A greenhouse cultivation method for small-fruited watermelons

Abstract

The present invention discloses a greenhouse planting method for small-fruited watermelons, specifically including subjecting rootstock seeds to temperature field soaking and disinfection, soaking them in water at 8 - 15°C for 2 - 3 hours, raising the temperature to 20 - 25°C and continuing to soak for 2 - 3 hours, draining the water and then subjecting them to germination promotion in an environment at 32 - 35°C, and raising seedlings; subjecting small watermelon seeds to temperature field soaking and disinfection, soaking them in water at 25 - 30°C for 6 - 8 hours, draining the water and then subjecting them to germination promotion in an environment at 32 - 35°C, and raising seedlings; when the rootstock seedlings break the heart until the first true leaf grows out, and the cotyledons of the scion seedlings just unfold, grafting is carried out by the cutting method, and subsequent seedling stage management, planting, and post-planting management are carried out. By controlling the soaking conditions of rootstock seedling raising and scion seedling raising, the root systems of the rootstock seedlings are developed, the spikes are small, the cotyledons of the scion seedlings grow completely, the nutrients are sufficient, the survival rate after grafting is improved, the grafted seedlings grow well, are strong, have a quick seedling-slowing period after transplantation, the incidence of diseases and pests of small-fruited watermelons is low, and the health status and quality of small-fruited watermelon plants are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a greenhouse planting method for small-fruited watermelons. Background Art

[0002] With the development of the country's modern agriculture, the planting technology of small-fruited watermelons has also been developed. Small-fruited watermelons have a short fruit development period, a small single melon volume, thin skin, abundant juice, delicate flesh, a high edible rate, and contain a large amount of nutrients such as glucose, fructose, lycopene, and rich vitamin C, which are deeply loved by consumers, and the planting area is continuously expanding.

[0003] With the large-scale development of the small-fruited watermelon planting industry, greenhouse cultivation has been rapidly promoted. Due to the special conditions provided by greenhouse planting, the yield of small watermelons has been greatly increased, but the subsequent problems of pests and diseases have become increasingly serious, which has become a major obstacle affecting the small-fruited watermelon industry. During the planting process, once pests and diseases occur, it not only affects the yield and quality of small-fruited watermelons, but also relates to the income of growers. Therefore, it is very important to do a good job in the cultivation of small-fruited watermelons.

[0004] Watermelon grafting is an effective production technical measure to overcome the above problems of pests and diseases, and thus has been widely used in the planting of small-fruited watermelons. At present, the main methods of watermelon grafting include plug grafting, split grafting, approach grafting, root-cutting grafting, etc. The grafting survival rate is not only related to the grafting method, but also related to the selection of rootstocks. The growth state of the rootstock will affect the grafting survival rate, growth potential and fruit ripening speed, and the grafted seedlings have high requirements for grafting technology, environmental conditions and management measures. There are still problems such as low survival rate and weak growth of grafted seedlings in actual production. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Aiming at the problems of low survival rate of watermelon grafted seedlings, high incidence of diseases after grafting, and weak growth of grafted seedlings in the prior art, the present invention provides a greenhouse planting method for small-fruited watermelons. By controlling the germination soaking conditions, the root system of the rootstock seedlings is developed, the seedling diameter is thick, the cotyledons of the scion seedlings are developed completely, and the nutrients are sufficient, so as to improve the survival rate of the grafted seedlings and the growth of the grafted seedlings is good.

