thermal mitigation enhancement

Abstract

Techniques are disclosed for performing thermal mitigation for one or more devices. For example, a temperature, humidity, amount of light, and / or other characteristic or factor associated with a vehicle can be obtained. A determination can be made as to whether to transition one or more communication functions from the vehicle to a user device based on the temperature, humidity, etc. Responsive to determining a transition of the one or more communication functions, the one or more communication functions can be transitioned from a communication unit of the vehicle to a communication unit of the user device.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] Aspects of the disclosure generally relate to wireless positioning, among other things. In some implementations, examples are described for providing thermal mitigation enhancements for a device. BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, etc. These wireless communication systems can be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) mobile standard needs to support more capacity, more number of connected devices and better coverage in addition to other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, the 5G standard is designed to provide data rates of several tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, with sum data rates of several gigabits per second per square kilometer to serve tens of thousands of users. In order to achieve high capacity, the 5G standard needs to support more efficient use of resources, such as spectrum, than previous standards. To this end, the 5G standard, also referred to as New Radio (NR), is designed to support flexible bandwidth, down to a single resource block (RB) of 180 kHz, and to support scalable numerology, down to a subcarrier spacing of 0.2 kHz.

[0004] Vehicles are an example of a system that can include wireless communication capabilities. For example, vehicles (e.g., motor vehicles, aircraft, marine vessels, etc.) can communicate with other vehicles and / or other devices having wireless communication capabilities. SUMMARY

[0005] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or important elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any specific aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0006] Some aspects of the present disclosure include systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer-readable media for performing thermal mitigation enhancements. According to at least one example, a method for thermal mitigation is provided. The method can include obtaining a temperature associated with a vehicle; determining whether to transition one or more communication functions from the vehicle to a user device based on the temperature; and in response to determining to transition the one or more communication functions, transitioning the one or more communication functions from a communication unit of the vehicle to a communication unit of the user device.

[0007] In another example, an apparatus for thermal mitigation is provided that includes a memory and at least one processor (e.g., configured in a circuit) communicatively coupled to the processor. The at least one processor is configured to obtain a temperature associated with a vehicle; determine whether to transition one or more communication functions from the vehicle to a user device based on the temperature; and in response to determining to transition the one or more communication functions, transition the one or more communication functions from a communication unit of the vehicle to a communication unit of the user device.

[0008] In another example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is provided that includes at least one instruction stored thereon that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to obtain a temperature associated with a vehicle; determine whether to transition one or more communication functions from the vehicle to a user device based on the temperature; and in response to determining to transition the one or more communication functions, transition the one or more communication functions from a communication unit of the vehicle to a communication unit of the user device.

[0009] In another example, an apparatus for thermal mitigation is provided. The apparatus includes means for obtaining a temperature associated with a vehicle; means for determining whether to transition one or more communication functions from the vehicle to a user device based on the temperature; and in response to determining to transition the one or more communication functions, means for transitioning the one or more communication functions from a communication unit of the vehicle to a communication unit of the user device.

[0010] Some additional or alternative aspects of the present disclosure include systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer-readable media that provide a thermal-aware load balancer within or communicatively coupled to a device processing system. The thermal-aware load balancer enables the processing system to perform thermal-based load balancing to control processing load. For example, the thermal-aware load balancer can control the number of received messages to be processed based on thermal conditions of associated hardware components and based on an instantaneous processing load of the processing system.

[0011] According to at least one example, a method for thermal-based load balancing is provided. The method can include receiving a plurality of messages from one or more devices; determining a thermal level; determining a processing load based on at least a number of the plurality of messages; determining, based on the thermal level and the processing load, a filtering scheme to be applied to filter the plurality of messages so as to maintain the processing load at or below a processing capability; and applying the filtering scheme to filter the plurality of messages using one or more components associated with the apparatus.

[0012] In another example, an apparatus for thermal-based load balancing is provided that includes at least one transceiver, at least one memory, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one memory and the at least one transceiver. The at least one processor is configured to receive, via the at least one transceiver, a plurality of messages from one or more devices; determine a thermal level; determine a processing load based on at least a number of the plurality of messages; determine, based on the thermal level and the processing load, a filtering scheme to be applied to filter the plurality of messages so as to maintain the processing load at or below a processing capability; and apply the filtering scheme to filter the plurality of messages using one or more components associated with the apparatus.

[0013] In another example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium including at least one instruction stored thereon that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: receive a plurality of messages from one or more devices; determine a thermal level; determine a processing load based on at least a number of the plurality of messages; determine, based on the thermal level and the processing load, a filtering scheme to be applied to filter the plurality of messages so as to maintain the processing load at or below a processing capability; and apply the filtering scheme to filter the plurality of messages using one or more components associated with the apparatus.

[0014] In another example, an apparatus for thermal-based load balancing is provided. The apparatus includes means for receiving a plurality of messages from one or more devices; means for determining a thermal level; means for determining a processing load based on at least a number of the plurality of messages; means for determining, based on the thermal level and the processing load, a filtering scheme to be applied to filter the plurality of messages so as to maintain the processing load at or below a processing capability; and means for applying the filtering scheme to filter the plurality of messages using one or more components associated with the apparatus.

[0015] In some aspects, the apparatus is a vehicle, a mobile device (e.g., a mobile telephone or so-called “smart phone” or other mobile device), a wearable device, an extended reality device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device), a personal computer, a laptop computer, a server computer, or other device or a portion thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus includes one or more cameras for capturing one or more images. In some aspects, the apparatus also includes a display for displaying one or more images, notifications, and / or other displayable data. In some aspects, the apparatus described above can include one or more sensors that can be used to determine a location of the apparatus, a state of the apparatus (e.g., a temperature, a humidity level, and / or other state), and / or other purposes.

[0016] Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0017] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of such aspects and not limitation thereof.

[0018] Figure 1 FIGURE 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 2A And Figure 2B FIGURE 2 illustrates an example of a wireless network structure, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating various user equipment (UEs) communicating over a direct communication interface (e.g., a cellular-based PC5 sidelink interface, a dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) interface defined by 802.11p, or other direct interface) and a wide-area network (Uu) interface, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system of a vehicle, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system of a user equipment, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a thermal mitigation framework, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a process for transitioning vehicle-to- everything (V2X) functionality, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 8 FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a process for converting emergency functions, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 9 FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a process for thermal mitigation, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 10A FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example configuration of internal components of a vehicle computing system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 10B FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating another example configuration of internal components of a vehicle computing system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 11 FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a thermal-based load balancing process, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0030] Figure 12 FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process of selecting a filtering mechanism to apply in a thermal-based load balancing process of FIG. 5, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 8

[0031] Figure 13 FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a thermal-based load balancing process, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 14 FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] For purposes of explanation, certain aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure are provided below. Alternative aspects can be devised without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the present disclosure will not be described or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the description. Some aspects and embodiments described herein can be applicable to other examples and practices, and some can be combined, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art having benefit of the present description. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the application. It is apparent, however, that various embodiments can be practiced without using these specific details. The figures and descriptions are not intended to be restrictive.

[0034] ​The following description provides examples of implementing embodiments and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the subsequent description of example embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an example embodiment. It is understood that various changes can be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as it is expressed in the appended claims.

[0035] The terms "exemplary" and / or "example" are used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any aspect described herein as "exemplary" and / or "example" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term "aspects of the disclosure" does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0036] Generally, wireless communication systems are multiple access systems that support communications with multiple devices by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). As described above, examples of multiple access systems that provide such support include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems. A wireless multiple access communication system can include a number of base stations, each simultaneously supporting communications with multiple communication devices, which can be otherwise known as user equipment (UE).

[0037] In some aspects, systems, apparatuses, processes (also referred to as methods), and computer-readable media (collectively referred to herein as systems and techniques) are described herein for performing thermal mitigation enhancements for one or more devices (e.g., one or more UEs). As described in greater detail below, the systems and techniques can utilize one or more temperature thresholds (also referred to as thermal levels) in order to perform various operations, such as reducing certain functionality, gently transitioning one or more functionalities from one or more communication units of a first UE (e.g., a vehicle) to one or more communication units of a second UE (e.g., a user equipment), and the like.

[0038] In one illustrative example, the first UE is a vehicle and the second UE is a user equipment (e.g., a mobile device, a tablet device, a laptop computer, or other user equipment). The reduced and / or transferred functions from the vehicle to the user equipment can include one or more wireless network access functions, one or more vehicle-to-anything (V2X) functions, and / or one or more emergency functions (e.g., emergency call services). In some examples, different temperature thresholds can be associated with each different function. For example, a first temperature threshold (e.g., 95°C or other temperature threshold) can be associated with reducing wireless network access functions and / or transferring wireless network access functions from a first communication unit of the vehicle to a second communication unit of the user equipment, a second temperature threshold (e.g., 105°C or other temperature threshold) can be associated with reducing V2X functions and / or transferring one or more V2X functions from the first communication unit to the second communication unit of the user equipment, and a third temperature threshold (e.g., 115°C or other temperature threshold) can be associated with transferring one or more emergency functions from the first communication unit to the second communication unit. Any other number of thresholds can be used to transfer fewer or more functions from the first communication unit of the vehicle to the second communication unit of the user equipment, or from the second communication unit to the first communication unit.

[0039] In some aspects, in addition to or as an alternative to the thermal mitigation systems and techniques described above, systems and techniques are described herein that perform load balancing using one or more load balancers. In some implementations, the one or more load balancers are thermal-aware load balancers (also referred to as thermal load balancers) that can perform thermal-aware load balancing (also referred to as thermal-based load balancing or thermal load balancing). In some cases, the one or more thermal load balancers are internal to or communicatively coupled to a processing system (e.g., an application processor or other processing system) of a device (e.g., a UE). For example, the thermal load balancer can enable the processing system of the device to perform thermal-based load balancing and control the number of received messages (incoming message streams) to process based on the thermal conditions of associated hardware components and based on the instantaneous processing load of the processing system.

[0040] As described in greater detail below, the thermal balancing systems and techniques described herein can utilize one or more temperature thresholds (also referred to as thermal levels) in conjunction with one or more processing loads and corresponding thresholds in order to select a filtering mechanism. The processing system and / or one or more external components communicatively coupled to the processing system (e.g., a modem and / or other components) can use the filtering mechanism to filter (e.g., discard) incoming messages. Such filtering allows the processing system to maintain a load of incoming messages to be processed by the processing system at or below a threshold indicative of a processing capacity of the processing system. As used throughout this disclosure with respect to messages, the term“filtering” can include discarding or discarding one or more messages, queuing one or more messages for later transmission and / or processing (e.g., when a processing load of the processing system improves to be less than a threshold), and / or other operations related to managing processing of messages by the processing system.

[0041] In one illustrative example, a first UE can be in communication with a plurality of nearby devices (e.g., one device, tens of devices, hundreds of devices, thousands of devices, etc.) and can receive a plurality of messages (e.g., tens, hundreds, or other number of messages per second) from each nearby device. In some examples, a nearby device can be any device that is within a communication range of the first UE (e.g., a device that can transmit messages to and / or receive messages from the first UE). These messages can provide information including, but not limited to, respective device identification information, location information, speed, direction of motion (or heading), etc. The first UE can be a vehicle, such as a bicycle, a motorcycle, a self-driving vehicle, an aerial vehicle, a sea vessel, and / or other types of vehicles. The nearby devices can include, but are not limited to, vehicles (e.g., bicycles, motorcycles, self-driving vehicles, aerial vehicles, sea vessels), mobile devices, roadside units (RSUs), traffic management devices such as traffic light systems, intelligent traffic management devices, and / or other devices.

[0042] The received messages can be processed by the first UE for safety applications (e.g., to warn a driver of the first UE of an upcoming / potentially upcoming accident, a red light ahead, a pedestrian crossing the street, etc.) and / or for other operations including, but not limited to, lane change negotiation, left or right turn at a stop sign, traffic suggestions, destination suggestions, etc. It is important to process such messages as quickly as possible without substantial delay. Additionally, the processing of these messages can be computationally intensive. For example, each message can be signed by a respective transmitting device, and as part of the processing by the first UE, each message is verified. As the temperature of the processing system of the first UE and its associated components increases, the respective processing and verification capabilities decrease due to, for example, a reduction in a respective clock frequency of components of the processing system.

[0043] Given the large number of incoming messages from nearby devices per second, it can be the case that not all received messages are critical to the effective operation of the first UE. For example, using a vehicle as the first UE, a message received from a nearby vehicle five hundred feet away indicating that the nearby vehicle is traveling at ten miles per hour can not have an immediate safety implication for the safe operation of the vehicle. However, a subset of these received messages can be important to the effective operation of the vehicle. In one illustrative example, a message received from a nearby vehicle that is less than one hundred feet away and is approaching the vehicle at thirty miles per hour has an immediate safety implication for the safe operation of the vehicle and should be processed in order to control the vehicle (e.g., movement of the vehicle, braking of the vehicle, heading control of the vehicle, etc.) and / or provide appropriate notifications to the operation of the vehicle.

[0044] Accordingly, it is important to ensure that the processing system of a device and the associated processing components of the processing system have sufficient capacity to receive, validate, and process important information (e.g., messages), regardless of fluctuations in the processing capacity of the processing system and its components due to changes in conditions (e.g., thermal conditions, humidity, light level, and / or other conditions). At any given point in time, the filtering mechanism selected based on such conditions and the processing load conditions of the processing system causes the processing system to filter (e.g., discard) less important messages, thereby maintaining sufficient capacity to process more important messages.

[0045] Additional aspects of the disclosure are described in greater detail below.

[0046] As used herein, the term “communication unit” refers to a system, device, or component of a UE (e.g., a vehicle, user equipment, etc.) and / or other device (e.g., a roadside unit (RSU) or other device) that can include a telematics control unit (TCU), a network access device (NAD), a modem, a subscriber identity module (SIM), a transceiver (or separate receiver and / or transmitter), any combination thereof, and / or other system, device, or component configured to perform wireless communication operations.

[0047] As used herein, unless otherwise stated, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT). In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, tracking device, wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch, glasses, an extended reality (XR) device such as a virtual reality (VR) headset, an augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses, or a mixed reality (MR) headset, etc.), a vehicle (e.g., an automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) that is used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE can be mobile or can (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and can communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” can be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “user equipment,” a “user terminal,” or UT, a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks like the Internet and with other UEs. A UE, as described herein, can also communicate directly with other UEs and / or other devices, as described herein. In some cases, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network, the Internet, and other UEs are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on IEEE 802.11, Ultra Wide-Band (UWB), etc.), etc.

[0048] A base station can operate according to one of some RATs in which UEs, RSUs, and / or other devices communicate, depending on the network in which it is deployed. In some cases, a base station can alternatively be referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. The base station can be used mostly to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the UEs it supports. In some systems, the base station can provide purely edge node signaling functions, while in other systems it can provide additional control and / or network management functions. A UE can communicate with a base station through communication links that are referred to as uplink (UL) channels (e.g., reverse communication channels, reverse control channels, access channels, etc.) through which the UE transmits signals to the base station. The base station can communicate with a UE through communication links that are referred to as downlink (DL) or forward link channels (e.g., paging channels, control channels, broadcast channels, forward communication channels, etc.) through which the base station transmits signals to the UE. As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0049] The term “base station” can refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs, which can or can not be co-located. For example, when the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, this physical TRP can be an antenna of the base station that corresponds to a cell (or to a few cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs can be an array of antennas of the base station (e.g., when in a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system, or where the base station employs beamforming). Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs can be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transmission medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs can be the serving base station that receives the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference RF signals (or simply “reference signals”) the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is a point from / into which the base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmissions from or receptions at a base station should be interpreted as references to a particular TRP of the base station.

[0050] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station can not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., can not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs), but can instead transmit reference signals to UEs for measurement by the UEs, and / or can receive and measure signals transmitted by UEs. Such a base station can be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[0051] A roadside unit (RSU) is a device that can transmit and receive messages to and from one or more UEs, other RSUs, and / or base stations over a communication link or interface (e.g., a cellular-based sidelink or PC5 interface, and an 802.11 or WiFi-based TM dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) interface, and / or other interfaces). Examples of messages that can be transmitted and received by RSUs include vehicle-to-anything (V2X) messages, which are described in more detail below. RSUs can be located on various transportation infrastructure systems, including roads, bridges, parking lots, tollbooths, and / or other infrastructure systems. In some examples, RSUs can facilitate communication between UEs (e.g., vehicles, pedestrian user equipment, and / or other UEs) and transportation infrastructure systems. In some implementations, RSUs can communicate with servers, base stations, and / or other systems that can perform centralized management functions.

[0052] RSUs can communicate with communication systems of UEs. For example, an intelligent transportation system (ITS) of a UE (e.g., a vehicle and / or other UE) can be used to generate and sign messages for transmission to RSUs, and to validate messages received from RSUs. RSUs can communicate with vehicles traveling along a road, bridge, or other infrastructure system (e.g., over a PC5 interface, a DSRC interface, etc.) in order to obtain transportation-related data (e.g., time, speed, location, etc. of vehicles). In some cases, in response to obtaining transportation-related data, a RSU can determine or estimate traffic congestion information (e.g., a start of a traffic jam and an end of a traffic jam, etc.), travel times, and / or other information for a particular location. In some examples, a RSU can communicate with other RSUs (e.g., over a PC5 interface, a DSRC interface, etc.) in order to determine transportation-related data. A RSU can transmit information (e.g., traffic congestion information, travel time information, and / or other information) to other vehicles, pedestrian UEs, and / or other UEs. For example, a RSU can broadcast or otherwise transmit information to any UEs (e.g., vehicles, pedestrian UEs, etc.) within a coverage range of the RSU.

[0053] According to various aspects, Figure 1An example of a wireless communication system 100 is illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104. Base station 102 may include macro cell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, the macro cell base station may include an eNB and / or an ng-eNB, where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to a 4G / LTE network, or include a gNB, where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to a 5G / NR network, or include a combination of both, and the small cell base station may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0054] Base station 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with core network 170 (e.g., Evolved Packet Core (EPC) or 5G Core (5GC)) via backhaul link 122, and interface with one or more location servers 172 (which may be part of core network 170 or external to core network 170) via core network 170. Among other functions, base station 102 can also perform one or more related functions including transmitting user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and device tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, location, and warning message delivery. Base station 102 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via EPC / 5GC) via backhaul link 134, which can be wired and / or wireless.

[0055] Base station 102 can communicate wirelessly with UE 104. Each base station 102 can provide communication coverage for its respective geographical coverage area 110. In one aspect, base station 102 in each coverage area 110 can support one or more cells. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., via some frequency resources, referred to as carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.) and can be associated with identifiers (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCI), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCI), Cell Global Identifier (CGI)) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types that can provide access for different types of UEs (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), etc.). Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. Furthermore, since the TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" can also refer to the geographic coverage area of ​​a base station (e.g., a sector), provided that a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of the geographic coverage area 110.

