Method and system for a battery cell

Abstract

A method, apparatus, and control system for a battery cell, including a heat exchanger in thermal contact with the battery cell and a first controller. The first controller is connected to the heat exchanger and monitors the battery cell. The first controller includes a reduced-order electrochemical model, a heat generation model, and a heat generation controller. The first controller determines target parameters of the battery cell and determines battery cell parameters. The reduced-order electrochemical model determines internal ROM variables based on the battery cell parameters. The heat generation model determines electrochemical heat generation parameters from the battery cell based on the internal ROM variables and the target parameters of the battery cell. The heat generation controller determines heat work parameters based on the electrochemical heat generation and the target parameters of the battery cell. The heat exchanger is controlled based on the heat work parameters.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] A DC power source, such as a battery, is an electrochemical device that can be used to store and release electrical power that can be used by a circuit or motor to perform work, such as for communication, display, or propulsion. Heat can be generated through the processes of converting electrical energy into chemical potential energy (i.e., battery charging) and converting chemical potential energy into electrical energy (i.e., battery discharging).

[0002] A lithium-ion battery is an electrochemical device that operates by reversibly transferring lithium ions between a negative electrode (or anode) and a positive electrode (or cathode). The negative and positive electrodes are located on opposite sides of a porous polymer separator impregnated with an electrolyte solution adapted to conduct lithium ions. Each of the negative and positive electrodes is also received by a respective current collector. The current collectors associated with the two electrodes are connected by an interruptible external circuit that allows current to pass between the electrodes to electrically balance the associated migration of lithium ions. In addition, the negative electrode may include a lithium insertion host material, and the positive electrode may include a lithium-based active material capable of storing lithium ions at a higher electric potential than the insertion host material of the negative electrode.

[0003] Operating a DC power source, such as a lithium-ion battery, outside of a desired temperature range may reduce the battery service life. For example, lithium-ion technology may require operation within a temperature range between 20°C and 35°C to maximize the battery service life. Operation of a lithium-ion battery outside of this temperature range can accelerate battery aging, reduce the battery service life, and / or reduce its energy storage capacity.

[0004] There is a need to dynamically and precisely control one or more parameters associated with a battery cell or a battery cell group including a plurality of battery cells during charging and / or discharging to mitigate the effects of excessive temperature on aging, service life, and / or energy storage capacity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The concepts described herein include a method, apparatus, and control system to dynamically control one battery cell or a plurality of battery cells to a constant set point, such as to one of a constant temperature set point, a constant current set point, or a constant voltage set point, to control a heat exchanger, such as a heat pump, using a novel combination or arrangement of a reduced-order electrochemical model, a reduced-order thermal model, feedback control, model predictive control, and feedforward control. During charging and discharging events, advantageously, dynamically achieving controlling one battery cell or a plurality of battery cells to a constant set point.

[0006] Methods, apparatus, and control systems for a battery cell are provided and include a heat exchanger in thermal contact with the battery cell and a first controller. The first controller is operatively connected to the heat exchanger and is arranged to monitor the battery cell. The first controller has executable code including a reduced-order electrochemical model, a heat generation model, and a heat generation controller, and includes an instruction set executable to determine target parameters of the battery cell and to determine a plurality of battery cell parameters. The reduced-order electrochemical model determines a plurality of internal ROM variables based on the plurality of battery cell parameters. The heat generation model determines electrochemical heat generation parameters from the battery cell based on the plurality of internal ROM variables and the target parameters of the battery cell. The heat generation controller determines a heat work parameter based on the electrochemical heat generation and the target parameters of the battery cell. The heat exchanger is controlled based on the heat work parameter.

[0007] One aspect of the present disclosure includes that the first controller includes a model parameter modification routine executable to update the plurality of battery cell parameters via the model parameter modification routine.

[0008] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes that the heat exchanger in thermal contact with the battery cell is a thermoelectric heat pump device.

[0009] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes that the battery cell is a rectangular prism device, wherein the heat exchanger in thermal contact with the battery cell includes a first thermoelectric heat pump device in thermal contact with a first side of the rectangular prism device and a second thermoelectric heat pump device in thermal contact with a second side of the rectangular prism device.

[0010] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes that the target parameter of the battery cell is a target temperature value.

