Refrigerant compositions and uses thereof

Abstract

Use of a composition comprising 1,1-difluoroethene as a refrigerant in a liquid chiller system.

Description

[0001] This invention relates to refrigerant compositions, and more particularly to refrigerant compositions comprising 1,1-difluoroethylene (R-1132a), which are suitable for use as refrigerants in liquid cooler systems, such as those incorporated into or used as refrigerants in the liquid cooler systems of thermal management systems of vehicles (especially electric vehicles).

[0002] Listing or discussing any background information in previously published documents or this specification should not be construed as an admission that the documents or background are part of the prior art or common knowledge.

[0003] Unless otherwise stated, it should be understood that the term "electric vehicle" as used herein refers to both pure electric vehicles and vehicles that use electricity as one of several means of propulsion, such as hybrid vehicles.

[0004] A simple vapor compression cycle for air conditioning in internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles is typically arranged with hot air being cooled and dehumidified by passing through an evaporator heat exchanger in a cross-flow manner, where refrigerant evaporates inside the evaporator tubes. Similarly, heat is expelled to the outside of the vehicle by causing outside air to pass through the condenser tubes and condense the refrigerant inside the tubes. The air temperature decreases as it flows through the evaporator, and the air temperature increases as it flows through the condenser.

[0005] In this geometry, the refrigerant's evaporation temperature must be lower than the air temperature for heat exchange to occur in the evaporator; simultaneously, it must be higher than the air temperature for heat exchange to occur in the condenser. For a single-component refrigerant (or an equivalent azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture), this is illustrated in Figure 1. In any practical heat exchanger, there exists a minimum economic temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids, referred to as the "approach temperature" or "approach," as shown in Figures 1 through 3.

[0006] Non-azeotropic refrigerants used in cross-flow arrangements must also adhere to these limitations. However, in this case, the situation becomes more complex due to the presence of "temperature slip" (the phenomenon where the temperature of a non-azeotropic refrigerant increases with evaporation and decreases with condensation). The total temperature change during evaporation or condensation is the temperature slip. This means that in the extreme case of pure cross-flow, the refrigerant dew point temperature in the evaporator needs to be lower than the air temperature leaving the evaporator, while the refrigerant bubble point in the condenser needs to be higher than the air temperature. This situation is illustrated in Figure 2. Examining Figures 1 and 2 together clearly shows that the combined effect of temperature approximation and slip can cause the average evaporation and condensation temperatures of a non-azeotropic refrigerant to be completely different from those in the case of no slip. This has a degrading effect on refrigerant performance relative to a fluid without slip.

[0007] In electric vehicles (whether battery electric vehicles (BEVs) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the common ICE (Interactive Electric Vehicle) air conditioning system layout is being replaced or enhanced with liquid coolant loops to recover waste heat from components requiring cooling, particularly the powertrain battery and other electronic components. There are many possible configurations, ranging from conventional air conditioning systems that also deliver refrigerant to a “cooler” to remove heat from the coolant loop, to systems that can operate in reverse as a heat pump to heat the passenger compartment, to a complete “secondary loop” configuration. In the latter, the refrigerant is no longer used directly to heat or cool passenger air, but rather to move heat between hot and cold liquid reservoirs; this allows for the use of both hot and cold liquids to heat / cool passenger compartment air.

[0008] Despite the varying architectures, a common feature of these thermal management systems involving secondary liquid heat transfer fluid loops is that the heat exchangers used to move heat between the refrigerant and the hot / cold liquid in the cooler system are arranged such that the fluids flow counter-currently. For non-azeotropic refrigerants, the effect of this arrangement is shown in Figure 3 (Figure 1 still applies to refrigerants without slip). It can be seen that in this arrangement, slip now does not adversely affect performance. Furthermore, the average evaporation temperature can be increased (relative to the fluid without slip), and the average condensation temperature can be decreased (relative to the fluid without slip). This means that slip allows the refrigerant to circulate at a lower temperature range than the fluid without slip, and thus, achieves relative capacity and energy efficiency.

[0009] One object of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned defects.

