transmitting a signal with a delay

Abstract

Disclosed are devices, methods, and systems for transmitting signals with delay. A method (800) includes determining (802), at a user equipment, a first transmission signal based on a set of modulation symbols. The method (800) includes determining (804) a second transmission signal based on the first transmission signal, where the second transmission signal is a delayed copy of the first transmission signal delayed by a delay, and the delay is less than a maximum value. The method (800) includes transmitting (806) the first transmission signal from a first antenna of the user equipment. The method (800) includes transmitting (808) the second transmission signal from a second antenna of the user equipment.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference of related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 025,304, filed May 15, 2020, by Colin D. Frank, entitled “Apparatus, Methods, and Systems for Limitations on Transparent Transmit Diversity Delay to Improve System Performance,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The subject matter disclosed herein generally relates to wireless communication, and more specifically, to the transmission of signals with delays. Background Technology

[0004] In some wireless communication networks, duplicate signals can be transmitted. These duplicate signals may interfere with each other. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Disclosed are methods for transmitting signals with delays. The apparatus and system also perform the functions of the method. One embodiment of the method includes determining a first transmitted signal at a user equipment based on a set of modulation symbols. In some embodiments, the method includes determining a second transmitted signal based on the first transmitted signal, wherein the second transmitted signal is a delayed copy of the first transmitted signal delayed by a certain delay less than a maximum value. In some embodiments, the method includes transmitting the first transmitted signal from a first antenna of the user equipment. In various embodiments, the method includes transmitting the second transmitted signal from a second antenna of the user equipment.

[0006] An apparatus for transmitting a delayed signal includes a processor that: determines a first transmission signal based on a set of modulation symbols; and determines a second transmission signal based on the first transmission signal, wherein the second transmission signal is a delayed copy of the first transmission signal delayed by a certain delay less than a maximum value. In various embodiments, the apparatus includes a transmitter that: transmits the first transmission signal from a first antenna of the user equipment; and transmits the second transmission signal from a second antenna of the user equipment.

[0007] Another embodiment of a method for transmitting a signal with a delay includes instructing a user equipment to transmit a set of modulation symbols via a network device. In some embodiments, the method includes receiving a received signal via the network device, the received signal including a first signal based on the set of modulation symbols from a first antenna of the user equipment and a second signal from a second antenna of the user equipment, wherein the second signal is based on the first signal and is a delayed copy of the first signal delayed by a certain delay less than a maximum value. In some embodiments, the method includes demodulating the received signal via the network device to determine the set of modulation symbols.

[0008] Another device for transmitting a signal with a delay includes a processor that instructs a user equipment to transmit a set of modulation symbols. In various embodiments, the device includes a receiver that receives a received signal comprising a first signal based on the set of modulation symbols from a first antenna of the user equipment and a second signal from a second antenna of the user equipment, wherein the second signal is based on the first signal and is a delayed copy of the first signal by a delay less than a maximum value, wherein the processor demodulates the received signal to determine the set of modulation symbols. Attached Figure Description

[0009] A more specific description of the embodiments briefly described above will be presented by reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While understanding that these drawings depict only some embodiments and therefore should not be considered limiting, the embodiments will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail using the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0010] Figure 1 This is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a wireless communication system for transmitting signals with delay;

[0011] Figure 2 This is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a device for transmitting signals with delay;

[0012] Figure 3 This is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a device for transmitting signals with delay;

[0013] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of the phase shift formula;

[0014] Figure 5 This is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of the formula used to calculate the number of subcarriers;

[0015] Figure 6This is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of the formula for relative phase rotation;

[0016] Figure 7 This is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of the delay value formula;

[0017] Figure 8 This is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a method for transmitting a signal with a delay; and

[0018] Figure 9 This is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a method for transmitting a signal with a delay. Detailed Implementation

[0019] As those skilled in the art will understand, aspects of the embodiments may be embodied as systems, devices, methods, or program products. Therefore, embodiments may take the form of entirely hardware embodiments, entirely software embodiments (including firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.), or embodiments combining software and hardware aspects, which are generally referred to herein as “circuit,” “module,” or “system.” Furthermore, embodiments may take the form of program products embodied in one or more computer-readable storage devices storing machine-readable code, computer-readable code, and / or program code (hereinafter referred to as “code”). The storage device may be tangible, non-transitory, and / or non-transferable. The storage device may not embody signals. In some embodiments, the storage device employs only signals for accessing the code.

[0020] Certain functional units described in this specification may be designated as modules to more specifically emphasize their implementation independence. For example, a module may be implemented as hardware circuitry that includes custom-designed very large-scale integration (“VLSI”) circuitry or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. Modules may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field-programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices, or the like.

[0021] Modules can also be implemented in code and / or software for execution by various types of processors. For example, an identified code module may contain one or more physical or logical blocks of executable code, which may be organized, for example, as objects, procedures, or functions. However, the executable files of the identified modules do not need to be physically located together, but may contain different instructions stored in different locations that, when logically joined together, encompass the module and implement the stated purpose of the module.

[0022] In fact, a code module can be a single instruction or multiple instructions, and can even be distributed across several different code segments, different programs, and across several memory devices. Similarly, operational data herein can be identified and described within a module, and can be represented in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. Operational data can be collected as a single dataset or distributed across different locations, contained on different computer-readable storage devices. Where a module or part of a module is implemented in software, the software portion is stored on one or more computer-readable storage devices.