[0056] While the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macro cell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover domain), some geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage areas 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small and macro cell base stations can be considered a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs) that can provide service to restricted groups known as Closed Subscriber Groups (CSGs).

[0057] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (also known as reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (also known as forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna techniques, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may use one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink than to the uplink).

[0058] The wireless communications system 100 can also include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 can perform clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedures prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 can include devices (e.g., UEs, etc.) that communicate using an ultra- wideband (UWB) spectrum. The UWB spectrum can range from 3.1 to 10.5 GHz.

[0059] The small cell base stations 102' can operate in a licensed or an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., utilizing LTE or NR technology and using the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as the WLAN AP 150). The wireless communications system 100 can also include millimeter wave (mmW) base stations 180 that can operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with UEs 182. In some cases, mmW frequencies can be referred to as FR2 frequency bands (e.g., including a frequency range of 24250 MHz to 52600 MHz). In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 can include one or more base stations that operate in mmW frequencies (and / or near mmW frequencies) and sub-6 GHz frequencies (referred to as FR1 frequency bands, e.g., including a frequency range of 450 to 6000 MHz) (herein referred to as “mixed base stations”). In some examples, the mmW base stations 180, one or more mixed base stations (not shown), and UEs 182 can utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) through mmW communication links 184 to compensate for extremely high path loss and short range. The wireless communications system 100 can further include UE 164, which can communicate with macro cell base station 102 through communication link 120, and / or with mmW base station 180 through mmW communication link 184.

[0060] In some examples, to operate on multiple carrier frequencies, the base station 102 and / or the UE 104 can be equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, the UE 104 can have two receivers, “Receiver 1” and “Receiver 2,” where “Receiver 1” is a multi-band receiver that can be tuned to frequency band (i.e., carrier frequency) “X” or frequency band “Y,” and “Receiver 2” is a single-band receiver that can only be tuned to frequency band “Z.”

[0061] The wireless communications system 100 can also include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In Figure 1 In examples, the UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., over which the UE 190 can indirectly gain cellular connectivity), and a D2D P2P link 194 with one of the WLAN STAs 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (over which the UE 190 can indirectly gain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In examples, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, Z-Wave®, UWB, etc.

[0062] According to various aspects, Figure 2A An example wireless network structure 200 is illustrated. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane functions 212 (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP Figure 1

[0063] ​​Another optional aspect can include a location server 230, which can be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across a plurality of physical servers, etc.), or alternately each can correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204, which can connect to the location server 230 via core network 5GC 210 and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 can be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternately can be external to the core network. In some examples, the location server 230 can be operated by the operator or provider of the 5GC 210, a third party, the original equipment manufacturer (OEM), or other party. In some cases, multiple location servers can be provided, such as a location server of an operator, a location server of an OEM of a particular device, and / or other location servers. In such cases, location assistance data can be received from the operator's location server, and other assistance data can be received from the OEM's location server.

[0064] According to various aspects, Figure 2B Another example wireless network structure 250 is illustrated. For example, the 5GC 260 can be viewed functionally as control plane functions provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264 and user plane functions provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which work together to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the ng-eNB 224 to the 5GC 260, and specifically to UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively. In an additional configuration, gNB 222 can also be connected to the 5GC 260 via control plane interface 265 to AMF 264 and user plane interface 263 to UPF 262. Further, ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with gNB 222 via the backhaul connection 223, with or without gNB direct connectivity to the 5GC 260.

[0065] The functions of the AMF 264 can include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful intercept, transport for session management (SM) messages between a UE 204 and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and an SMS function (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 can also interact with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204.

[0066] In some examples, the AMF 264 can authenticate information of a subscriber identity module (SIM) of the UE. For example, in the case of Universal Mobile

[0067] The functions of the AMF 264 can also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF, which it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functions of the AMF 264 also include location management for regulatory services, transport for location service messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location service messages between the new RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionality for non-3GPP access networks.

[0068] The functions of the SMF 266 can include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of the policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notifications. The interface between the SMF 266 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the N11 interface.

[0069] As described above, a wireless communication system supports communication between multiple UEs. In various examples, the wireless communication system can be configured to support device-to-device (D2D) communication (as described above) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. V2X can also be referred to as cellular V2X (C-V2X). V2X communication can be performed using any radio access technology, such as LTE, 5G, WLAN (e.g., 802.11 WiFi), or other communication protocols. In some examples, a UE can transmit V2X messages to, and receive V2X messages from, other UEs, roadside units (RSUs), and / or other devices over a direct communication link or interface (e.g., a PC5 or sidelink interface, an 802.11p DSRC interface, and / or other communication interfaces) and / or via a network (e.g., an eNB, a WiFi AP, and / or other network entity). The communication can be performed using resources assigned by the network (e.g., an eNB or other network device), resources preconfigured for V2X use, and / or using resources determined by the UE (e.g., using a clear channel assessment (CCA) for resources of an 802.11 network).

[0070] V2X communications can include communications between vehicles (e.g., vehicle-to- vehicle (V2V)), communications between vehicles and infrastructure (e.g., vehicle-to- infrastructure (V2I)), communications between vehicles and pedestrians (e.g., vehicle-to- pedestrian (V2P)), and / or communications between vehicles and network servers (vehicle-to- network (V2N)). For V2V, V2P, and V2I communications, data packets can be transmitted directly between vehicles (e.g., using a PC5 interface, using an 802.11 DSRC interface, etc.) without going through a network, eNB, or gNB. For example, a V2X-enabled vehicle can use a short-range direct communication mode that provides 360° non-line-of-sight (NLOS) awareness, complementing on-board line-of-sight (LOS) sensors, such as camera, radio detection and ranging (RADAR), light detection and ranging (LIDAR), etc. sensors. The combination of wireless technology and on-board sensors enables V2X vehicles to visually observe, hear, and / or anticipate potential driving risks (e.g., at blind intersections, in adverse weather conditions, and / or other scenarios). V2X vehicles can also understand warnings and notifications from other V2X-enabled vehicles (based on V2V communications), from infrastructure systems (based on V2I communications), and from user equipment (based on V2P communications). Infrastructure systems can include roads, stop lights, road signs, bridges, toll booths, and / or other infrastructure systems that can communicate with vehicles using V2I messages.

[0071] In some cases, V2X communications can utilize multiple modes of operation. LTE sidelink (e.g., for D2D communications) introduced by 3GPP in Release 12 includes two modes of operation, referred to as Mode 1 and Mode 2. Both Mode 1 and Mode 2 are designed with the goal of extending the battery life of mobile devices at the expense of increased latency. Depending on the desired implementation, sidelink communications can be performed in accordance with 3GPP communication protocols sidelink (e.g., using a PC5 sidelink interface in accordance with LTE, 5G, etc.), Wi-Fi direct communication protocols (e.g., DSRC protocols), or using any other device-to-device communication protocol. In some examples, sidelink communications can be performed using one or more Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) bands. For example, sidelink communications can be performed in a band corresponding to the U-NII-4 band (5.850-5.925 GHz), the U-NII-5 band (5.925-6.425 GHz), the U-NII-6 band (6.425-6.525 GHz), the U-NII-7 band (6.525-6.875 GHz), the U-NII-8 band (6.875-7.125 GHz), or any other band suitable for performing sidelink communications. However, in some aspects, connected vehicles can benefit from highly reliable and low latency V2X communications, and thus Mode 1 and 2 can not be suitable for such applications.

[0072] Connected vehicles benefit from highly reliable and low latency V2X communications. In some cases, Mode 1 and 2 can not be suitable for such applications. Two additional modes of communication (Mode 3 and 4) were designed for V2V communications and introduced by 3GPP in Release 14. In Mode 3, a cellular network (e.g., eNB, gNB, or other network entity) selects and manages the radio resources for vehicles to perform direct V2X communications. In Mode 4, vehicles autonomously select radio resources for direct V2X communications. Mode 4 can operate without cellular coverage and in some cases can be considered a baseline V2X mode, which is based on the unavailability of cellular coverage for safety applications. Mode 4 can include a distributed scheduling scheme for vehicles to select radio resources and can include support for distributed congestion control.

[0073] Figure 3 Examples of different communication mechanisms used by various UEs are illustrated. In one example of sidelink communications, Figure 3The illustration shows vehicles 304, 305, and roadside unit (RSU) 303 communicating with each other using PC5, DSRC, or other device-to-device direct signaling interfaces. Additionally, vehicles 304 and 305 can communicate with base station 302 (shown as BS 302) via a network (Uu) interface. In some examples, base station 302 may include a gNB. Figure 3 The illustration also shows user equipment 307 communicating with base station 302 using a network (Uu) interface. As described below, functionality can be transferred from a vehicle (e.g., vehicle 304) to a user equipment (e.g., user equipment 307) based on one or more characteristics or factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, etc.). Figure 3 As shown in an illustrative example, V2X functionality can be transferred from vehicle 304 to user equipment 307, which can then communicate with other vehicles (e.g., vehicle 305) via a PC5 interface (or other device-to-device direct interfaces, such as a DSRC interface).

[0074] Although Figure 3 The illustrations depict a specific number of vehicles (e.g., two vehicles 304 and 305) communicating with each other and / or with RSU 303, BS 302, and / or user equipment 307, but this disclosure is not limited thereto. For example (e.g., for the purpose of describing the references) Figures 10A-13 (As an example embodiment), dozens or hundreds of such vehicles can communicate with each other and / or with RSU 303, BS 302, and / or user equipment 307. At any given time, each such vehicle, RSU 303, BS 302, and / or user equipment 307 can send various types of information as messages to other nearby vehicles, causing each vehicle (e.g., vehicle 304 and / or 305), RSU 303, BS 302, and / or user equipment 307 to receive hundreds or thousands of messages per second from other nearby vehicles, RSUs, base stations, and / or other UEs.

[0075] Although Figure 3 The image shows the PC5 interface, which allows various UEs (e.g., vehicles, user equipment, etc.) and (one or more) RSUs to use any suitable type of direct interface (such as 802.11 DSRC interface, Bluetooth). TMThe vehicles can communicate with user equipment over a direct communication interface (e.g., using PC5 and / or DSRC), the vehicles can communicate with another vehicle over a direct communication interface, the user equipment can communicate with another user equipment over a direct communication interface, a UE (e.g., a vehicle, user equipment, etc.) can communicate with an RSU over a direct communication interface, an RSU can communicate with another RSU over a direct communication interface, and / or the like.

[0076] Figure 4 FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example vehicle computing system 450 of a vehicle 404. The vehicle 404 is an example of a UE that can communicate with a network (e.g., an eNB, a gNB, a positioning beacon, a location measurement unit, and / or other network entity) over a Uu interface and communicate with other UEs using V2X communications over a PC5 interface (or other device-to-device direct interface, such as a DSRC interface). As shown, the vehicle computing system 450 can include at least a power management system 451, a control system 452, an infotainment system 454, an intelligent transportation system (ITS) 455, one or more sensor systems 456, and a communication system 458. In some cases, the vehicle computing system 450 can include or can use any type of processing device or system to implement, such as one or more central processing units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application processors (APs), graphics processing units (GPUs), vision processing units (VPUs), neural-network signal processors (NSPs), microcontrollers, dedicated hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other devices or systems.

[0077] The control system 452 can be configured to control one or more operations of the vehicle 404, the power management system 451, the computing system 450, the infotainment system 454, the ITS 455, and / or one or more other systems of the vehicle 404 (e.g., a braking system, a steering system, a safety system other than the ITS 455, a cabin system, and / or other systems). In some examples, the control system 452 can include one or more electronic control units (ECUs). ECUs can control one or more electrical systems or subsystems in a vehicle. Examples of particular ECUs that can be included as part of the control system 452 include an engine control module (ECM), a powertrain control module (PCM), a transmission control module (TCM), a brake control module (BCM), a central control module (CCM), a central timing module (CTM), etc. In some cases, the control system 452 can receive sensor signals from one or more sensor systems 456 and can communicate with other systems of the vehicle computing system 450 to operate the vehicle 404.

[0078] The vehicle computing system 450 also includes a power management system 451. In some implementations, the power management system 451 can include a power management integrated circuit (PMIC), a backup battery, and / or other components. In some cases, other systems of the vehicle computing system 450 can include one or more PMICs, batteries, and / or other components. The power management system 451 can perform power management functions for the vehicle 404, such as managing power to the computing system 450 and / or other parts of the vehicle. For example, the power management system 451 can provide a stable power supply in view of power fluctuations (such as based on operating an engine of the vehicle). In another example, the power management system 451 can perform thermal monitoring operations, such as by checking ambient and / or transistor junction temperatures. In another example, the power management system 451 can perform certain functions based on detecting a certain temperature level, such as causing a cooling system (e.g., one or more fans, an air conditioning system, etc.) to cool certain components of the vehicle computing system 450 (e.g., the control system 452, such as one or more ECUs), shutting down certain functions of the vehicle computing system 450 (e.g., throttling the infotainment system 454, such as by turning off one or more displays, disconnecting from a wireless network, etc.), and / or other functions.

[0079] The vehicle computing system 450 also includes a communication system 458. The communication system 458 can include one or more transmitters, receivers, and / or transceivers for communicating with networks (e.g., to a gNB or other network entity over a Uu interface) and / or other UEs (e.g., to another vehicle over a PC5 interface, a WiFi interface (e.g., DSRC), a Bluetooth interface, etc.). In some examples, the communication system 458 can include one or more antennas for communicating with networks and / or other UEs. The communication system 458 can be configured to communicate with one or more networks and / or other UEs using one or more wireless communication standards, protocols, and / or technologies. TMThe interface and / or other wireless and / or wired interfaces are software and hardware components that send and receive signals to and from another vehicle or UE. For example, the communication system 458 is configured to wirelessly send and receive information over any suitable wireless network (e.g., a 3G network, a 4G network, a 5G network, a WiFi network, a Bluetooth TM network, and / or other networks). The communication system 458 includes various components or devices for performing wireless communication functions, including an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) subscriber identity module (referred to as a SIM or SIM card) 460, a user SIM 462, and a modem 464. While the vehicle computing system 450 is shown as having two SIMs and one modem, the computing system 450 can have any number of SIMs (e.g., one SIM or more than two SIMs) and any number of modems (e.g., one modem, two modems, or more than two modems) in some implementations.

[0080] A SIM is a device (e.g., an integrated circuit) that can securely store an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and related keys (e.g., encryption-decryption keys) of a particular subscriber or user. The IMSI and keys can be used to identify and authenticate the subscriber on a particular UE. The communication system 458 can use the OEM SIM 460 to establish wireless connections for vehicle-based operations, such as for making emergency call (eCall) functionality, communicating with a vehicle manufacturer’s communication system (e.g., for software updates, etc.), and other operations. The OEM SIM 460 can be important for OEM SIM-supported critical services, such as eCall for placing emergency calls in the event of a car accident or other emergency event. For example, an eCall can include automatically dialing an emergency number (e.g., “9-1-1” in the United States, “1-1-2” in Europe, etc.) in the event of a car accident and communicating the location of the vehicle to an emergency service department, such as a police department, a fire department, etc.

[0081] The user SIM 462 can be used by the communication system 458 to perform wireless network access functions in order to support user data connections (e.g., for making phone calls, messaging, infotainment-related services, etc.). In some cases, a user’s user equipment can access a wireless network through the interface (e.g., through PC5, Bluetooth TM , WiFi TMThe user device can be connected to the vehicle computing system 450 via a wireless network access function (e.g., DSRC), a universal serial bus (USB) port, and / or other wireless or wired interface. Once connected, the user device can transfer the wireless network access function from the user device to the vehicle’s communication system 458, in which case the user device can terminate execution of the wireless network access function (e.g., during which the communication system 458 performs the wireless access function). The communication system 458 can begin interacting with a base station to perform one or more wireless communication operations, such as facilitating a telephone call, sending and / or receiving data (e.g., messages, video, audio, etc.), and / or the like. In this case, other components of the vehicle computing system 450 can be used to output data received by the communication system 458. For example, the infotainment system 454 (described below) can display video received by the communication system on one or more displays and / or can output audio received by the communication system 458 using one or more speakers.

[0082] A modem is a device that modulates one or more carrier signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode transmitted information. The modem 464 (and / or one or more other modems of the communication system 458) can be used for communication of data for the OEM SIM 460 and / or the user SIM 462. In some examples, the modem 464 can include a 4G (or LTE) modem, and another modem (not shown) of the communication system 458 can include a 5G (or NR) modem. In some examples, the communication system 458 can include one or more Bluetooth TM modems (e.g., for Bluetooth TM Low Energy (BLE) or other types of Bluetooth communication), one or more WiFi TM modems (e.g., for DSRC communication and / or other WiFi communication), a wideband modem (e.g., an ultra-wideband (UWB) modem), any combination thereof, and / or other types of modems.

[0083] In some cases, modem 464 (and / or one or more other modems of communication system 458) can be used to perform V2X communications (e.g., V2V communications with other vehicles, D2D communications with other devices, V2I communications with infrastructure systems, V2P communications with pedestrian UEs, etc.). In some examples, communication system 458 can include a V2X modem for performing V2X communications (e.g., sidelink communications over a PC5 interface or a DSRC interface), in which case the V2X modem can be separate from one or more modems used for wireless network access functions (e.g., network communications over a network / Uu interface and / or sidelink communications other than V2X communications).

[0084] In some examples, communication system 458 can be or include a telematics control unit (TCU). In some implementations, the TCU can include a network access device (NAD) (also referred to as a network control unit or NCU in some cases). The NAD can include modem 464, any other modems not shown in FIG. 4, OEM SIM 460, user SIM 462, and / or other components for wireless communication. In some examples, communication system 458 can include a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). In some cases, the GNSS can be part of one or more sensor systems 456. The GNSS can provide the capability for vehicle computing system 450 to perform one or more location services, navigation services, and / or other services that can utilize GNSS functionality. Figure 4

[0085] In some cases, communication system 458 can also include one or more wireless interfaces for transmitting and receiving wireless communications (e.g., including one or more transceivers and one or more baseband processors for each wireless interface), one or more wired interfaces for performing communications over one or more hardwired connections (e.g., serial interfaces such as universal serial bus (USB) inputs, lightning connectors, and / or other wired interfaces), and / or other components that can allow vehicle 404 to communicate with networks and / or other UEs.

[0086] ​The vehicle computing system 450 can also include an infotainment system 454 that can control content and one or more output devices of the vehicle 404 that can be used to output content. The infotainment system 454 can also be referred to as an in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) system or an in-car entertainment (ICE) system. The content can include navigation content, media content (e.g., video content, music or other audio content, and / or other media content), etc. The one or more output devices can include one or more graphical user interfaces, one or more displays, one or more speakers, one or more extended reality devices (e.g., VR, AR, and / or MR headsets), one or more haptic feedback devices (e.g., one or more devices configured to vibrate a seat, steering wheel, and / or other portion of the vehicle 404), and / or other output devices.

