Control method of high-speed train bogie skirt

Abstract

The present application is applicable to the field of rail transit technology, and provides a control method for the skirt of a high-speed train bogie, wherein the states of the skirt include a closed state and a fully open state, and the control method includes: when the high-speed train is located in a snowy area, the skirt is controlled to be in a fully open state; when the high-speed train is not located in a snowy area, the skirt is controlled to be in a closed state; wherein, when the skirt is in a fully open state, the side of the bogie of the high-speed train is completely exposed to the air, and when the skirt is in a closed state, the side of the bogie is completely blocked by the skirt. The present application achieves the purpose of effectively improving the running quality of the train in different running intervals by controlling the wrapping method of the skirt. It can effectively reduce the running resistance of the train, reduce the energy consumption of the train, and improve the anti-snow performance of the bogie area.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application belongs to the field of rail transit technology, and in particular relates to a control method for a high-speed train bogie skirt. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of my country's high-speed railways, the railway network has spread across the country, and the operation of high-speed trains has also been restricted and challenged by the vast geographical conditions. In particular, the winter weather in Northeast my country and other regions is extremely cold, with heavy snowfall and serious snow accumulation on the railway tracks. When the train passes, the airflow rolls up some snowflakes into the bogie area, causing snow and ice to accumulate on the bogie, which seriously threatens the safety of train operation. How to make high-speed trains pass smoothly and safely through snowy areas has become one of the main issues restricting the further development of high-speed trains.

[0003] Most of the existing technical solutions have certain shortcomings. For example, the train is operated at a reduced speed when passing through high-altitude and cold areas, but this method affects the driving efficiency; the snow accumulation on the roadbed is reduced by line snow removal methods, but this method cannot completely remove the snow on the roadbed, and there are also problems such as complex scheduling and affecting driving arrangements; after the train enters the vehicle depot, it is de-iced by manual knocking, but this method is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and is very likely to damage the train equipment.

[0004] In addition to the above-mentioned snow accumulation problem, as the train speed continues to increase, the proportion of aerodynamic resistance in the power required to drive the train forward continues to increase, resulting in an increase in train energy consumption.

[0005] It can be seen that high-speed trains are in urgent need of a solution that can both improve the problem of snow accumulation in the train bogie area and reduce the energy consumption of train operation. Summary of the invention

[0006] The embodiment of the present application provides a control method for the bogie skirt of a high-speed train, which can solve the problem of increasing energy consumption during high-speed train operation and the problem of snow accumulation in the bogie area affecting train operation.

[0007] The embodiment of the present application provides a control method for a high-speed train bogie skirt plate, wherein the states of the skirt plate include a closed state and a fully open state, and the control method includes:

[0008] When the high-speed train is in a snowy area, the control skirt is in the fully open position;

[0009] When the high-speed train is not in the snow area, the control skirt is in the closed state;

[0010] Among them, when the skirt is in the fully open state, the side of the bogie of the high-speed train is completely exposed to the air, and when the skirt is in the closed state, the side of the bogie is completely blocked by the skirt.

[0011] Optional skirting includes:

[0012] A first reel support and a first guide rail disposed on a side surface of a front end plate of the bogie;

[0013] A second reel support and a second guide rail are arranged on the side of the rear end plate of the bogie; the front end plate and the rear end plate are two opposite end plates of the bogie;

[0014] A reel, one end of which is rotatably connected to the first reel support, and the other end of which is rotatably connected to the second reel support;

[0015] A rolling curtain motor is arranged on the side wall of the bogie compartment where the bogie is located, and the output shaft of the rolling curtain motor is connected to one end of the winding shaft;

[0016] A curtain piece, one end of which is connected to the winding shaft, a first side edge of the curtain piece is located in the first guide rail, a second side edge of the curtain piece is located in the second guide rail, and the first side edge and the second side edge are two adjacent side edges of one end of the curtain piece;

[0017] Among them, when the skirt board is in the fully open state, the rolling motor drives the reel to reel in the curtain pieces, so that the side of the bogie is completely exposed to the air. When the skirt board is in the closed state, the rolling motor drives the reel to unfold the curtain pieces, so that the side of the bogie is completely covered by the curtain pieces.