[0023] Any combination of one or more computer-readable media may be used. The computer-readable media may be a computer-readable storage medium. The computer-readable storage medium may be a storage device for storing code. For example, the storage device may be (but is not limited to) an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, holographic, micromechanical, or semiconductor system, device, or apparatus, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0024] More specific examples of storage devices (a non-exhaustive list) will include the following: electrical connections having one or more wires, portable computer disks, hard disks, random access memory (“RAM”), read-only memory (“ROM”), erasable programmable read-only memory (“EPROM” or flash memory), portable optical disc read-only memory (“CD-ROM”), optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, computer-readable storage media can be any tangible medium containing or storing programs for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, device, or apparatus.

[0025] The code used to implement the operations of the embodiments may be any number of lines and may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including object-oriented programming languages ​​such as Python, Ruby, Java, Smalltalk, C++, or similar, as well as conventional procedural programming languages ​​such as the "C" programming language or similar, and / or machine languages ​​such as assembly language. The code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partially on the user's computer, as a standalone software package, partially on the user's computer and partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer or server. In the latter case, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer via any type of network, including a local area network ("LAN") or a wide area network ("WAN"), or may be connected to an external computer (e.g., via the Internet provided by an Internet service provider).

[0026] In this specification, references to "an embodiment," "embodiment," or similar language indicate that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Therefore, unless expressly stated otherwise, the phrases "in an embodiment," "in an embodiment," and similar language throughout this specification may (but not necessarily) refer to the same embodiment, but rather to "one or more, but not all, embodiments." Unless expressly stated otherwise, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," and variations thereof mean "comprising (but not limited to)." Unless expressly stated otherwise, the list of items does not imply that any or all items are mutually exclusive. Unless expressly stated otherwise, the terms "a" and "described" also mean "one or more."

[0027] Furthermore, the features, structures, or characteristics described in the embodiments can be combined in any suitable manner. In the following description, numerous specific details, such as examples of programming, software modules, user selection, network transactions, database queries, database structures, hardware modules, hardware circuits, hardware chips, etc., are provided to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations have not been shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the embodiments.

[0028] The following description of aspects of the embodiments is based on schematic flowcharts and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus, systems, and program products according to the embodiments. It will be understood that each block of the schematic flowcharts and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the schematic flowcharts and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by code. The code can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that instructions executable via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing the functions / actions specified in the blocks of the schematic flowcharts and / or block diagrams.

[0029] The code may also be stored in a storage device that can instruct a computer, other programmable data processing equipment or other means to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the storage device produce an article of writing containing instructions that implement the functions / actions specified in the schematic flowcharts and / or schematic block diagrams.

[0030] The code may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus or other device such that a series of operational steps are executed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer-implemented process, such that the code executing on the computer or other programmable apparatus provides a process for implementing the functions / actions specified in the schematic flowchart and / or schematic block diagram.

[0031] The schematic flowcharts and / or block diagrams in the drawings illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of devices, systems, methods, and program products according to various embodiments. In this regard, each block in the schematic flowcharts and / or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which contains one or more executable instructions for implementing a specified logical function.

[0032] It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions marked in the boxes may not conform to the order in which they are marked in the diagram. For example, depending on the functionality involved, two boxes shown consecutively may actually be executed substantially simultaneously, or the boxes may sometimes be executed in reverse order. It is conceivable that other steps and methods are functionally, logically, or effectively equivalent to one or more blocks or portions thereof of the illustrated diagram.

[0033] While various arrow types and line styles may be used in flowcharts and / or block diagrams, it should be understood that this does not limit the scope of the corresponding embodiments. In fact, some arrows or other connectors may be used only to indicate the logical flow of the depicted embodiment. For example, an arrow may indicate a wait or monitoring period of unspecified duration between enumeration steps in a depicted embodiment. It will also be noted that each module of the block diagram and / or flowchart, and combinations of blocks in the block diagram and / or flowchart, may be implemented by a system based on dedicated hardware or a combination of dedicated hardware and code that performs the specified function or action.

[0034] The description of an element in each figure may refer to an element in a preceding figure. Similar numerals refer to similar elements in all figures, including alternative embodiments of similar elements.

[0035] Figure 1 An embodiment of a wireless communication system 100 for transmitting signals with delay is depicted. In one embodiment, the wireless communication system 100 includes a remote unit 102 and a network unit 104. Although Figure 1 A specific number of remote units 102 and network units 104 are depicted, but those skilled in the art will recognize that any number of remote units 102 and network units 104 may be included in the wireless communication system 100.

[0036] In one embodiment, remote unit 102 may include a computing device, such as a desktop computer, laptop computer, personal digital assistant (“PDA”), tablet computer, smartphone, smart TV (e.g., a TV connected to the Internet), set-top box, game console, security system (including security cameras), in-vehicle computer, network device (e.g., router, switch, modem), aircraft, drone, or the like. In some embodiments, remote unit 102 includes a wearable device, such as a smartwatch, fitness tracker, optical head-mounted display, or the like. Furthermore, remote unit 102 may be referred to as a subscriber unit, mobile phone, mobile station, user, terminal, mobile terminal, fixed terminal, subscriber station, UE, user terminal, device, or by other terms used in the art. Remote unit 102 may communicate directly with one or more of network units 104 via UL communication signals. In some embodiments, remote unit 102 may communicate directly with other remote units 102 via sidelink communication.