[0087] In some examples, the computing system 450 can include an intelligent transportation system (ITS) 455. In some examples, the ITS 455 can be used to implement V2X communications. For example, an ITS stack of the ITS 455 can generate a V2X message based on information from an application layer of the ITS. In some cases, the application layer can determine whether certain conditions are met to generate a message for use by the ITS 455 and / or to generate a message to send to other vehicles (for V2V communications), pedestrian UEs (for V2P communications), and / or infrastructure systems (for V2I communications). In some cases, the communication system 458 and / or the ITS 455 can obtain car access network (CAN) information (e.g., from other components of the vehicle via a CAN bus). In some examples, the communication system 458 (e.g., a TCU NAD) can obtain the CAN information via the CAN bus and can send the CAN information to a PHY / MAC layer of the ITS 455. The ITS 455 can provide the CAN information to an ITS stack of the ITS 455. The CAN information can include vehicle-related information, such as an orientation of the vehicle, a speed of the vehicle, braking information, etc. The CAN information can be provided to the ITS 455 continuously or periodically (e.g., every 1 millisecond (ms), every 10 ms, etc.).

[0088] Based on safety-related applications and / or other applications (including applications related to road safety, traffic efficiency, infotainment, commerce, and / or other applications), the CAN information can be used to determine a condition for determining whether to generate a message. In one illustrative example, ITS 455 can perform a lane change assist or negotiation. For example, using the CAN information, ITS 455 can determine that the driver of vehicle 404 is attempting to change lanes from a current lane to an adjacent lane (e.g., based on an activated turn signal, based on a user turning or steering into the adjacent lane, etc.). Based on determining that vehicle 404 is attempting to change lanes, ITS 455 can determine that a lane change condition has been satisfied, the condition being associated with a message to be sent to other vehicles in the vicinity of vehicle 404 in the adjacent lane. ITS 455 can trigger the ITS stack to generate one or more messages to send to the other vehicles, which can be used to negotiate the lane change with the other vehicles. Other examples of applications include: forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking, lane departure warning, pedestrian avoidance or protection (e.g., when a pedestrian is detected in the vicinity of vehicle 404, such as based on V2P communications with a user’s UE), traffic sign recognition, etc.

[0089] ITS 455 can use any suitable protocol to generate the messages (e.g., V2X messages). Examples of protocols that can be used by ITS 455 include one or more Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards, such as SAE J2735, SAE J2945, SAE J3161, and / or other standards, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

[0090] The security layer of ITS 455 can be used to securely sign messages from the ITS stack that are sent to and verified by other UEs configured with V2X communications, such as other vehicles, pedestrian UEs, and / or infrastructure systems. The security layer can also verify messages received from these other UEs. In some implementations, the signing and verification process can be based on a security context of the vehicle. In some examples, the security context can include one or more encryption-decryption algorithms, public and / or private keys for generating a signature using the encryption-decryption algorithms, and / or other information. For example, each ITS message generated by ITS 455 can be signed by the security layer of ITS 455. The signature can be derived using a public key and an encryption-decryption algorithm. Vehicles, pedestrian UEs, and / or infrastructure systems that receive the signed message can verify the signature to ensure that the message is from an authorized vehicle. In some examples, the one or more encryption-decryption algorithms can include one or more symmetric encryption algorithms (e.g., Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Data Encryption Standard (DES), and / or other symmetric encryption algorithms), one or more asymmetric encryption algorithms using public and private keys (e.g., Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) and / or other asymmetric encryption algorithms), and / or other encryption-decryption algorithms.

[0091] In some examples, ITS 455 can determine certain operations (e.g., V2X-based operations) to perform based on messages received from other UEs. The operations can include safety-related and / or other operations, such as operations for road safety, traffic efficiency, infotainment, commerce, and / or other applications. In some examples, the operations can include causing the vehicle (e.g., control system 452) to perform an automatic function, such as an automatic brake, an automatic steering (e.g., to maintain an orientation in a particular lane), an automatic lane change negotiation with another vehicle, and / or other automatic functions. In one illustrative example, communication system 458 can receive a message from another vehicle (e.g., over a PC5 interface, a DSRC interface, or other device-to-device direct interface) indicating that the other vehicle is about to stop suddenly. In response to receiving the message, the ITS stack can generate a message or instruction and can send the message or instruction to control system 452, which can cause control system 452 to automatically brake vehicle 404 so that it stops before colliding with the other vehicle. In other illustrative examples, the operations can include triggering a display of a message warning the driver of another vehicle in a lane next to the vehicle, a message warning the driver to stop the vehicle, a message warning the driver of a pedestrian about to cross the street, a message warning the driver of a toll booth within a certain distance (e.g., 1 mile) of the vehicle, and / or other messages.

[0092] In some examples, ITS 455 can receive a large number of messages from other UEs (e.g., vehicles, RSUs, etc.). In this case, the ITS 455 will authenticate (e.g., decode and decrypt) each message and / or determine which operations to perform. Such a large number of messages can result in a large computational load for vehicle computing system 450. In some cases, the large computational load can result in an increase in temperature of computing system 450. An increase in temperature of components of computing system 450 can adversely affect the ability of computing system 450 to process the large number of incoming messages. As described in more detail below, based on the temperature of vehicle computing system 450 (or a component thereof) exceeding or approaching one or more thermal levels, one or more functions can be offloaded from vehicle 404 to another device (e.g., a user device, an RSU, etc.). Offloading one or more functions can reduce the computational load on vehicle 404, helping to reduce the temperature of components. As described in more detail below, a thermal load balancer can be provided that enables vehicle computing system 450 to perform thermal-based load balancing to control processing load depending on the temperature of computing system 450 and the processing capabilities of vehicle computing system 450.

[0093] Computing system 450 also includes one or more sensor systems 456 (e.g., a first sensor system through an Nth sensor system, where N is a value equal to or greater than 0). When multiple sensor systems are included, sensor system(s) 456 can include different types of sensor systems that can be arranged on or in different parts of vehicle 404. Sensor system(s) 456 can include one or more camera sensor systems, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor systems, radio detection and ranging (RADAR) sensor systems, electromagnetic detection and ranging (EmDAR) sensor systems, sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) sensor systems, sound detection and ranging (SODAR) sensor systems, global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver systems (e.g., one or more global positioning system (GPS) receiver systems), accelerometers, gyroscopes, inertial measurement units (IMUs), infrared sensor systems, laser rangefinder systems, ultrasonic sensor systems, infrasonic sensor systems, microphones, any combination thereof, and / or other sensor systems. It will be appreciated that any number of sensors or sensor systems can be included as part of computing system 450 of vehicle 404.

[0094] While vehicle computing system 450 is shown to include certain components and / or systems, one of ordinary skill will appreciate that vehicle computing system 450 can include components and / or systems beyond those shown. Figure 4More or fewer components than those shown in FIG. 5 can be present in the vehicle computing system 450. For example, the vehicle computing system 450 can also include one or more input devices and one or more output devices (not shown). In some implementations, the vehicle computing system 450 can also include (e.g., as part of or separate from the control system 452, the infotainment system 454, the communication system 458, and / or the sensor system(s) 456) at least one processor and at least one memory having computer-executable instructions run by the at least one processor. The at least one processor is in communication and / or electrically connected (referred to as “coupled” or “communicatively coupled”) with the at least one memory. The at least one processor can include, for example, one or more microcontrollers, one or more central processing units (CPUs), one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more application processors (e.g., to run or execute one or more software applications), and / or other processors. The at least one memory can include, for example, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM) (such as static RAM (SRAM)), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, one or more buffers, one or more databases, and / or other memory. Computer-executable instructions stored in or on the at least one memory can be run to perform one or more functions or operations described herein.

[0095] Figure 5 An example of a computing system 570 of a user device 507 is illustrated. The user device 507 is an example of a UE that can be used by an end user. For example, the user device 507 can include a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a tracking device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, glasses, an XR device, etc.). Internet of Things (IoT) devices and / or other devices are used by users to communicate over a wireless communication network. The computing system 570 includes software and hardware components, which can be electrically coupled or communicatively coupled (or can be in communication, as appropriate) via a bus 589. For example, the computing system 570 includes one or more processors 584. The one or more processors 584 can include one or more CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, APs, GPUs, VPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, specialized hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing devices or systems. The one or more processors 584 can use the bus 589 to communicate between cores and / or with one or more memory devices 586.

[0096] The computing system 570 can also include one or more storage devices 586, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) 582, one or more SIMs 574, one or more modems 576, one or more wireless transceivers 578, an antenna 587, one or more input devices 572 (such as a camera, a mouse, a keyboard, a touchscreen, a touchpad, a keypad, a microphone, etc.), and one or more output devices 580 (such as a display, a speaker, a printer, etc.).

[0097] The one or more wireless transceivers 578 can receive wireless signals (e.g., signals 588) from one or more other devices, such as other user devices, vehicles (e.g., vehicles 404 described above), network devices (e.g., base stations such as eNBs and / or gNBs, WiFi routers, etc.), cloud networks, etc., via the antenna 587. In some examples, the computing system 570 can include multiple antennas. The wireless signals 588 can be transmitted via a wireless network. The wireless network can be any wireless network, such as a cellular or telecommunication network (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), a wireless local area network (e.g., a WiFi network), a Bluetooth network, and / or other network. In some examples, the one or more wireless transceivers 578 can include an RF front end that includes one or more components, such as amplifiers, mixers (also referred to as signal multipliers) for downconverting signals, frequency synthesizers (also referred to as oscillators) that provide frequencies to the mixers, baseband filters, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), one or more power amplifiers, etc. The RF front end can generally handle the selection and conversion of wireless signals 588 to baseband or an intermediate frequency, and can convert RF signals to the digital domain. TM Figure 4

[0098] In some cases, the computing system 570 can include an encoding-decoding device (or codec) configured to encode and / or decode data transmitted and / or received using the one or more wireless transceivers 578. In some cases, the computing system 570 can include an encryption-decryption device or component configured to encrypt and / or decrypt data transmitted and / or received by the one or more wireless transceivers 578 (e.g., according to AES and / or DES standards).

[0099] ​​The one or more SIMs 574 can each securely store an IMSI number and related key assigned to a user of the user device 507. As described above, the IMSI and key can be used to identify and authenticate a subscriber when accessing a network provided by a network service provider or operator associated with the one or more SIMs 574. The one or more modems 576 can modulate one or more signals to encode information for transmission using the one or more wireless transceivers 578. The one or more modems 576 can also demodulate signals received by the one or more wireless transceivers 578 in order to decode information transmitted. In some examples, the one or more modems 576 can include a 4G (or LTE) modem, a 5G (or NR) modem, a modem configured with V2X communications, and / or other types of modems. The one or more modems 576 and the one or more wireless transceivers 578 can be used to communicate data for the one or more SIMs 574.

[0100] The computing system 570 can also include (and / or be in communication with) one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media (e.g., one or more storage devices 586) which can include, without limitation, local and / or network accessible storage, a disk drive, a drive array, an optical storage device, a solid-state storage device, such as a RAM and / or ROM, which can be programmable, flash-updateable, and / or the like. Such storage devices can be configured to implement any appropriate data stores, including without limitation, various file systems, database structures, and / or the like.

[0101] In various embodiments, functions can be stored in the storage device(s) 586 as one or more computer programs (e.g., instructions or code), and run by the one or more processors 584 and / or the one or more DSPs 582. The computing system 570 can further include software elements (e.g., located within the one or more storage devices 586), including, for example, an operating system, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or other code such as one or more application programs, which can include computer programs provided by various embodiments, and / or can be designed to implement methods, and / or configure systems, described herein.

[0102] In some implementations, the UE may be configured with Dual SIM Dual Activation (DSDA) functionality. For example, vehicle 404, user equipment 507, and / or other UEs may be equipped with DSDA functionality. A UE with DSDA functionality may be equipped with at least two SIMs. In an illustrative example, a vehicle and user equipment (e.g., a mobile device) with DSDA functionality can allow the vehicle and its users (e.g., drivers, passengers, etc.) and the user equipment to select independent network operator (or provider) subscriptions, each associated with a specific SIM. For example, the vehicle may use a first operator (e.g., Verizon). TM Wireless communication access can be achieved, and user equipment can use a second operator (e.g., AT&T). TM (to enable wireless communication access.)

[0103] In some cases, DSDA functionality can support at least two active SIMs for a vehicle, including the OEM SIM and the user SIM, as described above. Figure 4 The SIM described in the vehicle computing system 450. As mentioned above, the OEM SIM and / or user SIM can be used with one or more modems (e.g., Figure 4 The communication system 458 shown herein is used in conjunction with modem 464 and / or other modems. In some embodiments, the vehicle's OEM SIM, user SIM, and (one or more) modems may be part of the vehicle's TCU or may be part of the TCU's NAD (e.g., as part of...). Figure 4 (As part of the communication system 458). As described above, the OEM SIM can store information providing access for wireless communications used to perform vehicle-based operations (e.g., for eCall functionality, for communicating with the vehicle manufacturer, for operations such as software updates). The OEM SIM supports various critical services for vehicles, including eCall for making emergency calls. The user SIM is used to provide wireless network access for the user's UE to support user data connections, such as for facilitating telephone calls, messaging, infotainment-related services, etc.

[0104] DSDA allows the user's SIM and the vehicle's modem to be used in place of the UE's SIM and / or modem for wireless network access (e.g., for cellular connectivity). For example, when brought into the communication range of a vehicle, the user equipment (e.g., a mobile device) can communicate via an interface (e.g., via Bluetooth). TM Wi-Fi TMThe user device's communication unit can transfer wireless network access functionality from the user device to the vehicle's communication unit once connected. The vehicle's communication unit can then begin interacting with a base station to perform one or more wireless communication operations, such as facilitating a phone call, sending and / or receiving data (e.g., messages, video, audio, etc.), and / or the like. As noted above, a "communication unit" of a device (e.g., vehicle, user device, other UE, RSU, etc.) can be a TCU, NAD, modem, SIM, transceiver (or separate receiver and / or transmitter), any combination thereof, and / or other system, device, or component configured to perform wireless communication operations. In one illustrative example, a user SIM (e.g., information stored on a SIM and / or actual SIM card) of a user device (e.g., mobile device) can be transferred to the vehicle's TCU NAD, after which the vehicle's modem can use the user SIM information to communicate with the user's wireless network operator. In some examples, the user device can terminate communication with the wireless network of the network operator while the vehicle's TCU NAD is communicating with the wireless network of the network operator.

[0105] DSDA provides various benefits to the user of the vehicle and the user device. For example, a vehicle can include higher quality antennas (e.g., providing better signal and coverage) than one or more antennas of a user device (e.g., mobile device) used by the user. In such examples, DSDA allows the user to leverage the higher quality antennas installed on the vehicle to obtain data, voice, and / or other communications. In another example, the car infotainment system (e.g., infotainment system 454, including a display, speakers, and other devices) can be used to output information obtained by the user device and / or the vehicle. Additionally, power from the vehicle can be used to power the user device (e.g., charge the device's battery) and / or reduce power usage of the user device.

[0106] In some cases, automotive standards and / or automotive OEMs can require automotive grade electronics to be able to withstand high temperatures (e.g., up to 120 degrees Celsius (C) or higher in some cases), including ambient temperatures and temperatures of circuit components (e.g., transistor junction temperatures, also referred to as junction temperatures). However, at extreme temperatures, a vehicle’s communication unit (e.g., a wireless modem, TCU, NAD, etc.) can have limited functionality. For example, if a vehicle wireless modem reaches an extreme ambient temperature and / or junction temperature (e.g., reaches 95 °C, 100 °C, 105 °C, 110 °C, 115 °C, 120 °C, or other high temperature), the modem can need to prioritize certain functionality (e.g., emergency services such as eCall) so that the modem can continue to perform those functions uninterrupted. Continuing to perform lower priority functions (e.g., V2X functions and / or user SIM related services such as wireless access functions) can impact the performance of higher priority functions of the vehicle communication unit. For example, by continuing to perform lower priority functions, the vehicle communication unit can be unable to perform higher priority functions due to the extreme temperature preventing performance of all functions. In this case, the modem can deprioritize certain lower priority functions such as wireless access functions of the user device (e.g., using the user SIM and modem), V2X functions, etc. In one example, the vehicle communication unit can stop performing wireless network access functions and / or V2X functions (e.g., using the user SIM to perform), and can continue to perform emergency services such as eCall.

[0107] Problems can occur when a vehicle communication unit stops performing certain functions based on reaching a particular temperature. For example, as described above, a vehicle can deprioritize user SIM related services or functions (e.g., wireless network access functions), and can shut down the deprioritized services or functions in favor of other services (e.g., V2X functions, emergency services, etc.). In some cases, the vehicle can shut down these services without outputting any notification to the user, and / or without transferring the services from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device. Such scenarios can result in a sudden termination of services associated with the user SIM, and can cause a loss of context (e.g., V2X context and / or eCall context) needed to continue performing the services or functions.

[0108] As described above, systems and techniques are described herein for performing thermal mitigation enhancements for one or more devices (e.g., one or more UEs). In some cases, these systems and techniques can be performed by a UE (such as a vehicle UE) and / or a base station (such as a vehicle base station) to mitigate the effects of extreme temperatures on the performance of the UE and / or base station. Figure 4The system and techniques can reference one or more temperature thresholds (or thermal levels) and / or temperature changes to determine whether to transfer different functionality from one or more communication units of a vehicle to one or more communication units of a user equipment. For purposes of illustration, the examples provided herein describe transferring services between a communication unit of a vehicle and a communication unit of a user equipment. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the system and techniques described herein can be used to transfer various functionality between other types of devices (e.g., UEs, road side units (RSUs), etc.) based on temperature thresholds. For example, in some implementations, a vehicle can transfer functionality to a RSU, another vehicle, and / or other device. It will also be appreciated that the temperature of multiple communication units of a vehicle (or other UE) can be monitored, and functionality of various communication units can be reduced and / or transferred to and / or from one or more communication units of a user equipment (or other UE). In some cases, one or more other characteristics or factors can be monitored in addition to or in lieu of temperature, including humidity of a communication unit, amount of light exposed to a communication unit, amount of ventilation of a communication unit, and / or other characteristics or factors.

[0109] A vehicle can experience high temperatures in various scenarios, such as when processing a large number of messages (e.g., V2X messages), when operating for a long period of time (e.g., hours, days, etc.), when driving in hot and / or sunny weather, when an accident (e.g., a car crash) occurs, and / or in other scenarios. For example, a car NAD (e.g., included as part of the communication system 458) can experience high temperatures when the vehicle is processing a large number of messages, is in a hot environment, and / or is operating for a long period of time. When a vehicle can be experiencing high temperatures, a user equipment can be in a less severe environment (e.g., inside the vehicle) compared to the vehicle, and thus can continue to perform certain operations or functionality that the vehicle can deprioritize when experiencing high temperatures.

