541results about "Combustion regulation" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of boiler combustion control, in particular to a boiler combustion multi-target collaborative optimization control method and system. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, acquiring coal quality parameters in real time through a laser-induced breakdown spectrum analyzer, carrying out qualitative and quantitative analysis on spectral data by utilizing a machine learning algorithm, constructing a boiler combustion digital twinborn model fusing a combustion mechanism model and a data driving model, and predicting combustion characteristics, NOx generation trends and coking risks under different blending schemes; and then, dynamically generating an optimization instruction combination according to a prediction result of the digital twinborn model, establishing a safety interlocking mechanism while executing the optimization instruction, and automatically switching to a manual control mode when detecting that the working condition fluctuates severely or the model prediction deviation exceeds a preset threshold value. According to the method, the problems of coal quality information lag and untimely combustion adjustment caused by traditional manual sampling are effectively solved, and the economical efficiency, the safety and the environmental protection property of boiler operation are improved.

The invention discloses a machine learning multi-objective optimization control method based on coal quality characteristics and combustion state feedback, and belongs to the technical field of industrial process automatic control. According to the method, collaborative optimization control over the combustion efficiency, NOx emission and combustion stability is achieved under the multi-working-condition operation condition of the combustor. According to the method, coal quality characteristic parameters and combustion state data are collected, working condition clustering is carried out after data fusion, and a historical combustion operation data set coupling coal quality characteristics and combustion states is constructed; a combustion state evaluation model and a combustion control model are established by adopting machine learning, on the basis of identifying working conditions in real time and evaluating combustion performance, a control parameter adjustment amount is generated in combination with trend extrapolation and a multi-objective cost function, and a combustion state feedback rolling correction model and a control strategy are utilized to realize combustion control. The self-adaptive closed-loop collaborative optimization control of the combustion process under multiple coal types and multiple working conditions is realized, the boiler efficiency is improved, the NOx emission is reduced, and the operation robustness is enhanced.

The invention relates to the technical field of industrial intelligent control, in particular to a combustion system fault correlation analysis and diagnosis method and system based on a knowledge graph. The method comprises the following steps: constructing a mechanism topological graph of a combustion system, obtaining real-time load data of the combustion system, calculating dynamic conduction lag time of a parent node influencing a child node in the mechanism topological graph based on a fluid mechanics load correction mechanism in combination with a flow resistance correction factor and reference transmission time, performing time sequence alignment based on dynamic conduction delay time, calculating causal association strength of a father node pointing to a child node and performing confidence attenuation processing, performing reverse search on a mechanism topological graph when an abnormal trigger point is monitored, calculating accumulated abnormal energy of each father node based on the causal association strength, and determining the abnormal trigger point according to the accumulated abnormal energy. And determining the father node with the highest accumulated abnormal energy as a fault root cause. According to the scheme of the invention, accurate time sequence alignment under working condition fluctuation can be realized, diagnosis failure can be prevented, and fault root causes can be accurately positioned.

The invention discloses an intelligent optimization operation method for a biomass gas coupling coal-fired boiler, and belongs to the technical field of boiler operation control. Historical operation parameters of a gasification furnace and the coal-fired boiler are collected, a multi-dimensional coordinate system is constructed, historical operation data are mapped into coordinate points, a high-efficiency area boundary, a stable area boundary and a risk area boundary are divided, and a dynamic operation map is formed; meanwhile, the historical operation data are cut into track fragments, and the state evolution process and operation instructions of the coal-fired boiler are recorded; the method comprises the following steps: acquiring gasifier temperature, gas components and boiler temperature data in real time, determining the position of a current state in a dynamic operation map, and predicting a future evolution path of the coal-fired boiler by fitting a motion track and matching a plurality of historical tracks; and when the evolution path reaches the boundary of the risk area, triggering early warning, screening a historical successful track by taking an efficient area as a target, extracting related operation instructions to form a candidate intervention strategy set, selecting the operation instructions according to real-time working conditions, converting the operation instructions into specific adjustment instructions, and sending the specific adjustment instructions to corresponding control equipment.