[0006] The present invention is realized through the following technical solutions:

[0007] A greenhouse planting method for small-fruited watermelons, comprising the following steps:

[0008] (1) Rootstock seedling raising: The rootstock seeds are subjected to warm field soaking and disinfection, then soaked in water at 8-15°C for 2-3 h, and continued to be soaked for 2-3 h when the temperature is raised to 20-25°C. After draining the water, they are placed in an environment at 32-35°C for germination, and the germinated seeds are placed in a seedling raising device for seedling raising;

[0009] (2)Scion Seedling Raising: Disinfect the small watermelon seeds by soaking them in warm water. Soak the seeds in water at 25 - 30°C for 6 - 8 hours, drain the water, and then place them in an environment at 32 - 35°C for germination. After germination, place the seeds in a seedling-raising device for seedling raising;

[0010] (3)Grafting: When the rootstock seedling breaks its heart until the first true leaf grows, and the scion seedling's two cotyledons just unfold, use the cutting method for grafting. During the grafting period, keep the daytime temperature at 25 - 28°C and the nighttime temperature at 20 - 24°C;

[0011] (4)Seedling Stage Management: After grafting, gradually increase the light intensity to enhance the grafted seedlings' gradually adaptability to strong light, and detect the occurrence of pests and diseases in the grafted seedlings, and use pesticides for prevention and control;

[0012] (5)Planting: Choose to plant in the morning on a sunny day. Prepare the land, apply fertilizer, and make ridges 10 - 15 days before planting. When planting, dig a ditch and water on the ridge, then plant the seedlings at a plant spacing of 40 - 50 cm, cover the soil, and implement hanging vine cultivation. After planting, cover the plastic film

[0013] (6)Management after Planting: Management of greenhouse temperature, pruning of vines, management of fertilizer and water, and prevention and control of pests and diseases.

[0014] Furthermore, gibberellin is added during the soaking process in steps (1) and (2), and the concentration of gibberellin is 40 - 60 ppm.

[0015] Furthermore, the rootstock selected in step (1) is one of pumpkin, bottle gourd, and calabash.

[0016] Furthermore, the rootstock seedling raising in step (1) is 4 - 7 days earlier than the scion seedling raising in step (2).

[0017] Furthermore, the seedling-raising device in steps (1) and (2) is a nutrient bowl or a nutrient plug tray. Before use, spray and disinfect the seedling-raising greenhouse and the utensils used in the seedling-raising process with a 100 - 150-fold solution of 40% formaldehyde, seal it for 36 - 60 hours, then ventilate. After the smell has dissipated, seedling raising can be carried out.

[0018] Furthermore, when preparing the land, applying fertilizer, and making ridges in step (5), dig a ditch and water to create soil moisture in the well-prepared greenhouse. Dig a ditch 90 cm wide and 40 cm deep under the planting row with a large row spacing of 90 cm. After the water seeps, evenly apply the decomposed chicken manure into the ditch in layers, 3 - 4 cubic meters per mu; apply compound fertilizer and trace elements into the middle layer, 100 kg of compound fertilizer, 15 kg of potassium sulfate, and 1 kg each of boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer per mu. After leveling, make double high ridges, with a ridge bottom of 45 cm, a small ridge spacing of 80 cm, and a ridge height of 20 - 25 cm.

[0019] Furthermore, the greenhouse temperature management in step (6) is as follows: During the seedling recovery period after planting, do not ventilate during the day, and maintain the greenhouse temperature at 28-35°C during the day; before flowering and fruit setting, the daytime temperature is 25-28°C, and the nighttime temperature is 16-18°C. When the temperature exceeds 30°C, uncover the greenhouse film for ventilation; after the melons are set, the daytime temperature is 28-32°C, and the nighttime temperature is 15-18°C, and keep sufficient light.

[0020] Furthermore, in step (6), double-vine pruning is carried out. Except for the selected melon vines, all the remaining side vines and auxiliary vines are completely removed. One melon is selected for each of the main and side vines, and the melon is left after the second female flower, with two melons per plant.

[0021] Beneficial effects

[0022] The greenhouse cultivation method of the small-fruit watermelon of the present invention controls the soaking conditions of rootstock seedling raising and scion seedling raising, making the root system of the rootstock seedlings developed, the scions small, the cotyledons of the scion seedlings grow completely, and the nutrients are sufficient, improving the survival rate after grafting. Moreover, the grafted seedlings grow well, are strong, have a fast seedling recovery after transplanting, and the incidence of diseases and pests of the small-fruit watermelon is low, thereby improving the health status and quality of the small-fruit watermelon plants. Specific embodiments

[0023] The following is a detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention. The embodiments are implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and the detailed implementation methods and specific operation processes are given. However, the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.