[0037] Network unit 104 may be distributed across a geographical area. In some embodiments, network unit 104 may also be referred to as and / or may include access point, access terminal, base station, base station, core network (“CN”), radio network entity, node B, evolved node B (“eNB”), 5G node B (“gNB”), home node B, relay node, device, core network, air server, radio access node, access point (“AP”), new radio (“NR”), network entity, access and mobility management function (“AMF”), unified data management (“UDM”), unified database (“UDR”), UDM / UDR, policy control function (“PCF”), radio access network (“RAN”), network slice selection function (“NSSF”), operation, supervision and management (“OAM”), session management function (“SMF”), user plane function (“UPF”), application function, authentication server function (“AUSF”), security anchor functionality (“SEAF”), trusted non-3GPP gateway function (“TNGF”), or any other term used in the art. Network unit 104 is typically part of a radio access network that includes one or more controllers communicatively coupled to one or more corresponding network units 104. The radio access network is typically communicatively coupled to one or more core networks, which may be coupled to other networks, such as the Internet and the public switched telephone network. These and other elements of the radio access and core networks are not described but are well known to those skilled in the art.

[0038] In one implementation, the wireless communication system 100 conforms to the NR protocol standardized in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (“3GPP”), wherein network unit 104 uses an OFDM modulation scheme for transmission on the downlink (“DL”), and remote unit 102 uses a single-carrier frequency division multiple access (“SC-FDMA”) or orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (“OFDM”) scheme for transmission on the uplink (“UL”). However, more generally, the wireless communication system 100 may implement other open or proprietary communication protocols, such as WiMAX, IEEE 802.11 variants, GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE variants, and CDMA2000. Other protocols include ZigBee and Sigfoxx. This disclosure is not intended to limit it to any particular wireless communication system architecture or protocol implementation.

[0039] Network unit 104 can serve several remote units 102 within a service area (e.g., a cell or cell sector) via a wireless communication link. Network unit 104 transmits DL communication signals to serve the remote units 102 in the time domain, frequency domain, and / or spatial domain.

[0040] In various embodiments, remote unit 102 may determine a first transmitted signal at a user equipment based on a set of modulation symbols. In some embodiments, remote unit 102 may determine a second transmitted signal based on the first transmitted signal, wherein the second transmitted signal is a delayed copy of the first transmitted signal delayed by a certain delay less than a maximum value. In some embodiments, remote unit 102 may transmit the first transmitted signal from a first antenna of the user equipment. In various embodiments, remote unit 102 may transmit the second transmitted signal from a second antenna of the user equipment. Therefore, remote unit 102 can be used to transmit signals with delays.

[0041] In some embodiments, network unit 104 may instruct user equipment to transmit a set of modulation symbols via a network device. In some embodiments, network unit 104 may receive a received signal via a network device, the received signal including a first signal based on a set of modulation symbols from a first antenna of the user equipment and a second signal from a second antenna of the user equipment, wherein the second signal is based on the first signal and is a delayed copy of the first signal delayed by a certain delay less than a maximum value. In some embodiments, network unit 104 may demodulate the received signal via a network device to determine the set of modulation symbols. Therefore, network unit 104 can be used to receive signals with delays.

[0042] Figure 2 One embodiment of a device 200 for transmitting signals with delays is depicted. Device 200 includes one embodiment of a remote unit 102. Furthermore, the remote unit 102 may include a processor 202, a memory 204, an input device 206, a display 208, a transmitter 210, and a receiver 212. In some embodiments, the input device 206 and the display 208 are combined into a single device, such as a touchscreen. In some embodiments, the remote unit 102 may not include any input device 206 and / or display 208. In various embodiments, the remote unit 102 may include one or more of the processor 202, memory 204, transmitter 210, and receiver 212, and may not include an input device 206 and / or display 208.

[0043] In one embodiment, processor 202 may include any known controller capable of executing computer-readable instructions and / or performing logical operations. For example, processor 202 may be a microcontroller, microprocessor, central processing unit (“CPU”), graphics processing unit (“GPU”), auxiliary processing unit, field-programmable gate array (“FPGA”), or similar programmable controller. In some embodiments, processor 202 executes instructions stored in memory 204 to perform the methods and routines described herein. Processor 202 is communicatively coupled to memory 204, input device 206, display 208, transmitter 210, and receiver 212.

[0044] In one embodiment, memory 204 is a computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, memory 204 includes volatile computer storage media. For example, memory 204 may include RAM, including dynamic RAM (“DRAM”), synchronous dynamic RAM (“SDRAM”), and / or static RAM (“SRAM”). In some embodiments, memory 204 includes non-volatile computer storage media. For example, memory 204 may include a hard disk drive, flash memory, or any other suitable non-volatile computer storage device. In some embodiments, memory 204 includes both volatile and non-volatile computer storage media. In some embodiments, memory 204 also stores program code and related data, such as an operating system or other controller algorithms operating on remote unit 102.

[0045] In one embodiment, input device 206 may include any known computer input device, including a touch panel, buttons, a keyboard, a stylus, a microphone, or the like. In some embodiments, input device 206 may be integrated with display 208 as, for example, a touchscreen or a similar touch-sensitive display. In some embodiments, input device 206 includes a touchscreen, enabling text input using a virtual keyboard displayed on the touchscreen and / or by handwriting on the touchscreen. In some embodiments, input device 206 includes two or more different devices, such as a keyboard and a touch panel.

[0046] In one embodiment, display 208 may include any known electronically controllable display or display device. Display 208 may be designed to output visual, auditory, and / or tactile signals. In some embodiments, display 208 includes an electronic display capable of outputting visual data to a user. For example, display 208 may include (but is not limited to) a liquid crystal display (“LCD”), a light-emitting diode (“LED”) display, an organic light-emitting diode (“OLED”) display, a projector, or a similar display device capable of outputting images, text, or the like to a user. As another non-limiting example, display 208 may include a wearable display, such as a smartwatch, smart glasses, a heads-up display, or the like. Furthermore, display 208 may be a component of a smartphone, personal digital assistant, television, desktop computer, laptop computer, personal computer, vehicle dashboard, or the like.

