A mating method and device for reciprocating friction and wear on the circumferential surface

Abstract

The present invention relates to the technical field of friction and wear test, and particularly to a mating method and device for reciprocating friction and wear on a circumferential surface. The connection method of cross - crossed concentric cylinders is adopted to realize the installation of the specimen on the circumferential surface and a conventional testing machine, and then a friction pair is formed with a ring specimen or a disc specimen. When friction occurs, a reciprocating linear relative motion forms friction and wear. In the friction pair, the sample on the circumferential test surface is connected to the pin specimen fixture of the reciprocating friction testing machine through a cross - concentric adapter block and is clamped and fixed by a locking screw. The ring specimen or disc specimen for friction is connected to the testing machine by an installation table with a V - shaped positioning groove. Both the application of load and the reciprocating relative motion adopt the conventional reciprocating test method of the existing testing machine. The friction pair method and device of the present invention can solve the problem of evaluating the circumferential surface in the friction and wear test, ensure the smooth movement of the test process and the reliable contact of the specimen to be tested, and expand the application of the reciprocating friction and wear testing machine.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of friction and wear testing, and particularly to a mating method and device for reciprocating friction and wear on a circumferential surface. Background Art

[0002] In friction and wear tests, a reciprocating motion form is often adopted to simulate the working conditions of friction pairs in engineering practice. As Figure 1 shown in (a), in order to ensure reliable contact of the test surface and consistent force on the sample, a conventional friction pair consists of a pin specimen and a disc specimen. As Figure 1 shown in (b), limited by the specimen material and processing accuracy, the test end of the pin specimen often needs to be made into a spherical crown shape, or a ball specimen is used as the counter friction part. As Figure 1 shown in (c), for the case of requiring a circumferential test surface, the reciprocating motion on a plane is affected by the sample and installation accuracy, and it is difficult to achieve uniform line contact throughout the test process and cannot form a stable friction and wear state. Therefore, for the friction and wear test of a circumferential test surface, a friction pair form such as Figure 1 (d) and Figure 1 (e) is generally adopted to perform rotational motion.

[0003] Under the engineering background of the rapid development of material surface technology and the increasing application of wear-resistant coatings, it is very important and practically significant to solve the demand for reciprocating friction and wear tests on circumferential surfaces. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a mating method and device for reciprocating friction and wear on a circumferential surface, to realize the relative reciprocating motion between the circumferential surface and the counter friction specimen, and to solve the existing technical problems that it is difficult to install and stably test the circumferential surface specimen on a reciprocating testing machine in friction and wear tests.

[0005] In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0006] A reciprocating friction and wear device for a circumferential surface, the device includes: a counter friction specimen mounting table, fixing bolts, a counter friction specimen, a circumferential surface specimen, locking screws, a cross concentric adapter block, and locking pads. The specific structure is as follows:

[0007] On the surface of the counter - friction specimen mounting table, a fixing bolt, a counter - friction specimen, and a locking spacer are sequentially arranged. The counter - friction specimen mounting table is provided with an upward - opening V - shaped positioning groove. The lower half of the counter - friction specimen and the locking spacer are installed in the V - shaped positioning groove. The fixing bolt is installed on the side of the counter - friction specimen mounting table, and the fixing bolt passes through the counter - friction specimen mounting table to tightly press the counter - friction specimen and the locking spacer. The upper half of the counter - friction specimen is exposed outside; the circumferential surface specimen is installed at the lower end of the cross - concentric adapter block through a locking screw and corresponds to the counter - friction specimen. The horizontal axis of the circumferential surface specimen is perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the counter - friction specimen and forms a cross shape.

[0008] For the circumferential surface reciprocating friction and wear device described above, the upper part of the cross - concentric adapter block is a cylindrical structure connection end, which conforms to the size of the pin - on - disk reciprocating friction and wear testing machine. The cross - concentric adapter block is connected to the pin specimen fixed end of the reciprocating friction testing machine through the cylindrical structure connection end.

[0009] For the circumferential surface reciprocating friction and wear device described above, the reciprocating friction testing machine applies force to the cross - concentric adapter block through the pin specimen fixed end, forming a separable structure in which the circumferential surface specimen moves along the generatrix direction.