[0024] Before using the containers and utensils for seedling raising in the following examples and comparative examples, spray and disinfect them with a 100-150-fold solution of 40% formaldehyde, ventilate after sealing for 60 hours, and wait for the smell to dissipate before seedling raising;

[0025] Before the following examples of seedling raising and sowing, disinfect the planting greenhouse. Mainly close the greenhouse, mainly adopt the high-temperature disinfection method, close the upper and lower air vents of the greenhouse, and keep the high-temperature greenhouse closed for more than 1 month to achieve the disinfection purpose. The greenhouse disinfection generally needs to be carried out during the high-temperature period in July, and the greenhouse closing time should reach more than 30 days to achieve the effect. The greenhouse film must be intact. Before closing the greenhouse, repair the greenhouse film. Before closing the greenhouse, it is necessary to pour a large amount of water. The purpose of watering is, first, to remove soil salts, second, to ferment manure, and soil humidity is required. Third, use the large specific heat capacity of water to store heat and sterilize.

[0026] Example 1

[0027] (1) Seed selection: Select naturally mature, plump, and healthy seeds. Among them, the seeds of the small watermelon variety Tianmitian are selected, and the rootstock is selected as pumpkin seeds;

[0028] (2) Rootstock seedling raising: The pumpkin seeds are disinfected by warm water soaking, then soaked in water at 10±2°C for 3 hours, and then soaked for another 2 hours when the temperature is raised to 22±2°C. After draining the water, they are placed in an environment at 33±2°C for germination. The germinated seeds are placed in a seedling raising device for seedling raising; the container selected for seedling raising is a nutrient bowl, and the substrate is placed in the nutrient bowl (a mixture of rice husks, cow dung and crop straw with a mass ratio of 1:1:2 after being decomposed is exposed to the sun for 7 hours. The exposed substrate is put into a sealed container, and the substrate is treated with an appropriate amount of carbendazim and lime powder, stirred evenly, sealed for 2 days, and an appropriate amount of carbendazim and lime powder are added to the substrate to form a seedling raising substrate);

[0029] (3) Scion seedling raising: The watermelon seeds are disinfected by warm water soaking, soaked in water at 27±2°C for 8 hours, drained the water and then placed in an environment at 33±2°C for germination. The germinated seeds are placed in a seedling raising device for seedling raising, and the seedling raising container and the substrate used are the same as in step (2);

[0030] The scion seedling raising is carried out 5 days later than the rootstock seedling raising;

[0031] (4) Grafting: When the pumpkin seedling breaks its heart until the first true leaf grows out, and the two cotyledons of the scion seedling just unfold, the cutting method is used for grafting. During the grafting period, the daytime temperature is maintained at 25-28°C and the nighttime temperature is maintained at 20-24°C;

[0032] (5) Seedling stage management: After grafting, the light is gradually increased to enhance the gradual adaptability of the grafted seedlings to strong light, and the pests and diseases of the grafted seedlings are detected and controlled with pesticides; the main diseases in the seedling stage include damping-off, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora blight and other diseases. The 1000-fold liquid of Genjingbao No. 2 can be selected for spraying and drenching the roots; for pests in the seedling stage, when there is damage by mole crickets, cutworms and rats, poisonous baits are scattered in time. 40% phoxim 50-fold liquid can be used to mix evenly with fried and fragrant wheat bran and sprinkle it around the seedbed;