[0110] A vehicle can include a thermal mitigation system that can monitor (e.g., periodically or continuously) one or more temperatures of communication units of the vehicle and / or a load of the communication units of the vehicle. The communication units of the vehicle can include the communication system 458 (which can include a TCU or TCU NAD as described above), the user SIM 462, the OEM SIM 460, the modem 464, any other modems and / or SIMs of the communication system 458 shown, and / or other components. The thermal mitigation system can be part of or in communication with the power management system 451, the communication system 458, the control system 452, the infotainment system 454, and / or the vehicle computing system 450.

[0111] One or more temperatures may include the ambient temperature of the communication unit, the circuit component temperature of the communication unit (e.g., junction temperature), and / or other temperatures. For example, a thermal mitigation system may monitor (e.g., by periodic and / or continuous checks) the ambient temperature of the communication unit and the junction temperature of the components of the communication unit (e.g., transistors and / or other circuitry). In some cases, one or more temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors) may be provided at different locations on the vehicle. For example, a reference... Figure 4 Temperature sensors may be included as part of or communicatively coupled to the vehicle computing system 450, temperature sensors may be included as part of or communicatively coupled to the communication system 458, and / or included as part of or communicatively coupled to other components of the vehicle 404. In some examples, multiple temperature sensors may be used to measure the temperature of the vehicle 404 (e.g., ambient temperature and / or junction temperature).

[0112] The load monitored by the thermal mitigation system may include the modem of the vehicle (e.g., Figure 4 The amount of cellular data transmitted and / or received by the modem 464 and / or other modems of the communication system 458, the amount of V2X-side crosslink communication transmitted and / or received by the communication system 458 (e.g., 5 messages transmitted and / or received per second versus 2500 messages per second), the amount of computing resources used by the vehicle's communication unit, and / or based on other factors. As described below, the load can be used for flow control (e.g., determining whether to reduce or stop certain operations performed by the vehicle's communication unit).

[0113] The thermal mitigation system can detect whether the vehicle's communication unit has reached one or more temperature thresholds, whether a specific temperature change has occurred over a period of time (e.g., an increase of 10 degrees Celsius over an hour), and / or whether other temperature-based conditions have occurred. In response to detecting that the vehicle's communication unit has reached a given temperature threshold and / or that a specific temperature change has occurred, the vehicle can reduce one or more functions and / or can transfer one or more functions from the vehicle's communication unit to the user equipment's communication unit. As described above, the vehicle's communication unit may include a communication system 458 (e.g., a TCU or TCU NAD), an OEM SIM 460, a user SIM 462, a modem 464, etc. Figure 6 The communication system 458 may include any other modem and / or other components or devices. The communication unit of the user equipment may include SIM 574, modem 576, wireless transceiver 578 and / or other components or devices.

[0114] In some examples, prior to or at the time of the transfer of one or more functions from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device, the vehicle (e.g., the communication system 458, the infotainment system 454, and / or other components of the vehicle computing system 450) can output a notification to the user indicating that the communication unit is experiencing high temperatures (e.g., 95 °C, 100 °C, 105 °C, 115 °C, etc.) and that one or more communication functions or services can need to be transferred from the vehicle communication unit to the user device communication unit. In one example, the communication system 458 can cause the infotainment system 454 to display the notification as a visual message and / or output the notification as an audio message. In addition to or instead of displaying and / or outputting an audio message, haptic feedback can be output to the user (e.g., by vibrating one or more seats in the vehicle, the steering wheel of the vehicle, other portions of the vehicle). In another example, the message can be sent by the communication system of the vehicle (e.g., the communication system 458) to the user device, and the message with the notification can be displayed by the user device, output as an audio message, and / or output as haptic feedback (e.g., as a vibration). In some examples, the displayed message or a displayed graphical element (e.g., a virtual button or icon) associated with the message can be selectable by the user to indicate whether the user agrees to transfer a particular function (e.g., a wireless network access function, a V2X function, an emergency service function such as eCall, etc.) from the vehicle to the user device. The user can select the option based on touch input provided using a touch-sensitive screen, voice input provided using a microphone, gesture-recognized input, based on physical or mechanical control mechanisms of the vehicle (e.g., as part of the infotainment system 454), and / or using another type of input. The user can provide input indicating that the user accepts the transfer of the one or more functions (e.g., by selecting the displayed option). Upon receiving the input, the vehicle computing system (e.g., the vehicle computing system 450) can cause the one or more functions to be transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device.

[0115] As described above, the functionality that can be reduced from the vehicle and / or transferred from the vehicle to the user device can include one or more wireless network access functions (e.g., connecting to a wireless network, such as a 4G network, a 5G network, etc.), one or more V2X functions, one or more emergency functions (e.g., eCall service), any combination thereof, and / or other functionality. For example, in response to detecting that the vehicle (e.g., a communication unit of the vehicle) has reached a given temperature threshold or has experienced a temperature change over a period of time, the vehicle can transfer the network access function from a communication unit of the vehicle (e.g., the communication system 458, the user SIM 462, the OEM SIM 460, and / or the modem 464) to a communication unit of the user device (e.g., the SIM 574, the modem 576, and / or the wireless transceiver 578). In one illustrative example, the network access function can be transferred from the user SIM 462 of the vehicle to the SIM 574 of the user device. In some cases, the communication unit of the vehicle can send or issue an instruction to the communication unit of the user device to begin performing the wireless network access function. In response to receiving the instruction, the communication unit of the user device can begin performing the wireless access function. In some cases, after the network access function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device, the infotainment system of the vehicle (e.g., the infotainment system 454) can continue to output content.

[0116] In other examples, the V2X functions of the vehicle can be reduced and / or transferred to the user device, one or more emergency functions (e.g., eCall service) can be transferred to the user device, and / or other operations can be performed based on different temperature thresholds and / or temperature changes being reached. The following is described with respect to Figure 6 Examples of a thermal mitigation framework are described.

[0117] In some cases, a temperature associated with one communication unit of the vehicle can be used as a trigger to determine when to reduce and / or transfer functionality of another communication unit from the vehicle to the user device. For example, a temperature of the TCU can be used to determine when to transfer functionality of a modem of the vehicle to a modem of the user device.

[0118] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a thermal mitigation framework 600, a computing system of a vehicle (e.g., Figure 4The thermal mitigation framework 600 can be used by the vehicle computing system 450 to determine when to perform certain levels of mitigation. The thermal mitigation framework 600 is described in terms of a communication unit of a vehicle and a communication unit of a user device (e.g., a mobile device, a tablet device, a wearable device, an XR device, and / or other devices). However, in some cases, the temperature of one or more communication units can be monitored, and functions performed by the one or more communication units can be shifted to one or more communication units of a user device. As described above, the communication unit of a vehicle can include the communication system 458 as a whole (e.g., a TCU or a TCU NAD), or can include the modem 464, the user SIM 462, and / or the OEM SIM 460. Likewise, as described above, the communication unit of a user device can include the SIM 574, the modem 576, and / or the wireless transceiver 578.

[0119] When the vehicle is started and the user device is within communication range of the vehicle, the user device can connect with the vehicle over an interface (e.g., over a WiFi TM DSRC interface, Bluetooth TM interface, 3GPP sidelink PC5 interface, USB port, lightning port, and / or other wireless or wired interfaces). Once a successful connection is established, the user device can send a request to the vehicle to request that the vehicle perform a particular function, such as a wireless network access function for the user device. The vehicle can receive the request, such as based on identifying and / or authenticating the user device. The communication unit of the user device can shift the wireless network access function from the communication unit of the user device to the communication unit of the vehicle. The communication unit of the vehicle can then begin performing the wireless network access function to provide wireless network access to the user device, allowing the user to utilize the user SIM (e.g., the user SIM 462), modem (e.g., the modem 464 of the communication system 458 of the vehicle and / or other modem), and / or antenna of the vehicle. The communication unit of the vehicle can perform various operations for the user device, such as facilitating a phone call, sending and / or receiving data (e.g., messages, videos, audio, etc.), and / or other operations. Figure 6

[0120] As shown in FIG. 6B, different thermal levels are associated with different mitigation levels. Each mitigation level includes shifting (to a user device) and / or modifying one or more functions of the computing system of the vehicle (e.g., the vehicle computing system 450). Figure 4 Figure 6 As shown in FIG. 6B, different thermal levels are associated with different mitigation levels. Each mitigation level includes shifting (to a user device) and / or modifying one or more functions of the computing system of the vehicle (e.g., the vehicle computing system 450). Figure 6 The thermal mitigation framework 600 shown in FIG. 6B provides illustrative examples of various thermal levels that can be used as temperature thresholds to determine when to perform certain mitigation levels. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other than the​​Figure 2B In addition to those shown in FIG. 6, other mitigation techniques can be performed based on the thermal level.

[0121] As shown, when the communication unit of the vehicle is operating within the normal operating thermal range 612, the communication unit can perform various functions without reducing any functions and / or offloading any functions to the user device. In some cases, even within the normal operating thermal range 612, the vehicle can reduce and / or offload certain functions. In one illustrative example, the normal operating thermal range 612 can include a temperature range from 0 °C to 95 °C. Any other applicable range can be used as the normal operating thermal range 612. The functions performed during the normal operating thermal range 612 can include eCall and / or other emergency services, V2X functions, wireless network access functions, etc.

[0122] The first temperature threshold is shown as thermal level 614, the second temperature threshold is shown as thermal level 616, and the third temperature threshold is shown as thermal level 618. The thermal level 618 is higher than the thermal level 616, and the thermal level 616 is higher than the thermal level 614. In one illustrative example, the thermal level 614 can include a temperature of 95 °C, the thermal level 614 can include a temperature of 105 °C, and the thermal level 614 can include a temperature of 115 °C. Any other values for the thermal levels 614-618 can be used.

[0123] The thermal mitigation system can detect whether the communication unit of the vehicle reaches one or more temperature thresholds associated with the thermal levels 614, 616, and 618. For example, the thermal mitigation system can determine that the temperature (e.g., ambient temperature and / or junction temperature) of the communication unit of the vehicle has reached the thermal level 614 and thus is greater than or equal to the first temperature threshold. In response to the temperature being greater than or equal to the first temperature threshold, the vehicle (e.g., the communication unit or other components of the vehicle computing system) can perform operations in accordance with the mitigation level 615.

[0124] In accordance with the mitigation level 615, the vehicle (e.g., the communication unit or other components of the vehicle computing system) can offload wireless network access functions from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device. For example, the vehicle can send or issue an instruction to the user device to begin performing wireless network access functions using the communication unit of the user device. The communication unit of the user device can begin performing the wireless access functions in response to receiving the instruction. As described above, in some examples, the communication unit of the user device can include a wireless modem (e.g., modem 576). In such examples, the modem can begin communicating with a network entity (e.g., eNB, gNB, etc.) of a wireless network access service provider associated with the user SIM of the user device to obtain a wireless network connection.

[0125] In some examples, the transition of the wireless network access function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device can be seamless and transparent from the perspective of the user. For example, when the wireless network access function is performed by the communication unit of the vehicle, data obtained by the communication unit of the vehicle from the network can be output by the vehicle (e.g., displayed or otherwise output using the infotainment system of the vehicle). When the wireless network access function is successfully transitioned from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device, data obtained by the communication unit of the user device from the network can continue to be output by the vehicle without interruption. For example, the data can be provided by the communication unit of the user device to the infotainment system (or other system or component) of the vehicle over a wireless connection (e.g., over a Bluetooth TM , WiFi TM , or other wireless interface) and / or a wired connection (e.g., using a USB interface, a serial interface, a lightning interface, or other wired connection).

[0126] In some examples, to provide a seamless transition of the wireless network access function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device, when the thermal level 614 is reached, the communication unit of the vehicle can continue to perform the service (e.g., a phone call, streaming media such as video or audio, etc.) in which the communication unit was engaged. The communication unit of the vehicle can initiate a de-registration of the communication unit from the network operator associated with the user SIM 462. The communication unit can also register or send instructions to the communication unit of the user device to register the communication unit of the user device with the network operator associated with the SIM 574. In one example, Figure 4 The AMF 264 of the 5GC 260 can be used to authenticate the SIM information (e.g., the encryption-decryption key of the subscriber or user) of the SIM 574 to allow the user device 507 to access the network provided by the 5GC 260. Once the communication unit of the user device is registered with the network operator, the communication unit of the vehicle can stop performing the service. In some implementations, the user device can use a pull mode (e.g., as described in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 24.337) to transfer the call from the communication unit of the vehicle (e.g., the communication system 458, which can include a TCU NAD as described above) to the communication unit of the user device.

[0127] In some examples, in accordance with the mitigation level 615, the vehicle (e.g., the communication system 458, the infotainment system 454, and / or other components of the vehicle computing system 450) can output a notification to the user. The notification can provide a warning to the user that the service can need to be transferred from the vehicle to a user device (e.g., a mobile device) of the user. For example, the vehicle can output a notification indicating to the user that the communication unit is experiencing high temperatures (based on reaching or exceeding the thermal level 614) and that the wireless network access functionality can need or will be transferred from the vehicle communication unit to the user device communication unit. The notification can be displayed (e.g., on a display device of the vehicle and / or a display of the user device), can be output as audio (e.g., using one or more speakers of the vehicle and / or the user device), and / or can be output as haptic feedback in the vehicle (e.g., by vibrating one or more seats, a steering wheel, etc.) and / or on the user device (e.g., by vibrating the user device).

[0128] In some cases, an option can be output to allow the user to accept or reject the transfer of the wireless network access functionality to the user device communication unit. In one example, a selectable option can be displayed on a display of the vehicle and / or a display of the user device. In another example, a message can be output as audio using one or more speakers of the vehicle and / or using one or more speakers of the user device. The user can provide an input indicating whether the user is accepting or rejecting the transfer of the wireless network access functionality to the communication unit of the user device. The input can include a touch input (e.g., by selecting a message displayed on a touchscreen display), a voice input, a gesture-based input, an input based on a physical or mechanical control mechanism of the vehicle (e.g., as part of the infotainment system 454), and / or using another type of input. In the case that the user accepts the transfer of functionality, the vehicle can send instructions to the user device to use the communication unit of the user device to perform the wireless network access functionality.

[0129] In some examples, the vehicle can transfer the wireless network access functionality to the communication unit of the user device without first outputting a notification indicating that the wireless network access functionality is to be transferred to the communication unit of the user device. In this case, the vehicle can transfer the wireless network access functionality from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device as soon as the thermal level 614 is reached.

[0130] In some examples, the vehicle can perform other operations in accordance with the mitigation level 615, such as flow control. The vehicle can perform flow control by reducing or stopping certain operations performed by the vehicle’s communication unit. As described above, the vehicle can use the determined load by the thermal mitigation system to determine any functions performed by the communication unit. For example, the vehicle can use the load to determine whether to reduce and / or stop certain operations performed by the vehicle’s communication unit. In one illustrative example using a modem as the vehicle’s communication unit, the control system 452 and / or the communication system 458 can cause the modem to change the modulation scheme being used to a less complex (and thus less computationally intensive) modulation scheme, such as switching from a 256 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (256 QAM) modulation scheme to a 64 QAM modulation scheme. In another example, the communication system 458 can switch from using a 5G modem (e.g., the modem 464 of the communication system 458 or other modem) to using a 4G modem (e.g., the modem 464 of the communication system 458 or other modem). Figure 4 Figure 7

[0131] If the temperature of the vehicle’s communication unit decreases below the thermal level 614, the vehicle and / or the user device can transition the network access function back to the vehicle. For example, the vehicle can send an instruction or notification to the user device to indicate that the vehicle’s communication unit can perform the network access function. The user device can automatically stop performing the network access function and / or can output a selectable option to the user that can allow the user to accept or reject the transfer of the network access function to the vehicle.

[0132] Transitioning the network access function from the vehicle to the user device can provide various advantages. For example, transitioning the network access function from the vehicle to the user device can reduce the resource usage of the vehicle’s communication system (e.g., the communication system 458) so that the communication system is able to continue to provide mission critical or high priority services, such as V2X, eCall, and / or other high priority services. The communication system will also be able to maintain the function for a longer duration at higher temperatures (e.g., temperatures above the thermal level 614). Transitioning the network access function from the vehicle to the user device can also provide continuous service to the user, thereby avoiding abrupt service interruptions (e.g., avoiding the stopping of a phone call, media presented by the vehicle’s infotainment system, etc.). As described above, the vehicle’s infotainment system (e.g., the infotainment system 454) can continue to output content when the network access function is transitioned from the vehicle’s communication unit to the user device’s communication unit.

[0133] ​​The thermal mitigation system can also determine whether a temperature of the vehicle communication unit, such as an ambient temperature and / or a junction temperature, has reached a thermal level 616 and thus is greater than or equal to a second temperature threshold. Based on the temperature being greater than or equal to the second temperature threshold, the vehicle (e.g., the communication unit or other components of the vehicle computing system) can perform operations according to a mitigation level 617. According to the mitigation level 617, the vehicle (e.g., the communication unit or other components of the vehicle computing system) can reduce V2X functionality and / or transfer V2X functionality from the vehicle’s communication unit to a communication unit of a user device. For example, as described below, a duty cycle of V2X messages (e.g., a rate of transmission and / or reception of V2X messages) can be reduced before the V2X functionality is fully transferred to the user device.

[0134] Figure 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 700 to transfer V2X functionality from a communication unit of a vehicle to a communication unit of a user device. At operation 720, the thermal mitigation system can monitor a thermal level of the communication unit (e.g., by continuously or periodically checking an ambient and / or junction temperature) and can determine that a thermal level 616 has been reached or satisfied. In one illustrative example, the thermal mitigation system can determine at operation 720 that a temperature of the communication unit has reached a temperature of 105 °C.