[0010] For the circumferential surface reciprocating friction and wear device described above, the V - shaped positioning groove positions the ring specimen or disk specimen, and the relative positions of the counter - friction specimen and the circumferential surface specimen are ensured by the fixing bolt and the locking spacer.

[0011] For the circumferential surface reciprocating friction and wear device described above, the lower end of the counter - friction specimen mounting table is provided with a mounting table flange, and 4 positioning and mounting holes are evenly opened on the mounting table flange. The interface of the counter - friction specimen mounting table adopts a general method and dimensional specification, so that the counter - friction specimen mounting table is installed on the reciprocating platform of the reciprocating friction testing machine through the 4 positioning and mounting holes.

[0012] For the circumferential surface reciprocating friction and wear device described above, a vertical rod is vertically installed in the middle of the side of the horizontal circumferential surface specimen. The circumferential surface specimen is inserted into the positioning table at the lower part of the cross - concentric adapter block through the vertical rod. The lower half of the circumferential surface specimen is exposed outside. The two end faces and the upper half of the side of the circumferential surface specimen are closely attached to the semi - cylindrical mounting groove at the lower end of the cross - concentric adapter block. A horizontal hole is opened on the positioning table at the lower part of the cross - concentric adapter block, and the locking screw passes through the horizontal hole and is arranged on the vertical rod. The circumferential surface specimen is installed and fixed by the locking screw.

[0013] For the reciprocating friction and wear device on the circumferential surface, in the friction pair of the counter specimen and the circumferential surface specimen, the circumferential surface specimen is connected to the pin specimen fixture of the reciprocating friction testing machine through a cross-shaped concentric adapter block and is clamped and fixed by a locking screw. The counter circular ring specimen or disc specimen is connected to the reciprocating friction testing machine by a counter specimen mounting table with a V-shaped positioning groove; both the applied load and the reciprocating relative movement adopt the conventional reciprocating test method of the reciprocating friction testing machine to ensure the smooth movement during the test and the reliable contact of the specimen under test.

[0014] A mating method for reciprocating friction and wear on the circumferential surface uses a connection method of cross-shaped concentric cylinders to install the circumferential surface specimen on a conventional testing machine, and then forms a friction pair with a circular ring specimen or a disc specimen. During counter friction, a reciprocating linear relative movement forms friction and wear; when the circumferential surface specimen and the counter specimen fixing device are applied to the friction and wear test of the cylindrical surface of a material, the counter specimen is a circular ring or a disc, and the cylindrical test surface of the circumferential surface specimen mates with the circular ring specimen or the disc specimen to form a cross-shaped point contact. The circumferential surface specimen shows a linear friction band along the generatrix movement direction, and the counter specimen maintains local friction points.

[0015] The mating method for reciprocating friction and wear on the circumferential surface is specifically as follows:

[0016] (1) According to the diameter of the fixed end interface of the pin specimen of the specific reciprocating friction testing machine, design and manufacture the upper cylindrical structure connection end of the cross-shaped concentric adapter block and install it on the fixed end of the pin specimen of the reciprocating friction testing machine;

[0017] (2) According to the installation requirements of the counter specimen of the specific reciprocating friction testing machine, design the interface size of the counter specimen mounting table and install the counter specimen mounting table on the reciprocating platform of the reciprocating friction testing machine;

[0018] (3) According to the test conditions, design the diameter and thickness of the circular ring specimen or disc specimen of the counter specimen, select the size of the locking spacer block, and clamp the counter specimen at the center of the V-shaped positioning groove with a fixing bolt;

[0019] (4) Mate the circumferential surface specimen with the positioning table of the cross-shaped concentric adapter block, then check and place the test surfaces relatively centered, and then fix with a locking screw;

[0020] (5) Operate the reciprocating friction testing machine, adjust the loading and movement positions so that the center of the circumferential surface specimen is at the center of the counter specimen, and then install and fix the cross-shaped concentric adapter block together with the circumferential surface specimen, and then enter the conventional reciprocating friction and wear test process.

[0021] The design concept of the present invention is:

[0022] According to the mating principle of a conventional reciprocating pin / disk friction and wear testing machine, the present invention utilizes the motion source of an existing friction and wear testing machine and the inherent rotational or reciprocating motion device of the test device. Their mechanical design relationship belongs to general technical specifications and is not within the scope of consideration of the present invention.