[0010] According to a first aspect of the invention, the use of a composition comprising 1,1-difluoroethylene (R-1132a) as a refrigerant in a liquid cooler system is provided.

[0011] The inventors have unexpectedly discovered that compositions containing 1,1-difluoroethylene (R-1132a) (especially compositions containing R-1132a, difluoromethane (R-32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene (R-1234yf)) can improve the performance of liquid cooler systems (particularly liquid cooler systems containing one or more countercurrent heat exchangers) by utilizing their temperature glide, compared to binary mixtures of R-1234yf or R-32 and R-1234yf used in similar systems. Particularly useful applications for liquid cooler systems utilizing such compositions include thermal management systems for vehicles, particularly for electric vehicles.

[0012] Liquid cooler systems employing vapor compression cycles are known in the art. When used in such liquid cooler systems (particularly liquid cooler systems containing one or more counter-current heat exchangers), the compositions disclosed herein exhibit superior refrigeration performance compared to R-1234yf or binary mixtures of R-1234yf and R-32 (e.g., R-454C).

[0013] Specifically, compared to cross-flow geometry, the compositions disclosed herein exhibit significantly improved performance when used in liquid cooler systems employing counter-flow heat exchanger geometry. This contrasts directly with the corresponding use of R-1234yf and binary compositions of R-1234yf and R-32 (e.g., R-454C), where no such improvement was observed (in the case of R-1234yf) or was insignificant (in the case of R-454C).

[0014] In the use of this invention, the composition typically comprises a second component selected from the group consisting of difluoromethane (R-32), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf), trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)), 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a), and mixtures thereof.

[0015] Conveniently, the composition contains at least about 1% by weight or about 1.5% by weight of R-1132a, such as at least 2% by weight, such as at least about 3% by weight or about 4% by weight, for example at least about 5% by weight.

[0016] Advantageously, the composition contains about 1% to about 20% by weight of R-1132a, such as about 2% to about 15% by weight, for example about 3% to about 12% by weight, and optionally about 4% to about 9% by weight.

[0017] Typically, the second component is present in the composition in an amount of about 80% to about 99% by weight, such as about 85% to about 98% by weight, for example about 88% to about 97% by weight, and optionally about 91% to about 96% by weight.

[0018] Advantageously, the second component is R-32 and / or R-1234yf, preferably wherein the second component is R-32 and R-1234yf.

[0019] Conveniently, R-32 is present in the composition in an amount of about 1% to about 30% by weight, such as about 2% to about 25% by weight, for example about 3% to about 21% by weight, and optionally about 4% to about 19% by weight.

[0020] Typically, R-1234yf is present in the composition in amounts of about 50% to about 98% by weight, such as about 55% to about 97% by weight, for example about 60% to about 96% by weight, optionally about 65% to about 95% by weight, or about 70% to about 94% by weight, or about 92% by weight.

[0021] Conveniently, the composition comprises about 1 wt% to about 20 wt% of R-1132a, about 1 wt% to about 30 wt% of R-32 and about 50 wt% to about 98 wt% of R-1234yf, such as when the composition comprises about 2 wt% to about 15 wt% of R-1132a, about 2 wt% to about 25 wt% of R-32 and about 60 wt% to about 96 wt% of R-1234yf, for example, when the composition comprises about 3 wt% to about 12 wt% of R-1132a, about 3 wt% to about 21 wt% of R-32 and about 67 wt% to about 94 wt% of R-1234yf, optionally wherein the composition comprises about 4 wt% to about 9 wt% of R-1132a, about 4 wt% to about 19 wt% of R-32 and about 72 wt% to about 92 wt% of R-1234yf.

[0022] In the application of this invention, the composition is advantageously a non-azeotropic composition.

[0023] The compositions disclosed herein are believed to exhibit a combination of unexpectedly low / non-flammability, low GWP, improved lubricant miscibility, and improved refrigeration performance characteristics for protected applications, liquid cooler systems, and thermal management systems. Some of these properties are described in more detail below.

[0024] The composition of the present invention preferably has a zero ozone depletion potential.