[0135] At operation 722, the vehicle (e.g., the communication system 458) can determine whether transferring V2X services to the user equipment will help reduce resource usage of the communication unit. Various factors can be used to determine whether transferring V2X functionality to the user equipment will reduce resource usage. In one example, the vehicle can determine a number of V2X messages (e.g., V2V, V2I, and / or V2P messages) that are being received and / or have been received over a period of time (e.g., over the past hour, thirty minutes, fifteen minutes, etc.). In another example, the vehicle can determine a number of other vehicles in proximity to the vehicle (e.g., within a one mile radius, within a two mile radius, within a five mile radius, etc.), which can be indicative of a likelihood of a number of V2X messages that will be received. In some cases, one or more sensors (e.g., one or more sensor systems 456) can be used to determine a number of vehicles around the vehicle. For example, one or more cameras, GPS sensors, IMUs, LIDAR sensors, RADAR sensors, infrared sensors, and / or other sensors can be used to detect the presence of other vehicles around the vehicle. In such examples, if a small number of messages have been received and / or there is a small number of vehicles in proximity to the vehicle (indicating that a small number of V2X messages will likely be received), the vehicle can determine at operation 722 that transferring V2X functionality will not help reduce a load of the communication unit. At operation 723, the vehicle communication unit can continue to perform V2X functionality and / or can reduce V2X functionality performed by the vehicle (as described in more detail below). In some cases, operation 723 can include performing additional flow control, such as by changing to a less complex modulation scheme, transferring from using a 4G modem to using a 3G modem, and / or performing other flow control techniques.

[0136] If the vehicle determines that a large number of messages have been received and / or that a large number of vehicles are in proximity to the vehicle (indicating that many V2X messages are likely to be received), the vehicle can determine at operation 722 that transitioning the V2X functionality will help to effectively reduce resource usage of the communication unit. At operation 724, the vehicle can determine whether the user device has the capability to perform the V2X functionality. For example, the vehicle can check whether the user device has the capability to perform safety-related V2X functionality (e.g., whether the user device is equipped with a hardware security module (HSM), has valid certificates for signing V2X messages, is able to verify signatures of received V2X messages, etc.), whether the user device supports PC5 sidelink communication (or communication over another device-to-device direct interface, such as a DSRC interface), and / or other V2X-related requirements. In some cases, the communication system 458 (which can include a TCU NAD in some cases) can communicate with the user device to check whether the user device has the capability to perform the V2X functionality. In one illustrative example, the communication system 458 can send a message (e.g., over a PC5 interface, a WiFi interface such as DSRC, a Bluetooth interface, a wired interface, etc.) requesting that the user device indicate whether the user device has V2X functionality. In response, the user device can send a reply message indicating whether the user device has or does not have V2X functionality. If the vehicle determines that the user device does not have V2X functionality, at operation 723, the communication unit can continue to perform the V2X functionality and / or can reduce the V2X functionality performed by the vehicle. TM If the vehicle determines that the user device has the capability to perform the V2X functionality, at operation 725, the vehicle can determine whether the user device has the capability to perform the V2X functionality more efficiently than the communication unit. For example, the vehicle can check whether the user device has the capability to perform safety-related V2X functionality more efficiently than the communication unit (e.g., whether the user device is equipped with a hardware security module (HSM), has valid certificates for signing V2X messages, is able to verify signatures of received V2X messages, etc.), whether the user device supports PC5 sidelink communication (or communication over another device-to-device direct interface, such as a DSRC interface), and / or other V2X-related requirements. In some cases, the communication system 458 (which can include a TCU NAD in some cases) can communicate with the user device to check whether the user device has the capability to perform the V2X functionality more efficiently than the communication unit. In one illustrative example, the communication system 458 can send a message (e.g., over a PC5 interface, a WiFi interface such as DSRC, a Bluetooth interface, a wired interface, etc.) requesting that the user device indicate whether the user device has V2X functionality. In response, the user device can send a reply message indicating whether the user device has or does not have V2X functionality. If the vehicle determines that the user device does not have the capability to perform the V2X functionality more efficiently than the communication unit, at operation 726, the communication unit can continue to perform the V2X functionality and / or can reduce the V2X functionality performed by the vehicle.

[0137] If the vehicle determines that the user device has V2X functionality, the vehicle can transfer the V2X functionality from the vehicle’s communication unit to the user device’s communication unit. In some cases, the vehicle can send a notification to the user device indicating that a V2X transfer is to be performed. In some cases, the user can be provided with an option to accept or reject the transfer of V2X to the user device. At operation 726, the vehicle’s communication system 458 can transfer the V2X context to the user device. In some examples, the V2X context can include the vehicle’s vehicle identifier (ID) (e.g., a temporary ID assigned by the ITS 455), car access network (CAN) information, infotainment system information, the vehicle’s safety context (as described above), and / or other information. The V2X context allows the user device to act as a V2X proxy device for the vehicle by sending and receiving V2X messages for the vehicle. For example, the vehicle ID can be included in messages to identify that the message is being sent by the user device for the vehicle. As described above, the CAN information can include vehicle-related information such as the vehicle’s orientation, the vehicle’s speed, braking information, etc. The CAN information can be provided continuously or periodically (e.g., every 1 millisecond (ms), every 10 ms, etc.) to the user device and can be used by the user device to determine when to generate one or more V2X messages and / or when to perform one or more V2X-based operations. The infotainment information can be used, for example, to allow the user device to output certain notifications to the infotainment system (e.g., using one or more displays, speakers, and / or other output devices of the infotainment system).

[0138] At operation 728, the vehicle transitions the V2X functionality from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device. For example, the user device can begin receiving V2X messages from other vehicles, pedestrian user devices, and / or infrastructure systems within the communication range of the antenna of the user device. The user device can switch from a "pedestrian" profile (e.g., for vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communications) to a "vehicle" profile before beginning to transmit V2X messages in the name of the vehicle. In some cases, the "vehicle" profile can include the V2X context information described above. By using the "vehicle" profile, the user device can transmit V2X messages that will be recognized as pertaining to the vehicle by other vehicles, pedestrian user devices, and / or infrastructure systems. Once the transition is complete, the communication unit of the vehicle can stop transmitting V2X messages, and the communication unit of the user device can begin transmitting V2X messages to vehicles, pedestrian user devices, and / or infrastructure systems within the communication range of the antenna of the user device. The user device can also perform safety-based V2X operations such as verifying (e.g., decrypting) V2X messages received from other vehicles, determining operations to perform based on the verified messages (e.g., negotiating a lane change with other vehicles, triggering a display message warning the driver to stop the vehicle, etc.), and the like.

[0139] In some examples, a staged or gradual transition of the V2X functionality from the vehicle to the user device can be performed. The level of V2X functionality transition can depend on the current thermal level or temperature of the communication unit of the vehicle (e.g., more V2X functionality can be transitioned to the user device when a higher temperature is detected), the current and / or predicted number of V2X messages received by the vehicle (e.g., based on the number of V2X messages recently received and / or currently being received, based on the number of other vehicles in the vicinity of the vehicle, based on whether the vehicle is moving or periodically stopping, etc.), and the like.

[0140] In one example, the lowest level of V2X functionality transition to the user device at operation 728 can include only V2X modem functionality. The modem functionality can include transmitting and / or receiving V2X messages. For example, by transitioning only the V2X modem functionality to the user device, the vehicle communication unit can generate V2X messages and transmit the V2X messages to the user device for transmission to other vehicles, pedestrian user devices, and / or infrastructure systems. The user device can also receive V2X messages from other vehicles, pedestrian user devices, and / or infrastructure systems and can transmit the received V2X messages to the vehicle communication unit for processing.

[0141] The medium level of V2X functionality that can be transferred to the user device at operation 728 can include V2X modem functionality and V2X safety verification functionality. For example, in addition to receiving and sending V2X messages from and to other vehicles, pedestrian user devices, and / or infrastructure, the communication unit of the user device can perform verification of received V2X messages. Verification can require a significant amount of processing, such as using a significant amount of processing resources (e.g., digital signal processor (DSP) cores and / or advanced reduced instruction set computer (RISC) machines (ARM) cores) to verify messages. As the significant amount of processing required for verification, transferring the verification functionality from the vehicle to the user device can offload the significant amount of computing resources required by the communication unit of the vehicle. In some cases, a safety handshake can be required between the communication unit of the vehicle and the communication unit of the user device before the communication unit of the user device can begin V2X message verification.

[0142] The full level of V2X functionality that can be transferred to the user device at operation 728 can include all V2X functionality. For example, the full set of V2X functionality can include modem functionality, V2X safety verification functionality, safety signature functionality, and intelligent transportation system (ITS) stack functionality. Safety signature functionality can include signing V2X messages before they are sent to other vehicles, pedestrian user devices, and / or infrastructure systems. Signing can allow V2X messages to be sent securely and verified only by approved devices. As described above, ITS stack functionality can include determining safety-related and / or other operations to perform. For example, the operations can include causing the vehicle (e.g., control system 452) to perform automatic functions (e.g., automatic braking, automatic steering such as to maintain an orientation in a particular lane, automatic lane change negotiation with other vehicles, etc.), triggering display of a message warning a driver of another vehicle in a lane next to the vehicle, triggering display of a message warning a driver to stop the vehicle, triggering display of a message warning a driver of a pedestrian on an upcoming crosswalk, triggering display of a message warning a driver of a toll booth within a certain distance (e.g., within 1 mile) of the vehicle, etc. When the full level of V2X functionality is transferred to the communication unit of the user device, the user device can use the vehicle infotainment system (e.g., to display and / or output safety-related messages, operation-related messages, and / or other information via one or more displays and / or speakers) and / or can use the display and / or speaker of the user device.

[0143] As described above, in some embodiments, the vehicle can reduce the V2X functionality of the vehicle communication unit based on the communication unit reaching or exceeding a particular temperature threshold (e.g., a threshold associated with the thermal level 616). For example, the V2X functionality of the vehicle communication unit can be reduced before some or all of the V2X functionality is transitioned to the user device. In other examples, the V2X functionality of the vehicle can be reduced in response to determining at operation 722 that transitioning the V2X services to the user device will not help reduce the resource usage of the vehicle communication unit, and / or in response to determining at operation 724 that the user device is not V2X capable. Reducing the V2X functionality of the vehicle can reduce the amount of computing resources needed by the communication unit to perform V2X operations.

[0144] In some cases, the V2X functionality can be reduced by reducing the duty cycle of V2X messages. For example, using the modem 464 as an example of a vehicle communication unit (where the modem 464 can be used to transmit and receive V2X messages), the communication system 458 can dynamically change the V2X duty cycle of the modem 464 to reduce the thermal impact of V2X operations on the modem 464.

[0145] The V2X duty cycle refers to the transmission rate at which the vehicle communication unit transmits V2X messages and / or the processing rate at which the communication unit processes V2X messages received from other vehicles, pedestrian user devices, and / or infrastructure systems. In one illustrative example, during normal operating conditions (e.g., for temperatures within the normal operating thermal range 612), the V2X transmission duty cycle (or transmission rate) can be 10 Hertz (Hz), in which case the vehicle’s communication unit transmits 10 V2X messages per second. In another illustrative example, during normal operating conditions, the V2X reception duty cycle (or processing rate) can be 100%, in which case the vehicle listens for messages and / or processes all received messages 100% of the time. If the vehicle’s communication unit reaches or exceeds a temperature threshold (e.g., a thermal level 616), various factors can be used to determine how to adjust the V2X duty cycle (e.g., transmission rate, message processing rate, etc.) to reduce the thermal impact of V2X operations. In some embodiments, the vehicle can reduce the V2X duty cycle regardless of the current temperature of the communication unit, such as when in the normal operating thermal range 612 or when reaching any of the thermal levels 614-618 (or other thermal levels). The duty cycle can be reduced to any suitable amount. In one illustrative example, the transmission duty cycle can be reduced from 10 Hz to 5 Hz. In another illustrative example, the reception duty cycle can be reduced from 100% to 50%, in which case the vehicle listens for messages half of the time.

[0146] Factors used to determine whether to reduce the V2X duty cycle can be based on factors such as requirements for V2X information, reliability of positioning determined for the vehicle, ability of the vehicle to maintain a certain distance from other vehicles (e.g., 10 feet, 15 feet, 20 feet, or other distance), whether the vehicle is stopped, whether the vehicle is periodically stopped for a period of time (e.g., in a stop-and-go scenario such as during heavy traffic), whether the vehicle is moving at a certain speed, confidence level of sensor data (e.g., confidence level of objects detected by one or more cameras of the vehicle), and / or other factors. For example, the factors described above for determining whether shifting V2X functionality to the user device would reduce resource usage can also be used to determine when to reduce the V2X message duty cycle. As described above, these factors can include the number of V2X messages (e.g., V2V, V2I, and / or V2P messages) being received and / or having been received for a period of time, the number of other vehicles in proximity to the vehicle, and / or other factors. For example, one or more sensor systems 456 can be used to determine that the vehicle is traveling in an area with few vehicles (e.g., fewer than one hundred vehicles, or other number, within a one mile radius). In another example, the vehicle can determine that it is in a stop-and-go scenario in which vehicles are stopped or are not moving at a high speed. In this case, fewer messages can be generated and transmitted (e.g., by ITS 455 of vehicle computing system 450) due to reduced need to communicate with other vehicles, pedestrian user devices, and / or infrastructure systems.

[0147] In some examples, the duty cycle can be increased after being reduced based on one or more of the factors described above, such as when more vehicles are detected around the vehicle, when the speed of the vehicle increases, when incoming V2X messages (e.g., from other vehicles, from pedestrian UE devices, and / or from infrastructure systems) increase, and / or in other scenarios. In one illustrative example, a semi-truck can be detected (e.g., based on object detection and / or recognition) in one or more images captured by a front-facing camera of the vehicle. In a subsequent image captured by the front-facing camera, the truck can not be detected, causing a confidence level of the object detection and / or recognition to decrease. In response to the decrease in confidence level, the duty cycle can be increased (e.g., from 5 Hz to 10 Hz) in order to exchange more V2X messages with the truck and / or other vehicles in proximity to the vehicle.

[0148] In some examples, various frequencies within a duty cycle range can be selected for V2X operations based on various factors. For example, when various factors indicate that a large number of messages need to be sent (e.g., there are one thousand or more vehicles in the vicinity of the vehicle), the transmit duty cycle can be set to 10 Hz. If the requirement for the number of messages decreases to a small number (e.g., there are fewer than 10 vehicles in the vicinity of the vehicle), the transmit duty cycle can be decreased to 2 Hz. If the requirement increases by some amount (e.g., there are one hundred to five hundred vehicles in the vicinity of the vehicle), the transmit duty cycle can be increased to 5 Hz. Using such techniques, the transmit and / or receive duty cycle for V2X messages can be dynamically adjusted based on various factors described herein.

[0149] As described above, in some cases, a vehicle can reduce the V2X duty cycle at any time without requiring that a temperature threshold be met (e.g., when in the normal operating thermal range 612, or when any of the thermal levels 614-618 or other thermal levels are reached). For example, based on the number of V2X messages (e.g., V2V, V2I, and / or V2P messages) being received and / or having been received over a period of time, based on the number of other vehicles in the vicinity of the vehicle, and / or other factors, the vehicle can reduce the V2X duty cycle in a stop-and-go scenario.

[0150] If the temperature of the vehicle communication unit decreases below thermal level 616, the vehicle and / or user device can transition the V2X functionality back to the vehicle (e.g., similar to described above, either immediately or gradually).

[0151] Transitioning some or all of the V2X functionality from the vehicle to the user device can provide various benefits. For example, V2X allows the vehicle to perform safety-related operations and other operations (e.g., trigger one or more alerts to the vehicle driver, cause the vehicle to perform automatic functions such as automatic braking, etc.). If V2X operations are suspended at higher temperatures (e.g., above thermal level 616), the safety and operation of the vehicle and other vehicles can be compromised. Transitioning some or all of the V2X functionality from the vehicle to the user device can allow safety-related operations and other operations to be performed even at higher temperatures. A user device that supports V2X should be able to continue V2X operations in the event that the communication system, modem, and / or other communication unit of the vehicle is shut down in an emergency, as the user device is typically in a less harsh environment (e.g., inside the vehicle) compared to the environment of the vehicle. Furthermore, the user device can indicate to nearby vehicles that the user device is being used as a V2X proxy device for that vehicle, which can provide any required notifications to other vehicles.

[0152] In some cases, the thermal mitigation system can determine whether the temperature of the vehicle communication unit (e.g., an ambient temperature and / or a junction temperature) has reached the thermal level 618, and thus whether the temperature is greater than or equal to the third temperature threshold. In response to the temperature being greater than or equal to the third temperature threshold, the vehicle (e.g., the communication unit or other component of the vehicle computing system) can perform operations in accordance with the mitigation level 619. According to the mitigation level 619, the vehicle (e.g., the communication unit or other component of the vehicle computing system) can transition all remaining services or functions except for one or more emergency services, such as eCall, to the communication unit of the vehicle. In some examples, the vehicle can divert certain emergency services or functions, such as eCall, when certain conditions occur. In one illustrative example, the vehicle can divert eCall or other emergency services to the communication unit of the user device when a power management system 451 (e.g., PMIC) shutdown is to be performed. While eCall is described herein as an example of an emergency service, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other emergency services and / or functions can be transitioned in accordance with the techniques described herein.

[0153] Figure 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 800 to transition emergency functions from a communication unit of a vehicle to a communication unit of a user device. At operation 830, the thermal mitigation system can continuously or periodically monitor the thermal level of the vehicle communication unit and can determine that the thermal level 618 has been reached or exceeded. At operation 832, the thermal mitigation system can determine whether a power management system (e.g., the power management system 451, which can include a PMIC) is about to shut down. In one illustrative example, the power management system 451 can have a maximum operating temperature of 120 °C, after which the power management system 451 will shut down. The thermal mitigation system can determine that the temperature of the communication unit is within a threshold temperature range (e.g., 5 °C) of the maximum operating temperature (e.g., the communication unit has reached a temperature of 115 °C) and thus close enough to the maximum operating temperature of 120 °C that the power management system 451 is about to shut down. If the thermal mitigation system determines at operation 832 that the power is not about to shut down (e.g., the communication unit is below the thermal level 618, not within the threshold temperature range of the maximum operating temperature of the power management system 451, etc.), the vehicle can continue to perform emergency operations at operation 833. For example, the OEM SIM 460 of the communication system 458 can continue to perform emergency operations.

[0154] If the thermal mitigation system determines at operation 832 that the power is about to be turned off, the vehicle can check at operation 834 whether the user device has DSDA capability (e.g., whether the user device can host an OEM SIM service, such as eCall, in addition to the user SIM service). For example, the vehicle communication system 458 can communicate with the user device to check the DSDA capability of the user device. In one illustrative example, the communication system 458 can send a message to the user device to request that the user device indicate to the vehicle whether the user device has DSDA functionality. In response, the user device can send a reply message indicating whether the user device has DSDA functionality.