[0033] (6) Transplanting: Transplanting is carried out in the morning on a sunny day. The land is prepared, fertilized and ridged 10 days before transplanting. When transplanting, a ditch is dug on the ridge to water, and then the seedlings are planted and covered with soil at a plant spacing of 45 cm, and the hanging vine cultivation is implemented. After transplanting, the plastic film is covered; before transplanting, for the land preparation, fertilization and ridging, a ditch is dug and watered in the greenhouse with the prepared beds to create moisture. A ditch is dug under the planting row at a large row spacing of 90 cm, 80 cm wide and 40 cm deep. After the water seeps, the decomposed chicken manure is evenly and layer by layer applied into the ditch, 3 cubic meters per mu; the compound fertilizer and trace elements are applied into the central layer, 100 kg of compound fertilizer, 15 kg of potassium sulfate, 1 kg of boron fertilizer and 1 kg of zinc fertilizer per mu are applied. After leveling, double high ridges are made, the bottom of the ridge is 45 cm, the small ridge spacing is 80 cm, and the ridge height is 25 cm;

[0034] (7) Management after transplanting: Management of greenhouse temperature, pruning of vines, management of fertilizer and water, and prevention and control of pests and diseases;

[0035] Canopy temperature management: During the seedling recovery period after transplanting, do not ventilate during the day, maintain the canopy temperature at about 30°C during the day to facilitate seedling recovery; before flowering and fruit setting, the daytime temperature is 25-28°C, and the nighttime temperature is 16-18°C. After the fruit is set, the daytime temperature is 28-32°C, not exceeding 35°C, and the nighttime temperature is 15-18°C, maintaining a temperature difference of more than 13°C. At the same time, sufficient light is required to facilitate fruit enlargement and sugar accumulation;

[0036] Vine pruning: Implement double-vine pruning. Except for the selected vines, all other lateral vines and auxiliary vines should be completely removed. Generally, one fruit is selected on each of the main and lateral vines for small watermelons. Leave the fruit after the second female flower, that is, two fruits per plant;

[0037] Fertilizer and water management: Mainly apply topdressing in a timely manner according to the growth dynamics, that is, apply topdressing when each crop of melons begins to expand. The topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer supplemented by potassium fertilizer. Apply less for the first time to prevent excessive growth. The amount of fertilizer applied for the second and third times should be determined according to the growth of the plant and the development of the melons; Combine fertilizer and water, irrigate reasonably. After topdressing, water should be applied in a timely manner. Before transplanting, the bottom moisture should be created. After seedling recovery, the focus is on promoting the growth of the roots and plants; From the vine spreading stage to the start of the first crop of melons expanding, the water volume should be appropriately controlled, but the soil should be kept moist to ensure the healthy growth of the plants; When the melons begin to expand to take shape (the next crop of melons begins to be pollinated and set fruit), the water volume should be increased to maintain uniform water supply, but avoid flooding and sudden dryness and wetness to prevent deformed, hollow and cracked melons. From the shaping of this crop of melons to harvesting (the next crop of melons is set and expands), the watering should be appropriately controlled again;

[0038] Pest control follows the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive control" and adheres to the principle of harmless treatment with "physical control and biological control as the main methods, and chemical control as the auxiliary method". For disease control, according to different disease symptoms, prevention measures are selected and pesticides are used rationally. For soil-borne diseases such as leaf blight, root rot, and fusarium wilt, biological bacterial agents such as Bacillus subtilis are selected to improve the soil ecological environment and prevent the occurrence of diseases. For leaf diseases such as gummy stem blight, start from seed and seedbed disinfection treatment, and use the high-ridge cultivation mode. At the same time, pay attention to timely pruning and pinching to ensure good ventilation and light transmission in the greenhouse, and effectively control the humidity inside the greenhouse. At the initial stage of disease occurrence, use thiophanate-methyl (50%) powder, dilute it to a certain concentration, spray it once every 7 days, and spray continuously about 3 times. Among them, thiophanate-methyl (50%) powder is diluted 600 times. For phytophthora blight, copper methanate powder (50%) can be selected and diluted 800 times. For pest control, use color plates for physical and chemical trapping of pests. Since aphids have a strong tendency towards yellow and orange-yellow, the specific method is as follows: Take yellow plates with a specification of 30 cm × 20 cm, hang 40 - 60 pieces per mu. When the yellow plates are full of pests, replace the yellow plates in time. When aphids occur severely, abamectin with a concentration of 1.8% can be selected, diluted with 3500 times of water, and sprayed on the leaves of the vines to control aphids, and spraying on the leaves can reduce the aggregation of yellow aphids. For thrips, due to the strong tropism of thrips adults towards blue, from mid-April to pulling out the vines, blue insect-trapping boards can be hung 20 cm above the melon vines for monitoring and trapping. When they are full of insects, replace them in time. For spider mites, 2000 times of 1.8% abamectin solution can be sprayed on the affected parts of the plants;

