A multifunctional experimental device for verifying the conservation and transformation of energy

Abstract

The present invention relates to a multifunctional test device for verifying energy conservation and conversion. By adjusting the falling height of the pendulum bob, the impact speed is quantitatively controlled. The pendulum bob collides with the impact block at the lowest point. The impact block is connected to the friction plate through a connecting shaft, causing relative friction between the sapphire glass and the energetic material sample. The reaction situation on the friction surface is observed through a reflector in combination with a high-speed camera. A photogate speed measurement device is arranged behind the impact block, which is used to measure the relative speed of the friction. Through the relative speed combined with the calculation formula for the conversion of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, a verification experiment of energy conservation is realized. The device has a simple composition structure. By adjusting the falling height of the pendulum bob and conducting multiple experiments, the law of energy conservation is quantitatively verified, and the reaction process on the surface of the energetic material sample can be observed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of multi-functional test device design, and particularly to a multi-functional test device for verifying energy conservation and conversion. Background Art

[0002] Physics is a natural science based on experiments. Physical experiments are an important part of physics teaching. With the in-depth development of higher education reform, the role of the experimental link is becoming increasingly irreplaceable. However, at present, there are not many instruments for comprehensive and design-based experiments in China. Through the study of middle school physics, it is known that energy cannot be created out of nothing or disappear without a trace. The sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of an object is called the mechanical energy of the object. The potential energy can be gravitational potential energy or elastic potential energy. Only when gravity (or the elastic force of a spring) does work, the gravitational potential energy (or elastic potential energy) and kinetic energy of the object are converted into each other, but the total mechanical energy remains unchanged.

[0003] Through a mechanical structure design, the potential energy and kinetic energy learned in middle school physics are further converted into the relative motion of two media, generating heat after friction, and then an energetic material can be ignited. Friction is a common external stimulus source during the production, storage, transportation, and use of energetic materials. If the operation is improper and the heat generated by friction exceeds the ignition critical value of the energetic material, it may cause huge economic losses and casualties. The friction ignition sensitivity test is one of the key standard indicators for evaluating the safety and reliability of energetic materials.

[0004] Regarding the middle school demonstration experiment device for verifying energy conservation, Zhao Jie of Shandong Huayu Institute of Technology designed a comprehensive experiment instrument. Through this experiment instrument, the mutual conversion of mechanical energy and the simple pendulum experiment can be carried out. The pendulum bob is attached to the position of the scale and the height h is read, and then the pendulum bob is released to swing clockwise downward to the left, and then the speed of the pendulum bob is measured through the photogate to complete the verification experiment of energy conservation and conversion.

[0005] Zhou Yi of Tibet University et al. designed a simple energy conservation experiment demonstration device based on Newton's pendulum. When in use, the pendulum bob on one side swings and hits the other pendulum bobs, and the pendulum bobs on the other side will be ejected. When two pendulum bobs on one side swing simultaneously and hit the other pendulum bobs, two pendulum bobs on the other side will be ejected... Similarly, the opposite direction is also feasible and applicable to more pendulum bobs to conduct the energy conservation experiment demonstration.

[0006] Yin Hansong improved the above experimental device. He added two baffles on both sides of the device. During the experiment, the pendulum bob on one side is placed close to the baffle and then released, and it can be observed that the same number of pendulum bobs on the other side will also hit the baffle. During this period, the process of gravitational potential energy being converted into kinetic energy and then into gravitational potential energy is realized, thereby verifying the conservation of mechanical energy.

[0007] Shao Mingwang et al. designed a new type of friction sensitivity testing device. The feature of this device is that the longitudinal pressure applied to the sample is continuously adjustable. Therefore, the data obtained from the test is more continuous and more convenient for analysis.

[0008] Peter et al. from Los Alamos National Laboratory designed the drop and impact slide tests. The first drop slide test is that the PBX9501 charge casing drops vertically and impacts on a 45° glass target plate and then slides down along the glass target plate to generate friction; the second impact slide test is that the PBX9501 charge casing impacts obliquely on a horizontal glass target plate and slides along the glass target plate to generate friction. The friction ignition process can be captured by a high-speed camera under the glass target plate in both of these two tests.