[0155] If the vehicle determines that the user device has DSDA functionality and can therefore host an OEM SIM service, an OEM SIM conversion to the available slot of the user device can be initiated at operation 836. In one illustrative example, the vehicle can transfer an OEM SIM profile (e.g., including an OEM SIM context) to the user device over a communication link or interface (e.g., a WiFi interface, a Bluetooth® interface, a wired interface, etc.). In another example, the OEM SIM can be physically placed in a physical slot of the user device. TM

[0156] ​At operation 837, the communication unit of the user device can register the OEM SIM from the user device. The registration can be performed so that the user device can act as a proxy device for the vehicle and so that any eCall made using the eCall service can be identified as being from the vehicle and not from the user device. For example, the OEM SIM context of the OEM SIM profile can be transferred to the user device so that an OEM application (e.g., an OEM application installed on the vehicle and / or the user device) can communicate with the user device to initiate an eCall or other emergency service. The OEM application can include an eCall application or other application that can be used to perform emergency functions (e.g., run by an application processor of the vehicle). For example, the OEM application can have a graphical user interface that can display options to the user to make an eCall or perform any other emergency function. In some examples, the OEM application can automatically place an eCall (or perform any other emergency function) without user input, such as in response to detecting that an accident has occurred. The OEM SIM context can include one or more public safety answering point (PSAP) addresses (which can be used to route a call to an emergency center, such as a police dispatcher), a vehicle identification number (VIN) of the vehicle for which the eCall service is registered, CAN information, and / or other information. The user device can use the OEM SIM context information to make an eCall (e.g., by dialing a PSAP address) and / or to identify the vehicle as the source of a call made in accordance with the eCall service.

[0157] If the vehicle determines that the user device does not have DSDA functionality, the process 800 can move the context of the eCall procedure to the user device at operation 838. For example, the vehicle can transmit certain information associated with the OEM SIM context (e.g., one or more PSAP addresses, etc.) to the user device at operation 838. For example, the communication unit of the vehicle can initiate a communication to transfer the context (e.g., PSAP addresses, etc.) to the communication unit of the user device so that a modem (e.g., the modem 576) of the user device can use the eCall context (e.g., using the PSAP addresses) to place an eCall.

[0158] An eCall can be placed using different techniques. For example, a user can manually place an eCall, such as by using a user interface of the vehicle (e.g., a graphical user interface of an infotainment system of the vehicle). In another example, the vehicle can automatically place an eCall. For example, the vehicle can detect (e.g., using one or more sensor systems 456) that it has been in an accident and can automatically place a call in response to detecting the accident. If the heat level 618 is reached or exceeded and the eCall functionality is transferred to the user device, the user can manually place an eCall and / or the user device can use one or more sensor systems of the user device to detect an emergency situation (e.g., an accident) and can automatically place an eCall. The one or more sensor systems can include external sensors in communication with the user device (e.g., an XR device, a wearable device such as a smartwatch, etc.) and / or internal sensors of the user device (e.g., one or more accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, GPS sensors, proximity sensors, IMUs, ambient light sensors, microphones, etc.).

[0159] If the temperature of the vehicle communication unit falls below the heat level 618, the vehicle and / or the user device can transfer the emergency functionality back to the vehicle (e.g., by transferring the OEM SIM back to the slot of the vehicle, by transferring the eCall context back to the vehicle, etc.).

[0160] Transferring emergency services (e.g., eCall) from the vehicle to the user device can allow the emergency services to continue to use the user device even in high temperature situations (e.g., situations in high temperature environments, when an accident occurs, etc.). For example, eCall is an important safety feature and it is critical to provide uninterrupted eCall support. In certain situations (e.g., in extreme heat situations, when a serious accident occurs, and / or other situations when the power management system is turned off), the modem for emergency services can be turned off and eCall services will not be available. Transferring eCall services and / or other emergency services from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user phone can provide the necessary redundancy so that emergency services can continue.

[0161] As described above, various heat levels and mitigation levels described in Figure 6 The various heat levels and mitigation levels described in Figure 6The thermal mitigation framework is implemented based on the heat levels shown. For example, in an alternative example, once heat level 614 is reached, the thermal mitigation framework can reduce V2X functionality and / or switch V2X functionality from the vehicle to the user equipment instead of waiting until heat level 616 is reached. In another example, in some cases, the vehicle may prioritize wireless network access functionality over V2X operation. In this case, once heat level 614 is reached, the vehicle can reduce V2X functionality and / or switch V2X functionality from the vehicle to the user equipment, and once heat level 616 is reached, the wireless network access functionality can be switched to the user equipment.

[0162] In some cases, in response to the detection that a communication unit has reached a certain heat level, the vehicle may cease operation or shut down certain systems. For example, the power management system 451 and / or infotainment system 454 of the vehicle's computing system 450 may shut down one or more displays upon receiving an indication that the vehicle's communication unit has reached or is within a threshold range of heat level 614. In some cases, the system may be shut down before transferring one or more of the aforementioned functions from the vehicle to the user equipment.

[0163] In some examples, besides Figure 6 In addition to the temperature thresholds shown, various other temperature thresholds can be used to determine when certain operations are performed. For example, one or more additional temperature thresholds can be associated with one or more thermal levels between thermal level 616 and thermal level 618. In an illustrative example, thermal level 616 can be used as a temperature threshold to determine when to reduce V2X functionality and / or stop certain systems of the vehicle (e.g., one or more systems associated with infotainment system 454, such as one or more displays, navigation systems, and / or other systems). Additional temperature thresholds ( Figure 9 (Not shown) can be associated with a thermal level between thermal level 616 and thermal level 618. An additional temperature threshold can be used to trigger the V2X function to switch from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

[0164] In some examples, the vehicle can perform certain operations prior to actually reaching the temperature threshold. For example, the thermal mitigation system can determine that the temperature of the vehicle’s communication unit is approaching a particular thermal level, such as thermal level 614, thermal level 616, or thermal level 618. In one example, the thermal mitigation system can determine that the temperature is within a temperature threshold range (e.g., within 10°C) of one of the thermal levels. Other factors can also be considered, such as the ambient temperature outside the vehicle, the operating temperature of the vehicle, etc. In response to determining that the temperature of the vehicle’s communication unit is within a temperature threshold range of a particular thermal level, the vehicle can begin performing flow control, diverting certain functionality (e.g., wireless network access functionality, V2X functionality, etc.), reducing certain functionality (e.g., V2X functionality, etc.), and / or performing other operations.

[0165] In some examples, a change in temperature over a period of time can be used as a trigger to reduce certain functionality and / or transition one or more functionalities to a user device. For example, in response to detecting that a particular temperature change has occurred over a period of time, the vehicle can reduce certain functionality and / or can transition one or more functionalities. In one example, the vehicle computing system 450 can determine that the communication system 458 experienced a 5 degree Celsius increase over an hour. In response to determining the temperature increase, the vehicle computing system 450 can reduce certain functionality and / or can transition one or more functionalities to a user device. By monitoring changes in temperature, the vehicle can proactively reduce temperatures in order to prevent components of the vehicle from overheating.

[0166] In some implementations, the temperature of a particular communication unit of the vehicle can be measured and used to determine when to reduce and / or transition functionality of different communication units of the vehicle to a user device. In one illustrative example, the temperature of the TCU (e.g., the communication system 458) can be monitored and used to determine when to reduce and / or transition functionality of one or more other communication units of the vehicle (such as one or more modems (e.g., a cellular modem for wireless network access functionality and / or eCall functionality, a V2X modem for V2X communications, etc.), one or more SIMs, and / or other communication units of the vehicle to one or more communication units (e.g., modems, SIMs, etc.) of the user device.

[0167] While the examples provided herein describe transferring functionality from a vehicle to a user device, the systems and techniques described herein can be used for transferring functionality between other types of devices based on one or more temperature thresholds and / or based on other factors (e.g., humidity, amount of exposure to light, etc.). In some examples, a vehicle can transfer one or more communication functionalities to a roadside unit (RSU) and / or another vehicle. In one illustrative example, as a vehicle travels along a roadway, the vehicle can temporarily transfer one or more communication functionalities to an RSU (e.g., transfer V2X functionality over a PC5 interface, over a DSRC interface, or over another type of communication interface). In some cases, the vehicle can request that the RSU process information received by the vehicle regarding and send notifications or emergency notifications to the vehicle. In such examples, the vehicle can reduce its processing load, such as by not processing all V2X messages and / or not listening for messages from the RSU directly. By reducing its processing load, the computing system of the vehicle (e.g., vehicle computing system 450) or a component of the computing system (e.g., a communication unit) can cool. Once the computing system or component of the computing system cools below a particular threshold, the vehicle can begin to perform functionality and / or can request that the RSU transfer one or more communication functionalities back to the vehicle. Similar processes can be performed to transfer functionality from a vehicle to another vehicle.

[0168] While the examples described herein use temperature as an example of a characteristic or factor of a communication unit of a vehicle (or other device) that can trigger when to reduce and / or transfer different functionality from a vehicle to another device (e.g., a user device), other characteristics or factors can also be used to trigger reduction and / or transfer of functionality. Examples of characteristics or factors include humidity of a communication unit, amount of light exposed to a communication unit, amount of ventilation of a communication unit (e.g., when a ventilation mechanism such as a vent is clogged), any combination thereof, and / or other characteristics or factors.

[0169] Figure 7 FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 900 to perform thermal mitigation using one or more techniques described herein. At operation 902, process 900 includes obtaining a temperature associated with a vehicle. In some examples, the temperature can be a temperature of a communication unit of the vehicle (e.g., a communication system such as a telematics control unit, a modem, or other communication unit), or a temperature of multiple communication units of the vehicle. In some examples, the temperature can include an ambient temperature and / or a junction temperature.

[0170] At operation 904, the process 900 includes determining whether to transition one or more communication functions from the vehicle to the user device based on the temperature. For example, the process 900 can include determining whether the temperature is greater than a temperature threshold and / or determining whether the temperature is close to a temperature threshold (e.g., within a threshold temperature range, such as within 5°C, 10°C, etc.).

[0171] At operation 906, in response to determining to transition one or more communication functions, the process 900 includes transitioning the one or more communication functions from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device. For example, the process 900 can include transitioning the one or more communication functions from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device in response to determining that the temperature is greater than the temperature threshold. In some cases, the process 900 can include transitioning the one or more communication functions from the communication unit of the user device to the communication unit of the vehicle based on a decrease in the temperature. For example, the process 900 can include obtaining an additional temperature associated with the vehicle (e.g., the communication unit of the vehicle or another communication unit) and determining that the additional temperature is less than the temperature threshold. In response to determining that the additional temperature is less than the temperature threshold, the process 900 can transition the one or more communication functions from the communication unit of the user device to the communication unit of the vehicle.

[0172] In some examples, in response to determining to transition one or more communication functions, the process 900 can include transitioning one or more additional functions from an additional communication unit (e.g., a second communication unit) of the vehicle to the user device.

[0173] In some embodiments, the communication unit of the vehicle is a telematics control unit (TCU), which in one illustrative example can include or be a component of the communication system 458. For example, in some cases, the TCU includes at least one of a network access device (NAD), one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs), one or more modems, any combination thereof, and / or other components or devices. In some embodiments, the communication unit of the vehicle is a modem. In some embodiments, the communication unit of the user device is a modem. In some cases, the communication unit for which the temperature is measured is the same communication unit from which the one or more communication functions are transferred. In one illustrative example, a temperature can be determined for a modem of the vehicle, and in response to the temperature of the vehicle modem being greater than a temperature threshold, a modem function (e.g., a wireless network access function, a V2X function, an eCall function, etc.) can be transferred from the modem of the vehicle to a modem of the user device. In some cases, the communication unit for which the temperature is measured is different from the communication unit from which the one or more communication functions are transferred. In one illustrative example, a temperature can be determined for a TCU NAD of the vehicle, and in response to the temperature of the vehicle modem being greater than a temperature threshold, a modem function can be transferred from the modem of the vehicle to a modem of the user device.

[0174] In some examples, the process 900 includes receiving, from the communication unit of the user device, a request to perform at least one of the one or more communication functions of the communication unit of the user device. For example, as described above, the user device can connect with the vehicle through a communication interface (e.g., through a WiFi interface such as DSRC or other WiFi interface, a Bluetooth interface such as BLE or other Bluetooth interface, a USB port, a lightning port, and / or other wireless or wired interface), and can send a request to the vehicle to request that the vehicle perform one or more functions (e.g., a wireless network access function) for the user device. Once the request is agreed to or accepted by the vehicle, the communication unit of the user device can transfer the at least one communication function to the communication unit of the vehicle. The communication unit of the vehicle can then begin performing the at least one communication function (e.g., a wireless network access function to provide wireless network access for the user device). In such examples, the operation 906 of the process 900 can include transferring the at least one communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device. TM , a Bluetooth interface such as BLE or other Bluetooth interface TM , PC5, a USB port, a lightning port, and / or other wireless or wired interface) with the vehicle, and can send a request to the vehicle to request that the vehicle perform one or more functions (e.g., a wireless network access function) for the user device. Once the request is agreed to or accepted by the vehicle, the communication unit of the user device can transfer the at least one communication function to the communication unit of the vehicle. The communication unit of the vehicle can then begin performing the at least one communication function (e.g., a wireless network access function to provide wireless network access for the user device). In such examples, the operation 906 of the process 900 can include transferring the at least one communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device.

[0175] In some cases, the process 900 can include receiving, from a communication unit of the user device, data based on one or more communication functions performed by the communication unit of the user device. The process 900 can output the data using an output device of the vehicle. In one illustrative example, the user device can obtain media data from a communication network service provider and can transmit the media data to an infotainment system of the vehicle (infotainment system 454) for display on a display of the vehicle. The communication unit of the user device can receive the data over a communication interface or link provided by the vehicle or otherwise (e.g., a WiFi interface such as a DSRC or other WiFi link, a Bluetooth interface such as a BLE or other Bluetooth interface, a PC5 interface, a USB port, a lightning port, and / or other wireless or wired interface). TM a Bluetooth interface such as a BLE or other Bluetooth interface, a PC5 interface, a USB port, a lightning port, and / or other wireless or wired interface) to receive the data. TM a Bluetooth interface such as a BLE or other Bluetooth interface, a PC5 interface, a USB port, a lightning port, and / or other wireless or wired interface) to receive the data.

[0176] In some implementations, the one or more communication functions include at least one of a wireless network access function, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) function, an emergency call (eCall) function, any combination thereof, and / or other communication function. For example, in some examples, the one or more communication functions include a wireless network access function performed by the communication unit of the vehicle for the communication unit of the user device. In such examples, the operation 906 can include sending instructions to the communication unit of the user device to start the wireless network access function. In some aspects, the process 900 includes performing the wireless network access function until at least the communication unit of the user device starts performing the wireless network access function. In some cases, the process 900 can include de-registering the communication unit of the vehicle from the communication network service provider (e.g., once the user device starts performing the wireless network access function).

[0177] In some examples, the one or more communication functions include a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) function. In such examples, the operation 906 can include transferring the V2X function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device. In some cases, the process 900 can include determining whether the user device is configured with the V2X function (e.g., as described with respect to operation 724 of FIG. 7). In response to determining that the user device is configured with the V2X function, the process 900 can transfer the V2X function to the communication unit of the user device. In some examples, in response to determining that the user device is not configured with the V2X function, the process 900 can include continuing to perform the V2X function (e.g., by the communication unit of the vehicle). Figure 10A

[0178] ​In some embodiments, the process 900 can perform a staged or gradual transition of V2X functionality from the vehicle to the user device, as described above. For example, the process 900 can include transitioning a first set of V2X functionalities from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device, and performing a second set of V2X functionalities by the communication unit of the vehicle. In some cases, the process 900 can transition the second set of V2X functionalities to the communication unit of the user device (e.g., based on V2X load of the vehicle, based on temperature, etc.).

[0179] In some embodiments, the process 900 can include reducing V2X functionality performed by the vehicle based on temperature. For example, the process 900 can include determining whether the temperature is greater than a first temperature threshold. In response to determining that the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold, the process 900 can include reducing a duty cycle of the V2X functionality. In some examples, reducing the duty cycle of the V2X functionality includes reducing a transmission rate of one or more V2X messages. In some examples, reducing the duty cycle of the V2X functionality includes reducing a processing rate of one or more V2X messages. As described above, the processing rate can include a rate at which the communication unit processes V2X messages received from other vehicles, pedestrian user devices, and / or infrastructure systems. In some examples, the process 900 includes determining a requirement for the V2X functionality, in which case reducing the duty cycle of the V2X functionality can also be based on the determined requirement for the V2X functionality. As described above, the requirement can be based on a number of V2X messages being received and / or having been received over a period of time, a number of other vehicles in proximity to the vehicle, a reliability of a positioning determined for the vehicle, an ability of the vehicle to maintain a distance from other vehicles, whether the vehicle is stopped, whether the vehicle is periodically stopped over a period of time (e.g., in a stop-and-go scenario), whether the vehicle is moving at a particular speed, a confidence level of sensor data (e.g., a confidence level of an object detected by one or more cameras of the vehicle), and / or the like.

[0180] In some examples, the process 900 can include obtaining an additional temperature (e.g., a second temperature) associated with the vehicle (e.g., the communication unit of the vehicle or another communication unit), and determining whether the additional temperature is greater than a second temperature threshold. In response to determining that the additional temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold, the process 900 can include transitioning one or more V2X functionalities from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device. In such examples, the vehicle can first reduce V2X functionality performed by the vehicle based on the first temperature threshold, and can transition one or more V2X functionalities to the user device based on the second temperature threshold.

[0181] In some examples, the process 900 can include performing, by the communication unit of the vehicle, a first communication function and a second communication function. The process 900 can also include determining whether the temperature is greater than a first temperature threshold. In response to determining that the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold, the process 900 can include transitioning the first communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device. In some cases, the process 900 can include sending a request to transition the first communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device. In some aspects, the process 900 can include terminating, by the communication unit of the vehicle, one or more communication functions in response to sending the request or in response to receiving a response to the request from the user device. In some examples, the process 900 can include outputting a notification based on the request (e.g., when the request is sent). The notification can include at least one of a displayed message, an audible message, haptic feedback, any combination thereof, and / or other notification.

[0182] In some implementations, the process 900 can include transitioning different communication functions (e.g., the first communication function and / or the second communication function) based on different temperature thresholds or other factors. For example, the process 900 can include obtaining an additional temperature associated with the vehicle (e.g., the communication unit of the vehicle or another communication unit) and determining whether the additional temperature is greater than a second temperature threshold. In response to determining that the additional temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold, the process 900 can include transitioning a second communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device. In some examples, the first communication function includes a wireless network access function and the second communication function includes a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) function. In some examples, the first communication function includes a wireless network access function and the second communication function includes an eCall function. In some examples, the first communication function includes a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) function and the second communication function includes an eCall function.

[0183] In some examples, the process 900 can include sending, to the communication unit of the user device, environmental information of the vehicle. In some cases, the environmental information includes at least one of a V2X context of the vehicle, an eCall context of the vehicle, or any combination thereof. For example, the process 900 can include sending the environmental information to the user device at operation 906 as part of transitioning one or more communication functions.