[0047] In some embodiments, display 208 includes one or more speakers for generating sound. For example, display 208 may generate audible alarms or notifications (e.g., beeps or buzzers). In some embodiments, display 208 includes one or more haptic devices for generating vibration, motion, or other haptic feedback. In some embodiments, all or part of display 208 may be integrated with input device 206. For example, input device 206 and display 208 may form a touchscreen or similar touch-sensitive display. In other embodiments, display 208 may be located near input device 206.

[0048] Processor 202 may: determine a first transmission signal based on a set of modulation symbols; and determine a second transmission signal based on the first transmission signal, wherein the second transmission signal is a delayed copy of the first transmission signal delayed by a certain delay, and the delay is less than a maximum value. In various embodiments, transmitter 210 may: transmit the first transmission signal from a first antenna of the user equipment; and transmit the second transmission signal from a second antenna of the user equipment.

[0049] Although only one transmitter 210 and one receiver 212 are described, the remote unit 102 may have any suitable number of transmitters 210 and receivers 212. The transmitters 210 and receivers 212 may be of any suitable type. In one embodiment, the transmitters 210 and receivers 212 may be part of a transceiver.

[0050] Figure 3 An embodiment of a device 300 for transmitting signals with delays is depicted. Device 300 includes one embodiment of a network unit 104. Furthermore, network unit 104 may include a processor 302, a memory 304, an input device 306, a display 308, a transmitter 310, and a receiver 312. As will be understood, processor 302, memory 304, input device 306, display 308, transmitter 310, and receiver 312 may be substantially similar to processor 202, memory 204, input device 206, display 208, transmitter 210, and receiver 212 of remote unit 102, respectively.

[0051] In some embodiments, processor 302 may instruct user equipment to transmit a set of modulation symbols. In various embodiments, receiver 312 may receive a received signal comprising a first signal based on the set of modulation symbols from a first antenna of the user equipment and a second signal from a second antenna of the user equipment, wherein the second signal is based on the first signal and is a delayed copy of the first signal delayed by a certain delay less than a maximum value, wherein processor 302 demodulates the received signal to determine the set of modulation symbols.

[0052] In some embodiments, transparent transport diversity may be used by user equipment (“UE”). In various embodiments, the transparent transport diversity method may include: cyclic delay diversity (“CDD”) – a delay less than the cyclic prefix; linear delay – the delay should be small to avoid reducing the ability of the cyclic prefix to contain channel multipath; and / or any rank-one precoder.

[0053] In some embodiments, cyclic or linear delay diversity can have several advantages over single-antenna transmission, such as: it can significantly improve link performance on flat fading channels; it can enable the UE to transmit more power by using two power amplifiers (“PAs”) – one for each antenna – so that the UE can achieve a given power level of X dBm by using two PAs, where each power amplifier (“PA”) has X-3 dBm of power – using two PAs with half the power of the desired power level may be less costly; and / or may not require additional reference symbols – i.e., the same reference symbols can be transmitted from both antennas in the same time and / or frequency resource elements.

[0054] In various embodiments, linear delay can have similar advantages to CDD, except that the ability to tolerate multipath may be slightly reduced depending on the delay used. In such embodiments, a rank-one precoder can enable the UE to transmit more power and use existing reference symbols. However, whether a rank-one precoder improves link performance can depend on the direction in which the resulting beam is pointed. For this purpose, the rank-one precoder can be randomized in some way (e.g., across frequency or time). Furthermore, the UE can use channel reciprocity to select the precoder pointing in the direction of the gNB.

[0055] In some embodiments, low-latency CDD can be used for transparent transmit diversity. Using this form of diversity, a cyclic delay can be applied to the signal transmitted from the second antenna. Symbols from the second antenna can be delayed by a time interval less than the symbol duration, after which a portion of the symbol falling outside the symbol interval is added to the beginning of the symbol. Thus, the symbol boundaries are preserved using the cyclic delay. The effect of this delay is to add a frequency-dependent phase rotation to the second signal relative to the first signal. Depending on the delay applied to the second antenna, the phase rotation can be very large.

[0056] In some embodiments, a conventional cyclic prefix may be used with a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing. For the first and eighth symbols in a time slot and / or subframe (e.g., one time slot per subframe for a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing), the symbol duration is 71.9 USEC, and the cyclic prefix is ​​5.21 USEC. For the remaining symbols, the symbol duration is 71.4 USEC, and the cyclic prefix is ​​4.69 USEC. The phase shift (in degrees) relative to the first antenna from one subcarrier to the next is as follows: Figure 4 As shown in the image. Specifically, Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of phase shift formula 400 (e.g., for a cyclic prefix duration of delay = 4.69 µs, 15000 * delay * 360 = 25.3 degrees), and the relative phase between the two antennas is as follows: Figure 5 The diagram shows approximately seven subcarriers that changed from in-phase to out-of-phase. Specifically, Figure 5 This is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of the formula used to calculate the number of subcarriers 500 (e.g., 180 / 25.3 = 7.1).