[0011] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes that the target parameter of the battery cell is a target current value.

[0012] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes that the target parameter of the battery cell is a target voltage value.

[0013] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes that the instruction set is executable in real time to determine a heat work parameter based on the electrochemical heat generation and the target parameters of the battery cell via the heat generation controller, and to control the heat exchanger based on the heat work parameter.

[0014] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes that the first controller has an instruction set executable to control the heat exchanger to control the temperature of the battery cell based on the heat work parameter.

[0015] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes that a thermal management controller communicates with the first controller and is operatively connected to the heat exchanger, wherein the first controller includes an instruction set executable to control the thermal management controller to operate the heat exchanger based on the heat work parameter.

[0016] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes that the battery cell is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery cell.

[0017] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes that the battery cell is a plurality of battery cells electrically connected.

[0018] This application may also include the following solutions.

[0019] 1. A control system for a battery cell, comprising:

[0020] a heat exchanger in thermal contact with the battery cell, and a first controller;

[0021] wherein the first controller is operatively connected to the heat exchanger;

[0022] wherein the first controller is arranged to monitor the battery cell;

[0023] wherein the first controller has executable code, the executable code includes a reduced-order electrochemical model (ROM), a heat generation model, and a heat generation controller; and

[0024] wherein the first controller includes an instruction set executable to:

[0025] determine the target parameters of the battery cell,

[0026] determine a plurality of battery cell parameters,

[0027] determine a plurality of internal ROM variables via the reduced-order electrochemical model based on the plurality of battery cell parameters,

[0028] determine the electrochemical heat generation parameters from the battery cell via the heat generation model based on the plurality of internal ROM variables and the target parameters of the battery cell,

[0029] determine the thermal work parameters via the heat generation controller based on the electrochemical heat generation and target parameters of the battery cell, and

[0030] control the heat exchanger based on the thermal work parameters.

[0031] 2. The control system according to solution 1, further comprising:

[0032] wherein the first controller has executable code including a model parameter modification routine; and

[0033] wherein the first controller includes an instruction set executable to update the plurality of battery cell parameters via the model parameter modification routine.

[0034] 3. The control system according to Solution 1, wherein the heat exchanger in thermal contact with the battery unit includes a thermoelectric heat pump device.

[0035] 4. The control system according to Solution 1, wherein the battery unit includes a rectangular prism device, and wherein the heat exchanger in thermal contact with the battery unit includes a first thermoelectric heat pump device in thermal contact with a first side of the rectangular prism device and a second thermoelectric heat pump device in thermal contact with a second side of the rectangular prism device.

[0036] 5. The control system according to Solution 1, wherein the target parameter of the battery unit includes a target temperature value.

[0037] 6. The control system according to Solution 1, wherein the target parameter of the battery unit includes a target current value.

[0038] 7. The control system according to Solution 1, wherein the target parameter of the battery unit includes a target voltage value.

[0039] 8. The control system according to Solution 1, wherein the instruction set can be executed in real time to determine the thermal work parameter via the heating controller based on the electrochemical heating of the battery unit and the target parameter, and to control the heat exchanger based on the thermal work parameter.

[0040] 9. The control system according to Solution 1, wherein the first controller includes an instruction set that can be executed to control the heat exchanger so as to control the temperature of the battery unit based on the thermal work parameter.

[0041] 10. The control system according to Solution 1 further includes a thermal management controller that communicates with the first controller and is operatively connected to the heat exchanger, wherein the first controller includes an instruction set that can be executed to control the thermal management controller to operate the heat exchanger based on the thermal work parameter.

[0042] 11. The control system according to Solution 1, wherein the battery unit includes a rechargeable lithium-ion battery unit.

[0043] 12. The control system according to Solution 1, wherein the battery unit includes a plurality of battery units electrically connected.

[0044] 13. A method for controlling a heat exchanger in thermal contact with a battery unit, the method comprising:

[0045] Determining the target parameter of the battery unit;

[0046] Determining a plurality of battery unit parameters;

[0047] Determine a plurality of internal ROM variables based on the plurality of battery cell parameters via a reduced-order electrochemical model;

[0048] Determine the electrochemical heat generation from the battery cell based on the plurality of internal ROM variables via a heat generation model;

[0049] Determine a thermal power parameter via a heat generation controller based on the electrochemical heat generation of the battery cell and a target parameter; and

[0050] Control the heat exchanger based on the thermal power parameter.

