering substance indicator may be configured to emit interfering substance emission light in response to analyte excitation light illumination, the interfering emission light indicating the level of interfering substances in the first medium. In some aspects, the one or more interfering substance detectors may include an interfering substance photodetector configured to output an interfering substance signal indicating the amount of interfering substance emission light received by the interfering substance photodetector.

[0014] In some aspects, the interfering substance may be a first interfering substance, the one or more interfering substance measurements may be one or more first interfering substance measurements, the one or more interfering substance detectors may be one or more first interfering substance detectors, the analyte sensor may further include one or more second interfering substance detectors configured to generate one or more second interfering substance measurements indicating the level of the second interfering substance in the first medium, the transceiver interface may be further configured to transmit the one or more second interfering substance measurements, the sensor interface may also be configured to receive the one or more second interfering substance measurements from the analyte sensor, and the processor may be configured to use at least the one or more analyte measurements, the one or more first interfering substance measurements, and the one or more second interfering substance measurements. In some aspects, the first medium may be interstitial fluid, the second medium may be blood, the analyte may be glucose, the first interfering substance may be insulin, and the second interfering substance may be blood.

[0015] In some cases, the first medium can be interstitial fluid, the second medium can be blood, the analyte can be glucose, and the interfering substance can be insulin or blood.

[0016] Another aspect of the invention provides a method comprising generating one or more analyte measurements using one or more analyte detectors of an analyte sensor, the analyte measurements indicating analyte levels in a first medium. The method may include generating one or more interfering substance measurements using one or more interfering substance detectors of the analyte sensor, the interfering substance measurements indicating interfering substance levels in the first medium. The method may include transmitting the one or more analyte measurements and the one or more interfering substance measurements using a transceiver interface of the analyte sensor. The method may include receiving the one or more analyte measurements and the one or more interfering substance measurements from the analyte sensor using a transceiver interface. The method may include using a transceiver to calculate analyte levels in a second medium using at least the one or more analyte measurements and the one or more interfering substance measurements.

[0017] Another aspect of the invention provides a method comprising generating one or more analyte measurements using one or more analyte detectors of an analyte sensor, the analyte measurements indicating analyte levels in a first medium. The method may include transmitting the one or more analyte measurements using a transceiver interface of the analyte sensor. The method may include receiving the one or more analyte measurements using a sensor interface of a transceiver. The method may include generating one or more interference measurements using one or more interference sensors of a transceiver, the interference measurements indicating interference levels in the first medium. The method may include using a transceiver to calculate analyte levels in a second medium using at least the one or more analyte measurements and the one or more interference measurements.

[0018] In some aspects, calculating the analyte level in the second medium may include measuring and calculating the analyte level in the first medium using at least one or more of the analytes, measuring and calculating the interfering substance level in the first medium using at least one or more of the analytes, and calculating the analyte level in the second medium using the at least calculated analyte level in the first medium and the calculated interfering substance level in the first medium. In some aspects, calculating the analyte level in the second medium using the at least calculated analyte level in the first medium and the calculated interfering substance level in the first medium may include: adjusting one or more parameters of a transformation function based on the at least calculated interfering substance level in the first medium, and calculating the analyte level in the second medium using the at least adjusted transformation function and the calculated analyte level in the first medium.

[0019] In some aspects, the method may further include illuminating an analyte index of the analyte sensor with analyte excitation light using an analyte excitation light source of the analyte sensor. The method may also include using the analyte index to emit analyte emission light in response to analyte excitation light illumination, the analyte emission light indicating the analyte level in the first medium. In some aspects, the one or more analyte detectors may include analyte photodetectors, and using the one or more analyte detectors to generate the one or more analyte measurements indicating the analyte level in the first medium may include using the analyte photodetector to output an analyte signal indicating the amount of analyte emission light received by the analyte photodetector. In some aspects, the method may further include using an analyte excitation light source to illuminate an interfering indicator of the analyte sensor with analyte excitation light, and using the interfering indicator to emit interfering emission light in response to analyte excitation light illumination, the interfering emission light indicating the interfering level in the first medium. In some aspects, the one or more interference detectors may include interference photodetectors, and using the one or more interference detectors to generate the one or more interference measurements indicating the interference level in the first medium may include: using the interference photodetector to output an interference signal indicating the amount of light emitted by the interference received by the interference photodetector.

[0020] In some aspects, the method may further include using an interfering excitation light source of the analyte sensor to illuminate an interfering index of the analyte sensor with interfering excitation light, and the wavelength range of the analyte excitation light may differ from the wavelength range of the interfering excitation light. The method may also include using the interfering index to emit interfering emission light in response to illumination by interfering excitation light, the interfering emission light indicating the level of interfering in the first medium. In some aspects, the one or more interfering detectors may include interfering photodetectors, and using the one or more interfering detectors to generate the one or more interfering measurements indicating the level of interfering in the first medium may include using the interfering photodetector to output an interfering signal indicating the amount of interfering emission light received by the interfering photodetector.

[0021] In some aspects, the interfering substance may be a first interfering substance, the one or more interfering substance measurements may be one or more first interfering substance measurements, the one or more interfering substance detectors may be one or more first interfering substance detectors, and the method may further include using one or more second interfering substance detectors of the analyte sensor to generate one or more second interfering substance measurements, the interfering substance measurements indicating the level of the second interfering substance in the first medium. The method may also include using a transceiver interface of the analyte sensor to transmit the one or more second interfering substance measurements. The method may also include using a sensor interface of the transceiver to receive the one or more second interfering substance measurements from the analyte sensor. The transceiver may use at least the one or more analyte measurements, the one or more first interfering substance measurements, and the one or more second interfering substance measurements to calculate the analyte level in the second medium. In some aspects, the first medium may be interstitial fluid, the second medium may be blood, the analyte may be glucose, the first interfering substance may be insulin, and the second interfering substance may be blood.

[0022] In some cases, the first medium can be interstitial fluid, the second medium can be blood, the analyte can be glucose, and the interfering substance can be insulin or blood.

[0023] Further variations included in the system and method are described in the following detailed description of the invention. Attached Figure Description

[0024] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate various non-limiting embodiments of the invention. In the drawings, similar reference numerals indicate the same or functionally similar elements.

[0025] Figure 1A This is a schematic diagram illustrating an analyte monitoring system that embodies aspects of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 1B This is a schematic diagram illustrating the analyte sensor and transceiver of the analyte monitoring system embodying aspects of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 2A This is a perspective view illustrating a first non-limiting example of an implantable device embodying aspects of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 2B This is a perspective view showing elements of a first non-limiting example of an analytical sensor embodying aspects of the present invention.

[0029] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram showing the layout of the semiconductor substrate of the analyte sensor embodying aspects of the present invention.

[0030] Figure 4This is a schematic diagram of an analytical sensor that includes an analyte photodetector and an interfering analyte photodetector and embodies aspects of the present invention.

[0031] Figure 5A and Figure 5B This is a schematic diagram of an analytical sensor that includes an analyte photodetector and an interfering analyte photodetector and embodies aspects of the present invention.

[0032] Figures 6A-6C This is a schematic diagram of an analytical sensor that includes an analyte photodetector and an interfering analyte photodetector and embodies aspects of the present invention.

[0033] Figure 7A , Figure 7B and Figure 7C These are perspective, side, and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a second non-limiting example of an analytical sensor embodying aspects of the present invention.

[0034] Figure 7D , Figure 7E and Figure 7F These are, respectively, a perspective view, a perspective view, and a side view of a third non-limiting analyte sensor embodying aspects of the present invention.

[0035] Figure 7G , Figure 7H and Figure 7I This is a schematic diagram showing an analyte sensor that includes two or more index structures.

[0036] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram illustrating a transceiver that embodies aspects of the present invention.

[0037] Figure 9 This is a flowchart illustrating the process of calculating the analyte level, which embodies aspects of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0038] Figure 1A This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary analyte monitoring system 50 embodying aspects of the present invention. The analyte monitoring system 50 may be a continuous analyte monitoring system (e.g., a continuous glucose monitoring system). In some aspects, the analyte monitoring system 50 may include one or more of an analyte sensor 100, a transceiver 101, and a display device 107. In some aspects, the sensor 100 may be a small, fully subcutaneously implantable sensor that employs one or more measurements indicating the level of an analyte (e.g., glucose) in a first medium (e.g., interstitial fluid) of a living animal (e.g., a living human). However, this is not necessary, and in some alternative aspects, the sensor 100 may be a partially implantable (e.g., subcutaneous) sensor or a completely external sensor.