A gas and steam power generation afterburning type heat-electricity decoupling system and a working mechanism thereof, characterized in that the system comprises a gas turbine power generation system, a power transmission and transformation system, a molten salt heat storage system and a steam power generation system; the gas turbine power generation system is connected with the molten salt heat storage system through a flue gas pipeline; the molten salt heat storage system is connected with the power transmission and transformation system through a cable; the gas turbine power generation system is connected with the power transmission and transformation system through a cable; the molten salt heat storage system is connected with the steam power generation system through a main steam pipeline and a backwater pipeline; and the steam power generation system is connected with the power transmission and transformation system through a cable. The system can realize complete heat-electricity decoupling in a green energy storage system, realize the functions of self-supply of external power, storage of green electricity or heat supply, increase the accommodation capacity of a power grid to green electricity, and enhance the stability, flexibility and safety of a new power system.

The application discloses a supplemental combustion type flue gas molten salt heat exchanger and a working mechanism thereof, characterized in that: a supplemental combustion device is added in the upstream of a flue gas molten salt heat exchanger, the supplemental combustion device is connected with the flue gas molten salt heat exchanger through a flue, and a supplemental combustion type flue gas molten salt heat exchange integrated device is formed; the device comprises a supplemental combustion device or a supplemental combustion device, and a first-stage flue gas molten salt heat exchange component. The application can realize the functions of more uniform and efficient supplemental combustion heat transfer in the flue gas, realize a safer ignition mode of the supplemental combustion gas or the mixed body of the atomized supplemental combustion gas and liquid (or gas powder) outside the flue, realize the function of more convenient monitoring of the supplemental combustion, realize the complete decoupling of heat and electricity in the combustion engine power generation heat supply energy storage system, and realize the functions of self-supply of external power, heat storage or heat supply of the system.

The invention relates to the technical field of kiln combustion control, and discloses a dynamic tar blending combustion proportion optimization control method and system. Comprising the following steps: collecting kiln system data to obtain a standardized working condition data set; inputting the multi-layer perceptron model to obtain a combustion stability score; when the score is lower than a stable threshold value, triggering risk assessment: extracting kiln load micro fluctuation characteristics from the data set, classifying shutdown risk levels by using a support vector machine algorithm model, and determining a high-risk early warning signal; based on the signal correlation current working condition, a historical optimal blending combustion proportion in a corresponding historical adjustment record is called, a deviation value is calculated in combination with the current blending combustion proportion, and a preliminary proportion adjustment suggestion value is obtained; and iterative correction is started, real-time fuel characteristic change and a combustion state prediction result are fused for step-by-step adjustment, a correction proportion is input into a multi-layer sensor to calculate a stability score, and an optimization control scheme is output after the stability score reaches the standard. According to the method, the tar blending combustion proportion is dynamically optimized, the combustion stability of the kiln is effectively improved, and the shutdown risk is reduced.

Aiming at the problems of large flue gas nitrogen oxide generation amount, easy exceeding and serious pollution possibly existing in ammonia gas blending combustion, the invention provides an ammonia gas out-of-furnace bypass combustion blending combustion oxidation method, which comprises the following steps: preparing NO2 by virtue of an ammonia combustion system, generating O.free radicals by virtue of photo-thermal cracking of NO2, oxidizing NO in flue gas into NO2, cracking NO2 into N2, removing NO by virtue of NO2, and performing denitration by virtue of denitration, so that the nitrogen oxide in the flue gas is not easily generated. According to the method, SO2 is oxidized into SO3 through O.free radicals, the SO3 reacts with calcium for desulfurization, CO and VOCs are oxidized into CO2 and H2O, collaborative purification of multiple pollutants is achieved, reduction denitration and wet desulfurization are replaced and used for denitration and desulfurization of combustion flue gas and collaborative treatment of the multiple pollutants, and deep pollution reduction, carbon reduction, energy conservation and efficiency improvement are achieved.

The invention relates to an intelligent combustion monitoring and rapid intervention control method and system for deep peak regulation of a coal-fired boiler. The method comprises the following steps: reconstructing a two-dimensional temperature field of a hearth through regularization optimization modeling by utilizing hearth infrared measuring point data; constructing a coal quality dynamic identification model to realize dynamic monitoring and trend prediction of coal quality fluctuation; a combustion state nonlinear probability fusion model is constructed, on the basis of a probability graph model, information such as flame detection signals, hearth negative pressure, flame images, oxygen amount, steam drum water level, coke falling and coal interruption is fused, joint probability distribution is constructed, time sequence incremental learning is conducted in combination with an XGBoost model, and dynamic recognition and early warning of the combustion state are achieved. Key parameters such as a flame image, temperature field distribution and negative pressure fluctuation are collected in real time by means of a hearth multi-dimensional combustion state recognition model, a decision module is triggered when a combustion state score reaches an early warning threshold value, a quick oil gun is triggered to be put into use, and early warning in advance is changed into quick intervention.