[0025] Conveniently, the composition has a global warming potential (GWP) of less than about 300, such as less than about 200, for example less than about 150.

[0026] Flammability can be determined according to ASHRAE Standard 34 (e.g., ASHRAE Standard 34:2019) in conjunction with ASTM Standard E-681, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0027] In one embodiment, compared to R-1132a alone, the composition has one or more of the following: (a) a higher lower flammability limit; (b) a higher ignition energy; (c) a higher autoignition temperature; or (d) a lower combustion rate.

[0028] Preferably, compared to R-1132a, the compositions of the present invention are less flammable in one or more of the following aspects: a lower flammability limit at 23°C; a lower flammability limit at 60°C; a wider flammability range at 23°C or 60°C; an autoignition temperature (thermal decomposition temperature); and a minimum ignition energy or combustion rate in dry air. The flammability limit and combustion rate are determined according to the method specified in ASHRAE-34, and the autoignition temperature is determined in a 500 ml glass flask according to the method of ASTM E659-78.

[0029] Typically, according to ASHRAE Standard 34:2019 or ISO Standard 817, the composition is classified as “weakly flammable” (2L class).

[0030] Advantageously, the laminar combustion velocity of the formulated composition is less than about 10 cm / s, such as less than about 7 cm / s, for example less than about 5 cm / s.

[0031] The compositions disclosed herein are generally compatible with all classes of lubricants currently used with established HFC refrigerants. Optionally, the compositions can be stabilized or compatible with mineral oils by using suitable additives.

[0032] Typically, in the applications of this invention, the composition is combined with a lubricant.

[0033] The lubricant is conveniently selected from mineral oil, silicone oil, polyalkylbenzene (PAB), polyol ester (POE), polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyalkylene glycol ester (PAG ester), polyvinyl ether (PVE), poly(α-olefin) and combinations thereof, preferably wherein the lubricant is selected from PAG or POE and mixtures thereof.

[0034] Typically, the composition has a higher coefficient of performance (COP) than R-1234yf or R-454C.

[0035] Conveniently, the composition has a higher volumetric cooling capacity than R-1234yf or R-454C.

[0036] In one embodiment, the composition may consist primarily of the said components. The term "consistently of" includes the meaning that the composition is substantially free of other components, particularly other (hydrofluorine) compounds (e.g., (hydrofluorine)alkanes or (hydrofluorine)olefins) known for use in heat transfer compositions. The term "consisting of" is included within the meaning of "consistently of".

[0037] In the embodiments, the compositions are substantially free of any components with heat transfer properties (other than those specified). For example, the compositions of the present invention may be substantially free of any other hydrofluorocarbons.

[0038] In one embodiment, the composition is substantially free of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).

[0039] The terms "substantially none" and "substantially non-existent" include the meaning that, based on the total weight of the composition, the composition contains 0.5% by weight or less of the said component, preferably 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, or 0.1% or less.

[0040] As used herein, unless otherwise stated, all percentages mentioned in the compositions herein (including the claims) are based on the total weight of the compositions by weight.

[0041] When used in conjunction with numerical values ​​for the amount of a component by weight (%), the term "about" includes the meaning of ±0.5% by weight, for example, ±0.2% by weight.

[0042] To avoid any doubt, it should be understood that the upper and lower limits of the range of amounts of components in the compositions disclosed herein may be interchanged in any way, provided that the resulting range falls within the broadest scope of the invention.

[0043] The composition can be prepared by simply mixing R-1132a with optional components, such as a second component (e.g., R-32 and R-1234yf) and / or a lubricant.

[0044] All chemicals described herein are commercially available. For example, fluorides are available from Apollo Scientific (UK).

[0045] In the application of this invention, the composition is used as a refrigerant in a liquid cooler system. Some preferred features of the liquid cooler system are discussed below.

[0046] Advantageously, the liquid cooler system includes at least one counter-current heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the refrigerant and the liquid.

[0047] When refrigerant and liquid pass through a counter-current heat exchanger, the heat exchanger allows the refrigerant and liquid to flow in opposite directions relative to each other. This contrasts with a cross-flow heat exchanger, in which the liquid and refrigerant flow approximately perpendicular to each other as they pass through the heat exchanger.