[0039] In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may be an externally worn device (e.g., attached via an armband, wristband, belt, or adhesive patch). In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may remotely power and / or communicate with analyte sensor 100 (e.g., via near field communication (NFC)). However, this is not mandatory, and in some alternative embodiments, transceiver 101 may power and / or communicate with analyte sensor 100 via one or more wired connections. In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may power and / or communicate with analyte sensor 100 to initiate and receive measurements from analyte sensor 100. In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may be a transceiver. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may be a smartphone (e.g., an NFC-enabled smartphone). In some implementations, transceiver 101 can wirelessly (e.g., one or more measurements) communicate information (e.g., via Bluetooth™ communication standards, such as, but not limited to, Bluetooth Low Energy) to a handheld application running on display device 107 (e.g., a smartphone).

[0040] In some non-limiting embodiments, such as Figure 1B As shown, when system 50 is in use, the analyte sensor 100 can be implanted in the tissue 105 of a live animal, and the transceiver 101 can be external to the tissue 105. In some embodiments, the back side of the transceiver 101 may be adjacent to the tissue 105 (e.g., adjacent to the skin of the live animal). Figure 1B As shown, in some non-limiting embodiments, after implantation, the analyte sensor 100 may be placed in a pouch 106 within the tissue 105, and the pouch 106 may surround the analyte sensor 100. In some non-limiting embodiments, the pouch 106 may be created by tissue dissection tools before implantation of the analyte sensor 100 or during the implantation process.

[0041] Figure 2A This is a perspective view showing an analyte sensor 100' as a first non-limiting example of an analyte sensor 100 in system 50, and Figure 2B This is a perspective view showing the elements of the analyte sensor 100'. In some non-limiting embodiments, such as Figure 2AAs shown, sensor 100 may include a housing 406 (i.e., a body, shell, capsule, or shroud), which may be rigid and biocompatible. In one non-limiting embodiment, housing 406 may be a silicon tube. However, this is not required, and in other embodiments, different materials and / or shapes may be used for housing 406. In some embodiments, implantable device 100 may include a transmission optical cavity. In some non-limiting embodiments, the transmission optical cavity may be formed of a suitable optically transmitting polymer material, such as, for example, an acrylic polymer (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)). However, this is not required, and in other embodiments, different materials may be used for the transmission optical cavity.

[0042] In some implementations, such as Figure 2A As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more indicator structures 409, such as, for example, polymer grafts or hydrogels coated, diffused, adhered, embedded, or grown on or within at least a portion of the outer surface of the housing 406. In some non-limiting embodiments, the housing 406 may include one or more cutouts or recesses, and the one or more indicator structures 409 may be (partially or entirely) positioned within the cutouts or recesses. In some embodiments, the one or more indicator structures 409 may be porous and allow analytes (e.g., glucose) in a first medium (e.g., interstitial fluid) to diffuse into the one or more indicator structures 409.

[0043] In some embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 may include a transceiver interface for communicating with the transceiver 101. In some embodiments, the transceiver 101 may be an electronic device that communicates with the analyte sensor 100 to power the analyte sensor 100 and / or receive measurement data (e.g., photodetector and / or temperature sensor readings) from the analyte sensor 100. In some embodiments, the transceiver 101 may calculate one or more analyte concentrations based on the measurement data received from the analyte sensor 100. However, it is not required that the transceiver 101 perform the analyte concentration calculation itself, and in some alternative embodiments, the transceiver 101 may additionally or alternatively transmit / relay the measurement data received from the analyte sensor 100 to another device (e.g., display device 107) for calculating the analyte concentration. In other alternative embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 may perform the analyte concentration calculation and transmit the calculated analyte concentration to the transceiver 101.

[0044] In some embodiments, the transceiver interface of the analyte sensor 100 may include an antenna for wireless communication with the transceiver 101. In some alternative embodiments (e.g., a subcutaneous embodiment), the transceiver interface may include a wired connection between the analyte sensor 100 and the transceiver 101.

[0045] In some embodiments (e.g., where the analyte sensor 100 is a fully implantable sensing system), the transceiver 101 may implement passive telemetry for communicating with the analyte sensor 100 via an inductive magnetic link to obtain power and / or data transfer. In some embodiments, such as Figure 2A and Figure 2B As shown, the transceiver interface of the analyte sensor 100 may include an inductor 517, which may be, for example, a ferrite-based microantenna. In some embodiments, such as Figure 2A and Figure 2B As shown, inductor 517 may include conductor 518 in the form of a coil and magnetic core 519. In some non-limiting embodiments, core 519 may be, for example, but not limited to, a ferrite core. In some embodiments, inductor 517 may be connected to the circuitry of analyte sensor 100 (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)). In some embodiments, analyte sensor 100 may not include a battery, and therefore, analyte sensor 100 may rely on transceiver 101 to power analyte sensor 100 of system 105, and rely on a data link to transmit data from analyte sensor 100 to transceiver 101.

[0046] In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 can provide power to operate analyte sensor 100 via a magnetic field. In some embodiments, the magnetic external device-implantable device link can be considered a "weakly coupled transformer" type. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 and analyte sensor 100 can communicate using near-field communication (e.g., at a frequency of 13.56 MHz, which allows for high skin penetration and is a medically approved band) for power transmission. However, this is not necessary, and in other embodiments, different frequencies can be used to power and communicate with analyte sensor 100.

[0047] Although in some implementations, such as Figures 1A-2BAs shown, the analyte sensor 100 can be a fully implantable sensor, which is not required, and in some alternative embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 can be a subcutaneous device wired to the transceiver 101. For example, in some alternative embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 can be positioned in or above a subcutaneous needle (e.g., at the needle tip). In these embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 and the transceiver 101 can communicate using one or more wires connecting the transceiver 101 and the subcutaneous needle including the analyte sensor 100, rather than using an inductor for wireless communication. For another example, in some alternative embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 can be positioned in a catheter (e.g., for intravenous blood glucose monitoring) and can communicate with the transceiver 101 (wirelessly or using a wire).

[0048] In some implementations, such as Figure 2A and Figure 2B As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include a substrate 516. In some non-limiting embodiments, the substrate 516 may be a circuit board (e.g., a printed circuit board (PCB) or a flexible PCB) on which one or more circuit components (e.g., analog and / or digital circuit components) may be mounted or otherwise attached. However, in some alternative embodiments, the substrate 516 may be a semiconductor substrate.

[0049] In some implementations, such as Figure 2B As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more light sources (e.g., one or more analyte excitation light sources 411 and / or one or more interfering substance excitation light sources 418), and one or more of the light sources may be mounted on or fabricated in the substrate 516. In some embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more photodetectors (e.g., photodiodes, phototransistors, photoresistors, or other photosensitive elements), and one or more of the photodetectors may be mounted on or fabricated in the substrate 516. In some embodiments, the photodetectors may include one or more analyte photodetectors 415 and / or one or more interfering substance photodetectors 407. In some embodiments, and in some non-limiting embodiments, one or more light sources may be mounted on the substrate 516, one or more photodetectors may be fabricated in the substrate 516, and all or some of the circuit elements may be fabricated in the substrate 516.

[0050] although Figure 2A and Figure 2BThe analyte sensor 100' shown has a substrate 516, which is not mandatory, and in some alternative embodiments, the analyte sensor 100' may include more than one substrate 516 (e.g., more than one semiconductor substrate). In some non-limiting alternative embodiments, some photodetectors (e.g., one or more photodetectors 415) may be on or in the first substrate, and some photodetectors (e.g., one or more photodetectors 407) may be on or in a second substrate separate from and different from the first substrate. In some non-limiting alternative embodiments, one or more light sources (e.g., one or more analyte excitation light sources 411) may be on the first substrate, and one or more light sources (e.g., one or more interfering substance excitation light sources 418) may be on a second substrate separate from and different from the first substrate.

[0051] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram showing the layout of substrate 516, which serves as a semiconductor substrate embodying aspects of the present invention. For example... Figure 3 As shown, the semiconductor substrate 516 may have one or more circuit components fabricated therein. For example, the fabricated circuit component 620 may include analog and / or digital circuitry. Furthermore, in some embodiments where the substrate 516 is a semiconductor substrate, in addition to the circuit components 620 fabricated in the semiconductor substrate, circuit components may be mounted or otherwise attached to the semiconductor substrate. In other words, in some semiconductor substrate embodiments, some or all of the circuit components, which may include discrete circuit elements, integrated circuits (e.g., application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)) and / or other electronic components (e.g., non-volatile memory), may be fabricated in the semiconductor substrate, while the remaining circuit components are fixed to the semiconductor substrate, which provides communication paths between the various fixed components.