[0051] 14. The method according to aspect 13, wherein controlling the heat exchanger includes: controlling heat transfer between the heat exchanger and the battery cell based on the thermal power parameter.

[0052] 15. The method according to aspect 13, further comprising: updating the plurality of battery cell parameters via a model parameter modification routine.

[0053] 16. The method according to aspect 13, wherein the target parameter of the battery cell includes a target temperature value.

[0054] 17. The method according to aspect 13, wherein the target parameter of the battery cell includes a target current value.

[0055] 18. The method according to aspect 13, wherein the target parameter of the battery cell includes a target voltage value.

[0056] 19. The method according to aspect 13, further comprising: controlling the heat exchanger to control the temperature of the battery cell based on the thermal power parameter.

[0057] 20. A method for controlling parameters in a battery cell, the method comprising:

[0058] Determine a target temperature of the battery cell;

[0059] Determine a plurality of battery cell parameters;

[0060] Determine a plurality of internal ROM variables based on the plurality of battery cell parameters via a reduced-order electrochemical model (ROM);

[0061] Determine the electrochemical heat generation from the battery cell based on the plurality of internal ROM variables via a heat generation model;

[0062] Determine a thermal power parameter via a heat generation controller based on the electrochemical heat generation of the battery cell and the target temperature; and

[0063] Control a heat exchanger thermally coupled to the battery cell based on the thermal power parameter.

[0064] The foregoing Summary is not intended to represent every possible embodiment or every aspect of the present disclosure. Rather, the foregoing Summary is intended to illustrate some novel aspects and features disclosed herein. From the following detailed description of representative embodiments and modes for carrying out the present disclosure in conjunction with the drawings and the claims, the above and other features and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0065] One or more embodiments will now be described by way of example with reference to the drawings, in which:

[0066] Figure 1 A battery cell and associated control system according to the present disclosure are schematically illustrated.

[0067] Figure 2 A control system for a battery cell and / or battery pack according to the present disclosure is schematically illustrated in block diagram form.

[0068] The drawings are not necessarily to scale and may present a somewhat simplified representation of various preferred features of the present disclosure as disclosed herein, including, for example, particular dimensions, orientations, positions, and shapes. Details associated with these features will be determined in part by the particular intended application and use environment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0069] Lithium-ion batteries typically operate by reversibly transferring lithium ions between a negative electrode (sometimes referred to as the anode) and a positive electrode (sometimes referred to as the cathode). The negative and positive electrodes are located on opposite sides of a porous polymer separator impregnated with an electrolyte solution adapted to conduct lithium ions. Each of the negative and positive electrodes is also received by a respective current collector. The current collectors associated with the two electrodes are connected by an interruptible external circuit that allows current to pass between the electrodes to electrically balance the associated migration of lithium ions. In addition, the negative electrode may include a lithium intercalation host material, and the positive electrode may include a lithium-based active material capable of storing lithium ions at a higher electric potential than the intercalation host material of the negative electrode.

[0070] Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles include a battery pack to provide power to drive one or more wheels of the vehicle during certain operating modes. The battery pack may include a module housing a battery formed of a plurality of battery cells. The battery pack may include a cooling plate configured to cool the battery cells of the battery pack

[0071] Note that the particular mechanisms or techniques for cooling the batteries shown and discussed herein are not restrictive, and other structures and mechanisms may be used. For example, but not limited to, thermoelectric devices, dedicated coolant loops, air cooling, or combinations thereof may be used in the methods for selectively cooling the batteries discussed herein.