[0023] The present invention adopts a connection method of cross-shaped concentric cylinders to realize the installation of the circumferential surface specimen and the conventional testing machine, and then forms a friction pair with an annular specimen or a disk specimen. During the counter friction, a linear reciprocating relative motion forms friction and wear. In the friction pair, the sample on the circumferential test surface is connected to the pin specimen fixture of the reciprocating friction testing machine through a cross-shaped concentric adapter block and is clamped and fixed by a locking screw. The counter friction annular specimen or disk specimen is connected to the testing machine by an installation table with a V-shaped positioning groove. Both the application of load and the reciprocating relative motion adopt the conventional reciprocating test method of the existing testing machine. The friction pair method and device of the present invention can solve the problem of circumferential surface evaluation in friction and wear tests and ensure the smooth movement during the test process and the reliable contact of the tested specimen.

[0024] The present invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:

[0025] (1) The present invention realizes the contact between the circumferential surface specimen and the circumferential test surface of the counter friction specimen through a cross-shaped concentric adapter block, with a reliable structure and can achieve smooth movement in a reciprocating manner.

[0026] (2) The cross-shaped concentric adapter block of the present invention is connected to the fixed interface of the pin specimen of the testing machine. By using the original loading and motion methods, the separable structure makes the specimen installation simple and the operation convenient.

[0027] (3) The installation table of the counter friction specimen of the present invention is fixed to the existing interface of the testing machine through installation holes, maintaining the original functions of the testing machine. The design of the V-shaped positioning groove ensures the rapid, convenient and reliable disassembly process of the annular or disk counter friction specimen and expands the application of the reciprocating friction and wear testing machine. Description of the Drawings

[0028] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the mating of specimens for a conventional reciprocating friction test and a specimen rotating on the circumferential surface, and a schematic diagram of the mating of specimens for reciprocating friction and wear on the circumferential surface of the present invention. Among them, (a), (b), and (c) are the specimen mating for a conventional reciprocating friction test, (d) and (e) are the specimen mating for a specimen rotating on the circumferential surface, and (f) is the specimen mating for reciprocating friction and wear on the circumferential surface of the present invention.

[0029] Figures 2 - 3 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the reciprocating friction and wear device on the circumferential surface of the present invention. Among them, Figure 2 is the front view, Figure 3 is the side view.

[0030] Figures 4 - 5Schematic diagram of the reciprocating friction and wear device for the circumferential surface of the embodiment. Among them, Figure 4 is the front view, Figure 5 is the side view.

[0031] In the figure, 1. Counterpart specimen mounting table, 2. Fixing bolt, 3. Counterpart specimen, 4. Circumferential surface specimen, 5. Locking screw, 6. Cross concentric adapter block, 7. Locking cushion block, 8. V-shaped positioning groove, 9. Mounting table flange, 10. Positioning mounting hole, 11. Vertical rod, 12. Horizontal hole, 13. Positioning table, 14. Connection end. Specific implementation mode

[0032] The principles and features of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The examples given are only used to explain the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0033] As Figures 2 - 3 shown, the reciprocating friction and wear device for the circumferential surface of the present invention mainly includes: a counterpart specimen mounting table 1, a fixing bolt 2, a counterpart specimen 3, a circumferential surface specimen 4, a locking screw 5, a cross concentric adapter block 6, a locking cushion block 7, etc. The specific structure is as follows:

[0034] The fixing bolt 2, the counterpart specimen 3 and the locking cushion block 7 are sequentially arranged on the counterpart specimen mounting table 1. The counterpart specimen mounting table 1 is provided with a V-shaped positioning groove 8 with an upward opening. The lower half of the counterpart specimen 3 and the locking cushion block 7 are installed in the V-shaped positioning groove 8. The fixing bolt 2 is installed on the side of the counterpart specimen mounting table 1. The fixing bolt 2 passes through the counterpart specimen mounting table 1 and presses against the counterpart specimen 3 and the locking cushion block 7. The upper half of the counterpart specimen 3 is exposed outside. The ring specimen or disc specimen is positioned by the V-shaped positioning groove 8. The relative position of the counterpart specimen 3 and the circumferential surface specimen 4 is ensured by the fixing bolt 2 and the locking cushion block 7. The lower end of the counterpart specimen mounting table 1 is provided with a mounting table flange 9. Four positioning mounting holes 10 are evenly opened on the mounting table flange 9. The counterpart specimen mounting table 1 is installed on the reciprocating platform of the reciprocating friction testing machine through the four positioning mounting holes 10. The circumferential surface specimen 4 is installed at the lower end of the cross concentric adapter block 6 and corresponds to the counterpart specimen 3. The horizontal axis of the circumferential surface specimen 4 is perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the counterpart specimen 3 and forms a cross shape; a vertical rod 11 is vertically installed in the middle of the side of the horizontal circumferential surface specimen 4. The circumferential surface specimen 4 is inserted into the positioning table 13 at the lower part of the cross concentric adapter block 6 through the vertical rod 11. The lower half of the circumferential surface specimen 4 is exposed outside. The two end faces and the upper half of the side of the circumferential surface specimen 4 are closely attached to the semi-cylindrical installation groove at the lower end of the cross concentric adapter block 6. A horizontal hole 12 is opened in the positioning table 13 at the lower part of the cross concentric adapter block 6. The locking screw 5 passes through the horizontal hole 12 and is inserted into the vertical rod 11. The circumferential surface specimen 4 is installed and fixed by the locking screw 5.

[0035] The upper part of the cross-concentric adapter block 6 is a cylindrical structure connecting end 14, which conforms to the dimensions of the pin-disk reciprocating friction and wear testing machine. The cross-concentric adapter block 6 is connected to the pin specimen fixing end of the reciprocating friction testing machine through the cylindrical structure connecting end 14. The reciprocating friction testing machine applies a load to the cross-concentric adapter block 6 through the pin specimen fixing end, forming a separable structure in which the circumferential surface specimen 4 moves along the generatrix direction. The interface between the cross-concentric adapter block 6 and the counter friction specimen mounting table 1 adopts a common method and dimensional specification, and is installed on a conventional pin-disk reciprocating friction and wear testing machine.

[0036] In the friction pair, the circumferential surface specimen 4 is connected to the pin specimen fixture of the reciprocating friction testing machine through the cross-concentric adapter block 6 and is clamped and fixed by the locking screw 5. The counter friction ring specimen or disk specimen is connected to the reciprocating friction testing machine by the counter friction specimen mounting table 1 with a V-shaped positioning groove 8. Both the applied load and the reciprocating relative movement adopt the conventional reciprocating test method of the reciprocating friction testing machine to ensure the smooth movement during the test and the reliable contact of the specimen to be tested.

[0037] As Figure 1 shown in (f), the present invention adopts a specimen mating method for circumferential surface reciprocating friction and wear. When the circumferential surface specimen 4 and the counter friction specimen 3 fixing device are applied to the cylindrical surface friction and wear test of materials, the counter friction specimen 3 is a ring or a disk. The cylindrical test surface of the circumferential surface specimen 4 mates with the ring specimen or disk specimen, forming a cross-shaped point contact. The circumferential surface specimen 4 forms a linear friction band along the generatrix movement direction, and the counter friction specimen 3 maintains local friction points.

[0038] As Figures 2 - 3 shown, the specific installation and use method of the specimen of the present invention is as follows:

[0039] (1) Design and manufacture a suitable cylindrical structure connecting end 14 at the upper part of the cross-concentric adapter block 6 according to the interface diameter of the pin specimen fixing end of the specific reciprocating friction testing machine, and install it on the pin specimen fixing end of the reciprocating friction testing machine;

[0040] (2) Design the interface size of 4-S for the counter friction specimen mounting table 1 according to the requirements of the counter friction specimen installation of the specific reciprocating friction testing machine, and install the counter friction specimen mounting table 1 on the reciprocating platform of the reciprocating friction testing machine;

[0041] (3) Design the diameter and thickness H of the ring specimen or disk specimen of the counter friction specimen 3 according to the test conditions, select a suitable size of the locking spacer 7, and clamp the counter friction specimen 3 at the center of the V-shaped positioning groove 8 with the fixing bolt 2;

[0042] (4) Fit the circumferential surface specimen 4 with the positioning table 13 of the cross-concentric adapter block 6, then check and place the test surfaces relatively centered, and then fix them with the locking screw 5;

[0043] (5) Operate the reciprocating friction testing machine, adjust the loading and moving positions so that the center of the circumferential surface specimen 4 is at the center of the counter friction specimen 3, and then install and fix the cross concentric adapter block 6 together with the circumferential surface specimen 4, and then the conventional reciprocating friction and wear test process can be entered.