[0018] Optionally, the state of the skirt board also includes a half-open state. When the skirt board is in the half-open state, the rolling motor drives the reel to roll up the curtain sheet, so that a part of the bogie is blocked by the curtain sheet and the other part is exposed outside the curtain sheet.

[0019] Optionally, a first belt motor and a second belt motor are further provided on the side wall of the bogie cabin, a first synchronous pulley is provided at one end of the first guide rail and the second guide rail close to the reel, a second synchronous pulley is provided at one end of the first guide rail and the second guide rail away from the reel, an output shaft of the first belt motor is connected to a connecting shaft of the first synchronous pulley on the first guide rail, and an output shaft of the second belt motor is connected to a connecting shaft of the first synchronous pulley on the second guide rail;

[0020] The first guide rail and the second guide rail both include an upper guide rail groove and a lower guide rail groove, the first side edge of the curtain piece is located in the lower guide rail groove of the first guide rail, the second side edge of the curtain piece is located in the lower guide rail groove of the second guide rail, the first synchronous pulley on the first guide rail is connected to the first end of the first belt, the second end of the first belt passes around the second synchronous pulley on the first guide rail and is connected to the other end of the curtain piece, the first synchronous pulley on the second guide rail is connected to the first end of the second belt, the second end of the second belt passes around the second synchronous pulley on the second guide rail and is connected to the other end of the curtain piece.

[0021] Optionally, the second end of the first belt and the second end of the second belt are both provided with a fixing block, and the fixing block is connected to the other end of the curtain piece.

[0022] Optionally, a retaining frame is provided in the lower guide rail grooves of the first guide rail and the second guide rail, and a roller is provided on the retaining frame. The first side edge of the curtain piece is located on the roller in the first guide rail, and the second side edge of the curtain piece is located on the roller in the second guide rail.

[0023] Optionally, one end of the reel is rotatably connected to the first reel support via a first bearing, and the other end is rotatably connected to the second reel support via a second bearing.

[0024] The above solution of the present application has the following beneficial effects:

[0025] In an embodiment of the present application, when a high-speed train enters a snow-covered area, the skirt is controlled to be in a fully open state, so that the side of the bogie of the high-speed train is completely exposed to the air, thereby reducing the snow accumulation inside the bogie, and allowing the train to pass through the high-altitude snow-covered area smoothly and safely; at the same time, when the high-speed train enters a non-snow-covered area, the skirt is controlled to be in a closed state, so that the side of the bogie of the high-speed train is completely blocked by the skirt, thereby greatly reducing aerodynamic resistance and reducing the energy consumption of train operation.

[0026] Other beneficial effects of the present application will be described in detail in the subsequent specific implementation section. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0028] Figure 1 A flow chart of a method for controlling a high-speed train bogie skirt provided in one embodiment of the present application;

[0029] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of the skirt plate provided in one embodiment of the present application Figure 1 ;

[0030] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the local structure of the skirt board provided in one embodiment of the present application Figure 1 ;

[0031] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the local structure of the skirt board provided in one embodiment of the present application Figure 2 ;

[0032] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the structure of the guide rail of the skirt plate provided in one embodiment of the present application;

[0033] Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the structure of the skirt plate provided in one embodiment of the present application Figure 2 ;

[0034] Figure 7 A schematic diagram of the structure of a skirt plate in a closed state provided by an embodiment of the present application;

[0035] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the structure of a skirt plate in a half-open state provided by an embodiment of the present application;

[0036] Fig. 9 A schematic diagram of the structure of a skirt plate in a fully open state provided by an embodiment of the present application;

[0037] Fig.10 Schematic diagram of the assembly of the skirt plate and the train provided in one embodiment of the present application Figure 1 ;

[0038] Fig.11 Schematic diagram of the assembly of the skirt plate and the train provided in one embodiment of the present application Figure 2 ;

[0039] Fig.12 Schematic diagram of the assembly of the skirt plate and the train provided in one embodiment of the present application Figure 3 ;

[0040] Fig.13 Schematic diagram of the assembly of the skirt plate and the train provided in one embodiment of the present application Figure 4 .