[0052] In some implementations, such as Figure 4As shown, the one or more indicator structures 409 of the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., polymer grafts or hydrogels) may include one or more analyte indicators 410. In some embodiments, the analyte indicator 410 may produce (e.g., exhibit) one or more detectable properties (e.g., optical properties) that vary depending on the amount or concentration of the analyte in the vicinity of the one or more indicator structures 409. In some non-limiting embodiments, in response to irradiation by analyte excitation light 412, the analyte indicator 410 may emit an amount of analyte emission light 414 that varies depending on the amount or concentration of the analyte in the vicinity of the one or more indicator structures 409. In some embodiments, the analyte emission light 414 may be within the analyte emission wavelength range. In some embodiments, the analyte indicator 410 may include one or more analyte indicator molecules (e.g., fluorescent analyte indicator molecules) that may be distributed throughout the indicator structure 409. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more analyte indicator molecules may be configured to reversibly bind to the analyte, and the resulting one or more detectable properties may indicate whether the analyte is bound. In some non-limiting embodiments, the analyte emission light 414 may be fluorescence. In some non-limiting embodiments, the analyte indicator 410 may be a phenylboron-based analyte indicator. However, a phenylboron-based analyte indicator is not required, and in some alternative embodiments, the implantable device 100 may include different analyte indicators, such as, but not limited to, indicators based on glucose oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase, or glucose-binding proteins.

[0053] In some implementations, such as Figure 4 As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more analyte excitation light sources 411 that emit analyte excitation light 412 within the excitation wavelength range of at least the analyte index 410. In some non-limiting embodiments, the wavelength range may include wavelengths that interact with the analyte index 410 in at least the index structure 409. In some non-limiting embodiments, the analyte excitation light 412 may be, for example, but not limited to, ultraviolet (UV) light.

[0054] In some embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more analyte detectors configured to detect a detectable characteristic of the analyte indicator 410 and output an analyte signal indicating the amount or concentration of the analyte in the intracellular medium of a living animal. In some embodiments, such as Figure 4As shown, the one or more analyte detectors of the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more analyte photodetectors 415. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more analyte photodetectors 415 may be configured to output an analyte signal indicating the amount of analyte emitted light 414 received by the one or more analyte photodetectors 415. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more analyte photodetectors 415 may be configured to output an analyte signal indicating the amount of analyte emitted light 414 received by the one or more analyte photodetectors 415, because one or more filters can prevent light outside the analyte emission wavelength range (i.e., light outside the wavelength range of the analyte emitted light 414 emitted by the analyte index 410) from reaching the one or more analyte photodetectors 415. In some embodiments, since the amount of analyte emission light 414 emitted by the analyte index 410 varies depending on the amount or concentration of the analyte in the vicinity of the index structure 409, the analyte signal output by the one or more analyte photodetectors 415 can indicate the amount or concentration of the analyte in the first medium near the index structure 409. In some embodiments, the circuitry of the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., circuitry 620) may include one or more circuitry components (e.g., analog-to-digital converters) configured to convert the analyte signal into one or more analyte measurements.

[0055] In some embodiments, one or more interfering substances (e.g., insulin or blood) in the first medium (e.g., interstitial fluid) can interfere with the accurate measurement of the analyte (e.g., glucose) in the first medium. In some non-limiting embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 can measure the amount or concentration of one or more interfering substances in the vicinity of the one or more indicator structures 409. In some non-limiting embodiments, such as Figure 4 As shown, the one or more index structures 409 of the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more interfering indexes 413, which can be used to measure the amount or concentration of one or more interfering substances. In some non-limiting embodiments, such as Figure 4 As shown, the one or more index structures 409 of the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more of a first interfering agent index 413a and a second interfering agent index 413b, which can be used to measure the amount or concentration of the first interfering agent and the second interfering agent, respectively.

[0056] In some embodiments, the first interfering indicator 413a may produce (e.g., exhibit) one or more detectable properties (e.g., optical properties) that vary depending on the amount or concentration of the first interfering substance in the vicinity of the one or more indicator structures 409. In some non-limiting embodiments, the first interfering indicator 413a may emit a certain amount of first interfering substance emission light 416, which varies depending on the amount or concentration of the first interfering substance in the vicinity of the one or more indicator structures 409. In some embodiments, the first interfering substance emission light 416 is within the first interfering substance emission wavelength range. In some embodiments, the first interfering indicator 413a may include one or more first interfering substance indicator molecules (e.g., fluorescent interfering substance indicator molecules) that are distributed throughout the indicator structure 409. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more first interfering substance indicator molecules may be configured to reversibly bind to the first interfering substance, and the resulting one or more detectable properties may indicate whether the first interfering substance is bound. In some non-limiting embodiments, the first interfering indicator 413a may be a phenylboron-based interfering indicator. However, phenylboron-based interfering indicators are not required, and in some alternative embodiments, the implantable device 100 may include different first interfering indicators.

[0057] In some embodiments, the second interfering indicator 413b may produce (e.g., exhibit) one or more detectable properties (e.g., optical properties) that vary depending on the amount or concentration of the second interfering substance in the vicinity of the one or more indicator structures 409. In some non-limiting embodiments, the first and second interfering substances may be different interfering substances. In some non-limiting embodiments, the first interfering substance may be insulin, and the second interfering substance may be blood. In some non-limiting embodiments, the second interfering indicator 413b may emit a certain amount of second interfering substance emission light 417 that varies depending on the amount or concentration of the second interfering substance in the vicinity of the one or more indicator structures 409. In some embodiments, the second interfering substance emission light 417 may be within the emission wavelength range of the second interfering substance. In some embodiments, the second interfering indicator 413b may include one or more second interfering substance indicator molecules (e.g., fluorescent interfering substance indicator molecules) that may be distributed throughout the indicator structure 409. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more second interfering substance indicator molecules may be configured to reversibly bind to the second interfering substance, and the resulting one or more detectable properties may indicate whether the second interfering substance is bound. In some non-limiting embodiments, the second interfering indicator 413b may be a phenylboron-based interfering indicator. However, a phenylboron-based interfering indicator is not required, and in some alternative embodiments, the implantable device 100 may include different first interfering indicators.

[0058] In some implementations, such asFigure 4 As shown, in response to being irradiated by analyte excitation light 412 emitted by the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411, the first interfering indicator 413a may emit first interfering emission light 416. In some embodiments, the first excitation wavelength range of the analyte excitation light 412 may include wavelengths that interact with at least the first interfering indicator 413a in the indicator structure 409. In some embodiments, such as Figure 4 As shown, in response to being irradiated by analyte excitation light 412 emitted by the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411, the second interfering indicator 413b may emit second interfering emission light 417. In some embodiments, the first excitation wavelength range of the analyte excitation light 412 may include wavelengths that interact with at least the second interfering indicator 413b in the indicator structure 409.

[0059] In some embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more interfering substance detectors configured to detect detectable characteristics of the one or more interfering substance indicators 413 and output an interfering substance signal indicating the amount or concentration of the interfering substance in the intracellular medium of a living animal. In some embodiments, such as Figure 4 As shown, the one or more interference detectors of the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more interference photodetectors 407. In some embodiments, such as Figure 4As shown, the one or more interfering object photodetectors 407 may include one or more first interfering object photodetectors 407a. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more first interfering object photodetectors 407a may be configured to output a first interfering object signal indicating the amount of first interfering object emitted light 416 (e.g., fluorescence) received by the one or more first interfering object photodetectors 407a. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more first interfering object photodetectors 407a may be configured to output a first interfering object signal indicating the amount of first interfering object emitted light 416 received by the one or more first interfering object photodetectors 407a, because one or more optical filters can prevent light outside the wavelength range of the first interfering object emitted light 416 emitted by the first interfering object index 413a from reaching the one or more first interfering object photodetectors 407a. In some embodiments, the analyte emission wavelength range of the analyte emission light 414 may be different from the first interfering object emission wavelength range of the first interfering object emission light 416 (e.g., the analyte emission wavelength range and the first interfering object emission wavelength range may be non-overlapping wavelength ranges). In some embodiments, since the amount of first interference emitted light 416 emitted by the first interference index 413a varies depending on the amount or concentration of the first interference near the index structure 409, the first interference signal output by the one or more first interference photodetectors 407a can indicate the amount or concentration of the first interference in the medium near the index structure 409. In some embodiments, the circuitry of the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., circuitry 620) may include one or more circuitry components (e.g., analog-to-digital converters) configured to convert the first interference signal into one or more first interference measurements.

[0060] In some implementations, such as Figure 4As shown, the one or more interference photodetectors 407 may additionally or alternatively include one or more second interference photodetectors 407b. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more second interference photodetectors 407b may be configured to output a second interference signal indicating the amount of second interference emitted light 417 (e.g., fluorescence) received by the one or more second interference photodetectors 407b. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more second interference photodetectors 407b may be configured to output a second interference signal indicating the amount of second interference emitted light 417 received by the one or more second interference photodetectors 407b, because one or more optical filters can prevent light outside the wavelength range of the second interference emitted light 417 emitted by the second interference index 413b from reaching the one or more second interference photodetectors 407b. In some embodiments, the second interference emission wavelength range of the second interference emission light 417 may differ from the analyte emission wavelength range of the analyte emission light 414 and from the first interference emission wavelength range of the first interference emission light 416 (e.g., the wavelength ranges may be non-overlapping wavelength ranges). In some embodiments, since the amount of the second interference emission light 417 emitted by the second interference index 413b varies depending on the amount or concentration of the second interference in the vicinity of the index structure 409, the second interference signal output by the one or more second interference photodetectors 407b may indicate the amount or concentration of the second interference in the medium near the index structure 409. In some embodiments, the circuitry of the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., circuitry 620) may include one or more circuitry components (e.g., analog-to-digital converters) configured to convert the second interference signal into one or more second interference measurements.