[0057] However, in such embodiments, since this is transparent transmit diversity, the UE is not required to limit the cyclic delay to the length of the cyclic prefix. For example, if the cyclic delay is equal to half the symbol duration (excluding the cyclic prefix, e.g., 1 / (2 * subcarrier spacing)), then the relative phase rotation from one subcarrier to the next is... Figure 6 The display is shown in the middle. Specifically, Figure 6This diagram illustrates one embodiment of the relative phase rotation formula 600 (e.g., 15000 * 6.7usec / 2 * 360 = 180 degrees). Therefore, without limiting the cyclic delay, the relative phase between two antennas can change from in-phase to out-of-phase within one subcarrier. Thus, there may be limitations on the cyclic delay, or channel estimation at the gNB may fail. Furthermore, even if the delay is finite, it is beneficial for the gNB to know the value of the cyclic delay or the range of cyclic delay values ​​so that the gNB can better estimate the channel.

[0058] In various embodiments, it is assumed that the value of the cyclic delay will be limited, which can be measured by test equipment. This can be done by simultaneously demodulating the outputs of two UE antennas and determining the change in relative phase of the Fast Fourier Transform (“FFT”) outputs across the frequency range. The rate of change of relative phase can uniquely determine the cyclic delay as long as the delay is less than half the symbol duration (e.g., excluding the cyclic prefix). For example, if X1(k) and X2(k) are the FFT outputs of the two antennas, then the cyclic delay can be determined based on Y(k). * The cycle delay is estimated by the average angle and / or phase across the frequency (k-1), where

[0059] In some embodiments, the delay used for the second antenna can be much smaller than the cyclic prefix for a linear non-CDD delay. However, a maximum value for this delay can be specified because it can affect channel estimation at the gNB and the signal's ability to tolerate multipath transmission without causing inter-carrier interference.

[0060] In some embodiments, the gNB can perform channel estimation to demodulate the received signal. In such embodiments, the gNB can estimate the channel delay spread and use this estimate to determine the frequency correlation of the received signal. In various embodiments, the gNB may have multiple sets of channel estimation parameters, which the gNB uses in parallel to see which parameter produces the best channel estimate. Utilizing transparency diversity, at least one component of the channel's frequency decorrelation can be generated by the transmitter rather than the channel. If the gNB receiver is aware of the delay, then the delay can be incorporated into the channel estimation algorithm.

[0061] In some embodiments, the delay (cyclic or linear) used by the UE to transmit diversity may be limited to a value less than a certain value to avoid degrading the channel estimation at the gNB. At a minimum, the excess delay observed using any transparent virtualization scheme must not exceed the length and / or duration of the cyclic prefix, which is greater than the minimum excess delay of a transmission from any of the transmission (“TX”) chains with fixed receiver timing. In such embodiments, the excess delay must not exceed X μs (e.g., X = 0.25 μs), where X μs is much smaller than the cyclic prefix duration. In various embodiments, the excess delay is cyclic / circular excess delay, for example, if the delay is negative (e.g., indicating cyclic progression).

[0062] In some embodiments, it is assumed that the value of the cyclic delay is finite, and this value can be measured using test equipment. This can be achieved by simultaneously demodulating the outputs of two UE antennas and determining the relative phase of the FFT output across frequencies. The rate of change of the relative phase can uniquely determine the cyclic delay as long as the delay is less than half the duration (e.g., excluding the cyclic prefix).

[0063] In some embodiments, if the UE transmits a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (“PUSCH”) transmission with repetition (e.g., repetition type A or type B), then the UE transmits a subset of PUSCH repetitions without transmit diversity and corresponding demodulation (“DM”) reference signals (“RS”) (e.g., transmissions from TX antenna 1) and another subset of PUSCH repetitions with transmit diversity and corresponding DM RS (e.g., transmissions from TX antenna 1 and TX antenna 2 with delay). The gNB or test equipment can estimate the channel without transmit diversity H1 (e.g., the channel of TX antenna 1) and the composite channel Hc originating from transmit diversity (e.g., the composite channel of TX antenna 1 and the delayed TX antenna 2), and can estimate the delay adopted by the UE based on H1 and Hc. In one embodiment, the UE can alternate between PUSCH repetitions without transmit diversity and PUSCH repetitions with transmit diversity (e.g., the UE transmits a first PUSCH repetition without transmit diversity, a second PUSCH repetition with transmit diversity, and a third PUSCH repetition without transmit diversity, and so on).

[0064] In various embodiments, a value of delay (cyclic or linear) can be reported to the gNB, such that the value can be used to estimate the channel. For example, the channel estimation process can be divided into two parts. The first part estimates the fading due to the channel, and the second part estimates the fading due to delay diversity.

[0065] Figure 7This is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of the delay value formula 700. In one embodiment, the delay value can be M·T s / 2 μ =M·64·T c / 2 μ Multiples thereof are indicated and / or reported to gNB, where M is an integer. Time unit T c =1 / (Δf) max ·N f ), where Δf max =480·10 3 Hz and N f =4096. Constant κ = T s / T c =64, where T s =1 / (Δf) ref ·N f,ref ), Δf ref =15·10 3 Hz and N f,ref =2048, and μ is the subcarrier spacing Δf = 2 from the uplink. μ • Parameters related to 15 [kHz]. In some embodiments, M = 16 or M = 8. In some embodiments, this can be indicated by the index value N. d =0,1,2,…2 N -1 is an N-bit sequence used to indicate the delay, where 2 μ • The time delay of a 15kHz subcarrier spacing (“SCS”) is T d =N d ·M·T s / 2 μ =N d ·M·64·T c / 2 μ .

[0066] In various embodiments, the delay value reported by the UE to the gNB may be the maximum delay value. If the delay is not used for transmission on the next day's over-the-line (e.g., if a rank-one precoder is used), or if the delay value is not used for signal transmission, then the gNB may assume that the delay value is 0.