[0044] Next, the method of the present invention will be further described in detail in conjunction with the embodiments.

[0045] Embodiment

[0046] As Figure 1 (f), Figures 4 - 5 As shown, the circumferential surface reciprocating friction and wear pair and device of the present invention are applied to the reciprocating friction and wear test of the plunger and sleeve of an automotive engine to evaluate the wear resistance of the DLC coating on its circumferential surface. The circumferential surface specimen 4 is taken from the plunger part, the counter friction specimen 3 is a standard 201 bearing outer ring, the thickness H of the counter friction specimen 3 is 10 mm, the reciprocating friction testing machine adopts the reciprocating mode of the UMT-2M type, and the diameter of the fixed end interface of the pin specimen is 12 mm.

[0047] The length of the circumferential surface specimen 4 of the plunger is machined to 12 mm according to the length of the semi-cylindrical mounting groove of the cross concentric adapter block 6 and fixed by the locking screw 5. The connecting end 14 of the cross concentric adapter block 6 is machined to ΦD = 10 mm and fixed to the pin specimen interface of the UMT-2M. The counter friction specimen 3 (201 bearing outer ring) is installed on the counter friction specimen mounting table 1 by the fixing bolt 2 and connected to the reciprocating platform of the reciprocating friction testing machine through four positioning mounting holes 10. During the test, adjust the relative positions of the cross concentric adapter block 6 and the counter friction specimen 3 so that the reciprocating motion center is at the contact center of the friction pair, and the loading and motion control are both carried out according to the conventional reciprocating friction and wear test procedure.

[0048] As Figures 4 - 5 It can be seen that each circumferential surface specimen 4 of the plunger can be used as a friction test surface at more than three circumferential positions (at 3-X), and similarly, the counter friction specimen 3 (bearing outer ring) also has more than three positions (at 3-M) as friction test surfaces, which can ensure the repeated accuracy of sample evaluation, reduce the consumption of test materials, and improve the economic and technical benefits.

Claims

1. A reciprocating friction and wear device for a circumferential surface, characterized in that The device includes: a friction pair specimen mounting table, fixing bolts, friction pair specimens, circumferential surface specimens, locking screws, cross concentric adapter blocks, and locking pads. The specific structure is as follows: On the friction pair specimen mounting table, fixing bolts, friction pair specimens, and locking pads are sequentially arranged. The friction pair specimen mounting table is provided with an upward-opening V-shaped positioning groove. The lower half of the friction pair specimen and the locking pad are installed in the V-shaped positioning groove. The fixing bolts are installed on the side of the friction pair specimen mounting table. The fixing bolts pass through the friction pair specimen mounting table and press tightly against the friction pair specimen and the locking pad. The upper half of the friction pair specimen is exposed outside. The circumferential surface specimen is installed at the lower end of the cross concentric adapter block through a locking screw and corresponds to the friction pair specimen. The horizontal axis of the circumferential surface specimen is perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the friction pair specimen and forms a cross shape. The ring specimen or disc specimen is positioned by the V-shaped positioning groove, and the relative positions of the friction pair specimen and the circumferential surface specimen are ensured by the fixing bolts and the locking pads. Vertically installed in the middle of the side of the horizontal circumferential surface specimen is a vertical rod. The circumferential surface specimen is inserted into the positioning table at the lower part of the cross concentric adapter block through the vertical rod. The lower half of the circumferential surface specimen is exposed outside. The two end faces and the upper half of the side of the circumferential surface specimen are closely attached to the semi-cylindrical installation groove at the lower end of the cross concentric adapter block. A horizontal hole is opened in the positioning table at the lower part of the cross concentric adapter block. The locking screw passes through the horizontal hole and is installed on the vertical rod. The circumferential surface specimen is fixed by the locking screw. The circumferential surface specimen is installed on a conventional testing machine by using the connection method of a cross-shaped and concentric cylinder, and then forms a friction pair with the ring specimen or disc specimen. During the friction pair, a linear reciprocating relative motion forms friction and wear. When the circumferential surface specimen and the friction pair specimen fixing device are applied to the cylindrical surface friction and wear test of materials, the friction pair specimen is a ring or disc. The cylindrical test surface of the circumferential surface specimen is paired with the ring specimen or disc specimen to form a cross-shaped point contact. The circumferential surface specimen shows a linear friction band along the generatrix movement direction, and the friction pair specimen maintains local friction points.