[0039] (8)Harvesting: Harvest the watermelon in time when it is ripe, and clean the greenhouse in time after harvesting.

[0040] Example 2

[0041] (1)Seed selection: Select naturally mature, plump, and healthy seeds. Among them, the small watermelon variety is the yellow-fleshed watermelon Xiaolan, and the rootstock is selected as pumpkin seeds;

[0042] Steps (2) - (8) for rootstock seedling raising, scion seedling raising, grafting, seedling stage management, planting, post-planting management, and harvesting are the same as those in Example 1.

[0043] Comparative Example 1

[0044] (1)Seed selection: Select naturally mature, plump, and healthy seeds. Among them, the small watermelon variety is the sweet honeydew seed, and the rootstock is selected as pumpkin seeds;

[0045] (2) Rootstock seedling raising: The pumpkin seeds are disinfected by warm water soaking, and then soaked in water at 27±2°C for 5 hours. After draining the water, they are placed in an environment of 33±2°C for germination. The germinated seeds are placed in a seedling raising device for seedling raising; the container selected for seedling raising is a nutrient bowl, and the substrate is placed in the nutrient bowl (a mixture of rice husks, cow dung and crop straw with a mass ratio of 1:1:2 after being decomposed is exposed to the sun for 7 hours. The exposed substrate is put into a sealed container, and the substrate is treated with an appropriate amount of hymexazol and lime powder, stirred evenly, sealed for 2 days, and an appropriate amount of hymexazol and lime powder are added to the substrate to form a seedling raising substrate);

[0046] (3) Scion seedling raising: The watermelon seeds are disinfected by warm water soaking, soaked in water at 27±2°C for 8 hours, drained, and then placed in an environment of 33±2°C for germination. The germinated seeds are placed in a seedling raising device for seedling raising. The seedling raising container and the substrate used are the same as in step (2);

[0047] The scion seedling raising is carried out 5 days later than the rootstock seedling raising;

[0048] Steps (4) to (8) of grafting, seedling stage management, planting, post-planting management and harvesting are the same as in Example 1.

[0049] (1) Quality analysis of small watermelons

[0050] The quality of the small watermelons produced in Example 1, Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 was analyzed, and the results are shown in Table 1 below:

[0051] Table 1 Quality analysis of small watermelons in Examples 1-2 and Comparative Example 1

[0052] .

[0053] (2) Analysis of the survival rate and growth trend of grafted seedlings

[0054] The survival rate of the grafted seedlings, the stem diameter of the watermelon seedlings, the root-shoot ratio and the watermelon yield in that year after grafting in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were analyzed and compared, and the results are shown in Table 2 below:

[0055] Table 2 Analysis of the survival rate, stem diameter, root-shoot ratio and watermelon yield of grafted seedlings in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1

[0056] .

[0057] As can be seen from Table 1 and Table 2, in the present invention, different seed soaking treatments are carried out on the rootstock seeds and scion seeds before grafting. The rootstock seeds are soaked at low temperature, which makes the root system of the rootstock seedlings grow vigorously, the stem diameter is thick, and the scion seedlings are soaked at 20-30 °C, and the cotyledons develop completely. After the two are cuttaged and grafted, they can make good use of their own nutrition and nutrient transportation, which is beneficial to the improvement of the grafting survival rate, and the grafted seedlings grow well, have a fast seedling recovery after planting, a thick stem, a large root-shoot ratio, and an increased mu yield.