[0072] Referring to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals correspond to like or similar components, in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein Figure 1 and Figure 2 an embodiment of a battery cell 10 and an associated control system 100 are schematically illustrated. The battery cell 10 includes an anode 11, a cathode 12, a separator 13, an electrolyte solution 14, an anode current collector 17, and a cathode current collector 18, which are encapsulated in a housing 19. In one embodiment, as shown, there is a first surface 15 proximate the anode 11 and a second surface 16 proximate the cathode 12. In one embodiment, the housing 19 is configured as a rectangular prism device and the battery cell 10 is configured as a pouch-type element. Alternatively, the battery cell 10 may be configured as a cylindrical device. During discharge, lithium active particles diffuse to the surface of the cathode, where the lithium active particles react, generating lithium ions that flow through the electrolyte solution by diffusion and migration until they reach the cathode. The positively charged ions react with and diffuse into the metal oxide material particles of the anode. The electrons generated in the cathode reaction cannot flow through the electrolyte solution, which is an insulator, but flow through an external circuit, generating an electric current. The reverse reaction occurs during the charging process. The anode current collector 17 and the cathode current collector 18 are electrically connected to an electric device 90 that utilizes the electrical power stored in the battery cell 10. The battery cell parameters 37 include voltage, current, temperature, etc.

[0073] The electric device 90 may be a rotary electric motor or motor / generator, a display device, a communication device, etc., configured to utilize the electrical power stored in the battery cell 10. In one embodiment, the electric device 90 further includes a connection to a charging system (not shown). The operating parameters of the electric device 90 relate to the electrical system load associated with charging and / or discharging and may include positive and negative voltage levels, positive and negative current levels, temperature, etc.

[0074] In one embodiment, the battery cell 10 is a stand-alone device and is electrically connected to the electric device 90.

[0075] Alternatively, the battery cell 10 may be an element of a battery pack composed of a plurality of electrically connected battery cells 10, such as a battery pack for an electric vehicle. The concepts described herein may be advantageously used in various battery cell configurations as well as various battery pack configurations.

[0076] The control system 100 for the battery cell 10 includes a controller 40. The controller 40 is arranged to monitor the battery cell 10 and, in one embodiment, includes input leads to the anode collector 17 and the cathode collector 18 for monitoring parameters of the battery cell 10 and the electric device 90.

[0077] The controller 40 further includes a non - transitory digital data storage medium on which control routines 45 are stored in one or more encoded data files executable by a processor of the controller 40. Refer to Figure 2 the embodiments describing the control routines 45.

[0078] The control system 100 for the battery cell 10 further includes one or more heat exchangers that are in thermal contact with the battery cell 10 to effect heat transfer. In one embodiment, as shown, a first controllable heat exchanger 20 is adjacent to and in thermal contact with the first surface 15, and a second controllable heat exchanger 30 is adjacent to and in thermal contact with the second surface 16. In one embodiment, the first and second controllable heat exchangers 20, 30 can be heat pump devices, such as thermoelectric devices operating according to the Peltier effect. Alternatively, the first and second controllable heat exchangers 20, 30 can be one or more controllable devices, such as an air - air heat exchanger with a controllable fan, a dedicated coolant loop, etc.

[0079] Figure 2 An embodiment of the control routine 45 is schematically shown, which is arranged to monitor the operation of the battery cell 10 and control the operation of the first controllable heat exchanger 20 and the second controllable heat exchanger 30 in response to a target parameter Z. The control routine 45 is shown as a collection of blocks in a logic flow chart, which represents a sequence of operations that can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. In the context of software, these blocks represent computer instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the operations. For the sake of illustration convenience and clarity, refer to Figure 1 the control system 100 shown to describe the control routine 45.

[0080] The control routine 45 includes a model predictive controller (MPC) 50 and a model parameter modification routine 58. The MPC 50 has a reduced - order electrochemical model (ROM) 52, a heat generation model (HGM) 54, and a heat generation controller (HGC) 56. The heat generation controller 56 communicates with a thermal management controller 25, which is operably and / or operably and signal - connected to the first and second controllable heat exchangers 20, 30 (as shown), or alternatively, operably and / or operably and signal - connected to a single heat exchanger.