A parameter-setting program operates on an information terminal 50 that may perform wireless communication with a combustion device 10. The parameter-setting program may cause the information terminal 50 to execute: processing to cause, when a parameter is to be set for one combustion device 10, the information terminal 50 or an external storage device to store the parameter inputted into the information terminal 50; processing to cause, when, after the storing, the parameter is to be set for another combustion device, the information terminal 50 to display an option to instruct the information terminal 50 to write the stored parameter into the other combustion device 10; and processing to write the stored parameter into the other combustion device 10 when the option is selected.

The invention discloses a thermal power generating unit boiler wall temperature early warning method and device, and the method comprises the steps: determining a steady-state working condition according to boiler operation parameters; the boiler operation parameters comprise coal feeding quantity, water feeding quantity, primary air quantity and secondary air quantity; calculating the wall temperature change rate of each monitoring point in a preset time window; the time window is set according to a data smooth filtering requirement and an early warning response timeliness requirement, and the monitoring points comprise a superheater, a reheater and a water cooling wall; and if the wall temperature change rate of at least one monitoring point is greater than or equal to a preset early warning threshold value and the duration is greater than or equal to a corresponding time threshold value, executing a corresponding early warning strategy. Whether the boiler is in the steady-state operation state or not is recognized before early warning is triggered, so that wall temperature fluctuation interference in the normal dynamic process such as unit load adjustment and combustion working condition fine adjustment is eliminated, it is avoided that the normal working condition is misjudged to be abnormal, the early warning timeliness of the wall temperature of the boiler is improved, meanwhile, the misjudgment rate is reduced, and the early warning accuracy is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of boiler combustion control, in particular to a through-flow boiler ultra-low nitrogen combustion control system based on multistage flue gas recirculation. Comprising a flue gas grading circulation unit; the low-nitrogen combustion regulation and control unit is used for realizing staged mixed combustion of fuel and circulating flue gas, and a staged combustion structure is matched with an air-fuel ratio dynamic regulation technology; the working condition parameter sensing unit is used for acquiring boiler combustion and flue gas state parameters in real time, integrating a multi-source sensor module and constructing a multi-dimensional operation parameter set; and the intelligent cooperative control unit is used for coordinating dynamic control of the ultra-low nitrogen combustion process. High-temperature and low-temperature independent flue gas circulation branches are arranged through the flue gas staged circulation unit, and a staged combustion structure of a main combustion section and a re-combustion section of the low-nitrogen combustion regulation and control unit is combined, so that the problem of non-uniform distribution of a hearth temperature field caused by compact combustion space and dramatic change of a flow field of the through-flow boiler can be solved; therefore, the generation of thermal nitrogen oxides is inhibited.

The invention relates to the technical field of thermal energy engineering and industrial artificial intelligence crossing, in particular to a boiler combustion multi-target cooperative control method based on PINN and reinforcement learning, which comprises the following steps: collecting boiler combustion related data through a multi-source sensor network, and fusing edge data; based on physical information neural network modeling training, predicting a key physical field in the boiler; constructing and training a reinforcement learning model based on PINN state embedding; and a multi-target cost function is constructed based on the reinforcement learning model, the multi-target cost function is continuously evaluated through the reinforcement learning model, the weight is automatically adjusted, and multi-target cooperative control over boiler combustion is achieved. The method is obviously superior to a traditional scheme in the aspects of physical consistency, adaptive capacity, real-time performance and multi-target cooperation, and a reproducible theory-engineering integrated new normal form is provided for efficient, clean and flexible operation of a coal-fired power plant boiler combustion system under the double-carbon background.