[0061] In some implementations, such as Figure 4As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more light source drivers 424. In some embodiments, the one or more light source drivers 424 may be mounted on one or more substrates 516 of the analyte sensor 100, or fabricated in one or more substrates 516 of the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., one light source driver 424 for each substrate 516). In some embodiments, the one or more light source drivers 424 may drive the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411 to emit analyte excitation light 412. In some embodiments, the one or more light source drivers 424 may drive one or more of the analyte excitation light sources 411 under the control of one or more measurement controllers (e.g., the measurement controller may be mounted or fabricated on each substrate 516 and may control any light source driver 424 mounted or fabricated on the same substrate 516). In some non-limiting embodiments, all or part of one or more of the light source drivers 424 and measurement controllers may be included in a circuit component 620 fabricated in the semiconductor substrate 516 of the analyte sensor 100 (see...). Figure 3 ).

[0062] In some alternative implementations, such as Figure 5A and Figure 5B As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more interfering excitation sources 418. In some of these alternative embodiments, the wavelength range of the analyte excitation source 411 may not include wavelengths that interact with one or more of the first and second interfering indicators 413a and 413b. In some of these alternative embodiments, such as Figure 5A As shown, in response to irradiation by the analyte excitation light 412, the analyte index 410 may emit analyte emission light 412, but the first interfering index and the second interfering indexes 413a and 413b may not respond to the analyte emission light 412. In some embodiments, such as Figure 5BAs shown, the one or more interfering excitation light sources 418 can emit interfering excitation light 419 within the excitation wavelength range of one or more of the first interfering index and the second interfering indexes 413a and 413b of the index structure 409. In some non-limiting embodiments, the wavelength range may include wavelengths that interact with one or more of the first interfering index and the second interfering indexes 413a and 413b of the index structure 409. In some non-limiting embodiments, the interfering excitation light 419 may be, for example, but not limited to, red or blue light. In some non-limiting embodiments, the wavelength range of the interfering excitation light 419 may differ from the wavelength range of the analyte excitation light 412. In some non-limiting embodiments, the wavelength range of the interfering excitation light 419 and the wavelength range of the analyte excitation light 412 may be non-overlapping wavelength ranges. In some of these alternative embodiments, such as Figure 5B As shown, in response to the excitation light 419 of the interfering substance, the first interfering substance index and the second interfering substance indexes 413a and 413b can emit the first interfering substance emission light and the second interfering substance emission light 416 and 417 respectively, but the analyte index 410 may not respond to the excitation light 419 of the interfering substance.

[0063] In some implementations, such as Figure 5A and Figure 5B As shown, the one or more light source drivers 424 of the analyte sensor 100 can drive the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411 and / or drive the one or more interfering substance excitation light sources 418 to emit analyte excitation light 412 and interfering substance excitation light 419, respectively. In some embodiments, the one or more light source drivers 424 can drive the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411 and / or the one or more interfering substance excitation light sources 418 under the control of one or more measurement controllers. In some embodiments, such as Figure 5A and Figure 5BAs shown, the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., a measurement controller and / or light source driver 1424 of the implantable device 100) can be configured such that the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411 and the one or more interfering substance excitation light sources 418 emit analyte excitation light 412 and interfering substance excitation light 419 at different times. For example, the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411 may emit analyte excitation light 412 during a first time period, and the one or more interfering substance excitation light sources 418 may emit interfering substance excitation light 419 during a second time period different from the first time period. In a non-limiting embodiment, the analyte sensor 100 may cycle through the first time period and the second time period multiple times (e.g., 30 times) during a measurement period (e.g., 1 second). In some non-limiting embodiments, the cycle may additionally include a third time period during which both the analyte and interfering substance excitation light sources 411 and 418 are turned off. However, the analyte and interfering excitation light sources 411 and 418 do not need to emit excitation light 412 and 419 at different times, and in some alternative embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., the measurement controller and / or light source driver 1424 of the implantable device 100) may be configured such that the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411 and the one or more interfering excitation light sources 418 emit analyte excitation light 412 and interfering excitation light 419 simultaneously.

[0064] In some alternative implementations, such as Figures 6A-6C As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include one or more first interfering substance excitation sources 418a and one or more second interfering substance excitation sources 418b. In some of these alternative embodiments, the wavelength range of the analyte excitation source 411 may not include wavelengths that interact with the first and second interfering substance indicators 413a and 413b. In some of these alternative embodiments, such as Figure 6A As shown, in response to irradiation by the analyte excitation light 412, the analyte index 410 may emit analyte emission light 412, but the first interfering index and the second interfering indexes 413a and 413b may not respond to the analyte emission light 412. In some of these alternative embodiments, such as Figure 6B As shown, the one or more first interfering excitation light sources 418a can emit first interfering excitation light 419a within the excitation wavelength range of the first interfering index 413a. In some non-limiting embodiments, the wavelength range may include the wavelengths that interact with the first interfering index 413a of the index structure 409. In some of these alternative embodiments, such as Figure 6BAs shown, in response to being irradiated by the first interfering agent excitation light 419a, the first interfering agent index 413a may emit the first interfering agent emission light 416, but the analyte index 410 and the second interfering agent index 413b may not respond to the first interfering agent excitation light 419a. In some of these alternative embodiments, such as Figure 6C As shown, the one or more second interfering excitation light sources 418b can emit second interfering excitation light 419b within the excitation wavelength range of the second interfering index 413b. In some non-limiting embodiments, the wavelength range may include the wavelengths that interact with the second interfering index 413b of the index structure 409. In some of these alternative embodiments, such as Figure 6C As shown, in response to being irradiated by the second interfering agent excitation light 419b, the second interfering agent index 413b may emit the second interfering agent emission light 417, but the analyte index 410 and the first interfering agent index 413a may not respond to the second interfering agent excitation light 419b. In some non-limiting embodiments, the wavelength ranges of the analyte excitation light 412, the first interfering agent excitation light 419a, and the second interfering agent excitation light 419b may be different. In some non-limiting embodiments, the wavelength ranges of the analyte excitation light 412, the first interfering agent excitation light 419a, and the second interfering agent excitation light 419b may be non-overlapping wavelength ranges.

[0065] In some implementations, such as Figures 6A-6C As shown, the one or more light source drivers 424 of the analyte sensor 100 can drive the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411, the one or more first interference excitation light sources 418a, and / or the one or more second interference excitation light sources 418b to emit analyte excitation light 412, first interference excitation light 419a, and second interference excitation light 419b, respectively. In some embodiments, the one or more light source drivers 424 can drive the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411, the one or more first interference excitation light sources 418a, and the one or more second interference excitation light sources 418b under the control of one or more measurement controllers. In some embodiments, such as Figures 6A-6CAs shown, the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., a measurement controller and / or light source driver 1424 of the implantable device 100) can be configured such that the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411, the one or more first interfering substance excitation light sources 418a, and the one or more second interfering substance excitation light sources 418b emit analyte excitation light 412, first interfering substance excitation light 419a, and second interfering substance excitation light 419b at different times. For example, the one or more analyte excitation light sources 411 may emit analyte excitation light 412 during a first time period, the one or more first interfering substance excitation light sources 418a may emit first interfering substance excitation light 419a during a second time period different from the first time period, and the one or more second interfering substance excitation light sources 418b may emit second interfering substance excitation light 419 during a third time period different from the first and second time periods. In a non-limiting embodiment, the analyte sensor 100 may cycle through the first time period, the second time period, and the third time period multiple times (e.g., 30 times) during a measurement period (e.g., 1 second). In some non-limiting embodiments, the cycle may additionally include a fourth time period during which all analyte and interfering excitation sources 411, 418a, and 418b are turned off. However, the analyte and interfering excitation sources 411, 418a, and 418b do not need to emit excitation light 412 and 419 at different times, and in some alternative embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., a measurement controller and / or light source driver 1424 of the implantable device 100) may be configured such that the one or more analyte excitation sources 411, the one or more first interfering excitation sources 418a, and the one or more second interfering excitation sources 418b simultaneously emit analyte excitation light 412, first interfering excitation light 419a, and second interfering excitation light 419b. In some other alternative embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 may be configured such that two of the excitation sources 411, 418a, and 418b (e.g., the first interfering substance excitation source and the second interfering substance excitation sources 418a and 418b) simultaneously emit excitation light (e.g., the first interfering substance excitation light and the second interfering substance excitation light 419a and 419b), and the other of the excitation sources 411, 418a, and 418b (e.g., the analyte excitation source 411) emits analyte excitation light 412 at different times.