[0081] The model parameter modification routine 58 is employed to manage the uncertainties associated with the multiple cell parameters 51 of the ROM 52, including using control and feedback terms to manage, update, and otherwise improve their accuracy. The control and feedback terms include: the target parameter (Z target ) 34 of cell 10; the error term (Z target ) 36 associated with the target parameter (Z error ) 34; the cell parameters 37 including voltage, current, temperature, etc.; the surface temperature estimate 38 of the surface temperature of cell 10; and the voltage and current estimates 39 of cell 10. The control or target parameter (Z target ) 34 of the cell can be the target temperature, target current, target voltage, or another controllable parameter. The error term (Z error ) 36 is associated with the target parameter (Z target ) 34. The cell parameters 37 include voltage, current, temperature, etc. The cell temperature can include the surface temperature of cell 10 at the interface between cell 10 and one or both of the heat exchangers 20, 30 (i.e., at one or both of the first surface 15 and the second surface 16) for determining the heat transfer effect. The surface temperature estimate 38 includes the estimated value of the surface temperature of cell 10 at the interface between cell 10 and one or both of the heat exchangers 20, 30 determined by the heating controller 56. The voltage and current estimates 39 of cell 10 are determined by the ROM 52.

[0082] The model parameter modification routine 58 can employ a Kalman filter or other forms of linear quadratic estimation (LQE). A Kalman filter is an analytical structure that can be simplified to be implemented as an algorithm that uses a series of measurements observed over time containing statistical noise and other inaccuracies to produce an estimate of an unknown variable based on the measurements observed over a period of time.

[0083] The model parameter modification routine 58 generates cell parameters 51 provided to the ROM 52, including state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), cell voltage (V cell ), cell current (A cell ), and electrochemical parameters (EC parameters). The model parameter modification routine 58 also generates an error term Z target,error 53 associated with the target parameter Z.

[0084] The ROM 52 provides a simplification of multiple high-fidelity, complex electrochemical source models that capture the behavior of the source models, thereby facilitating the understanding of the dominant effects of the system using the least amount of computational resources.

[0085] The battery cell parameters 51 of the ROM 52 include the state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), battery cell voltage (V cell ), battery cell current (A cell ), and electrochemistry parameters (EC parameters), which can be determined by the controller 40 through the regular and / or periodic monitoring of the battery cell parameters 37. The ROM 52 includes a selection (C1) of a reduced-order method for the model components based on physics. The third-order polynomial method can be used for the liquid phase in the porous electrode, which allows the use of local concentration to calculate electrolyte diffusion and conductivity, instead of using the average concentration of the lower-order polynomial method. In addition, by using the third-order polynomial, the non-uniform reaction in the porous domain can be maintained. This is important for capturing the local performance. The three-term polynomial approximation is used for the solid-phase diffusion. This is suitable for capturing the dynamic distribution, i.e., charging / discharging / standing. When transient information is important, the full-order model can be implemented in various embodiments. For each electrode, it is assumed that the solid-phase potential is constant, which simplifies the physics without losing the accuracy of the battery characteristics.

[0086] The ROM 52 also includes a compilation (C2) of a reduced-order method for an effective and feasible solution, which is adjusted for control and calibration development. Based on the results of the selected method, the natural system equations exist as a differential-algebraic equation (DAE) system. The DAE system is reconstructed into an ordinary differential equation (ODE) system, which makes it more robust to be solved by different commercial system platforms by integrating the ROM with different commercial system platforms.

[0087] The ROM 52 also includes an improved algorithm (C3) for robustness and real-time simulation, in which certain partial differential equations (PDEs) are linearized and solved to obtain an analytical solution, which improves the robustness by eliminating the need for internal iterations and enables real-time simulation.

[0088] The ROM 52 determines a plurality of internal ROM variables (ROM InternalVar ) 55 based on a plurality of battery cell parameters, and the plurality of battery cell parameters include, for example, open circuit voltage (OCV), reaction rate, solid material balance, overpotential related to phase change, etc. The internal ROM variables (ROM InternalVar ) 55 are provided as inputs to the heating controller 56 and the HGM 54, and are also provided as feedback to the model parameter modification routine 58.