The invention discloses a large power station boiler inferior coal low-nitrogen combustion optimization control system and method based on machine learning and multi-objective optimization, and relates to the technical field of coal-fired power generation and clean combustion control. The control system is composed of a combustor subsystem, a detection subsystem and a control subsystem, the combustor subsystem constructs a subarea air supply structure with stable combustion at the bottom layer, low nitrogen at the middle and upper layers and burnout at the upper part through layered combustors and OFA nozzles, and the detection subsystem completes online monitoring of coal quality and online analysis of combustion state parameters; and the control subsystem comprises coal quality adaptive decision, multi-objective optimization and closed-loop feedback. According to the control method, inferior coal is recognized through machine learning, layered air distribution is activated in a self-adaptive mode, the optimal air volume and the rotational flow angle are optimized and solved online with efficiency and NOx as multiple targets, and finally precise execution and fine adjustment are conducted through closed-loop feedback. According to the invention, wide-load stable combustion, continuous low NOx level and burnout degree improvement can be realized, and the method is suitable for engineering application of combustion of inferior coal in a large-scale unit.

The invention discloses a boiler fault traceability analysis system based on digital twinning, and the system comprises the following steps: constructing a boiler topological graph based on boiler physical components and a connection relation; 2, collecting boiler operation data, and correspondingly binding the boiler operation data with the map nodes; constructing structure fusion data by using the structure position relationship between the binding data and the map nodes; obtaining boiler maintenance data, executing semantic recognition processing, extracting a mapping relation between a fault field and a map node, and generating annotation data; fusing the structure fusion data with the annotation data to generate guide data; inputting the data into an improved TSFormer model, and outputting causal scoring data; and fusing the causal score data, the trend information of the operation data and the historical weight data of the map edge, executing an edge weight updating operation, and writing the edge weight updating operation into the boiler topological map. According to the invention, the diagnosis efficiency and response capability of the boiler system after abnormal operation or fault occurrence are effectively improved.

A component having a bus termination. A component (3, 4, 7-9, 13, 27) for a combustion appliance, such as an appliance having a boiler, the component (3, 4, 7-9, 13, 27) comprising an outer surface and a tangible electrical interface (30, 32, 35, 36) configured to be electrically connected by a user such that the tangible electrical interface (30, 32, 35, 36) is in a short circuit condition, the tangible electrical interface (30, 32, 35, 36) is electrically disconnected by the user such that the tangible electrical interface (30, 32, 35, 36) is in an open condition; wherein the tangible electrical interface (30, 32, 35, 36) is arranged on an outer surface of the component (3, 4, 7-9, 13, 27) such that the tangible electrical interface (30, 32, 35, 36) is accessible to the user; the components (3, 4, 7-9, 13, 27) comprise a first and a second bus wire.

A calorific value derivation system is provided with a gas supply facility having a first transmission control unit for transmitting gas component information to a center server, a center server having: an information calculation unit for calculating the gas component information of the gas supply facility, and a gas meter for calculating the gas component information of the gas supply facility; a calculation unit that calculates fuel gas heat relationship information indicating a relationship between a characteristic of the fuel gas and a heat generation amount on the basis of the fuel gas component information, and recalculates the fuel gas heat relationship information in accordance with a change in the fuel gas component information; and a second transmission control unit that transmits the gas heat relationship information to a gas meter, the gas meter having: a flow rate measurement unit that measures the flow rate of the gas on the basis of the characteristics of the gas; a heat coefficient calculation unit that calculates a heat coefficient on the basis of the gas heat relationship information; a calorific value acquisition unit that acquires instantaneous calorific values on the basis of the flow rate of the fuel gas and the calorific value coefficient, and that acquires the calorific value of the fuel gas by integrating the instantaneous calorific values at predetermined time intervals; and a third transmission control unit that transmits the flow rate and the heat generation amount to the center server.

The present invention relates to particular combustors, and e.g., to a combustor comprising a central primary fuel lance, a pilot fuel conduit, a primary oxidant conduit, a secondary oxidant conduit, and optionally a secondary fuel conduit, which are arranged in a particular and advantageous manner so as to surround each other at least in their downstream sections. The invention also relates to a furnace comprising the burner and a method of operating the burner. The burner according to the invention provides, in particular, a particularly advantageous way that comprises a pilot burner as part of the main burner in order to ignite a liquid fuel flame in a cold furnace. If desired, the pilot flame may help extend the flammability limit or operating range of the liquid fuel burner.