[0009] The BAM friction tester has always been one of the most commonly used machines for evaluating the relative friction sensitivity of energetic materials. It exists in multiple current or old standards. The basic mechanism of the BAM friction test has not changed since its implementation. A small amount of sample is placed on a porcelain plate on a fixed driving base. The loading is usually in kilograms or newtons. The loading is applied through a chuck on the loading arm fixed by a circular porcelain pin, and different masses can be suspended on the loading arm. When triggered, the base reciprocates 1 cm. The operator can detect a positive result by smoke, flash, cracking sound, crack, etc. So far, all designs of this device have used a reciprocating plate base connected to a cam assembly and a motor. The only machine known to be different from the traditional design is the machine studied by OZM, which uses a "numerical control stepping motor", but still drives the base through a cam assembly.

[0010] Existing physical experimental instruments for verifying the law of conservation of energy can either only observe the general process of its transformation with the naked eye, but cannot quantitatively calculate and verify through the experimental results combined with the learned formulas, or cannot set multiple heights for sufficient experiments. In addition, the friction sensitivity test devices at home and abroad have defects such as complex operation, large volume, and single function, and most of them cannot observe the surface reaction process of energetic material samples in combination with a high-speed camera. At the same time, there is no instrument at home and abroad that can achieve the above two different functions. Summary of the Invention

[0011] The object of the present invention is to provide a multifunctional test device for verifying the conservation and transformation of energy, with a simple composition structure. By adjusting the falling height of the pendulum for multiple experiments, the law of conservation of energy can be quantitatively verified, and the surface reaction process of energetic material samples can be observed.

[0012] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following solution:

[0013] A multifunctional test device for verifying energy conservation and transformation includes a pendulum system, an impact system, and a friction system; the pendulum system includes a pendulum; the impact system includes an impact block and a photogate speed measurement device, and the friction system includes a friction plate, an energetic material sample, a sapphire glass, a reflector, and a high-speed camera;

[0014] By adjusting the falling height of the pendulum to quantitatively control the impact speed, the pendulum collides with the impact block at the lowest point. The impact block is connected to the friction plate through a connecting shaft, causing relative friction between the sapphire glass and the energetic material sample. The reaction situation of the friction surface is observed through the reflector in combination with the high-speed camera. A photogate speed measurement device is arranged behind the impact block, which is used to measure the relative speed of the friction. Through the relative speed combined with the calculation formula of the conversion of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, a verification experiment of energy conservation is realized.

[0015] Optionally, the scale module includes a scale, a scale base, and a sleeve. The scale is arranged on the scale base. The scale base adopts a simple slide rail to ensure the adjustment of the scale in the front, back, left, and right directions. A freely movable sleeve is arranged on the scale.

[0016] Optionally, one end of the pendulum is connected to the pendulum rope, and the other end is wound around a rolling bearing. When the pendulum swings, the pendulum rope does not rotate relative to the rolling bearing. The pendulum rope is composed of two identical flexible ropes with negligible weight and elongation.

[0017] Optionally, the pendulum includes a solid metal cylinder block and an elastic body, where the part close to the impact surface is the elastic body, and the part far from the impact surface is the solid metal cylinder block.

[0018] Optionally, after the pendulum and the impact block complete the impact, the pendulum will rebound. The impact system further includes a stopping device, which is used to prevent the pendulum from rebounding. A benchmark is connected to the impact block, facilitating the photogate to measure the speed of the impact block.

[0019] Optionally, the stopping device is a device similar to a door lock. When the pendulum falls to the lowest point, the bolt inserts into the groove of the stopping device.

[0020] Optionally, it further includes a support system, which includes a first support and a second support. The first support is vertically arranged on the second support, and the first support is perpendicular to the ground.

[0021] Optionally, the friction system further includes a sample clamp and a pressure plate. The sample clamp, the pressure plate, and the reflector are all arranged on the first bracket. The impact block drives the friction plate to move to one side, and the quantitative control of the friction normal pressure is achieved by adjusting the number and weight of the pressure plates. The sample clamp is used to load the energetic material sample.