[0041] [Description of Reference Numerals]

[0042] 100, skirt board; 20, first guide rail; 201, first belt; 202, second synchronous pulley; 203, fixed block; 204, retaining frame; 205, roller; 30, second guide rail; 301, second belt motor; 302, second belt; 40, reel; 50, roller shutter motor; 60, curtain piece. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] In the following description, specific details such as specific system structures, technologies, etc. are provided for the purpose of illustration rather than limitation, so as to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present application. However, it should be clear to those skilled in the art that the present application may also be implemented in other embodiments without these specific details. In other cases, detailed descriptions of well-known systems, devices, circuits, and methods are omitted to prevent unnecessary details from obstructing the description of the present application.

[0044] It should be understood that when used in the present specification and the appended claims, the term "comprising" indicates the presence of described features, wholes, steps, operations, elements and / or components, but does not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, wholes, steps, operations, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.

[0045] It should also be understood that the term “and / or” used in the specification and appended claims refers to any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, and includes these combinations.

[0046] As used in the specification and appended claims of this application, the term "if" can be interpreted as "when" or "uponce" or "in response to determining" or "in response to detecting", depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase "if it is determined" or "if [described condition or event] is detected" can be interpreted as meaning "uponce it is determined" or "in response to determining" or "uponce [described condition or event] is detected" or "in response to detecting [described condition or event]", depending on the context.

[0047] In addition, in the description of the present application specification and the appended claims, the terms "first", "second", "third", etc. are only used to distinguish the descriptions and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0048] References to "one embodiment" or "some embodiments" etc. described in the specification of this application mean that one or more embodiments of the present application include specific features, structures or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment. Therefore, the statements "in one embodiment", "in some embodiments", "in some other embodiments", "in some other embodiments", etc. that appear in different places in this specification do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, but mean "one or more but not all embodiments", unless otherwise specifically emphasized in other ways. The terms "including", "comprising", "having" and their variations all mean "including but not limited to", unless otherwise specifically emphasized in other ways.

[0049] At present, when high-speed trains pass through snowy areas, the airflow rolls up some snowflakes into the bogie area, causing snow and ice to form on the bogies, which seriously threatens the safety of train operation. At the same time, the speed of trains continues to increase, and the proportion of aerodynamic resistance in the power required to drive the train forward continues to increase, resulting in increasing energy consumption of the train.

[0050] In response to the above problems, an embodiment of the present application provides a control method for the bogie skirt of a high-speed train. When the high-speed train enters a snowy area, the control method controls the skirt to be in a fully open state, so that the side of the bogie of the high-speed train is completely exposed to the air, thereby reducing the accumulation of snow inside the bogie, and allowing the train to pass through the high-altitude snowy area smoothly and safely; at the same time, when the high-speed train enters a non-snowy area, the skirt is controlled to be in a closed state, so that the side of the bogie of the high-speed train is completely blocked by the skirt, thereby greatly reducing the aerodynamic resistance and reducing the energy consumption of the train operation.

[0051] The control method of the high-speed train bogie skirt provided in the present application is exemplarily described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0052] like Figure 1 As shown, the control method of the high-speed train bogie skirt provided in the embodiment of the present application includes the following steps:

[0053] Step 11, when the high-speed train is in the snow-covered area, control the skirt to be in a fully open state.

[0054] In some embodiments of the present application, when the skirt is in the fully open state, the side of the bogie of the high-speed train is completely exposed to the air, thereby effectively reducing the accumulation of snow inside the bogie and allowing the train to pass through high-altitude snowy areas smoothly and safely.

[0055] Step 12: When the high-speed train is not in the snow-covered area, the skirt panel is controlled to be in a closed state.

[0056] In some embodiments of the present application, when the skirt is in a closed state, the side of the bogie is completely blocked by the skirt, thereby greatly reducing aerodynamic resistance and reducing energy consumption of train operation.