[0066] Figures 7A-7C These are perspective, side, and cross-sectional views of an analytical sensor 100, which is a second non-limiting example of an analytical sensor 100 in an analytical monitoring system 50. Figure 7D , Figure 7E and Figure 7FThese are perspective and side views of an analyte sensor 100, which is a third non-limiting example of an analyte sensor 100 in an analyte monitoring system 50. In some embodiments, such as... Figures 7A-7F As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include more than one substrate 516. In some embodiments, such as Figure 7D As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include two or more index structures 409. In some embodiments, such as Figure 7E and Figure 7F As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include a substrate 516 for each of the two or more index structures 409.

[0067] In some implementations, such as Figures 7A-7C As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may include a substrate 516 on one side of the inductor 517 and another substrate 516 on the opposite side of the inductor 517. Furthermore, in some embodiments, such as Figures 7A-7C As shown, the analyte sensor 100 may additionally or alternatively have one or more circuit components 722 (e.g., capacitors) mounted to the inductor 517.

[0068] In some alternative implementations, such as Figures 7D-7F As shown, the implantable device 100 may include two or more substrates 516 on one side of the inductor 517. In some non-limiting embodiments, such as Figure 7E As shown, one or more analyte photodetectors 415, one or more first interference photodetectors 407a, and / or one or more second interference photodetectors 407b may be mounted on or fabricated in each of the two or more substrates 516. However, this is not necessary, and in some alternative embodiments, the one or more analyte photodetectors 415 may be mounted on or fabricated in only one of the substrates 516, and the one or more first interference photodetectors 407a and / or one or more second interference photodetectors 407b may be mounted on or fabricated in another substrate 516.

[0069] Figures 7G-7I Non-limiting examples of indicator structures 409 of an analyte sensor 100 including two or more indicator structures 409 are shown. In some embodiments in which the analyte sensor 100 includes two or more indicator structures 409 (e.g., analyte sensor 100'"), each of the two or more indicator structures 409 may be identical. For example, as Figure 7GAs shown, each of the two or more indicator structures 409 may include one or more of the following: analyte indicator 410, first interfering indicator 413a, and second interfering indicator 413b. In some alternative embodiments where the analyte sensor 100 includes two or more indicator structures 409 (e.g., analyte sensor 100'"), the two or more indicator structures 409 may be different. For example, as Figure 7H As shown, one indicator structure 409a may include analyte indicator 410, while another indicator structure 409b may include one or more of a first interfering indicator 413a and a second interfering indicator 413b. To give another example, as... Figure 7I As shown, the first indicator structure 409a may include the analyte indicator 410 (and may not include any interfering indicator 413), the second indicator structure 409b may include the first interfering indicator 413a (and may not include either the analyte indicator 410 or the second interfering indicator 413b), and the third indicator structure 409c may include the second interfering indicator 413b (and may not include either the analyte indicator 410 or the first interfering indicator 413a).

[0070] In some embodiments, one or more of the index structure 409, light sources 411 and 418, photodetectors 407a, 407b, 415, circuit components, and substrate 516 of the analyte sensor 100 may include some or all of the following: U.S. Application Serial No. 15 / 709,679, filed September 20, 2017; U.S. Application Serial No. 14 / 629,943, filed February 24, 2015; and U.S. Application Serial No. 14 / 629,943, filed January 12, 2015. Features described in one or more of U.S. Application Serial No. 14 / 594,674, U.S. Application Serial No. 13 / 761,839 (filed February 7, 2013), U.S. Application Serial No. 13 / 937,871 (filed July 9, 2013), U.S. Application Serial No. 13 / 650,016 (filed October 11, 2012), and U.S. Application Serial No. 14 / 142,017 (filed December 27, 2013), all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Similarly, the structure, function, and / or features of the sensor housing 406, the analyte sensor 100, and / or the transceiver 101 may be as described in one or more of U.S. Application Serial Nos. 13 / 761,839, 13 / 937,871, 13 / 650,016, and 14 / 142,017. Although not described in Figures 1B-7I As shown, in some embodiments, the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., circuitry of the analyte sensor 100) may include one or more temperature sensors capable of measuring temperature. Although in some aspects, such as Figures 1B-7IAs shown, the analyte sensor 100 may be an optical sensor, which is not required, and in one or more alternative aspects, the sensor 100 may be a different type of analyte sensor, such as, for example, an electrochemical sensor, a diffusion sensor, or a pressure sensor.

[0071] In some alternative embodiments, instead of (or otherwise) configuring the one or more interfering detectors to detect detectable characteristics of the one or more interfering indicators 413, and configured to output an interfering signal indicating the amount or concentration of interfering substances in the intracellular medium of a living animal, the one or more interfering detectors (e.g., the one or more first interfering photodetectors 418a and / or the one or more second interfering photodetectors 418b) may be absorption or reflection sensors. For example, insulin has an absorption peak, and the one or more interfering sensors may measure the degree to which interstitial fluid absorbs light of one or more wavelengths. In some non-limiting embodiments where the one or more interfering detectors include absorption or reflection sensors, the analyte sensor 100 may not include the one or more interfering indicators 413.

[0072] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of an external transceiver 101 according to a non-limiting embodiment. In some aspects, such as Figure 8 As shown, transceiver 101 may have connector 902, such as, for example, a miniature universal serial bus (USB) connector. Connector 902 enables wired connection to external devices, such as, for example, a personal computer or display device 107 (e.g., a smartphone).

[0073] Transceiver 101 can exchange data with external devices and / or receive power via connector 902. Transceiver 101 may include a connector integrated circuit (IC) 904, such as a USB-IC, which controls data transmission and reception via connector 902. Transceiver 101 may also include a charger IC 906, which receives power via connector 902 and charges battery 908 (e.g., a lithium polymer battery). In some aspects, battery 908 may be rechargeable, may have a short recharge duration, and / or may have a small size.

[0074] In some aspects, transceiver 101 may include one or more connectors as a complement to (or alternative to) micro-USB connector 904. For example, in an alternative embodiment, transceiver 101 may include a spring-based connector (e.g., a Pogopin connector) as a complement to (or alternative to) micro-USB connector 904, and transceiver 101 may use the connection established via the spring-based connector for wired communication to a personal computer or display device 107 (e.g., a smartphone) and / or receiving power, which may be used, for example, to charge battery 908.

[0075] In some aspects, such as Figure 8 As shown, transceiver 101 may include a wireless communication IC 910 capable of wirelessly communicating with external devices such as, for example, one or more personal computers or one or more display devices 107 (e.g., smartphones). In one non-limiting embodiment, the wireless communication IC 910 may employ one or more wireless communication standards to wirelessly transmit data. The employed wireless communication standard can be any suitable wireless communication standard, such as the ANT standard, the Bluetooth standard, or the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) standard (e.g., BLE 4.0). In some non-limiting aspects, the wireless communication IC 910 may be configured to wirelessly transmit data at frequencies greater than 1 gigahertz (e.g., 2.4 or 5 GHz). In some aspects, the wireless communication IC 910 may include an antenna (e.g., a Bluetooth antenna). In some non-limiting aspects, the antenna of the wireless communication IC 910 may be entirely contained within the housing of transceiver 101 (e.g., housings 206 and 220). However, this is not required, and alternatively, all or part of the antenna of the wireless communication IC 910 may be external to the transceiver housing.

[0076] In some aspects, transceiver 101 may include a display interface that enables transceiver 101 to communicate with one or more display devices 107. In some aspects, the display interface may include an antenna and / or connector 902 of wireless communication IC 910. In some non-limiting aspects, the display interface may additionally include wireless communication IC 910 and / or connector IC 904.

[0077] In some aspects, such as Figure 8As shown, transceiver 101 may include voltage regulator 912 and / or voltage booster 914. Battery 908 may (via booster 914) power radio frequency identification (RFID) reader IC 916, which uses inductor 103 to transmit information (e.g., commands) to sensor 101 and receive information (e.g., measurement information) from sensor 100. In some non-limiting aspects, sensor 100 and transceiver 101 may communicate using near field communication (NFC) (e.g., at a frequency of 13.56 MHz). In the illustrated embodiment, inductor 103 is a planar antenna. In some non-limiting aspects, the antenna may be flexible. However, inductor 103 of transceiver 101 may be any configuration that allows for sufficient field strength when sufficiently physically close to inductor 114 of sensor 100. In some aspects, transceiver 101 may include power amplifier 918 to amplify the signal transmitted to sensor 100 by inductor 103.