[0022] Optionally, the friction system further includes a fill light, which is arranged below the groove of the friction plate. The lower part of the groove of the friction plate is designed with a hollow structure to facilitate filling light when the energetic material sample rubs against the sapphire glass surface. The fill light is an annular fill light.

[0023] According to the specific embodiments provided by the present invention, the following technical effects are disclosed by the present invention:

[0024] In the present invention, the impact speed is quantitatively controlled by adjusting the falling height of the pendulum. The pendulum collides with the impact block at the lowest point. The impact block is connected to the friction plate through a connecting shaft, so that relative friction is generated between the sapphire glass and the energetic material sample. The reaction situation on the friction surface is observed through a reflector in combination with a high-speed camera. An optoelectronic gate speed measurement device is arranged behind the impact block, and the optoelectronic gate speed measurement device is used to measure the relative speed of the friction. Through the relative speed and the calculation formula of the conversion of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, the verification experiment of energy conservation is realized. Description of the Drawings

[0025] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required to be used in the embodiments. Obviously, the following described drawings are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings.

[0026] Figure 1 It is a composition structure diagram of a multifunctional test device for verifying energy conservation and conversion of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2 It is a scale assembly drawing;

[0028] Figure 3 It is a sleeve schematic diagram;

[0029] Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the pendulum composition;

[0030] Figure 5 It is a partial assembly drawing of the impact system;

[0031] Figure 6 It is a partial assembly drawing of the friction system;

[0032] Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of the annular fill light. Detailed implementation manners

[0033] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0034] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a multifunctional test device for verifying energy conservation and conversion, with a simple composition structure. By adjusting the falling height of the pendulum bob for multiple experiments, the law of energy conservation can be quantitatively verified, and the surface reaction process of energetic material samples can be observed.

[0035] To make the above objects, features, and advantages of the present invention more obvious and understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific implementation manners.

[0036] Figure 1 This is the composition structure diagram of the multifunctional test device for verifying energy conservation and conversion of the present invention. As Figure 1 shown, a multifunctional test device for verifying energy conservation and conversion includes a pendulum bob system, an impact system, and a friction system; the pendulum bob system includes a pendulum bob 1; the impact system includes an impact block 2 and a photoelectric gate speed measurement device 3, and the friction system includes a friction plate 4, an energetic material sample, a sapphire glass 5, a reflector 6, and a high-speed camera. By adjusting the falling height of the pendulum bob 1, the impact speed is quantitatively controlled. The pendulum bob 1 collides with the impact block 2 at the lowest point. The impact block 2 is connected to the friction plate 4 through a connecting shaft 13, causing relative friction between the sapphire glass 5 and the energetic material sample. The reaction situation on the friction surface is observed through the reflector 6 in combination with the high-speed camera. A photoelectric gate speed measurement device 3 is arranged behind the impact block 2, and the photoelectric gate speed measurement device 3 is used to measure the relative speed of the friction. Through the relative speed combined with the calculation formula for the conversion of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, a verification experiment of energy conservation is realized.

[0037] The scale module includes a scale 14, a scale base 16, and a sleeve 15. The scale 14 is arranged on the scale base 16. The scale base 16 adopts a simple slide rail for ensuring the adjustment of the scale 14 in the front, back, left, and right directions. A freely movable sleeve 15 is arranged on the scale 14. Figure 2 This is the assembly drawing of the scale Figure 3 This is the schematic diagram of the sleeve

[0038] One end of the pendulum bob 1 is connected to the pendulum rope, and the other end is wound around the rolling bearing 17. When the pendulum bob 1 swings, the pendulum rope does not rotate relative to the rolling bearing 17. The pendulum rope is composed of two flexible ropes of the same length with negligible weight and elongation. To reduce the calculation error when inputting the total energy, two flexible ropes of the same length with negligible weight and elongation are used to restrain the pendulum bob 1. One end of the flexible rope is fixed to the pendulum bob 1, and the other end is wound around the rolling bearing 17. During swinging, the flexible rope does not rotate relative to the rolling bearing 17. This design solves the problem of the change in the falling height when the pendulum bob 1 drops.