[0057] It should be noted that in some embodiments of the present application, there is no strict order between the above steps 11 and 12. Instead, when the high-speed train enters a snow-covered area (such as a high-altitude cold area), the skirt panel is controlled to be in a fully open state, and when the high-speed train enters a non-snow-covered area (such as a non-high-altitude cold area), the skirt panel is controlled to be in a closed state, thereby effectively reducing the train running resistance and reducing the train energy consumption, while improving the problem of the train operation being affected by snow accumulation in the bogie area.

[0058] In some embodiments of the present application, in addition to the fully open state and the closed state mentioned above, the skirt board can also be controlled to be in a semi-open state according to actual needs. In the semi-open state, a part of the bogie is blocked by the skirt board, and the other part is exposed from the skirt board, thereby facilitating maintenance of the bogie.

[0059] The structure of the skirt plate is exemplarily described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0060] like Figures 2 to 13 As shown, the skirt board 100 includes: a first reel support, a first guide rail 20 , a second reel support, a second guide rail 30 , a reel 40 , a rolling curtain motor 50 and a curtain piece 60 .

[0061] Among them, the first reel bracket and the first guide rail 20 are arranged on the side of the front end plate of the bogie; the second reel bracket and the second guide rail 30 are arranged on the side of the rear end plate of the bogie (the front end plate and the rear end plate are two opposite end plates of the bogie); one end of the reel 40 is rotatably connected to the first reel bracket, and the other end is rotatably connected to the second reel bracket; the rolling motor 50 is arranged on the side wall of the bogie compartment where the bogie is located, and the output shaft of the rolling motor 50 is connected to one end of the reel 40; one end of the curtain piece 60 is connected to the reel 40, and the first side of the curtain piece 60 is located in the first guide rail 20, and the second side of the curtain piece 60 (the first side and the second side are two adjacent sides of one end of the curtain piece 60, and the first side and the second side are two opposite sides of the curtain piece 60) is located in the second guide rail 30.

[0062] In some embodiments of the present application, the above-mentioned rolling motor 50 is mainly used to drive the roller 40 to rotate so that the roller 40 can roll up / unroll the curtain piece 60. Fig. 9 In the fully open state shown in FIG. 1 , the roller shutter motor 50 drives the roller 40 to retract the roller shutter sheet 60. Fig.12 As shown, the side of the bogie is completely exposed to the air; when the skirt plate 100 is in the Figure 8 In the half-open state shown in FIG. 1 , the rolling motor 50 drives the roller 40 to retract the rolling shutter piece 60. Fig.11 As shown, a portion of the bogie is blocked by the curtain sheet 60, and another portion is exposed outside the curtain sheet 60; when the skirt plate 100 is in a position as shown in FIG. Figure 7 In the closed state shown in FIG. 1 , the roller shutter motor 50 drives the roller 40 to unfold the shutter blade 60. Fig.10 and Fig.13 As shown, the side of the bogie is completely blocked by the curtain sheet 60. It should be noted that the power supply end of the above-mentioned rolling curtain motor 50 can be connected to the driving power supply on the train, so as to ensure the power supply stability of the rolling curtain motor 50.

[0063] In some embodiments of the present application, the first guide rail 20 is arranged to fit the side edge of the front end plate of the bogie, and the second guide rail 30 is arranged to fit the side edge of the rear end plate of the bogie, so that when the reel 40 reels / unrolls the curtain piece 60, it guides the curtain piece 60 to move along the side edge of the bogie cabin, so that the reel 40 can smoothly reel / unroll the curtain piece 60.

[0064] In some embodiments of the present application, one end of the above-mentioned roller 40 can be rotatably connected to the first roller bracket through a first bearing, and the other end can be rotatably connected to the second roller bracket through a second bearing, so as to facilitate the rotation of the roller 40 to roll up / unroll the curtain piece 60.

[0065] In some embodiments of the present application, Figure 3 and Figure 4As shown, the side wall of the bogie cabin is also provided with a first belt motor and a second belt motor 301, the first guide rail 20 and the second guide rail 30 are both provided with a first synchronous pulley at one end close to the reel 40, and the first guide rail 20 and the second guide rail 30 are both provided with a second synchronous pulley 202 at one end away from the reel 40, the output shaft of the first belt motor is connected to the connecting shaft of the first synchronous pulley on the first guide rail 20, and the output shaft of the second belt motor 301 is connected to the connecting shaft of the first synchronous pulley on the second guide rail 30.