[0184] In some examples, the process 900 can include sending a request to the user device prior to transitioning one or more communication functions from the vehicle’s communications to the user device communications. For example, the process 900 can include determining whether the temperature is greater than a first temperature threshold. In response to determining that the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold, the process 900 can include sending (to the user device) a request to transition a first communication function from the vehicle’s communication unit to the user device’s communication unit. In some cases, the process 900 can output a notification based on the request, including at least one of a displayed message, an audible message, haptic feedback, any combination thereof, and / or other types of messages. In some examples, the process 900 can include determining whether the temperature is greater than a second temperature threshold. In response to determining that the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold, the process 900 can include transitioning the first communication function from the vehicle’s communication unit to the user device’s communication unit. In some examples, the process 900 can transition the first communication function from the vehicle communication unit to the user device communication unit in response to determining that the temperature is greater than the first temperature (e.g., after the user device or a user of the user device accepts the request) and not based on the second threshold.

[0185] In some examples, the process 900 can transition at least one communication function from the vehicle’s communication unit to a roadside unit (RSU)’s communication unit, an additional vehicle’s communication unit, and / or other devices. For example, as described above, in response to reaching a particular temperature threshold, the process 900 can transition V2X functions to an RSU and / or another vehicle to help reduce the processing load of the vehicle.

[0186] As described above, in addition to or as an alternative to the thermal mitigation systems and techniques described above, various aspects of the present disclosure include systems and techniques that use one or more load balancers to perform load balancing. Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example configuration of internal components of a vehicle computing system 1000, which can be the same as the vehicle computing system 450 of Figure 4 described above with respect to FIG. 4. The vehicle computing system 1000 includes a modem 1002, which can be the same as the modem 464 of Figure 10A described above with respect to FIG. 4. The modem 1002 can include components such as a thermal management component 1004, a V2X stack 1006, and a downstream (DS) component 1008. Although not shown, the modem 1002 can include any other well-known or yet-to-be-developed components for its intended operation, such as an upstream component for sending messages from a corresponding UE, such as the vehicle 404.

[0187] As will be described in sufficient detail below, the thermal management component 1004 can receive current temperature information of the modem 1002, and / or other components within or associated with the vehicle computing system 1000 to implement a filtering mechanism for filtering (e.g., discarding, queuing, etc.) incoming messages in order to ensure that a processing load (the number of incoming messages (e.g., V2X messages) to be validated by the vehicle computing system 1000) is kept at or below the processing capabilities of the vehicle computing system 1000.

[0188] The V2X stack 1006 can be used to enable bidirectional V2X communications (e.g., V2V communications with other vehicles, D2D communications with other devices, V2I communications with infrastructure systems, V2P communications with pedestrian UEs, etc.). The V2X stack 1006 can be controlled by the thermal management component 1004 to implement specific filtering mechanisms as described herein.

[0189] The DS component 1008 can be used to pass or send any number of received messages (e.g., V2X messages) to the ITS 1012 for validation and processing. As described below, due to thermal conditions at the vehicle computing system 1000, specific types of filtering schemes can be implemented at the DS component 1008 of the modem 1002.

[0190] As Figure 4 further shown, the vehicle computing system 1000 also includes an application processor 1010. The application processor 1010 includes the ITS 1012 (which can be the same as the ITS 455 of Figure 10A As described below, one or more filtering schemes based on incoming processing loads and temperature conditions of components of the vehicle computing system 1000 can be implemented at the ITS 1012.

[0191] It should be noted that the application processor 1010 is used merely as an illustrative example, and that the thermal load balancing based processes can be performed by any processing system, including but not limited to one or more central processing units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application processors (APs), graphics processing units (GPUs), visual processing units (VPUs), neural network signal processors (NSPs), microcontrollers, specialized hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing devices or systems.

[0192] The application processor 1010 also includes a verification library 1014 (also referred to as library 1014). The verification library 1014 can be a software and / or hardware platform for verifying signed and secure messages received at the vehicle computing system 450 from other vehicles, UEs, and / or RSUs as described in this disclosure. The verification library 1014 supports the secure message formats and their processing defined in IEEE 1609.2 and ETSI TS 103097 V2V security standards. The verification library 1014 can be a directory structure containing shared libraries, header files, documentation, and test applications (e.g., for Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) compatible Linux and Windows ports).

[0193] The application processor 1010 also includes a distributor 1016, one or more processing cores 1018 (also referred to as one or more verification processors), a load balancer 1020, latency sensor(s) 1022, a thermal manager 1024, and a throttling manager 1026. The components of the application processor 1010 are not limited to those shown in FIG. 1 and can include any other known or to be developed component(s) for the intended operation and functionality of the application processor 1010. Figure 4

[0194] The distributor 1016 can be used to distribute incoming messages at the verification library 1014 to the one or more processing cores 1018 for processing / verification (e.g., according to verification sequence commands received from the load balancer 1020).

[0195] The one or more processing cores 1018 (e.g., one or more verification processors) are configured to verify received messages according to any known or to be developed processing and / or verification method. As will be further described below, the processing capabilities of any one or more processing cores 1018 can vary depending on their corresponding thermal conditions and / or the overall thermal conditions of the vehicle computing system 1000 and / or one or more components of the vehicle computing system 1000.

[0196] While thermal conditions (temperature) are described herein as a factor or condition that can affect the processing capabilities of the vehicle computing system 1000, the present disclosure is not limited to temperature and can include other factors or conditions including, but not limited to, humidity, exposure to light, amount of ventilation (e.g., when a ventilation mechanism such as a vent is clogged), any combination thereof, and / or other properties or factors of the vehicle computing system 1000 and / or one or more components of the vehicle computing system 1000.

[0197] ​A thermal load balancing and filtering scheme can be implemented to ensure that the processing load (the number of incoming messages such as C-V2X messages received from nearby devices) remains at or below the sum of the individual processing capabilities of one or more processing cores 1018 at any given temperature level.

[0198] The one or more processing cores 1018 can be any one or more or a combination of an advanced RISC (reduced instruction set computer) machine (ARM), an audio digital signal processor (aDSP), a computing DSP (cDSP), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a neural signal processor (NSP), an air7 processor, a specialized core for processing encryption functions or a secure processor unit (SPU), and / or other processing cores.

[0199] The load balancer 1020 is configured to monitor the load and processing conditions of various components of the vehicle computing system 1000 to ensure smooth and continuous operation of the vehicle computing system 1000. Among other parameters, as will be described below, the load balancer 1020 can monitor various thermal conditions of the components of the vehicle computing system 1000, the arrival rate of incoming messages (from the ITS 1012), processing delay information (from the latency sensor(s) 22), and thermal measurement information (from the thermal manager 1024), and provide information about the thermal levels and conditions to the throttling manager 1026 for implementing a filtering mechanism. This process will be further described below.

[0200] The latency sensor(s) 1022 can be configured to measure the latency of any one or more processing cores 1018 in processing received messages and / or the latency of any one or more components of the vehicle computing system 1000 in performing their corresponding functions.

[0201] The thermal manager 1024 is configured to measure the instantaneous temperature of any one or more components of the vehicle computing system 1000 including the one or more processing cores 1018. In some examples, the thermal manager 1024 can be part of the sensor system(s) 456 of the vehicle computing system 1000. Figure 10B

[0202] As will be described below, the throttling (filtering) manager 1026 can receive thermal level information and throttling (filtering) level information from the load balancer 1020 and can determine a filtering mechanism to filter messages. After selecting the filtering mechanism, the throttling manager 1026 can send commands to the ITS 1012, the thermal management component 1004, and / or the DS component 1008 for implementing such filtering mechanism for implementation.

[0203] Figure 10B ​This is a block diagram illustrating another example configuration of the internal components of a vehicle computing system 450. Figure 10A The 1050 vehicle computing system can be connected with Figure 4 Transportation computing system 1000 or Figure 10A The same as the vehicle computing system 450. The vehicle computing system 1050 may include a distributor 1052, a load balancer 1054, a hot engine 1056, a throttle manager 1058, an intelligent transportation system (ITS) 1060, a V2X stack 1062, and a DS component 1064 of a modem 1065, all of which will be described below.

[0204] Distributor 1052 can be the same as distributor 1016, and load balancer 1054 can be the same as... Figure 10A The load balancer 1020 is the same. Communication between the distributor 1052 and the load balancer 1054 can be bidirectional. For example, the load balancer 1054 can receive data from... Figure 10A One or more processing cores 1018 verify the verification rate of incoming messages, and in turn, load balancer 1054 can provide commands to distributor 1052, including instructions for verification sequences and verification cycles. As will be described below, the verification rate can also be referred to as the processing load (instantaneous processing load) of vehicle computing system 1050. In one example, the verification rate can be determined as the difference between the rate of incoming messages (e.g., the rate of incoming V2X messages received at vehicle computing system 1050 via a remote network (RmNET)) and the current filtering rate of ITS 1060.

[0205] In one example, load balancer 1054 may use a weighted average (or any other known or under development method) to take power and latency costs into account in order to formulate a load distribution scheme (e.g., including a verification sequence and verification cycle) for implementation in one or more processing cores 1018. The weights used in the weighted average may be based on the junction temperature (Tj) of silicon within one or more processing cores 1018 (which may include transistor junction temperatures). For example, when Tj is less than a threshold (e.g., a configurable parameter determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), vehicle computing system 1050 may assign more weight to performance factors, such as latency per verification. In another example, when Tj is greater than a threshold, vehicle computing system 1050 may assign more weight to power efficiency, such as the power (mW) used per verification.

[0206] The thermal engine 1056 may be a sensor system in (one or more) sensor systems 456, which can be connected to... Figure 10AThe load balancer 1020 measures and monitors the temperature of various components of the vehicle computing system 1050 in the same manner. The thermal engine 1056 can be communicatively coupled to both the load balancer 1054 and the throttling manager 1058 (which can be the same as the throttling manager 1026 of Figure 13 ). The thermal engine 1056 can provide temperature information (thermal level of the one or more processing cores 1018 and / or any other component of the vehicle computing system 1050) to the throttling manager 1058 as well as the load balancer 1054. In one example, the thermal engine 1056 can also provide additional information, such as the operating point (e.g., speed, frequency, etc.) of the one or more processing cores 1018, to the load balancer 1054. The load balancer 1054 can also provide a throttling (filtering) level (defined below with reference to Figure 10A and Equation 2) to the throttling manager 1058.

[0207] The throttling manager 1058 can determine an appropriate filtering mechanism to be implemented by any of the ITS 1060, the V2X stack 1062 of the modem 1065 (which can be the same as the modem 1002 of Figures 1-10B ), and / or the DS component 1064 of the modem 1065 based on the received thermal level, throttling level, and processing load information.

[0208] For the example system configuration described above with reference to Figure 4 , the present disclosure now turns to a description of an example process to be implemented for thermal-aware (thermal-based) load balancing to ensure that a vehicle computing system (such as the vehicle computing system 450, the vehicle computing system 1000, and / or the vehicle computing system 1050 described above with reference to Figure 10A , 10A and 10B) can process important information received from nearby devices when thermal conditions reduce the processing capabilities of the vehicle computing system. Thermal-based load balancing will be described below with reference to the components of the vehicle computing system 1000 of Figure 4 . However, the following concepts of thermal-based load balancing can be similarly applied to the example computing system 450 of Figure 10B and / or the vehicle computing system 1050 of Figure 4 . Further, it is assumed that the vehicle computing system 1000 is being used inside the vehicle 404 of Figure 11 .

[0209] As described above, problems arise when the temperature of the various underlying hardware components of the vehicle computing system 1000 (such as one or more processing cores 1018, which, as mentioned above, can be referred to as verification processors) increases. As hardware temperature increases, their clock frequency and processing power decrease accordingly. Continuous operation of the vehicle computing system 1000 under extreme temperature conditions (e.g., between -85°C and 125°C) is critical. Furthermore, it is well known that the process of verifying incoming messages such as C-V2X messages (based on the IEEE 1509.6 standard) is computationally intensive and latency-sensitive. In some examples, incoming messages may be ITS messages and may include Basic Security Messages (BSMs). As the number of incoming messages increases, the vehicle computing system 1000 must process (e.g., per second) a greater number of verified received messages. Thermal conditions adversely affect the vehicle computing system 1000's ability to perform the necessary number of verifications per second. Current filtering mechanisms are based on the relevance of received messages and do not take into account changing thermal and load conditions. Therefore, it is important to ensure timely processing and verification of incoming messages under any given thermal conditions in order to provide appropriate operational and safety commands for the proper and safe operation of vehicle 404.

[0210] Using load balancer 1020, vehicle computing system 1000 can determine the current (e.g., instantaneous) processing load (the number of incoming messages received from nearby devices adjacent to vehicle 404) and (one or more) current temperature of one or more components / hardware of vehicle computing system 1000 to determine an optimized filtering mechanism. The optimized filtering mechanism can then be implemented at one or more internal components of vehicle computing system 1000 (such as thermal management component 1004 of modem 1002, DS component 1008 of modem 1002, and / or ITS 1012 of application processor 1010) to filter / discard less important incoming messages, such that the processing load of vehicle computing system 1000 is maintained at or below the total processing capacity of one or more processing cores 1018 of vehicle computing system 1000.

[0211] Figure 10A This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 1100 for performing heat-based load balancing. (From...) Figure 11 Describing the transportation calculation system from the perspective of 1000 Figure 11 However, it should be understood that the vehicle computing system 1000 may have one or more processors configured to run stored computer-readable instructions to implement... Figure 10A The various steps in the process, these instructions correspond to the above reference. Figure 3 Each component of the vehicle computing system 1000 is described.

[0212] At operation 1101, the vehicle computing system 1000 receives incoming messages (multiple messages) to be processed. As described above, the incoming messages may be C-V2X signed messages received from multiple nearby devices adjacent to the vehicle 404. Such nearby devices may be other vehicles (such as...) Figure 3 Vehicles 304 and / or 305 Figure 3 BS 302), one or more UEs (such as BS 302), and one or more UEs ( Figure 3 UE 307), one or more RSUs (such as Figure 10A RSU 303, etc. In the example setup of vehicle 404 on a congested interstate highway, such proximity devices could be dozens or hundreds of nearby vehicles on the interstate highway adjacent to vehicle 404, intelligent proximity traffic management components (such as information boards, traffic lights, passing public transportation vehicles, mobile devices such as UE 407, etc.).

[0213] At operation 1102, the vehicle computing system 1000 determines the thermal level associated with the vehicle 404. For example, the thermal level can be the thermal level of one or more hardware components associated with the vehicle computing system 1000 (including, but not limited to, modem 1002, application processor 1010, one or more processing cores 1018 (e.g., verification processors), telematics control unit (TCU) of the vehicle 404, etc.). In another example, the thermal level can be the thermal level of any other component of the vehicle 404, or more generally, the thermal level of the vehicle 404 itself. The thermal level can be a temperature range that can be determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies. For example, different types of processors used as each of the one or more processing cores 1018 may have varying performance under different thermal conditions. As a non-limiting example, thermal level (temperature level) 0 can be defined as a range including 0-15 degrees Celsius, thermal level 1 can be defined as a range including 16-30 degrees Celsius, thermal level 2 can be defined as a range including 31-100 degrees Celsius, and thermal level 3 can be defined as a range including 46 degrees Celsius and above. Multiple heat levels and corresponding ranges can be more or fewer and are not limited to the examples described above.

[0214] The 1000 transportation computing system can be based on Figure 10B The load balancer 1020 determines the thermal level based on the current temperature measurement, wherein the measurement is provided to the load balancer 1020, and the load balancer 1020 determines the thermal level based on the temperature measurement and the thermal level defined above. In one example, the temperature measurement may indicate the current temperature of a single processor or may be the average temperature of multiple processors and components associated with the vehicle computing system 1000.

[0215] At operation 1104, the vehicle computing system 1000 determines a processing load (load condition) of the vehicle computing system 1000. In some examples, the processing load can be a current processing load of the vehicle computing system 1000. In some examples, the processing load can be a predicted processing load of the vehicle computing system 1000 at a future location before the vehicle 404 reaches the future location. In some examples, the processing load can be a combination of the current processing load and the predicted processing load.

[0216] The current processing load indicates a size (number) of incoming messages received at operation 1101 to be verified by the one or more processing cores 1018. The current processing load can be defined as a total size (e.g., in megabytes or gigabytes) of the messages. In one example, during a high peak load on a highway or road, the vehicle 404 can be surrounded by two hundred fifty (250) nearby vehicles, from each of which ten messages can be received per second. This results in the vehicle control computing system 1000 having to process two thousand five hundred (2500) messages per second. Assuming a size of five hundred (500) bytes per message, the current processing load of the vehicle computing system 1000 can be 1.25 gigabytes of data. The current processing load of the vehicle computing system 1000 can be represented as M i where i indicates a current time and is an integer equal to or greater than zero (0). In one example, M i may be the same as the verification rate described above with reference to Figure 12

[0217] ​In some cases, as described above, the processing load can be a predicted processing load of the vehicle computing system 1000 at a future location before the vehicle 404 arrives at the future location. In such cases, the vehicle computing system 1000 can receive information describing traffic conditions at an identified future location (e.g., an intersection that the vehicle 404 is likely to arrive at within a future given time period, such as within five minutes, ten minutes, etc.). Using the information about the traffic conditions, the vehicle computing system 1000 can predict a number of incoming messages that the vehicle computing system 1000 can expect to receive at the identified future location upon arrival of the vehicle 404 at the identified future location. Predicting the number of incoming messages can be based on any known or to be developed methodology. For example, using historical data of a number of messages received under similar traffic conditions as the traffic conditions expected at the identified future location, the vehicle computing system 450 can predict an expected number of incoming messages at the identified future location. Other methodologies including utilizing a neural network trained using known or to be developed machine learning techniques are also within the scope of the present disclosure. The trained neural network can receive information about the traffic conditions at the identified future location as input and can provide an expected number of incoming messages as output once the vehicle 404 arrives at the identified future location.

[0218] At operation 1106, the vehicle computing system 1000 determines a processing capacity of the vehicle computing system 1000. In one example, such processing capacity can be a sum of processing capacities (referred to as instantaneous processing capacities) of individual validation processors (e.g., one or more processing cores 1018) of the vehicle computing system 1000. Assuming j processors form a validation processor (j is an integer equal to or greater than 1), its processing capacity at time i (i is an integer equal to or greater than 0) can be denoted as m ji .

[0219] Accordingly, at any given time, the processing capacity of the vehicle computing system 1000 can be denoted as:

[0220]

[0221] where C is the total processing capacity of the vehicle computing system 1000, and k is an integer equal to or greater than 1 and corresponds to the total number of validation processors (e.g., the total number of one or more processing cores 1018).