Component with bus termination. A component (3, 4, 7-9, 13, 27) for a combustion appliance such as an appliance having a boiler, the component (3, 4, 7-9, 13, 27) comprising an outer surface and a tangible, electric interface (30, 32, 35, 36) configured to be electrically connected by a user such that the tangible, electric interface (30, 32, 35, 36) is in a short circuit condition and configured to be electrically disconnected by the user such that the tangible, electric interface (30, 32, 35, 36) is open circuit condition; wherein the tangible, electric interface (30, 32, 35, 36) is arranged on the outer surface of the component (3, 4, 7-9, 13, 27) such that the tangible, electric interface (30, 32, 35, 36) is accessible to the user; the component (3, 4, 7-9, 13, 27) comprising first and second bus wires.

Invention relates to a method of monitoring a process of circulation of solid ma-terial in a circulating fluidized bed reactor (10) comprising at least the following steps: selecting process variables of the process of circulating of solid material in the return path (15) of solid material, and selecting performance indicators of the process of circulation of solid material amongst the selected process varia-bles for each performance indicator of the process of circulation of solid material; creating a multivariate model for each performance indicator, using history data of the process variables and the performance indicators of the process of circu-lation of solid material; determining a modelled value of the performance indica-tors, by applying current measured values of the process variables to the multi-variate model; and comparing the modelled value of each performance indicator to a respective measured value of each performance indicator and inspect pres-ence of an anomaly between the modelled value and the measured value. The method provides an effect by means of which possible problems in circulation of solid material can be effectively foreseen so that remedial actions can be taken early enough to maintain the process operational. Invention relates also to a con-trol system (48) for monitoring a process of circulation of solid material in a cir-culating fluidized bed reactor (10).

A gas-powered appliance includes a main burner for burning gas, a flame sensor assembly, and a controller. The flame sensor assembly includes a probe positioned proximate the main burner and a detector coupled to the probe to receive an alternating current (AC) input, couple the AC input to the probe and generate a variable pulse width direct current (DC) square wave output having a plurality of pulses. The controller connected is to the flame sensor assembly and includes a processor and a memory. The controller is programmed to control the main burner to burn gas, determine a pulse width of a pulse of the DC square wave, and determine based on the determined pulse width a characteristic of the flame on the main burner with greater precision than some known systems.

The invention discloses a thermal power coupling flexible peak regulation flue gas pollutant treatment system and a control method thereof.The thermal power coupling flexible peak regulation flue gas pollutant treatment system comprises a flue gas and air system, a water vapor system and a pollutant treatment system, the flue gas and air system comprises a boiler, and the water vapor system communicates with the boiler; the water vapor system and the flue gas and air system jointly form a thermal power main engine thermal power production system, the pollutant treatment system is communicated with the flue gas and air system, the pollutant treatment system is used for receiving flue gas generated by the flue gas and air system, and the water vapor system is suitable for providing a heat source for a catalyst in the regeneration tower. According to the flue gas pollutant treatment system coupled with thermal power and flexible peak regulation, flue gas pollutant treatment of low-load stability and peak regulation flexibility of a thermal power generating unit is improved in a mode that a regenerative heat source is coupled with a water vapor system.

The invention discloses a boiler combustion intelligent early warning method and system based on multi-source information fusion, and belongs to the technical field of boiler combustion monitoring. Layering the hearth along the height direction, further dividing the hearth into a plurality of combustion sub-layers, and arranging temperature, flue gas oxygen content and hearth pressure acquisition points in each combustion sub-layer. And multi-source operation parameters of all the combustion sublayers are synchronously collected in the data sampling time period, and the instantaneous combustion deviation amount of all the combustion sublayers is calculated. And fusing the instantaneous combustion deviations of the combustion sub-layers in the lower combustion layer and the upper combustion layer, constructing corresponding combustion layer state characteristic quantities, and calculating a comprehensive combustion state evaluation value of the whole boiler according to the corresponding combustion layer state characteristic quantities. According to the method, the threshold value interval is set, grading judgment and dynamic early warning of the boiler combustion state are achieved, combustion characteristic changes of different height areas of the boiler can be reflected more accurately, the sensitivity of combustion abnormity recognition and the perspectiveness of early warning are improved, and the method has high engineering application value and operation safety guarantee effect.

The application discloses a debugging method and device of a gas equipment and a debugging device, and the method comprises the following steps: obtaining a current load value of the gas equipment; judging whether the current load value falls into a first preset load interval; if the current load value does not fall into the first preset load interval, adjusting the secondary pressure of the gas equipment so that the current load value falls into the first preset load interval; and finding the secondary pressure corresponding to the first preset load interval. After the debugging is completed, the actual load value of the gas equipment is more consistent with the performance requirement, and the actual performance of the gas equipment is consistent with the required performance.