[0048] Typically, liquid cooler systems utilize a vapor compression refrigeration cycle.

[0049] Conveniently, at least one countercurrent heat exchanger comprises at least one compact plate countercurrent heat exchanger.

[0050] Advantageously, the liquid cooler system is a water cooler system or a water / ethylene glycol cooler system. Typically, the glycol can be ethylene glycol or propylene glycol (propane-1,2-diol). The liquid used in the liquid cooler system can also be a synthetic hydrocarbon fluid, a silicone fluid, or a wholly or partially fluorinated fluid, such as a fluorinated ether or a ketone.

[0051] Optionally, the liquid cooler system is a two-loop liquid cooler system. In this type of system, the refrigerant is used to transfer heat between the "cold" and "hot" loops of the liquid circulating in the liquid cooler system. It can also be used to provide direct cooling for batteries while providing conventional air conditioning cooling.

[0052] Preferably, the liquid cooler system is integrated into or serves as the vehicle's thermal management system, particularly for electric vehicles. Conveniently, the vehicle's thermal management system is a heat pump and / or an air conditioning system.

[0053] Conveniently, the liquid cooler system is a liquid cooler system suitable for heating and / or cooling the battery and / or passenger compartment of a vehicle (preferably an electric vehicle). For example, the liquid cooler system may be suitable for cooling and / or heating the passenger compartment of a vehicle and may be suitable for cooling the vehicle's battery. The liquid cooler system may also be suitable for cooling other sources of waste heat that may be useful, such as power electronics, instrument displays, or braking systems.

[0054] In a second aspect of the invention, a liquid cooler system is provided, comprising at least one countercurrent heat exchanger for exchanging heat between a refrigerant composition and a liquid, wherein the at least one countercurrent heat exchanger allows the refrigerant composition and the liquid to flow countercurrently relative to each other as the refrigerant composition and the liquid pass through the countercurrent heat exchanger, wherein the refrigerant composition is a composition comprising 1,1-difluoroethylene (R-1132a) and optionally a second component selected from: difluoromethane (R-32), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene (R-1234yf), trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene (R-1234ze(E)), and 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a).

[0055] It should be understood that the preferred and optional features disclosed with respect to the first aspect of the invention will similarly apply to the second aspect of the invention.

[0056] Conveniently, the liquid cooler system is incorporated into or used as the vehicle's thermal management system, preferably for electric vehicles. The vehicle's thermal management system is typically a heat pump and / or an air conditioning system.

[0057] Typically, a liquid cooler system is a liquid cooler system suitable for heating and / or cooling the battery and / or passenger compartment of a vehicle (preferably an electric vehicle). For example, a liquid cooler system may be suitable for cooling and / or heating the passenger compartment of a vehicle and may be suitable for cooling the vehicle's battery. A liquid cooler system may also be suitable for cooling other sources of waste heat that may be useful, such as power electronics, instrument displays, or braking systems.

[0058] According to a third aspect of the invention, a thermal management system for a vehicle is provided, comprising a liquid cooler system including at least one counter-current heat exchanger for exchanging heat between a refrigerant composition and a liquid, wherein the at least one counter-current heat exchanger allows the refrigerant composition and the liquid to flow counter-currently relative to each other as the refrigerant composition and the liquid pass through the counter-current heat exchanger, wherein the refrigerant composition is a composition comprising 1,1-difluoroethylene (R-1132a) and optionally a second component selected from: difluoromethane (R-32), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene (R-1234yf), trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene (R-1234ze(E)), 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a), preferably wherein the vehicle is an electric vehicle.

[0059] It should be understood that the preferred and optional features disclosed with respect to the first and second aspects of the invention will similarly apply to the second aspect of the invention.

[0060] Conveniently, the liquid cooler system is a liquid cooler system suitable for heating and / or cooling the vehicle's battery and / or passenger compartment. For example, the liquid cooler system may be suitable for cooling and / or heating the vehicle's passenger compartment and may be suitable for cooling the vehicle's battery. The liquid cooler system may also be suitable for cooling other sources of waste heat that may be useful, such as power electronics, instrument displays, or braking systems.