[0039] To reduce the energy loss when the pendulum bob 1 collides with the impact block 2, the pendulum bob 1 includes a solid metal cylindrical block 11 and an elastomer 12. The part close to the impact surface is the elastomer 12, and the part far from the impact surface is the solid metal cylindrical block 11. During impact, the elastomer 12 part can store a certain amount of energy. Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the composition of the pendulum bob.

[0040] After the pendulum bob 1 and the impact block 2 complete the impact, the pendulum bob 1 will rebound and may also continue to swing forward, resulting in a calculation error when verifying the law of conservation of energy. Therefore, a stopping device 10 is designed. This device can achieve stopping in two directions simultaneously. Combining with the design of the pendulum bob 1 above, the energy loss is minimized, which is convenient for quantitatively inputting the total frictional energy and reducing the experimental error of verifying the law of conservation of energy. The stopping device 10 is a kind of door lock device. When the pendulum bob 1 reaches the lowest point, the bolt inserts into the groove of the stopping device 10. The stopping device 10 is used to prevent the pendulum bob 1 from rebounding. There is a benchmark connected to the impact block 2, which is convenient for the photoelectric gate to measure the speed of the impact block 2. Through this speed, on the one hand, the law of conservation of energy can be verified with the help of the formula, and on the other hand, it is used as the source for quantitatively inputting the frictional energy. Figure 5 It is a partial assembly drawing of the impact system.

[0041] The multifunctional test device for verifying the conservation and transformation of energy of the present invention further includes a bracket system. The bracket system includes a first bracket and a second bracket. The first bracket is vertically arranged on the second bracket, and the first bracket is perpendicular to the ground.

[0042] The friction system further includes a sample fixture 7 and a pressure plate 8. The sample fixture, the pressure plate 8, and the reflector 6 are all arranged on the first bracket. The impact block 2 drives the friction plate 4 to move to one side. The normal friction pressure is quantitatively controlled by adjusting the number and weight of the pressure plates 8. The sapphire glass 5 is embedded in the groove of the friction plate 4. The sample fixture 7 is used to load the energetic material sample. During the experiment, the energetic material sample rubs against the surface of the sapphire glass 5. The reflector 6 meets the requirements of optical analysis, and the ignition situation on the friction surface during the friction process is captured by means of a high-speed camera. Combining with the test results of other diagnostic techniques facilitates a preliminary determination of the friction sensitivity threshold and also helps to further study and analyze the friction ignition mechanism. The sample fixture is designed in the shape of a "cupcake", and the bottom surface is an arc surface, which facilitates the friction between the experimental sample and the sapphire glass 5. Figure 6 It is a partial assembly drawing of the friction system.

[0043] The friction system further includes a fill light 9. The fill light 9 is arranged below the groove of the friction plate 4. The lower part of the groove of the friction plate 4 is designed with a hollow-out structure to facilitate filling light when the energetic material sample rubs against the surface of the sapphire glass 5. The fill light 9 is an annular fill light. Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of the annular fill light.

[0044] When the device of the present invention is in use, it involves an energy conservation verification experiment and a thermal energy conversion and friction ignition test. The following introduces these two experiments respectively.

[0045] Energy conservation verification experiment:

[0046] In the energy conservation verification experiment for middle school physics, the connecting shaft is disconnected from the impact block 2. By adjusting the position of the pendulum 1 and combining with the multi-functional scale 14, the falling height h is measured. The pendulum 1 is released, and after the pendulum 1 reaches the lowest point, it is intercepted by the card slot and the baffle, and part of the energy is stored in the elastic body 12 in front of the pendulum 1.

[0047] When all the energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the impact block 2, the maximum speed V of the impact block 2 is measured by means of an optoelectronic speed sensor. max . Let the mass of the pendulum 1 be M and the mass of the impact block 2 be m.

[0048] Thus, the conversion relationship between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy in the energy conservation law learned in middle school physics is verified:

[0049]

[0050] Through multiple adjustments of the falling height of the pendulum 1 for multiple verification tests, the impression of the students is deepened, which is convenient for students to accept the abstract energy concept.