[0089] As a non-limiting example, examples of the plurality of internal ROM variables 55 include cathode conductivity, cathode particle size, cathode film resistance, cathode-anode transfer coefficient, cathode-cathode transfer coefficient, cathode length, cathode width, cathode thickness, cathode current collector thickness, cathode porosity, cathode active material volume fraction, cathode equilibrium potential, cathode particle surface concentration, cathode particle average concentration, cathode overpotential, cathode voltage drop, cathode diffusivity, cathode factor for kinetic temperature dependence (e.g., Arrhenius). Exemplary internal ROM variables also include, for example, anode conductivity, anode particle size, anode film resistance, anode-anode transfer coefficient, anode-cathode transfer coefficient, anode length, anode width, anode thickness, anode current collector thickness, anode porosity, anode active material volume fraction, anode equilibrium potential, anode particle surface concentration, anode particle average concentration, anode overpotential, anode voltage drop, anode diffusivity, anode factor for kinetic temperature dependence (e.g., Arrhenius). Exemplary internal ROM variables also include, for example, separator thickness, separator porosity, electrolyte ion diffusivity, electrolyte ion conductivity in the anode region, electrolyte salt concentration in the cathode region, electrolyte salt concentration in the separator region, full cell equilibrium potential, thermal conductivity of the cell unit, heat capacity of the cell unit, specific heat capacity of the cell unit, thermal conductivity of the cathode, specific heat capacity of the cathode, TC of the anode, SHC of the anode, TC of the separator, SHC of the separator, terminal voltage, contact resistance of the anode, contact resistance of the cathode, tortuosity of the anode, tortuosity of the cathode, tortuosity of the separator, Bruggeman coefficient of the anode, Bruggeman coefficient of the separator, Bruggeman coefficient of the cathode, current collector conductivity of the anode, current collector conductivity of the cathode, capacity loss per cycle, lithium loss per cycle, lithium loss per unit time, capacity loss per unit time, resistance increase per cycle, and / or resistance increase per unit time (also referred to as calendar aging).

[0090] The operating temperature of the cell unit 10 strongly affects the overall chemical reaction, ion transport, insertion and extraction processes, and thus affects the efficiency, cycle life, and degradation of the cell unit 10. The HGM 54 is a thermal model that includes irreversible and reversible heat source terms, as well as the effects of C-rate and temperature on the heat generation rate and entropy coefficient generated during charging and discharging of the cell unit 10. Examples of simplified heat generation models for lithium-ion battery cells are available and thus are not described in detail herein. In operation, the HGM 54 uses a thermodynamic energy balance based on Joule heating and entropy change, using a plurality of internal ROM variables (ROM InternalVar ) 55 and an error term Z target,error 53 associated with the target parameter Z to dynamically determine the electrochemical heat generation parameter (Q) 57 specific to the cell unit 10.

[0091] The thermal management of a battery system can be optimally designed to achieve efficient and reliable operation of the battery system, which requires the characterization and analysis of the heat generated during operation. In one embodiment, the thermal model includes irreversible and reversible heat source terms, which are incorporated into a reduced-order electrochemical model (ROM). The model is validated against the heat generation rate of a large-format pouch lithium-ion battery measured by a calorimeter capable of measuring the heat generation rate and entropy coefficient. In one embodiment, the model has been shown to be in good agreement with the measured heat generation rate up to 3C from -30°C to 45°C. The analysis includes the effects of C-rate and temperature on the two heat source terms generated during charging and discharging.

[0092] The control routine 45 determines the target parameter (Z target ) of the battery cell 10 and determines a plurality of battery cell parameters, including voltage, current, and temperature. In one embodiment, the target parameter (Z target ) of the battery cell 10 is the target temperature, and the control routine 45 monitors the operation of the battery cell 10 and controls the operation of the first controllable heat exchanger 20 and the second controllable heat exchanger 30 in response to achieving the target temperature. Alternatively, the target parameter (Z target ) of the battery cell is the target voltage, and the control routine 45 monitors the operation of the battery cell 10 and controls the operation of the first controllable heat exchanger 20 and the second controllable heat exchanger 30 in response to achieving the target voltage. Alternatively, the target parameter (Z target ) of the battery cell is the target current, and the control routine 45 monitors the operation of the battery cell 10 and controls the operation of the first controllable heat exchanger 20 and the second controllable heat exchanger 30 in response to achieving the target current.