[0061] Typically, a thermal management system also includes at least one of the following: a vapor injection system, a high-pressure side receiver for storing a refrigerant composition, and / or a low-pressure side accumulator.

[0062] The present invention will be described with reference to the following non-limiting drawings, in which:

[0063] Figure 1 shows the temperature changes in a heat exchanger with a single refrigerant or an azeotropic refrigerant.

[0064] Figure 2 shows the temperature change of a non-azeotropic refrigerant in a cross-flow heat exchanger.

[0065] Figure 3 shows the temperature change of a non-azeotropic refrigerant in a countercurrent heat exchanger.

[0066] The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting embodiments.

[0067] Example

[0068] The thermodynamic model of the R-1132a / R-32 / R-1234yf fluid system was established using the Span-Wagner equations of state implemented in NIST REFPROP 9.1 software. The pure fluid model of R-1132a was derived by measuring its vapor pressure from boiling point to critical point, determining the critical point, measuring the density of the compressed liquid and vapor, and measuring the enthalpy and heat capacity of the fluid in both liquid and vapor states. Next, the vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior of the binary mixture of R-1132a with R-32 and R-1234yf was measured using a constant-volume apparatus to measure the vapor pressure of a series of binary compositions within a certain temperature and pressure range of approximately -50°C to +70°C. These data were then normalized to provide binary interaction parameters suitable for modeling the performance of ternary mixtures as refrigerants using standard cycle modeling techniques.

[0069] Subsequently, two refrigeration / heat pump cycle models were built in Microsoft Excel and linked to REFPROP software to provide thermodynamic characteristic data of the mixture. In one model, the heat exchanger geometry was assumed to be purely cross-flow, where the minimum temperature approximation constrains the refrigerant phase change temperature, as shown in Figure 1 (for zero-slip fluids) and Figure 2 (for fluids with slip). In the other model, the heat exchanger geometry was assumed to be counter-flow, such that the same minimum temperature approximation was used, but implemented to constrain the phase change temperature, as shown in Figure 3. The performance of R-1234yf and the selected composition R-1132a / R-32 / R-1234yf (6 wt% / 20 wt% / 74 wt%) was then simulated in both models, and the results were compared. As a comparative example, the performance of refrigerant R-454C (R-32 / R-1234yf ratio of 21.5 / 78.5%) was also simulated. This refrigerant has a GWP similar to the ternary composition, but with a smaller temperature slip.

[0070] For modeling purposes, assume the following cyclic input conditions:

[0071]

[0072] Table 1: Loop Input Conditions

[0073] The modeling results are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below:

[0074]

[0075]

[0076] The performance data show that although changes in the heat exchanger geometry do not affect the performance of R1234yf, they do produce significant differences in the performance of the ternary composition selected for illustrating the uses of this invention.

[0077] In cross-flow, the selected blend exhibits a slightly lower COP compared to R-1234yf. However, in counter-flow, it exhibits a significantly improved COP, reduced compressor displacement, lower compression ratio, and lower compressor discharge temperature.

[0078] Furthermore, the performance data shows that although R-454C, when used in combination with a counter-current heat exchanger, gains some performance benefits compared to a cross-current heat exchanger, it does not gain as much as the ternary combination.

Claims

1. Use of a composition as a refrigerant in a liquid cooler system, said composition comprising 2% to 15% by weight of 1,1-difluoroethylene (R-1132a), 2% to 25% by weight of difluoromethane (R-32), and additional components selected from trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene (R-1234ze(E)), 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a), and mixtures thereof, wherein said liquid cooler system is incorporated into or includes a thermal management system for an electric vehicle, further wherein said liquid cooler system includes at least one counter-current heat exchanger for exchanging heat between said refrigerant and said liquid; and The composition described therein has a higher coefficient of performance (COP) and volumetric cooling capacity than R-1234yf.