[0051] Thermal energy conversion and friction ignition test:

[0052] When converting the kinetic energy of the impact block 2 into relative friction, a part of the energy is converted into heat. The initial velocity of the impact block 2 is controlled by adjusting the falling position of the pendulum 1. Move the velocity measuring sensor backward to measure the velocity V of the impact block 2 at the end position of friction. f , then the obtained kinetic energy difference is the work done by friction:

[0053]

[0054] To reduce errors, before placing the sample, the total energy consumed by the track and other parts can be measured and recorded as During the experiment, different pressure plates 8 can be placed to quantitatively control the magnitude of the normal friction force N. The high-speed camera observes the generation, development and change of hot spots on the friction surface. Through the above experiments, it can be applied to the energy threshold of friction ignition of energetic materials, and it is also convenient to combine various testing methods to study the influence of surface roughness on friction ignition.

[0055] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner. Each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments. For the same and similar parts between the embodiments, reference can be made to each other.

[0056] In this article, specific examples are used to elaborate on the principles and implementation manners of the present invention. The descriptions of the above embodiments are only used to help understand the method and its core idea of the present invention; at the same time, for those of ordinary skill in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, there will be changes in the specific implementation manners and application scopes. In summary, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation to the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-functional test device for verifying energy conservation and transformation, characterized in that, It includes a pendulum system, an impact system and a friction system; the pendulum system includes a pendulum; the impact system includes an impact block and a photogate speed measurement device, and the friction system includes a friction plate, an energetic material sample, a sapphire glass, a reflector and a high-speed camera; The impact speed is quantitatively controlled by adjusting the falling height of the pendulum. The pendulum collides with the impact block at the lowest point. The impact block is connected to the friction plate through a connecting shaft, causing relative friction between the sapphire glass and the energetic material sample. The reaction of the friction surface is observed through the reflector in combination with the high-speed camera. A photogate speed measurement device is arranged behind the impact block, and the photogate speed measurement device is used to measure the relative speed of the friction. Through the relative speed combined with the calculation formula of the conversion of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, a verification experiment of energy conservation is realized; The pendulum includes a solid metal cylinder block and an elastomer, where the part close to the impact surface is the elastomer, and the part far from the impact surface is the solid metal cylinder block; After the pendulum and the impact block complete the impact, the pendulum will bounce back. The impact system also includes a stopping device, and the stopping device is used to prevent the pendulum from rebounding. A benchmark is connected to the impact block to facilitate the photogate to measure the speed of the impact block; The stopping device is a door lock device. When the pendulum falls to the lowest point, the bolt inserts into the groove of the stopping device; The device also includes a bracket system, and the bracket system includes a first bracket and a second bracket. The first bracket is vertically arranged on the second bracket, and the first bracket is perpendicular to the ground; The friction system further includes a sample clamp and a pressure plate. The sample clamp, the pressure plate and the reflector are all arranged on the first bracket. The impact block drives the friction plate to move to one side, and the normal pressure of the friction is quantitatively controlled by adjusting the number and weight of the pressure plates. The sample clamp is used to load the energetic material sample.

2. The multifunctional test device for verifying energy conservation and conversion according to claim 1, characterized in that, The scale module includes a scale, a scale base and a sleeve. The scale is arranged on the scale base. The scale base adopts a simple slide rail to ensure the adjustment of the scale in the front, back, left and right directions. A freely movable sleeve is arranged on the scale.

3. The multifunctional test device for verifying energy conservation and transformation according to claim 1, characterized in that, One end of the pendulum is connected to a pendulum rope, and the other end is wound around a rolling bearing. When the pendulum swings, the pendulum rope does not rotate relative to the rolling bearing. The pendulum rope is composed of two identical flexible ropes with negligible weight and elongation.

4. The multifunctional test device for verifying energy conservation and transformation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The friction system further includes a fill light, and the fill light is arranged below the groove of the friction plate. The lower part of the groove of the friction plate is designed with a hollow to facilitate filling light when the energetic material sample and the sapphire glass surface undergo friction. The fill light is an annular fill light.

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