[0078] In some aspects, such as Figure 8 As shown, transceiver 101 may include processor 920 and memory 922 (e.g., flash memory). In some non-limiting aspects, memory 922 may be non-volatile and / or capable of being electronically erased and / or rewritten. In some non-limiting aspects, processor 920 may be, for example, but not limited to, a peripheral interface controller (PIC) microcontroller. In some aspects, processor 920 may control the overall operation of transceiver 101. For example, processor 920 may control connector IC 904 or wireless communication IC 910 to transmit data via wired or wireless communication, and / or control RFID reader IC 916 to transmit data via inductor 103. Processor 920 may also control the processing of data received via one or more of inductor 103, connector 902, and wireless communication IC 910.

[0079] In some aspects, transceiver 101 may include a sensor interface that enables transceiver 101 to communicate with analyte sensor 100. In some aspects, the sensor interface may include an inductor 103. In some non-limiting aspects, the sensor interface may additionally include an RFID reader IC 916 and / or a power amplifier 918. However, in some alternative aspects (e.g., subcutaneous aspects) where a wired connection exists between analyte sensor 100 and transceiver 101, the sensor interface may include a wired connection.

[0080] In some aspects, such as Figure 8As shown, transceiver 101 may include a display 924 (e.g., a liquid crystal display and / or one or more light-emitting diodes), and processor 920 may control display 924 to display data (e.g., analyte levels). In some aspects, transceiver 101 may include a speaker 926 (e.g., a buzzer) and / or a vibration motor 928, which may be activated when, for example, a warning condition (e.g., detection of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia) is met. Transceiver 101 may also include one or more additional sensors 930, which may include an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, and / or one or more interference sensors, which may be used in the processing performed by processor 920. In some non-limiting embodiments in which the one or more additional sensors 930 of transceiver 101 include one or more interference sensors, the one or more interference sensors may generate one or more interference measurements indicating the level of one or more interferences (e.g., a first interference and / or a second interference) in a first medium (e.g., interstitial fluid). In some non-limiting embodiments where the one or more additional sensors 930 include one or more interference sensors, the one or more interference sensors may include absorption or reflection sensors. For example, insulin has an absorption peak, and the one or more interference sensors may measure the degree to which interstitial fluid absorbs light of one or more wavelengths. In some non-limiting embodiments where the one or more additional sensors 930 include one or more interference sensors, the interference measurements generated by the one or more interference sensors of the additional sensors 930 may be supplementary to or alternative to the interference measurements generated by the analyte sensor 100.

[0081] In some aspects, transceiver 101 may be a wearable transceiver, a rechargeable external device worn on the sensor implantation or insertion site. In some aspects, transceiver 101 may be positioned using an adhesive patch or a specially designed strap or belt. In some non-limiting aspects, transceiver 101 may power a nearby sensor 100. In some non-limiting aspects, sensor 100 may be powered via an inductive link (e.g., a 13.56 MHz inductive link). However, sensor 100 does not need to receive power from transceiver 101 (e.g., in the case of a battery-powered sensor).

[0082] In some embodiments, the transceiver 101 of the analyte monitoring system 50 may receive one or more sensor measurements indicating the amount, level, or concentration of an analyte in a first medium (e.g., interstitial fluid (ISF)) adjacent to the analyte sensor 100. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more sensor measurements may include, for example, but not limited to, light and / or temperature measurements (e.g., one or more measurements indicating the level of analyte emission light 414 from one or more analyte indicators 410 as measured by one or more analyte photodetectors 415, one or more measurements indicating the level of first interference emission light from one or more first interference indicators 413a as measured by one or more first interference photodetectors 407a, one or more measurements indicating the level of second interference emission light from one or more second interference indicators 413b as measured by one or more second interference photodetectors 407b, and / or one or more temperature measurements as measured by one or more temperature sensors). In some embodiments, the transceiver 101 may periodically (e.g., every 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes) receive sensor measurements from the analyte sensor 100. However, this is not necessary, and in some alternatives, transceiver 101 may receive measurements from one or more sensors (e.g., by sliding, hovering, or otherwise bringing transceiver 101 close to sensor 101).

[0083] In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may use received sensor measurements to calculate a first media analyte level (e.g., ISF analyte level). In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may use the calculated first media analyte level and at least one or more previously calculated first media analyte levels to calculate the rate of change of the first media analyte level (“M1_ROC”). In some non-limiting embodiments, to calculate M1_ROC, transceiver 101 may use only the calculated first media analyte level and the most recent previously calculated first media analyte level, and determine M1_ROC as the difference between the calculated first media analyte level and the most recent previously calculated first media analyte level divided by the time difference between the timestamp used to calculate the first media analyte level and the timestamp used to calculate the most recent previously calculated first media analyte level. In some alternative embodiments, to calculate M1_ROC, transceiver 101 may use the calculated first media analyte level and multiple most recent previously calculated first media analyte levels. In some non-limiting embodiments, the plurality of most recently calculated ISF analyte levels can be, for example, but not limited to, the two previously calculated first media analyte levels, the 20 previously calculated first media analyte levels, or any number of previously calculated ISF analyte levels in between (e.g., the five previously calculated first media analyte levels). In other alternative embodiments, to calculate M1_ROC, transceiver 101 can use the calculated first media analyte level and previously calculated first media analyte levels calculated during a time period. In some non-limiting embodiments, the time period can be, for example, but not limited to, the last minute, the last 60 minutes, or any amount of time in between (e.g., the last 25 minutes). In some embodiments where transceiver 101 uses the calculated first media analyte level and more than one previously calculated first media analyte level to calculate M1_ROC, transceiver 101 can use, for example, linear or nonlinear regression to calculate M1_ROC.

[0084] In some embodiments, transceiver 101 can convert a calculated first media analyte level into a second media analyte level (e.g., a blood analyte level) by performing hysteresis compensation, which compensates for the hysteresis between the second media analyte level and the first media analyte level (e.g., the hysteresis between a blood analyte level and an ISF analyte level). In some embodiments, transceiver 101 can calculate the second media analyte level using at least the calculated first media analyte level and a calculated M1_ROC. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 can calculate the second media analyte level as M1_ROC / p2 + (1 + p3 / p2) * M1_analyte, where p2 is the analyte diffusion rate, p3 is the analyte consumption rate, and M1_analyte is the calculated first media analyte level.

[0085] In some embodiments, one or more interfering substances (e.g., insulin and blood) in the first medium (e.g., ISF) can affect the hysteresis between the analyte level in the second medium and the analyte level in the first medium. For example, but not limited to, one or more interfering substances in the first medium can affect the transfer of the analyte from the second medium (e.g., blood) to the first medium (e.g., interstitial fluid) near sensor 100. In some embodiments, the analyte monitoring system 50 can use one or more interfering substance measurements to improve the calculation of the analyte level in the second medium, said interfering substance measurements indicating the amount or concentration of one or more interfering substances in the first medium. In some non-limiting embodiments, the analyte monitoring system 50 can use one or more interfering substance measurements to improve the conversion from the analyte level in the first medium to the analyte level in the second medium, said interfering substance measurements indicating the amount or concentration of one or more interfering substances in the first medium.

[0086] In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may calculate the second medium analyte level using one or more analyte measurements received from analyte sensor 100 (e.g., generated using analyte signals output by the one or more analyte photodetectors 415) and one or more interfering substance measurements (e.g., one or more first interfering substance measurements generated using first interfering substance signals output by the one or more first interfering substance photodetectors 407a and / or one or more first interfering substance measurements generated using second interfering substance signals output by the one or more second interfering substance photodetectors 407b). In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may adjust the conversion function used to calculate the second medium analyte level based on one or more interfering substance measurements. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may adjust the conversion function by adjusting one or more parameters of the conversion function (e.g., one or more of the analyte diffusion rate and analyte consumption rate parameters). In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may adjust one or more of p2 and p3 (or one or more of 1 / p2 and p3 / p2) in a conversion function that calculates the second media analyte level as M1_ROC / p2 + (1 + p3 / p2) * M1_analyte. In some alternative embodiments, transceiver 101 may select one of a plurality of conversion functions based on one or more interfering measurements.