[0066] The above-mentioned first guide rail 20 and second guide rail 30 both include an upper guide rail groove and a lower guide rail groove, a first side edge of the curtain piece 60 is located in the lower guide rail groove of the first guide rail 20, and a second side edge of the curtain piece 60 is located in the lower guide rail groove of the second guide rail 30, the first synchronous pulley on the first guide rail 20 is connected to the first end of the first belt 201, the second end of the first belt 201 bypasses the second synchronous pulley 202 on the first guide rail 20 and is connected to the other end of the curtain piece 60 (i.e., the last stage of the curtain piece 60), the first synchronous pulley on the second guide rail 30 is connected to the first end of the second belt 302, the second end of the second belt 302 bypasses the second synchronous pulley 202 on the second guide rail 30 and is connected to the other end of the curtain piece 60 (i.e., the last stage of the curtain piece 60).

[0067] It should be noted that the above-mentioned first belt motor is mainly used to drive the first synchronous pulley and the second synchronous pulley 202 on the first guide rail 20 to rotate, and the above-mentioned second belt motor 301 is mainly used to drive the first synchronous pulley and the second synchronous pulley 202 on the second guide rail 30 to rotate, so that the first belt 201 and the second belt 302 can efficiently guide the curtain plate 60 to move along the side edge of the bogie cabin and in the curved first guide rail 20 and second guide rail 30, further improving the smoothness of the reel 40 in winding / unwinding the curtain plate 60.

[0068] It should be further explained that the power supply ends of the first belt motor and the second belt motor 301 can be connected to the driving power supply on the train, so as to ensure the power supply stability of the first belt motor and the second belt motor 301. And the first belt motor and the second belt motor 301 can cooperate with the rolling motor 50 to make the reel 40 roll up / unroll the curtain piece 60. Of course, it can be understood that when rolling up / unrolling the curtain piece 60, the first belt motor, the second belt motor 301 and the rolling motor 50 can be controlled to stop working at any time, so as to put the skirt board 100 in different states.

[0069] In some embodiments of the present application, in order to facilitate connection with the other end of the curtain piece 60, such as Figure 4 As shown, the second end of the first belt 201 and the second end of the second belt 302 are both provided with a fixing block 203 , and the fixing block 203 is connected to the other end of the curtain piece 60 .

[0070] It should be noted that the fixed block 203 on the first belt 201 can move along with the first belt 201, and the fixed block 203 on the second belt 302 can move along with the second belt 302, so that the first belt 201 and the second belt 302 can efficiently guide the curtain piece 60 to move along the side edge of the bogie cabin and in the curved first guide rail 20 and second guide rail 30, thereby improving the smoothness of the reel 40 in winding / unwinding the curtain piece 60.

[0071] In some embodiments of the present application, Figure 5 As shown, a retaining frame 204 is provided in the lower guide rail groove of the first guide rail 20 and the second guide rail 30, and a roller 205 is provided on the retaining frame 204. The first side edge of the curtain piece 60 is located on the roller 205 in the first guide rail 20, and the second side edge of the curtain piece 60 is located on the roller 205 in the second guide rail 30, so that the movement of the curtain piece 60 is smoother.

[0072] It should be noted that the retaining frame 204 can partially wrap the roller 205 to isolate and guide the roller 205 and retain it in the corresponding guide rail.

[0073] The effect of the above control method is exemplified below in combination with simulation and experimental data.

[0074] After verification by wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations, the snow mass in the bogie area and the aerodynamic resistance of the whole train under three states of the skirt are shown in Tables 1 and 2. When the train is running in a snow-free area and the skirt provided in the embodiment of the present application is in a closed state, the aerodynamic resistance can be reduced by 9.5%; when the train is running in a snowy area and the skirt provided in the embodiment of the present application is in a fully open state, the snow mass can be reduced by 13.3%. This shows that the control method provided in the embodiment of the present application can effectively reduce the running resistance of the train, reduce the energy consumption of the train, and improve the problem of the train operation being affected by snow accumulation in the bogie area.