2. The use according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises at least 3% or 4% by weight of R-1132a.

3. The use according to claim 2, wherein the composition comprises at least 5% by weight of R-1132a.

4. The use according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 3% to 12% by weight of R-1132a.

5. The use according to claim 4, wherein the composition comprises 4% to 9% by weight of R-1132a.

6. The use according to claim 1, wherein the R-32 is present in the composition in an amount of 3% by weight to 21% by weight.

7. The use according to claim 6, wherein the R-32 is present in the composition in an amount of 4% to 19% by weight.

8. The use according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a non-azeotropic composition.

9. The use according to claim 1, wherein the global warming potential (GWP) of the composition is less than 300.

10. The use according to claim 9, wherein the GWP of the composition is less than 200.

11. The use according to claim 10, wherein the GWP of the composition is less than 150.

12. The use according to claim 1, wherein the composition is classified as "weakly flammable", 2L class, according to ASHRAE Standard 34:2019 or ISO Standard 817.

13. The use according to claim 12, wherein the laminar combustion rate of the formulated composition is less than 10 cm / s.

14. The use according to claim 13, wherein the laminar combustion rate of the formulated composition is less than 7 cm / s.

15. The use according to claim 14, wherein the laminar combustion rate of the formulated composition is less than 5 cm / s.

16. The use according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a lubricant selected from mineral oil, silicone oil, polyalkylbenzene (PAB), polyol ester (POE), polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyalkylene glycol ester (PAG ester), polyvinyl ether (PVE), poly(α-olefin) and combinations thereof.

17. The use according to claim 16, wherein the lubricant comprises PAG and / or POE or a mixture thereof.

18. The use according to claim 1, wherein the composition has a higher coefficient of performance (COP) than R-454C.

19. The use according to claim 1, wherein the composition has a higher volumetric cooling capacity than R-454C.

20. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the liquid cooler utilizes a vapor compression refrigeration cycle.

21. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the at least one countercurrent heat exchanger comprises at least one compact plate countercurrent heat exchanger.

22. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the liquid cooler system comprises a water cooler system or a water / glycol cooler system.

23. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the liquid cooler system comprises a two-stage loop liquid cooler system.

24. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the thermal management system is a heat pump and / or an air conditioning system.

25. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the liquid cooler system is a liquid cooler system suitable for heating and / or cooling the battery and / or passenger compartment of an electric vehicle.

26. The use according to claim 25, wherein the liquid cooler system is suitable for cooling the power electronics, instrument displays and / or braking systems of an electric vehicle.

27. A liquid cooler system comprising: At least one counter-current heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the refrigerant composition and the liquid; The liquid cooler system is integrated into or includes the thermal management system of the electric vehicle; The refrigerant composition comprises 2% to 15% by weight of 1,1-difluoroethylene (R-1132a), 2% to 25% by weight of difluoromethane (R-32), and additional components selected from trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene (R-1234ze(E)), 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a), and mixtures thereof; and The composition described therein has a higher coefficient of performance (COP) and volumetric cooling capacity than R-1234yf.

28. The liquid cooler system of claim 27, wherein the thermal management system is a heat pump and / or an air conditioning system.

29. The liquid cooler system of claim 27, wherein the liquid cooler system comprises a liquid cooler system suitable for heating and / or cooling the battery and / or passenger compartment of an electric vehicle.

30. A thermal management system for an electric vehicle, comprising: A liquid cooler system comprising at least one counter-current heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the refrigerant composition and the liquid; The refrigerant composition comprises 2% to 15% by weight of 1,1-difluoroethylene (R-1132a), 2% to 25% by weight of difluoromethane (R-32), and additional components selected from trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene (R-1234ze(E)), 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a), and mixtures thereof; and The composition described therein has a higher coefficient of performance (COP) and volumetric cooling capacity than R-1234yf.

31. The thermal management system of claim 30, wherein the liquid cooler system comprises a liquid cooler system suitable for heating and / or cooling the battery and / or passenger compartment of an electric vehicle.

32. The thermal management system of claim 30, wherein the thermal management system further comprises at least one of the following: a vapor injection system, a high-pressure side receiver for storing the refrigerant composition, and / or a low-pressure side accumulator.

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