An electronic device and a method are disclosed. The electronic device includes a sensor, a memory, a processor, and a communication interface. The sensor is configured to detected vibrations of a burner system including any component of a burner system. The memory is configured to store the detected vibrations. The processor is configured to record the detected vibrations caused by the burner system at a predetermined time interval. The processor is also configured to generate a report of the recorded vibrations caused by a burner component to indicate the operational status of the burner, wherein the generated report includes at least two recorded vibrations. The communication interface configured to transmit the generated report.

The present application provides a waste gas treatment facility, system and method for high flow rate combustible waste gases.SOLUTION: The waste gas treatment device comprises a cabinet, a waste gas treatment chamber and a negative pressure device, the cabinet is provided with a waste gas inlet and a gas outlet, the waste gas treatment chamber is provided in the cabinet and comprises a reaction chamber, a cooling chamber, a liquid tank and a cleaning chamber, the negative pressure device is connected to the gas outlet and is configured to extract gas in the waste gas treatment chamber from the gas outlet, and the reaction chamber communicates with the waste gas inlet; The top of the reaction chamber is an open structure, the top of the cooling chamber communicates with the reaction chamber, the cooling chamber is provided with at least two layers of cooling devices, the liquid tank is provided at the bottom of the cooling chamber, communicates with the bottom of the cooling chamber, and is configured to receive the cooling liquid discharged from the cooling chamber and the waste gas processed by the cooling chamber, the bottom of the cleaning chamber communicates with the liquid tank, and the top of the cleaning chamber communicates with the gas outlet.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

The system for purging a hydrogen-containing fuel includes a gas turbine having at least one combustion chamber (20) with at least one injector (52) of fuel, an exhaust section, and a hot gas circuit extending from the combustion chamber (20) to the exhaust section. The system includes at least one injection point (A, A') of air and / or an inert gas disposed in the hot gas circuit.

This invention discloses an intelligent combustion control method and system based on online fiber optic detection of flame signals. The method monitors the flame light signal emitted by the burner via fiber optic cable, analyzes the signal to predict pollutant concentrations, and performs fuzzy adjustment and defuzzification on the burner's feedback signal based on the predicted values, thereby achieving intelligent and adaptive control of the combustion process. This method can quickly respond to changes in combustion conditions, optimize control strategies, ensure the stability and environmental friendliness of the combustion process, overcome the technical bottlenecks of high cost and poor real-time performance, effectively reduce system hardware costs, and improve the intelligence level of the control process.

The application discloses a kind of combustion air quantity and air excess coefficient calculation method of coal gas and coal powder mixed combustion furnace kiln.According to the implementation of the above scheme, in the case where the combustion air metering of coal gas and coal powder mixed combustion furnace kiln is missing or inaccurate, the combustion air quantity L n s Can be calculated by the consumption of coal gas, the consumption of coal powder, the composition data of coal gas and coal powder, the composition data in flue gas, the characteristic data of fly ash and the like, and then the theoretical combustion air quantity L o S Is calculated, so that the combustion air quantity L n s Theoretical combustion air quantity L o S Is calculated, so that the air excess coefficient is accurately calculated.For coal gas and coal powder mixed combustion furnace kiln heat balance test provides original test data to calculate the combustion air quantity and air excess coefficient, which can provide strong basic data support for coal gas and coal powder mixed combustion furnace kiln heat balance test.

A reactor and method for conversion of hydrocarbon gases utilizes a reactor (12, 312, 412, 512, 612, 712) having a specific feed assembly with a primary vortex combustion chamber (40, 340, 436, 536, 636, 736), a diffusion conduit (48, 348, 448, 548, 648, 748), and a cylindrical reactor chamber (40, 340, 436, 536, 636, 736). The design creates a compact combustion zone and fluid flow pattern of the inwardly swirling feed gas to form a swirling gas mixture through the diffusion conduit (48, 348, 448, 548, 648, 748). The feed stream can be introduced into the reactor at any angle (perpendicular, axial, or an angle therebetween, or a combination of the above forms) to the swirling flow component. This provides suitable conditions for efficient cracking of hydrocarbons (such as ethane) to form olefins.