Claims

1. A greenhouse cultivation method for small-fruited watermelons, characterized in that, It includes the following steps: (1) Rootstock seedling raising: Disinfect the rootstock seeds by warm water soaking, then soak them in water at 8-15°C for 2-3 hours, raise the temperature to 20-25°C and continue soaking for 2-3 hours, drain the water and place them in an environment at 32-35°C for germination, and place the germinated seeds in a seedling raising device for seedling raising; (2) Scion seedling raising: Disinfect the small watermelon seeds by warm water soaking, soak them in water at 25-30°C for 6-8 hours, drain the water and place them in an environment at 32-35°C for germination, and place the germinated seeds in a seedling raising device for seedling raising; (3) Grafting: When the rootstock seedling breaks the heart and the first true leaf grows, and the two cotyledons of the scion seedling just unfold, use the cutting method for grafting. During the grafting period, keep the daytime temperature at 25-28°C and the nighttime temperature at 20-24°C; (4) Seedling stage management: After grafting, gradually increase the light intensity to enhance the gradual adaptability of the grafted seedlings to strong light, and detect the pests and diseases of the grafted seedlings and use pesticides for prevention and control; (5) Transplanting: Select to carry out transplanting in the morning on a sunny day. Prepare the land, apply fertilizer and make ridges 10-15 days before transplanting. When transplanting, dig a ditch and water on the ridge, then plant the seedlings and cover the soil according to the plant spacing of 40-50 cm, and implement hanging vine cultivation. Cover the plastic film after transplanting. (6) Management after transplanting: Greenhouse temperature management, pruning of vines, fertilizer and water management, and prevention and control of pests and diseases; Gibberellin is added during the soaking process in step (1) and step (2), and the concentration of gibberellin is 40-60 ppm; The rootstock seedling raising in step (1) is 4-7 days earlier than the scion seedling raising in step (2).

2. The greenhouse cultivation method of the small-fruited watermelon according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rootstock selected in step (1) is one of pumpkin, bottle gourd and calabash.

3. The greenhouse cultivation method of small-fruited watermelon according to claim 1, characterized in that, The seedling raising device in step (1) and step (2) is a nutrient bowl or a nutrient plug tray. Before use, spray and disinfect the seedling raising greenhouse and the utensils used in the seedling raising process with 100-150 times of 40% formaldehyde solution, ventilate after sealing for 36-60 hours, and wait for the smell to dissipate before seedling raising.

4. The greenhouse cultivation method of small-fruited watermelon according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (5), when preparing the land, applying fertilizer and making ridges, dig a ditch and water to create moisture in the greenhouse with the prepared ridge. Dig a ditch under the planting row with a large row spacing of 90 cm, 80 cm wide and 40 cm deep. After the water seeps, evenly apply the decomposed chicken manure into the ditch in layers, 3-4 cubic meters per mu; apply the compound fertilizer and trace elements into the middle layer, 100 kg of compound fertilizer, 15 kg of potassium sulfate, 1 kg of boron fertilizer and 1 kg of zinc fertilizer per mu. Level it and make double high ridges, with a ridge bottom of 45 cm, a small ridge spacing of 80 cm, and a ridge height of 20-25 cm.

5. The greenhouse cultivation method of small-fruited watermelon according to claim 1, characterized in that, The greenhouse temperature management in step (6) is as follows: During the slow seedling stage after transplanting, do not ventilate during the day and maintain the greenhouse temperature at 28-35°C during the day; before flowering and fruit setting, the daytime temperature is 25-28°C and the nighttime temperature is 16-18°C. When the temperature exceeds 30°C, uncover the greenhouse film for ventilation; after the melons are set, the daytime temperature is 28-32°C and the nighttime temperature is 15-18°C, and keep sufficient light.

6. The greenhouse cultivation method of small-fruited watermelon according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (6), double-vine pruning is carried out. Except for the selected melon vines, all the remaining side vines and auxiliary vines are completely removed. One melon is selected for each of the main and side vines, and the melons are left after the second female flower, with two melons per plant.