[0067] In some embodiments, for a UE that uses delay to implement transparent transmit diversity, the UE can use the delay value transmitted by the gNB via signaling. In one embodiment, the delay value can be M·T s / 2 μ =M·64·T c / 2 μ The index value N is indicated to the UE as a multiple of M, where M is an integer (e.g., M = 16 or M = 8). In some embodiments, this can be achieved by indicating the index value N. d =0,1,2,…2N -1 is an N-bit sequence used to indicate the delay, where 2 μ The time delay of the SCS at 15kHz is T. d =N d ·M·T s / 2 μ =N d ·M·64·T c / 2 μ In various embodiments, the delay value indicated by the gNB to the UE can be the maximum delay value. The UE can use any delay value up to the maximum delay value.

[0068] In some embodiments, a delay value that the UE can indicate to the gNB and / or the network may be part of the UE capability signaling. In one instance, the UE may indicate a single delay value or a range of delay values ​​as part of the UE capability information. In such embodiments, the gNB may instruct the UE to use supported delay values ​​(e.g., among all supported delay values). In one instance, the delay value T... d This can be the delay between any two consecutive antenna indices. For example, the delay value to be applied to each of the four antennas can be 0, T, or T. d 2T d 3T d In another instance, the delay value T d This can be the delay between the first antenna index and the last antenna index. In this example, the delay value applied to each of the four antennas can be 0, T, or T. d / 3、2T d / 3、T d .

[0069] In various embodiments, if the UE is not configured with higher-layer parameters (e.g., txConfig), the UE may indicate to the gNB that it can use transparent transport diversity and / or virtualization schemes (e.g., one or more embodiments described herein) for single-port uplink transmission. In such embodiments, higher-layer parameters may indicate to the UE whether to use codebook-based or non-codebook-based transmission. This may be because the UE does not have a single PA with a rated power to achieve a given power level (e.g., for a power level of 26 dBm, the UE may use more than one PA (and antennas), such as two PAs with two transmit antennas each rated at 23 dBm or four PAs with four transmit antennas each rated at 20 dBm). In one instance, if the transmission power requirement is less than the rated power of one PA (or a subset of PAs), the UE may use one PA and / or transmit antenna (or typically a subset of PAs and / or antennas required to achieve the power level). If the transmission power requirement exceeds the rated power of a PA (or a subset of PAs), the UE may use more than one PA and / or transmission antenna (or a subset of PAs) with transparent transmission diversity and / or virtualization. In another instance, the UE may always use transparent transmission diversity and / or virtualization (e.g., among the PAs and / or antennas required to achieve the power level) regardless of transmission power requirements (e.g., for all uplink (“UL”) transmissions). In some instances, the UE may be required (e.g., by specification or gNB instruction) to use transparent transmission diversity and / or virtualization (e.g., among the PAs and / or antennas required to achieve the power level) regardless of the transmission power requirements of at least a subset of UL transmissions. For example, if a sounding reference signal (“SRS”) is used for frequency-selective scheduling of PUSCH transmissions, then it is used for both sounding reference signal (“SRS”) and PUSCH transmissions; or if it is used for downlink channel state information (“CSI”) acquisition, then it is used for SRS transmissions. In some instances, the UE may use different transparent transport diversity and / or virtualization schemes for Physical Uplink Control Channel (“PUCCH”) transmission and / or Physical Random Access Channel (“PRACH”) transmission.

[0070] Figure 8 This is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a method 800 for transmitting a signal with a delay. In some embodiments, method 800 is performed by a device such as remote unit 102. In some embodiments, method 800 may be performed by a processor executing program code, such as a microcontroller, microprocessor, CPU, GPU, auxiliary processing unit, FPGA, or the like.

[0071] In various embodiments, method 800 includes determining a first transmission signal 802 at the user equipment based on a set of modulation symbols. In some embodiments, method 800 includes determining a second transmission signal 804 based on the first transmission signal, wherein the second transmission signal is a delayed copy of the first transmission signal delayed by a certain delay less than a maximum value. In some embodiments, method 800 includes transmitting the first transmission signal 806 from a first antenna of the user equipment. In various embodiments, method 800 includes transmitting the second transmission signal 808 from a second antenna of the user equipment.

[0072] In some embodiments, the delay is a cyclic delay. In some embodiments, the second transmitted signal is delayed without cyclic extension. In various embodiments, the delay is limited to the length of the cyclic prefix.

[0073] In one embodiment, the latency is limited to 0.25 microseconds. In some embodiments, the user equipment indicates the latency for the network device. In some embodiments, the indicated latency is in milliseconds (m·T). s / 2 μ =M·64·T c / 2 μ M is an integer, and the time unit is T. c =1 / (Δf) max ·N f ), Δf max =480·10 3 Hz, N f =4096, constant κ=T s / T c =64,T s =1 / (Δf) ref ·N f,ref ), Δf ref =15·10 3 Hz, N f,ref =2048, and μ is related to Δf=2 μ The parameters related to the subcarrier spacing of the uplink are given in 15 kHz.

[0074] In various embodiments, a delay value to be used by the user equipment is received from the network device. In one embodiment, a maximum delay value to be used by the user equipment is received from the network device. In some embodiments, a first antenna is associated with a first power amplifier having a first rated power, and a second antenna is associated with a second power amplifier having a second rated power, wherein the first rated power, the second rated power, or a combination thereof, is less than the maximum output power of the user equipment power level. In some embodiments, the transmission of the first transmitted signal and the transmission of the second transmitted signal are single-antenna-port transmissions.