[0093] In operation, the control routine 45 monitors the battery cell 10 and determines a plurality of battery cell parameters 37. The reduced-order electrochemical model 52 is executed to determine a plurality of ROM internal variables 55 based on the plurality of battery cell parameters 37 and the error term Z target ) 34 associated with the target parameter (Z target,error 53. The HGM 54 determines the electrochemical heat generation parameter 57 from the battery cell 10 based on the plurality of ROM internal variables 55 and the error term Z target, error 53. The heat generation controller 56 determines the heat work parameter 59 based on the error term Z target,error 53 and the plurality of ROM internal variables 55. The heat generation controller 56 transmits the heat work parameter 59 to the thermal management controller 25, and the thermal management controller generates commands 26, 27 respectively transmitted to the first and second controllable heat exchangers 20, 30 to control the operation of the first and second controllable heat exchangers.

[0094] As described and shown herein, the components of the disclosed embodiments may be arranged and designed in a variety of different configurations. Accordingly, the following detailed description is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure as claimed, but is merely representative of its possible embodiments. Additionally, while numerous specific details are set forth in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments disclosed herein, some embodiments may be practiced without some of these details. Further, for clarity, certain technical materials understood in the relevant art are not described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure. Moreover, as illustrated and described herein, the present disclosure may be practiced in the absence of elements not specifically disclosed herein.

[0095] As used herein, the term "system" may refer to one or a combination of mechanical and electro-mechanical actuators, sensors, controllers, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), combinational logic circuits, software, firmware, and / or other components arranged to provide the described functionality.

[0096] The terms "controller" and related terms such as microcontroller, control, processor, etc. refer to one or various combinations of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), electronic circuits, central processing units (such as microprocessors), and associated non-transitory memory components in the form of memories and storage devices (read only, programmable read only, random access, hard disk drives, etc.). The non-transitory memory components are capable of storing machine-readable instructions in the form of one or more software or firmware programs or routines, combinational logic circuits, input / output circuits and devices, signal conditioning, buffer circuits, and other components, which may be accessed and executed by one or more processors to provide the described functionality. The input / output circuits and devices include analog / digital converters and related devices that monitor inputs from sensors, where such inputs are monitored at a preset sampling frequency or in response to a triggering event. Software, firmware, programs, instructions, control routines, code, algorithms, and like terms refer to sets of instructions executable by a controller, including calibration and look-up tables. Each controller executes control routines to provide the desired functionality. The routines may be executed at regular intervals, such as once every 100 microseconds during an ongoing operation. Alternatively, the routines may be executed in response to the occurrence of a triggering event. Communication between the controller, actuator, and / or sensor may be achieved using direct wired point-to-point links, networked communication bus links, wireless links, or another communication link. Communication includes the exchange of data signals, which may include, for example: electrical signals via a conductive medium; electromagnetic signals via air; optical signals via an optical waveguide, etc. The data signals may include discrete, analog, and / or digitized analog signals that represent inputs from sensors, actuator commands, and communication between controllers.

[0097] The term "signal" refers to a physically distinguishable indicator that conveys information and can be a suitable waveform (e.g., electrical, optical, magnetic, mechanical, or electromagnetic) capable of traveling through a medium, such as DC, AC, sine wave, triangular wave, square wave, vibration, etc.

[0098] The term "model" refers to a processor-based or processor-executable code and associated calibration that simulates the physical presence of a device or physical process. As used herein, the terms "dynamic" and "dynamically" describe steps or processes that are executed in real time and are characterized by monitoring or otherwise determining the state of a parameter and periodically or cyclically updating the state of the parameter during the execution of a routine or between iterations of the execution of a routine.

[0099] The term "parameter" refers to a measurable quantity that represents a physical property of a device or other element distinguishable using one or more sensors and / or physical models. A parameter can have discrete values, such as "1" or "0", or can be infinitely variable in value.

[0100] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the process diagrams illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagram can represent a module, segment, or portion of code that includes one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by a system based on dedicated function hardware that performs the specified functions or actions, or by a combination of dedicated function hardware and computer instructions. These computer program instructions can also be stored in a computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing device to operate in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including an instruction set that implements the functions / actions specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart and / or block diagram.

[0101] The detailed description and the drawings or pictures support and describe this teaching, but the scope of this teaching is defined only by the claims. Although some best modes and other embodiments for carrying out this teaching have been described in detail, there are various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing this teaching as defined in the claims.