[0087] In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may use at least one or more analyte measurements and one or more interfering substance measurements received from analyte sensor 100 to calculate the analyte level in the second medium (e.g., blood analyte level). In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may use at least the one or more interfering substance measurements to calculate the level of one or more interfering substances in the first medium. In some non-limiting embodiments, the interfering substance measurements may include one or more first interfering substance measurements and one or more second interfering substance measurements, and transceiver 101 may use at least the one or more first interfering substance measurements to calculate the first interfering substance level in the first medium and use at least the one or more second interfering substance measurements to calculate the second interfering substance level in the first medium. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may use at least one or more analyte measurements and the one or more calculated interfering substance levels (e.g., one or more calculated first interfering substance levels and / or one or more calculated second interfering substance levels) to calculate the analyte level in the second medium. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may adjust one or more parameters of the conversion function (e.g., one or more of analyte diffusion rate and analyte consumption rate) based on at least one or more calculated interfering agent levels and may use the adjusted conversion function and the one or more analyte measurements to calculate the second medium analyte level. In some non-limiting alternative embodiments, transceiver 101 may select one of a plurality of conversion functions based on the one or more calculated interfering agent levels and use the selected conversion function and the one or more analyte measurements to calculate the second medium analyte level.

[0088] In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may additionally or alternatively use one or more of the interfering measurements to adjust one or more analyte measurements or temperature measurements received from analyte sensor 100. For example, but not limited to, one or more interfering substances may interfere with the ability of an analyte to bind with analyte sensor 410. Therefore, the one or more analyte measurements may differ from those if the one or more interfering substances are not present in the first medium (or if different levels of the one or more interfering substances are present in the first medium). In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may, for example, but not limited to, adjust (e.g., increase) one or more analyte measurements. In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may use one or more adjusted analyte measurements (instead of the original analyte measurements from analyte sensor 100) to calculate a second medium analyte level (e.g., blood analyte level). In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may use one or more adjusted analyte measurements (instead of the original analyte measurements from analyte sensor 100) to calculate a first medium analyte level (e.g., ISF analyte level), which can be used to calculate the second medium analyte level.

[0089] In some aspects, transceiver 101 may display one or more calculated analyte levels (e.g., one or more calculated second media analyte levels) by displaying the analyte level on a display of transceiver 101 or by transmitting the analyte level to display device 107 (see FIG. 1). In some aspects, transceiver 101 may determine the presence of alarm and / or warning conditions, which may be signaled to the user (e.g., by vibration of vibration motor 928, LEDs of transceiver display 924, and / or the user interface of display device 107). In some aspects, transceiver 101 may store one or more calculated analyte levels and / or one or more calculated interference levels (e.g., in memory 922).

[0090] In some aspects, transceiver 101 may transmit information (e.g., sensor data, calculated analyte levels, calculated analyte level change rates, calculated interfering substance levels, one or more of alarms, warnings, and notifications) to display device 107 (e.g., via Bluetooth Low Energy with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)-Counter CBC-MAC (CCM) encryption) for display in a mobile medical application (MMA) executed by display device 107. In some non-limiting aspects, the MMA may generate warnings, alarms, and / or notifications (as a supplement to or alternative to receiving alarms, warnings, and / or notifications from transceiver 101). In one embodiment, the MMA may be configured to provide push notifications.

[0091] In some aspects, the analyte monitoring system 50 can calibrate the conversion of one or more analyte measurements to one or more analyte levels. In some aspects, calibration can be performed substantially periodically (e.g., every 12 or 24 hours). In some aspects, calibration can be performed using one or more reference measurements (e.g., one or more self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) measurements), which can be input into the analyte monitoring system 50 using the user interface of the display device 107. In some aspects, the transceiver 101 can receive the one or more reference measurements from the display device 107 and use the one or more reference measurements as calibration points to perform calibration.

[0092] Figure 9 This is a flowchart illustrating a process 900 for calculating a second analyte level (e.g., a blood analyte level). In some embodiments, one or more steps of process 900 may be performed by an analyte monitoring system, such as, for example, analyte monitoring system 50. In some embodiments, one or more steps of process 900 may be performed by a transceiver, such as, for example, transceiver 101. In some non-limiting embodiments, one or more steps of process 900 may be performed by a processor, such as, for example, processor 920 of transceiver 101.

[0093] In some embodiments, process 900 may include step 902, wherein transceiver 101 receives one or more analyte measurements from analyte sensor 100. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more analyte measurements may include, for example, but not limited to, one or more optical measurements (e.g., generated using the one or more analyte photodetectors 415). In some non-limiting embodiments, the analyte measurements may additionally include one or more temperature measurements. In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may receive the one or more analyte measurements after a command (e.g., a measurement command or a read sensor data command) has been transmitted to analyte sensor 100. However, this is not required, and in some alternative embodiments, analyte sensor 100 may control when one or more analyte measurements are transmitted to transceiver 101, or analyte sensor 100 may continuously transmit analyte measurements to transceiver 101. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may periodically (e.g., every 1, 2, 5, 10, or 15 minutes) receive one or more analyte measurements.

[0094] In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may use its sensor interface (e.g., one or more of inductor 103, RFID reader IC 916, and power amplifier 918) to receive the one or more analyte measurements. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may receive the one or more analyte measurements wirelessly. For example, but not limited to, in some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may receive the one or more analyte measurements by detecting modulation in the electromagnetic waves generated by sensor 100, for example by detecting modulation in the current through inductor 103 of transceiver 101. However, this is not necessary, and in some alternative embodiments, transceiver 101 may receive the one or more analyte measurements via a wired connection to sensor 100.

[0095] In some embodiments, the one or more analyte measurements may be associated with a timestamp. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may receive a timestamp from sensor 100. In some non-limiting embodiments, the received one or more analyte measurements may include a timestamp. In some embodiments, the timestamp may reflect the time when the one or more analyte measurements were performed. However, it is not necessary for transceiver 101 to receive a timestamp from sensor 100. For example, in some alternative embodiments, transceiver 101 may assign a timestamp to the one or more analyte measurements after receiving them. In these embodiments, the timestamp may reflect when transceiver 101 received the one or more analyte measurements.

[0096] In some embodiments, process 900 may include step 904, wherein transceiver 101 receives or generates one or more interference measurements. In some embodiments, the one or more interference measurements may include one or more first interference measurements indicating the level of a first interference in a first medium, and / or one or more second interference measurements indicating the level of a second interference in the first medium. In some non-limiting embodiments, the one or more interference detectors of the analyte sensor 100 (e.g., the one or more interference photodetectors 407) generate the one or more interference measurements received from the analyte sensor 100. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may additionally or alternatively use one or more interference sensors from additional sensors 930 of transceiver 101 to generate the one or more interference measurements.

[0097] In some embodiments, process 900 may include step 906, wherein transceiver 101 adjusts one or more analyte measurements received from sensor 100. In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may adjust one or more analyte measurements based on one or more interfering substance measurements.

[0098] In some embodiments, process 900 may include step 908, wherein transceiver 101 calculates a first medium analyte level (e.g., ISF analyte level) using the one or more analyte measurements received from analyte sensor 100. In some embodiments, one or more of the analyte measurements used to calculate the first medium analyte level may have been adjusted in step 906. In some embodiments, the first medium analyte level may be a measurement of the amount or concentration of the analyte in a first medium (e.g., interstitial fluid) near analyte sensor 100. In some non-limiting embodiments, the calculation of the first medium analyte level may include, for example, but not limited to, some or all of the features described in, U.S. Application Serial No. 13 / 937,871, filed July 9, 2013, now U.S. Patent No. 9,414,775, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0099] In some embodiments, process 900 may include step 910, wherein transceiver 101 calculates a first media analyte level change rate (“M1_ROC”). In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may use at least the first media analyte level calculated in step 908 and one or more previously calculated first media analyte levels (e.g., one or more first media analyte levels calculated using previously received sensor measurements) to calculate M1_ROC.

[0100] In some embodiments, process 900 may include step 912, wherein transceiver 101 adjusts a conversion function for calculating a second medium analyte level (e.g., blood analyte level) based on one or more interfering substance measurements. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may adjust the conversion function by adjusting one or more parameters of the conversion function (e.g., one or more of analyte diffusion rate and analyte consumption rate parameters). In some alternative embodiments, in step 912, transceiver 101 may select one of a plurality of conversion functions based on one or more interfering substance measurements (e.g., one or more interfering substance measurements generated by the one or more interfering substance detectors of analyte sensor 100).

[0101] In some embodiments, process 900 may include step 914, wherein transceiver 101 calculates a second media analyte level (e.g., a blood analyte level). In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may calculate the second media analyte level by performing hysteresis compensation. In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may use at least the first media analyte level and M1_ROC calculated in steps 908 and 910, respectively, to calculate the second media analyte level. In some embodiments, transceiver 101 may use a transformation function to calculate the second media analyte level. In some non-limiting embodiments, the transformation function used in step 914 may have been adjusted (or selected) in step 912.

[0102] In some non-limiting embodiments, process 900 may include a step 916 of displaying the calculated second media analyzer level. In some embodiments, step 916 may include displaying the calculated second media analyzer level on a display of transceiver 101. In some embodiments, step 916 may additionally or alternatively include: transceiver 101 transmitting the calculated second media analyzer level to a display device (e.g., display device 107) for display. In some non-limiting embodiments, transceiver 101 may transmit the calculated second media analyzer level to display device 107 via wired or wireless communication using a display interface (e.g., one or more of the antenna of wireless communication IC 910, connector 902, wireless communication IC 910, and connector IC 904). In some embodiments, display device 107 may be configured to receive and display the transmitted second media analyzer level.