[0075] Figure 9 This is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a method 900 for receiving a signal with a delay. In some embodiments, method 900 is performed by a device such as network unit 104. In some embodiments, method 900 may be performed by a processor that executes program code, such as a microcontroller, microprocessor, CPU, GPU, auxiliary processing unit, FPGA, or the like.

[0076] In various embodiments, method 900 includes instructing user equipment (UE) to transmit a set of modulation symbols via a network device at instruction 902. In some embodiments, method 900 includes receiving a signal via a network device at reception 904, the received signal including a first signal based on the set of modulation symbols from a first antenna of the UE and a second signal from a second antenna of the UE, wherein the second signal is based on the first signal and is a delayed copy of the first signal delayed by a certain delay less than a maximum value. In some embodiments, method 900 includes demodulating the received signal via a network device at demodulation 906 to determine the set of modulation symbols.

[0077] In some embodiments, method 900 further includes receiving an indication of the delay used from the user equipment. In some embodiments, method 900 further includes indicating a maximum value to the user equipment. In various embodiments, method 900 further includes indicating a value of the delay to be used by the user equipment.

[0078] In one embodiment, the delay is a cyclic delay. In some embodiments, the second received signal is delayed without cyclic extension. In some embodiments, the delay is limited to the length of the cyclic prefix.

[0079] In various embodiments, the delay is limited to 0.25 microseconds. In one embodiment, the first antenna is associated with a first power amplifier having a first rated power, and the second antenna is associated with a second power amplifier having a second rated power, wherein the first rated power, the second rated power, or a combination thereof, is less than the maximum output power of the user equipment power class.

[0080] In one embodiment, a method includes: at a user equipment, determining a first transmission signal based on a set of modulation symbols; determining a second transmission signal based on the first transmission signal, wherein the second transmission signal is a delayed copy of the first transmission signal delayed by a certain delay less than a maximum value; transmitting the first transmission signal from a first antenna of the user equipment; and transmitting the second transmission signal from a second antenna of the user equipment.

[0081] In some embodiments, the delay is a cyclic delay.

[0082] In some embodiments, the second transmission signal is delayed without cyclic extension.

[0083] In various embodiments, the delay is limited to the length of the cyclic prefix.

[0084] In one embodiment, the latency is limited to 0.25 microseconds.

[0085] In some embodiments, the user equipment indicates the latency used by the network device.

[0086] In some embodiments, the indicated delay is M·T s / 2 μ =M·64·T c / 2 μ M is an integer, and the time unit is T. c =1 / (Δf) max ·N f ), Δf max =480·10 3 Hz, N f =4096, constant κ=T s / T c =64,T s =1 / (Δf) ref ·N f,ref ), Δf ref =15·10 3 Hz, N f,ref =2048, and μ is related to Δf=2 μ The parameters related to the subcarrier spacing of the uplink are given in 15 kHz.

[0087] In various embodiments, a delay value is received from the network device to be used by the user equipment.

[0088] In one embodiment, the maximum latency value to be used by the user equipment is received from the network device.

[0089] In some embodiments, the first antenna is associated with a first power amplifier having a first rated power, and the second antenna is associated with a second power amplifier having a second rated power, wherein the first rated power, the second rated power, or a combination thereof is less than the maximum output power of the user equipment power class.

[0090] In some embodiments, the transmission of the first transmission signal and the transmission of the second transmission signal are single-antenna port transmissions.

[0091] In one embodiment, an apparatus includes user equipment, the apparatus further comprising: a processor: determining a first transmission signal based on a set of modulation symbols; and determining a second transmission signal based on the first transmission signal, wherein the second transmission signal is a delayed copy of the first transmission signal delayed by a certain delay, and the delay is less than a maximum value; and a transmitter: transmitting the first transmission signal from a first antenna of the user equipment; and transmitting the second transmission signal from a second antenna of the user equipment.

[0092] In some embodiments, the delay is a cyclic delay.

[0093] In some embodiments, the second transmission signal is delayed without cyclic extension.

[0094] In various embodiments, the delay is limited to the length of the cyclic prefix.

[0095] In one embodiment, the latency is limited to 0.25 microseconds.

[0096] In some embodiments, the user equipment indicates the latency used by the network device.

[0097] In some embodiments, the indicated delay is M·T s / 2 μ =M·64·T c / 2 μ M is an integer, and the time unit is T. c =1 / (Δf) max ·N f ), Δf max =480·10 3 Hz, N f =4096, constant κ=T s / T c =64,T s =1 / (Δf) ref ·N f,ref ), Δf ref =15·10 3 Hz, N f,ref =2048, and μ is related to Δf=2 μ The parameters related to the subcarrier spacing of the uplink are given in 15 kHz.

[0098] In various embodiments, a delay value is received from the network device to be used by the user equipment.

[0099] In one embodiment, the maximum latency value to be used by the user equipment is received from the network device.

[0100] In some embodiments, the first antenna is associated with a first power amplifier having a first rated power, and the second antenna is associated with a second power amplifier having a second rated power, wherein the first rated power, the second rated power, or a combination thereof is less than the maximum output power of the user equipment power class.

[0101] In some embodiments, the transmission of the first transmission signal and the transmission of the second transmission signal are single-antenna port transmissions.

[0102] In one embodiment, a method includes: instructing a user equipment to transmit a set of modulation symbols via a network device; receiving a received signal via the network device, the received signal including a first signal based on the set of modulation symbols from a first antenna of the user equipment and a second signal from a second antenna of the user equipment, wherein the second signal is based on the first signal and is a delayed copy of the first signal delayed by a delay less than a maximum value; and demodulating the received signal via the network device to determine the set of modulation symbols.