Claims

1. A control system for a battery cell, comprising: a heat exchanger in thermal contact with the battery cell, and a first controller; wherein the first controller is operatively connected to the heat exchanger; wherein the first controller is arranged to monitor the battery cell; wherein the first controller has executable code, the executable code including a reduced-order electrochemical model (ROM), a heat generation model, and a heat generation controller; and wherein the first controller includes an instruction set executable to: determine a target parameter of the battery cell, determine a plurality of battery cell parameters, determine a plurality of internal ROM variables via the reduced-order electrochemical model based on the plurality of battery cell parameters, determine an electrochemical heat generation parameter from the battery cell via the heat generation model based on the plurality of internal ROM variables and the target parameter of the battery cell, determine a heat work parameter via the heat generation controller based on the electrochemical heat generation and the target parameter of the battery cell, and control the heat exchanger based on the heat work parameter.

2. The control system according to claim 1, further comprising: wherein, the first controller has executable code including a model parameter modification routine; and wherein the first controller includes an instruction set executable to update the plurality of battery cell parameters via the model parameter modification routine.

3. The control system according to claim 1, wherein, The heat exchanger in thermal contact with the battery cell includes a thermoelectric heat pump device.

4. The control system according to claim 1, wherein, The battery cell includes a rectangular prism device, and wherein the heat exchanger in thermal contact with the battery cell includes a first thermoelectric heat pump device in thermal contact with a first side of the rectangular prism device and a second thermoelectric heat pump device in thermal contact with a second side of the rectangular prism device.

5. The control system according to claim 1, wherein, The target parameter of the battery cell includes a target temperature value.

6. The control system according to claim 1, wherein The target parameter of the battery cell includes a target current value.

7. The control system according to claim 1, wherein, The target parameter of the battery cell includes a target voltage value.

8. The control system according to claim 1, wherein, The instruction set is executable in real time to determine the heat work parameter via the heat generation controller based on the electrochemical heat generation and the target parameter of the battery cell, and to control the heat exchanger based on the heat work parameter.

9. The control system according to claim 1, wherein, The first controller includes an instruction set executable to control the heat exchanger so as to control the temperature of the battery cell based on the heat work parameter.

10. The control system according to claim 1, further comprising a thermal management controller in communication with the first controller and operatively connected to the heat exchanger, wherein the first controller includes an instruction set executable to control the thermal management controller to operate the heat exchanger based on the heat work parameter.

11. The control system according to claim 1, wherein, The battery cell includes a rechargeable lithium-ion battery cell.

12. The control system according to claim 1, wherein, The battery cell includes a plurality of electrically connected battery cells.

13. A method for controlling a heat exchanger in thermal contact with a battery cell, the method comprising: determining a target parameter of the battery cell; determining a plurality of battery cell parameters; determining a plurality of internal ROM variables via a reduced-order electrochemical model based on the plurality of battery cell parameters; Determine the electrochemical heating from the battery cell based on the plurality of internal ROM variables via a heating model; Determine a thermal power parameter based on the electrochemical heating of the battery cell and a target parameter via a heating controller; And Control the heat exchanger based on the thermal power parameter.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein, Controlling the heat exchanger includes: controlling heat transfer between the heat exchanger and the battery cell based on the thermal power parameter.

15. The method according to claim 13 further comprises: Update the plurality of battery cell parameters via a model parameter modification routine.

16. The method according to claim 13, wherein The target parameter of the battery cell includes a target temperature value.

17. The method according to claim 13, wherein, The target parameter of the battery cell includes a target current value.

18. The method according to claim 13, wherein, The target parameter of the battery cell includes a target voltage value.

19. The method according to claim 13, further comprising: Control the heat exchanger to control the temperature of the battery cell based on the thermal power parameter.

20. A method for controlling parameters in a battery cell, the method comprising: Determine a target temperature of the battery cell; Determine a plurality of battery cell parameters; Determine a plurality of internal ROM variables based on the plurality of battery cell parameters via a reduced-order electrochemical model (ROM); Determine the electrochemical heating from the battery cell based on the plurality of internal ROM variables via a heating model; Determine a thermal power parameter based on the electrochemical heating of the battery cell and the target temperature via a heating controller; And Control a heat exchanger thermally coupled to the battery cell based on the thermal power parameter.

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