2. The circumferential surface reciprocating friction and wear device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The upper part of the cross concentric adapter block is a cylindrical structure connection end, which conforms to the dimensions of a pin-on-disc reciprocating friction and wear testing machine. The cross concentric adapter block is connected to the pin specimen fixing end of the reciprocating friction testing machine through the cylindrical structure connection end.

3. The reciprocating friction and wear device for the circumferential surface according to claim 2, wherein The reciprocating friction testing machine applies a load to the cross concentric adapter block through the pin specimen fixing end, forming a separable structure for the circumferential surface specimen to move along the generatrix direction.

4. The circumferential surface reciprocating friction and wear device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The lower end of the friction pair specimen mounting table is provided with a mounting table flange. Four positioning and mounting holes are evenly opened on the mounting table flange. The interface of the friction pair specimen mounting table adopts a common method and dimension specification, so that the friction pair specimen mounting table is installed on the reciprocating platform of the reciprocating friction testing machine through the four positioning and mounting holes.

5. The circumferential surface reciprocating friction and wear device according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the friction pair of the friction pair specimen and the circumferential surface specimen, the circumferential surface specimen is connected to the pin specimen fixture of the reciprocating friction testing machine through the cross concentric adapter block and is clamped and fixed by the locking screw. The ring specimen or disc specimen for the friction pair is connected to the reciprocating friction testing machine by the friction pair specimen mounting table with a V-shaped positioning groove. The application of the load and the reciprocating relative motion both adopt the conventional reciprocating test method of the reciprocating friction testing machine to ensure the smooth movement during the test and the reliable contact of the tested specimens.

6. A mating method of reciprocating friction and wear on the circumferential surface of the device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The installation of the specimen on the circumferential surface and a conventional testing machine is achieved by using a cross-shaped concentric cylinder connection method. Then, a friction pair is formed with a ring specimen or a disc specimen. During the counter friction, a linear reciprocating relative motion forms friction and wear. When the circumferential surface specimen and the counter friction specimen fixing device are applied to the cylindrical surface friction and wear test of materials, the counter friction specimen is a ring or a disc. The cylindrical test surface of the circumferential surface specimen is paired with the ring specimen or the disc specimen to form a cross-shaped point contact. The circumferential surface specimen has a linear friction band along the generatrix movement direction, and the counter friction specimen maintains local friction points.

7. The mating method of reciprocating friction and wear on the circumferential surface according to claim 6, characterized in that, The specific steps are as follows: (1) According to the diameter of the fixed end interface of the pin specimen of the specific reciprocating friction testing machine, design and manufacture the upper cylindrical structure connection end of the cross-shaped concentric adapter block, and install it at the fixed end of the pin specimen of the reciprocating friction testing machine; (2) According to the installation requirements of the counter friction specimen of the specific reciprocating friction testing machine, design the interface size of the counter friction specimen installation table, and install the counter friction specimen installation table on the reciprocating platform of the reciprocating friction testing machine; (3) According to the test conditions, design the diameter and thickness of the ring specimen or disc specimen of the counter friction specimen, select the size of the locking pad, and clamp the counter friction specimen at the center of the V-shaped positioning groove with a fixing bolt; (4) Mate the circumferential surface specimen with the positioning table of the cross-shaped concentric adapter block, then check and place the test surfaces relatively centered, and then fix them with locking screws; (5) Operate the reciprocating friction testing machine, adjust the loading and movement positions so that the center of the circumferential surface specimen is at the center of the counter friction specimen, and then install and fix the cross-shaped concentric adapter block together with the circumferential surface specimen, and then enter the conventional reciprocating friction and wear test process.

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