[0103] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving an indication of the delay used from the user equipment.

[0104] In some embodiments, the method further includes indicating a maximum value to the user equipment.

[0105] In various embodiments, the method further includes indicating a value of the delay to be used by the user equipment.

[0106] In one embodiment, the delay is a cyclic delay.

[0107] In some embodiments, the second received signal is delayed without cyclic expansion.

[0108] In some embodiments, the delay is limited to the length of the loop prefix.

[0109] In various embodiments, the delay is limited to 0.25 microseconds.

[0110] In one embodiment, the first antenna is associated with a first power amplifier having a first rated power, and the second antenna is associated with a second power amplifier having a second rated power, wherein the first rated power, the second rated power, or a combination thereof is less than the maximum output power of the user equipment power class.

[0111] In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a network device, the apparatus further comprising: a processor that instructs a user equipment to transmit a set of modulation symbols; and a receiver that receives a received signal, the received signal including a first signal based on the set of modulation symbols from a first antenna of the user equipment and a second signal from a second antenna of the user equipment, wherein the second signal is based on the first signal and is a delayed copy of the first signal delayed by a certain delay less than a maximum value; wherein the processor demodulates the received signal to determine the set of modulation symbols.

[0112] In some embodiments, the receiver receives an indication of the delay used from the user equipment.

[0113] In some embodiments, the processor indicates a maximum value to the user equipment.

[0114] In various embodiments, the processor indicates the value of the delay to be used by the user equipment.

[0115] In one embodiment, the delay is a cyclic delay.

[0116] In some embodiments, the second received signal is delayed without cyclic expansion.

[0117] In some embodiments, the delay is limited to the length of the loop prefix.

[0118] In various embodiments, the delay is limited to 0.25 microseconds.

[0119] In one embodiment, the first antenna is associated with a first power amplifier having a first rated power, and the second antenna is associated with a second power amplifier having a second rated power, wherein the first rated power, the second rated power, or a combination thereof is less than the maximum output power of the user equipment power class.

[0120] The embodiments may be implemented in other specific forms. The described embodiments are to be regarded in all respects as illustrative rather than restrictive. Therefore, the scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All modifications within the equivalent meaning and scope of the claims should be covered within its scope.

Claims

1. A method executed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: The first transmitted signal is determined based on a set of modulation symbols; A second transmission signal is determined based on the first transmission signal, wherein the second transmission signal is a delayed copy of the first transmission signal delayed by a delay, wherein the delay is a cyclic delay and is limited to the length of the cyclic prefix; The first transmission signal is transmitted from the first antenna of the UE to the network device; The second transmission signal is transmitted from the second antenna of the UE to the network device; as well as Transmit information indicating the delay to the network device.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second transmission signal is delayed without cyclic extension.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the delay is limited to 0.25 microseconds.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the indicated delay is , It is an integer, a unit of time. , Hz, ,constant , , , ,and Is and by The parameters related to the uplink subcarrier spacing are given.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the value of the delay to be used by the UE is received from the network device.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein a value of the maximum delay to be used by the UE is received from the network device.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first antenna is associated with a first power amplifier having a first rated power, and the second antenna is associated with a second power amplifier having a second rated power, and the first rated power, the second rated power, or a combination thereof is less than the maximum output power of the UE power level.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first transmission signal and the second transmission signal correspond to single-antenna port transmission.

9. A user equipment (UE) comprising: At least one memory; as well as At least one processor, coupled to the at least one memory and configured such that the UE: The first transmitted signal is determined based on a set of modulation symbols; A second transmission signal is determined based on the first transmission signal, wherein the second transmission signal is a delayed copy of the first transmission signal delayed by a delay, wherein the delay is a cyclic delay and is limited to the length of the cyclic prefix; The first transmission signal is transmitted from the first antenna of the UE to the network device; The second transmission signal is transmitted from the second antenna of the UE to the network device; as well as Transmit information indicating the delay to the network device.

10. An apparatus for performing network functions, the apparatus comprising: At least one memory; as well as At least one processor, coupled to and configured such that the device: Instruct the user equipment (UE) to transmit a set of modulation symbols; The signal received from the UE includes a first signal based on the set of modulation symbols and a second signal from a second antenna of the UE, wherein the second signal is based on the first signal and the second signal is a delayed copy of the first signal delayed by a delay, wherein the delay is a cyclic delay and is limited to the length of the cyclic prefix; Receive information indicating the delay from the UE; as well as The received signal is demodulated to determine the set of modulation symbols.

11. The device of claim 10, wherein the delay is equal to or less than a maximum value, and the at least one processor is configured such that the device indicates the maximum value to the UE.

12. The device of claim 10, wherein the at least one processor is configured such that the device indicates a value of the delay to be used by the UE.

13. The device of claim 10, wherein the delay It is limited to 0.25 microseconds.

14. The device of claim 10, wherein the second signal is delayed without cyclic expansion.

15. The device of claim 10, wherein the first antenna is associated with a first power amplifier having a first rated power, and the second antenna is associated with a second power amplifier having a second rated power, and the first rated power, the second rated power, or a combination thereof, is less than the maximum output power of the UE power level.

16. A method performed by a network function, the method comprising: Instruct the user equipment (UE) to transmit a set of modulation symbols; The UE receives a signal comprising a first signal and a second signal based on the set of modulation symbols, wherein the second signal is based on the first signal and the second signal is a delayed copy of the first signal delayed by a delay, wherein the delay is a cyclic delay and is limited to the length of the cyclic prefix; Receive information indicating the delay from the UE; as well as The received signal is demodulated to determine the set of modulation symbols.

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