[0103] Embodiments of the invention have been fully described above with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although the invention has been described based on these preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions can be made to the embodiments within the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although the invention has been described above in the context of an analyte monitoring system that indirectly calculates blood analyte levels using measurements of analyte levels in interstitial fluid, the invention is applicable to any monitoring system that uses measurements of levels in a second medium to calculate levels in a first medium.

Claims

1. An analyte monitoring system, including: Analyte sensor, comprising: Indicator structure; An analyte index molecule is configured to reversibly bind an analyte to a first medium and to emit analyte emission light in response to irradiation with analyte excitation light, the analyte emission light indicating whether the analyte is bound and thus indicating the analyte level in the first medium, wherein the analyte index molecule is distributed throughout the index structure. Interference index molecules are configured to reversibly bind interferences to a first medium and to emit interference emission light in response to excitation light from the interference, the interference emission light indicating whether the interference is bound and thus indicating the level of interference in the first medium, wherein the interference index molecules are distributed throughout the index structure and are different from the analyte index molecules. An analyte photodetector configured to output an analyte signal indicating the amount of light emitted by the analyte and received by the analyte photodetector; An interfering object photodetector is configured to output an interfering object signal, the interfering object signal indicating the amount of light emitted by an interfering object received by the interfering object photodetector, and A transceiver interface configured to transmit analyte measurements and interference measurements, wherein the analyte measurements are measurements of analyte signals, and the interference measurements are measurements of interference signals; and A transceiver includes: (i) a sensor interface configured to receive analyte and interfering substance measurements transmitted from the transceiver interface of the analyte sensor; and (ii) a processor configured to calculate the analyte level in a second medium using at least the analyte and interfering substance measurements.

2. The analyte monitoring system according to claim 1, wherein, The transceiver also includes one or more interference sensors configured to generate one or more interference measurements, and the processor is configured to calculate the level of the analyte in the second medium using at least the analyte and the interference measurements.

3. The analyte monitoring system according to claim 1, wherein, Calculating the analyte level in the second medium includes: The analyte level in the first medium is calculated using at least the analytes described. Using at least the aforementioned interfering substances, calculate the level of interfering substances in the first medium; and The analyte level in the second medium is calculated using at least the calculated analyte level in the first medium and the calculated interfering substance level in the first medium.

4. The analyte monitoring system according to claim 3, wherein, Calculating the analyte level in the second medium using at least the calculated analyte level in the first medium and the calculated interfering substance level in the first medium includes: Based on at least the calculated level of interference in the first medium, adjust one or more parameters of the conversion function; and The analyte level in the second medium is calculated using at least the adjusted conversion function and the calculated analyte level in the first medium.

5. The analyte monitoring system according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein, The analyte sensor also includes an analyte excitation light source configured to irradiate the analyte index molecule with the analyte excitation light.

6. The analyte monitoring system according to claim 5, wherein, The analyte excitation light source is also configured to irradiate the interfering index molecule with interfering excitation light, and the analyte excitation light and the interfering excitation light are the same light.

7. The analyte monitoring system according to claim 5, wherein, The analyte sensor also includes an interfering excitation light source configured to irradiate interfering indicator molecules with the interfering excitation light, wherein the wavelength range of the analyte excitation light is different from the wavelength range of the interfering excitation light.

8. The analyte monitoring system according to claim 1, wherein, The interfering substance index molecule is the first index molecule. The light emitted by the interfering object is the light emitted by the first interfering object. The interfering object is the first interfering object. The interference photodetector is the first interference photodetector. The interfering signal is the first interfering signal. The interference measurement is the first interference measurement, and The analyte sensor also includes: A second interfering agent indicator molecule, configured to emit second interfering agent emission light, the second interfering agent emission light indicating the level of the second interfering agent in the first medium; and A second interference photodetector is configured to output a second interference signal, the second interference signal indicating the amount of light emitted by the second interference received by the second interference photodetector. The transceiver interface is also configured to transmit a second interference measurement, which is a measurement of the signal of the second interference. The sensor interface is also configured to receive measurements of the second interfering substance transmitted from the transceiver interface of the analyte sensor, and The processor is configured to calculate the analyte level in the second medium using at least the analyte measurement, the first interfering substance measurement, and the second interfering substance measurement.

9. The analyte monitoring system according to claim 8, wherein, The first medium is interstitial fluid, the second medium is blood, the analyte is glucose, the first interfering substance is insulin, and the second interfering substance is blood.

10. The analyte monitoring system according to claim 1, wherein, The first medium is interstitial fluid, the second medium is blood, the analyte is glucose, and the interfering substances are insulin or blood.

11. A method performed by an analyte monitoring system, the method comprising: The analyte index molecules of the analyte sensor in the analyte monitoring system reversibly bind the analyte to a first medium, wherein the analyte index molecules are distributed throughout the index structure of the analyte sensor. The interfering index molecules of the analyte sensor are reversibly bound to the interfering substance in the first medium, wherein the interfering index molecules are distributed throughout the index structure and are different from the analyte index molecules. The analyte index molecule responds to irradiation with analyte excitation light to emit analyte emission light, which indicates whether the analyte is bound and thus indicates the analyte level in the first medium. The interfering index molecule responds to excitation light by the interfering substance to emit interfering emission light, which indicates whether the interfering substance is bound and thus indicates the level of the interfering substance in the first medium. An analyte photodetector using an analyte sensor outputs an analyte signal, the analyte signal indicating the amount of light emitted by the analyte received by the analyte photodetector; An interfering object photodetector using an analytical object sensor outputs an interfering object signal, which indicates the amount of light emitted by the interfering object received by the interfering object photodetector. The transceiver interface of the analyte sensor is used to transmit analyte measurements and interference measurements, wherein the analyte measurements are measurements of analyte signals and the interference measurements are measurements of interference signals. The transceiver sensor interface of the analyte monitoring system is used to receive the analyte and interfering substance measurements transmitted from the transceiver interface of the analyte sensor; Using the transceiver's processor, measurements are taken using at least the analyte and interfering substances to calculate the analyte level in the second medium.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: One or more interference sensors of the transceiver are used to generate one or more interference measurements, wherein the processor uses at least the analyte and the interference measurements to calculate the analyte level in the second medium.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein, Calculating the analyte level in the second medium includes: The analyte level in the first medium is calculated using at least the analyte measurements described above; The interference level in the first medium is calculated using at least the aforementioned interference measurements; and The analyte level in the second medium is calculated using at least the calculated analyte level in the first medium and the calculated interfering substance level in the first medium.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein, Calculating the analyte level in the second medium using at least the calculated analyte level in the first medium and the calculated interfering substance level in the first medium includes: Based on at least the calculated level of interference in the first medium, adjust one or more parameters of the conversion function; and The analyte level in the second medium is calculated using at least the adjusted conversion function and the calculated analyte level in the first medium.

15. The method according to any one of claims 11-14, further comprising: An analyte excitation light source is used to irradiate the analyte index molecule of the analyte sensor with the analyte excitation light.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: An analyte excitation light source is used to irradiate the interfering index molecule of the analyte sensor with interfering excitation light, and the analyte excitation light and the interfering excitation light are the same light.

17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: An interfering excitation light source is used to irradiate the interfering index molecule of the analyte sensor with the interfering excitation light, wherein the wavelength range of the analyte excitation light is different from the wavelength range of the interfering excitation light.

18. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The interfering substance index molecule is the first index molecule. The light emitted by the interfering object is the light emitted by the first interfering object. The interfering object is the primary interfering object. The interference photodetector is the first interference photodetector. The interfering signal is the first interfering signal. The interference measurement is the first interference measurement, and The method further includes: The second interfering indicator molecule of the analyte sensor is used to emit second interfering emission light, which indicates the level of the second interfering substance in the first medium; A second interference photodetector is used with the analyte sensor to output a second interference signal, the second interference signal indicating the amount of light emitted by the second interference received by the second interference photodetector; The transceiver interface of the analyte sensor is used to transmit a second interference measurement, which is a measurement of the second interference signal; and The transceiver's sensor interface is used to receive the second interference measurement transmitted by the transceiver interface of the analyte sensor; The processor of the transceiver uses at least the analyte measurement, the first interfering substance measurement, and the second interfering substance measurement to calculate the analyte level in the second medium.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein, The first medium is interstitial fluid, the second medium is blood, the analyte is glucose, the first interfering substance is insulin, and the second interfering substance is blood.

20. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The first medium is interstitial fluid, the second medium is blood, the analyte is glucose, and the interfering substances are insulin or blood.

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