[0075]

[0076] Table 1

[0077] Fully open Half-open state Closed state Aerodynamic drag coefficient 0.63 0.60 0.57 Reduction percentage - 4.8％ 9.5％

[0078] Table 2

[0079] The above is a preferred embodiment of the present application. It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this technical field, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principles described in the present application. These improvements and modifications should also be regarded as the scope of protection of the present application.

Claims

1. A control method for a high-speed train bogie skirt, characterized in that: The state of the skirt plate includes a closed state and a fully open state, and the control method includes: When the high-speed train is in a snowy area, controlling the skirt to be in a fully open state; When the high-speed train is not located in the snow-covered area, controlling the skirt panel to be in a closed state; Wherein, when the skirt is in a fully open state, the side of the bogie of the high-speed train is completely exposed to the air, and when the skirt is in a closed state, the side of the bogie is completely blocked by the skirt; The skirt plate comprises: A first reel support and a first guide rail disposed on a side surface of a front end plate of the bogie; A second reel support and a second guide rail are arranged on the side of the rear end plate of the bogie; the front end plate and the rear end plate are two opposite end plates of the bogie; A reel, one end of which is rotatably connected to the first reel support, and the other end of which is rotatably connected to the second reel support; A rolling motor is arranged on the side wall of the bogie compartment where the bogie is located, and the output shaft of the rolling motor is connected to one end of the reel; A curtain piece, one end of which is connected to the reel, a first side edge of the curtain piece is located in the first guide rail, a second side edge of the curtain piece is located in the second guide rail, and the first side edge and the second side edge are two adjacent side edges of one end of the curtain piece; Wherein, when the skirt panel is in a fully open state, the rolling motor drives the reel to roll up the curtain sheet so that the side of the bogie is completely exposed to the air; when the skirt panel is in a closed state, the rolling motor drives the reel to unfold the curtain sheet so that the side of the bogie is completely blocked by the curtain sheet.

2. The control method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The state of the skirt plate also includes a half-open state. When the skirt plate is in the half-open state, the rolling motor drives the reel to roll up the curtain sheet, so that a part of the bogie is blocked by the curtain sheet and another part is exposed outside the curtain sheet.

3. The control method according to claim 1, characterized in that: A first belt motor and a second belt motor are also provided on the side wall of the bogie compartment, a first synchronous pulley is provided at one end of the first guide rail and the second guide rail close to the reel, a second synchronous pulley is provided at one end of the first guide rail and the second guide rail away from the reel, an output shaft of the first belt motor is connected to a connecting shaft of the first synchronous pulley on the first guide rail, and an output shaft of the second belt motor is connected to a connecting shaft of the first synchronous pulley on the second guide rail; The first guide rail and the second guide rail both include an upper guide rail groove and a lower guide rail groove, the first side edge of the curtain piece is located in the lower guide rail groove of the first guide rail, the second side edge of the curtain piece is located in the lower guide rail groove of the second guide rail, the first synchronous pulley on the first guide rail is connected to the first end of the first belt, the second end of the first belt passes over the second synchronous pulley on the first guide rail and is connected to the other end of the curtain piece, the first synchronous pulley on the second guide rail is connected to the first end of the second belt, the second end of the second belt passes over the second synchronous pulley on the second guide rail and is connected to the other end of the curtain piece.

4. The control method according to claim 3, characterized in that: A fixing block is provided at the second end of the first belt and the second end of the second belt, and the fixing block is connected to the other end of the curtain piece.

5. The control method according to claim 3, characterized in that: A retaining frame is provided in the lower guide rail groove of the first guide rail and the second guide rail, and a roller is provided on the retaining frame. The first side edge of the curtain piece is located on the roller in the first guide rail, and the second side edge of the curtain piece is located on the roller in the second guide rail.

6. The control method according to claim 1, characterized in that: One end of the reel is rotatably connected to the first reel support via a first bearing, and the other end is rotatably connected to the second reel support via a second bearing.

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