[0222] At operation 1108, the vehicle computing system 1000 determines which type of filtering (throttling) mechanism to apply based on the processing load (e.g., the predicted processing load and / or the current processing load as described above) and the thermal level in order to ensure that the processing load remains at or below the threshold value (threshold value is variable C in Equation 1). Determining the filtering mechanism can include selecting the filtering mechanism and / or calculating the filtering mechanism. Determining the filtering mechanism will be described below with reference to Figure 11 the determination and implementation of specific filtering mechanisms are described.

[0223] After determining the filtering mechanism at operation 1108, the vehicle computing system 1000 applies the filtering mechanism to filter (throttle) the incoming messages in order to ensure that the processing load of the vehicle computing system 1000 remains at or below the value of variable C in Equation 1.

[0224] With the filtered messages applied by each of the processes according to Figure 12 the vehicle computing system 1000 (more specifically, the load balancer 1020) can perform load balancing to distribute the filtered messages among the processing cores 1018 for processing (e.g., based on power and latency factors as described above). In one example, the load balancer 1020 can be configured with one or more knobs (e.g., one or more parameters) that can be adjusted according to a given thermal level. Adjusting the one or more parameters (or knobs) can make the load balancer 1020 more or less sensitive to the thermal level (e.g., react more lethargic when performing load balancing at lower thermal levels, and react more sensitive at higher thermal levels). One advantageous aspect of such adjustable parameter(s) can be a more smooth transition between performance-optimized load balancing and thermal-based load balancing across different thermal levels.

[0225] Figure 11 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 1200 that selects a filtering mechanism to apply for thermal-based load balancing of Figure 12 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 1200 that selects a filtering mechanism to apply for thermal-based load balancing of Figure 11 An example process for determining the filtering mechanism to apply to incoming messages at operation 1108 of Figure 12 will generally be described from the perspective of the vehicle computing system 1000 and more specifically from the perspective of the load balancer 1020 and the throttling manager 1026 of the vehicle computing system 1000. Figure 12 Furthermore, the process will be described with reference to the non-limiting example of 4 thermal levels (0, 1, 2, 3). Figure 10A As described above with reference to operation 1102.

[0226] At operation 1201, the load balancer 1020 determines whether the thermal level is 0. If the thermal level is 0 (e.g., the current temperature of the hardware components associated with the vehicle computing system 1000 is between 0 and 15 degrees Celsius), then at operation 1202, the load balancer 1020 determines that no throttling (the selected filtering mechanism will be no filtering mechanism applied) is needed to filter or discard one or more received messages.

[0227] However, if at operation 1201, the load balancer 1020 determines that the thermal level is not 0, then at operation 1204, the load balancer 1020 determines whether the thermal level is 1. If at operation 1204, the load balancer 1020 determines that the thermal level is 1 (e.g., the current temperature of the hardware components associated with the vehicle computing system 1000 is between 16 and 30 degrees Celsius), then at operation 1206, the load balancer 1020 determines whether the processing load M i is equal to or less than C defined above according to equation 1. If at operation 1206, the load balancer 1020 determines that M i is equal to or less than C, the process returns to operation 1202, and the throttling manager 1026 determines that no throttling (no filtering mechanism applied) is needed to filter or discard one or more received messages.

[0228] However, if at operation 1206, the load balancer 1020 determines that the processing load M i is greater than C defined in equation 1 above, then the load balancer 1020 determines a throttling level (also referred to as a filtering level). The throttling level can be defined as:

[0229]

[0230] where M i is as defined above and C is defined according to equation 1 Equation 2 provides that the throttling level can be determined as the maximum of the zero value (0) and the difference between the processing load of the vehicle computing system 1000 and the processing capacity of the vehicle computing system given by equation 1.

[0231] The load balancer 1020 can send the throttling level to the throttling manager 1026. At operation 1208, the throttling manager 1026 determines whether the throttling level is less than a throttling threshold. The threshold against which the throttling level is compared can be a configurable parameter determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies.

[0232] If the throttling level is less than the threshold, the throttling manager 1026 selects a first filtering mechanism to apply at operation 1210. In one example, the first filtering mechanism includes filtering incoming messages at the ITS 1012. Based on the selection of the first filtering mechanism, the throttling manager 1026 sends a command to the ITS 1012 with instructions detailing filtering criteria for filtering incoming messages.

[0233] Incoming messages can be filtered based on any known or to be developed criteria or factors. In some examples, incoming messages can have corresponding information or metadata associated therewith including, but not limited to, a distance of a corresponding nearby device or vehicle (from which the message is received) from the vehicle 404, a direction of travel or movement of the corresponding nearby device or vehicle, a speed of travel or movement of the corresponding nearby device, a type (content) of the received message, etc. Each example entry of information or metadata can be used as a filtering criterion or filtering factor. In one example, the filtering criterion can be to filter messages based on distance. For example, messages received from nearby devices that are more than 100 meters from the vehicle 404 can be filtered. In another example, the filtering criterion can be to filter messages from nearby devices that are traveling in an opposite direction from the vehicle 404. In another example, the filtering criterion can be to filter messages that have no relevant content to the speed and direction of movement of the corresponding vehicle. In another example, the filtering criterion can be based on a combination of the criteria described above.

[0234] Referring back to operation 1208, if the throttling manager 1026 determines that the throttling level is not less than the threshold, the throttling manager 1026 selects a second filtering mechanism to apply at operation 1212. In one example, the second filtering mechanism includes filtering incoming messages at the ITS 1012 as well as the V2X stack 1006 of the modem 1002. Based on the selection of the second filtering mechanism, the throttling manager 1026 sends at least one command to the ITS 1012 with instructions detailing filtering criteria for filtering incoming messages and at least one other command to the thermal management component 1004 of the modem 1002 to filter messages at the V2X stack 1006 of the modem 1002.

[0235] In one example, the command sent to the ITS 1012 can be to apply a different filter criterion to the incoming messages than the filter criterion to be applied at the V2X stack 1006 of the modem 1002. In another example, the filter criterion applied at the V2X stack 1006 of the modem 1002 and the ITS 1012 can be the same, just with a slight variation in degree. For example, when the filter criterion is a distance-based filter, the command sent to the V2X stack 1006 of the modem 1002 can be to filter / discard messages from nearby vehicles that are 150 meters or more away from the vehicle 404, while the command sent to the ITS 1012 can be to filter / discard messages from nearby vehicles that are 75 meters or more away from the vehicle 404.

[0236] Referring back to operation 1204, if the load balancer 1020 determines that the thermal level is not 1, then at operation 1214 the load balancer 1020 determines whether the thermal level is 2. If the load balancer 1020 determines at operation 1214 that the thermal level is 2 (e.g., the current temperature of the hardware components associated with the vehicle computing system 1000 is between 31-100 degrees Celsius), then at operation 1216 the load balancer 1020 determines whether the processing load M i is equal to or less than C defined above according to Equation 1.

[0237] If at operation 1216 the load balancer 1020 determines that M i is equal to or less than C, then at operation 1218 the throttle manager 1026 selects a third filter mechanism to apply. In one example, the third filter mechanism is to filter the incoming messages according to any filter criterion at the V2X stack 1006 of the modem 1002. Accordingly, the throttle manager 1026 sends a command to the thermal management component 1004 of the modem 1002 to filter the messages at the V2X stack 1006 of the modem 1002 (according to a filter criterion, such as one or more of the example criteria described above).

[0238] If at operation 1216 the load balancer 1020 determines that M iIf the throttle level is greater than C, then the load balancer sends the throttle level to the throttle manager 1026. The throttle manager 1026 then determines at operation 1220 whether the throttle level (determined according to Equation 2) is equal to or less than the throttle threshold defined above. If the throttle level is equal to or less than the throttle threshold, then the throttle manager 1026 selects a fourth filtering mechanism to apply at operation 1222. The fourth filtering mechanism can include the third filtering mechanism (i.e., filtering incoming messages according to any filtering criteria at the V2X stack 1006 of the modem 1002) and filtering messages at the downstream component 1008 of the modem 1002. In one example, filtering messages at the downstream component 1008 can include discarding messages based on their source addresses, regardless of the content and metadata included therein. In this example, the ITS 1012 can send a list of source addresses (e.g., identifiers of nearby vehicles) to the downstream component 1008. Using the list of source addresses, the downstream component 1008 can filter (e.g., discard) any messages having a source identifier that matches one of the identifiers on the list.

[0239] However, if the throttle manager 1026 determines at operation 1220 that the throttle level is greater than the throttle threshold, then the throttle manager 1026 selects a fifth filtering mechanism to apply at operation 1224. In one example, the fifth filtering mechanism can include the third filtering mechanism (i.e., filtering incoming messages according to any filtering criteria at the V2X stack 1006 of the modem 1002) and filtering messages at the downstream component 1008 of the modem 1002 more aggressively relative to the fourth filtering mechanism. For example, the list of source addresses included in the list provided to the downstream component 1008 for filtering is larger and includes more sources than the list provided to the downstream component 1008 in the fourth filtering mechanism at operation 1222.

[0240] Referring back to operation 1214, if the load balancer 1020 determines that the throttle level is not 2, then the load balancer determines that the throttle level is 3 (e.g., the current temperature of the hardware components associated with the vehicle computing system 1000 is 46 degrees Celsius and above) at operation 1226.

[0241] At operation 1228, the load balancer 1020 determines whether the processing load M i is equal to or less than C defined above according to Equation 1. If the load balancer 1020 determines at operation 1228 that M iEqual to or less than C, the throttling manager 1026 selects a sixth filtering mechanism to apply at operation 1230. In one example, the sixth filtering mechanism is to filter messages according to the third filtering mechanism (i.e., filter incoming messages according to any filtering criteria at the V2X stack 1006 of the modem 1002), and aggressively filter messages at the downstream component 1008 of the modem 1002. In one example, this relatively more aggressive filtering includes providing a list of source addresses to the downstream component 1008 for filtering, which is larger and includes more sources than the list provided to the downstream component 1008 in the fourth filtering mechanism at operation 1222 or the fifth filtering mechanism at operation 1224.

[0242] If at operation 1228, the load balancer 1020 determines that M i Greater than C, the load balancer sends the throttling level to the throttling manager 1026. The throttling manager 1026 then selects a seventh filtering mechanism to apply at operation 1232. In one example, the seventh filtering mechanism includes shutting down the V2X stack 1006 so as to stop receiving any new messages from nearby devices. In one example, shutting down the V2X stack 1006 can continue until the processing load no longer exceeds C at the hot level 3.

[0243] One of ordinary skill in the art can readily appreciate that the above four hot levels are non-limiting and merely exemplary, and that the number of different filtering mechanisms can also be more or less, respectively, when there are more or less hot levels.

[0244] The hot balancing systems and techniques described herein enable a UE (e.g., a vehicle, a user equipment, and / or other UE) or other device (e.g., an RSU, etc.) to analyze various hot and processing load conditions to select and implement hot-based load balancing so as to ensure that the processing load (e.g., a number of incoming messages such as V2X messages received from nearby devices) remains at or below a threshold value at any given temperature level. Maintaining the processing load at or below the threshold value in turn can ensure that the vehicle computing system can process (e.g., validate) the incoming messages. Validation of the incoming messages has various safety and operational implications for the corresponding vehicle, such as warning the driver of the vehicle of an impending / potential accident, a red light ahead, a pedestrian crossing the street, a lane change negotiation, a left or right turn at a stop sign, etc.

[0245] In addition to temperature and hot conditions, other factors that can impact the ability of the vehicle computing system to process incoming messages can also be considered in selecting an appropriate filtering mechanism to ensure that the processing load of the vehicle computing system described above meets the threshold value. Figure 4 of the vehicle computing system 1000 (and / or the respective Figure 11 and 10Bother environmental factors that adversely affect the performance of the vehicle computing system 1000 or its components (e.g., the modem 1002 or other components). These other factors include, but are not limited to, the humidity of the vehicle computing system 1000 or its components (e.g., the modem 1002 or other components), the amount of light to which the vehicle computing system 1000 or its components (e.g., the modem 1002 or other components) are exposed, the amount of ventilation of the vehicle computing system 1000 or its components (e.g., when a ventilation mechanism such as a vent used within the vehicle computing system 1000 is clogged), any combination thereof, and / or other characteristics or factors. These factors can be considered individually or in combination with the thermal conditions described with reference to Figure 12 and Figure 13

[0246] The above describes a process of utilizing a throttling manager / load balancer to filter incoming messages and / or perform load balancing in the context of V2X communications. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the process of filtering messages and / or load balancing can be applied to other types of communications, such as DSRC (802.11p) communications.

[0247] While many examples are described in the present disclosure in the context of vehicles and processing messages received from nearby devices of such vehicles, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, the concepts described in the present disclosure are equally applicable to any device-to-device communication context (or other communication context, such as device-to-network), where environmental factors can adversely affect the processing capabilities of such devices, and thus appropriate filtering mechanisms should be applied to ensure that important messages are processed in a timely manner.

[0248] Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a thermal-based load balancing process 1300. At operation 1301, the process includes receiving a plurality of messages from one or more devices. In some examples, the plurality of messages can be vehicle-to-anything (V2X) messages (e.g., C-V2X messages), such as V2X messages based on the IEEE 1509.6 standard. In some implementations, the plurality of messages can be intelligent transportation system (ITS) messages, which can include basic safety messages (BSMs) and / or other types of messages. In some cases, the plurality of messages can be signed using a signature. In such cases, the process includes verifying the plurality of messages based on the signature (e.g., by verifying or validating the signature of the messages). In some examples, each message of the plurality of messages received from the one or more devices includes information associated with at least one of a speed, a direction of movement (heading), a distance, any combination thereof, and / or other information of a corresponding one of the one or more devices.

[0249] ​In some examples, the one or more devices include at least one of a vehicle, a mobile device, a roadside unit, a traffic management system, a public transit vehicle, any combination thereof, and / or other device. In some examples, the apparatus can be a vehicle computing system of a vehicle, such as any of the vehicle computing systems 450, 1000, and 1050 of the vehicle 404.

[0250] At operation 1302, the process includes determining a thermal level. The thermal level is associated with the apparatus, such as a thermal level of one or more hardware components associated with a vehicle computing system (e.g., the vehicle computing system 1000). The one or more hardware components can include, for example, the modem 1002, the application processor 1010, one or more processing cores 1018 (e.g., a verification processor), a telematics control unit (TCU), any combination thereof, and / or other hardware components. In some examples, the thermal level can generally be a thermal level of the vehicle 404. In one example, the thermal level is one of a plurality of thermal levels. Each thermal level of the plurality of thermal levels can correspond to a temperature range of an internal component of the apparatus. In some cases, the thermal level can include or be based on an ambient temperature of the apparatus (e.g., of the vehicle computing system) and / or can include a transistor junction temperature (also referred to as a junction temperature) of one or more components of the apparatus (e.g., the modem, the application processor, and / or other components of the vehicle computing system).

[0251] At operation 1304, the process includes determining a processing load (e.g., a current processing load or a predicted processing load associated with the apparatus) based at least on a number of the plurality of messages. In one example, the process further includes determining a filtering level based on the processing load and a processing capacity associated with the apparatus (e.g., one or more hardware components of the apparatus or the apparatus generally). In some examples, the process includes determining the filtering level as a maximum value from a difference between the processing load and the processing capacity and a ratio of the processing load to the processing capacity. In one illustrative example, the filtering level can be defined according to Equation 2 above.

[0252] In some examples, the apparatus includes one or more verification processors configured to process the plurality of messages. In such examples, the process can include determining the processing capacity of the apparatus based on a sum of instantaneous processing capacities of the one or more verification processors. For example, the sum of instantaneous processing capacities can be defined according to Equation 1 above.

[0253] At operation 1306, the process includes determining (e.g., selecting, calculating, and / or otherwise determining) a filtering scheme to apply to filter the plurality of messages based on the thermal level and the processing load to maintain the processing load at or below the processing capacity. In some cases, a threshold can be defined based on the processing capacity of the device. In some examples, selecting the filtering scheme is based on the thermal level, the processing load, and a filtering level.

[0254] In some examples, the process includes determining the filtering scheme from a plurality of filtering schemes. Each filtering scheme of the plurality of filtering schemes can result in a different capacity or amount of filtering the plurality of messages. In one example, the filtering scheme includes not filtering the plurality of messages when the thermal level is a defined lowest thermal level. In another example, the filtering scheme includes shutting down a component of a modem associated with the device to prevent receiving additional messages for processing at the device until the processing load of the device decreases below the processing capacity or a threshold.

[0255] In some examples, each filtering scheme of the plurality of filtering schemes includes instructions that identify one or more components at which the plurality of messages is to be filtered and corresponding filtering criteria according to which the plurality of messages is to be filtered. When applying the corresponding filtering criteria, the process can include filtering the plurality of messages based on one or more of a distance of the one or more devices, a direction of movement of the one or more devices, and a speed of the one or more devices.

[0256] At operation 1308, the process includes applying the filtering scheme using one or more components associated with the device to filter the plurality of messages. In some examples, as the thermal level increases, the filtering scheme (when applied) results in a greater number of the plurality of messages being filtered. In some examples, as the thermal level and the processing load increase, the filtering scheme (when applied) results in a greater number of the plurality of messages being filtered. As the thermal level and / or the processing load decreases, the filtering scheme can decrease the number of messages that are filtered, resulting in more messages being processed by the one or more components associated with the device. In some examples, the one or more components that apply the filtering scheme include an ITS of the device (e.g., ITS 1012 of computing system 1000, etc.), a V2X component of a modem associated with the device (e.g., V2X stack 1006 of modem 1002, V2X stack 1062 of modem 1065, etc.), a downstream component of the modem (e.g., downstream component 1008 of modem 1002, downstream component 1064 of modem 1065, etc.), any combination thereof, and / or other components of the device.

[0257] In some examples, processes described herein (e.g., process 900, process 1100, process 1200, process 1300, and / or other processes described herein) can be performed by a computing device or apparatus (e.g., a UE). In one example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device of a vehicle 404. In another example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device having a computing system 1400 as shown in FIG. 13. Figure 14 In some examples, processes described herein (e.g., process 900, process 1100, process 1200, process 1300, and / or other processes described herein) can be performed by a computing device or apparatus (e.g., a UE). In one example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device of a vehicle 404. In another example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device having a computing system 1400 as shown in FIG. 13. Figure 14 In some examples, processes described herein (e.g., process 900, process 1100, process 1200, process 1300, and / or other processes described herein) can be performed by a computing device or apparatus (e.g., a UE). In one example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device of a vehicle 404. In another example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device having a computing system 1400 as shown in FIG. 13. Figure 4 In some examples, processes described herein (e.g., process 900, process 1100, process 1200, process 1300, and / or other processes described herein) can be performed by a computing device or apparatus (e.g., a UE). In one example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device of a vehicle 404. In another example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device having a computing system 1400 as shown in FIG. 13. Figure 9 In some examples, processes described herein (e.g., process 900, process 1100, process 1200, process 1300, and / or other processes described herein) can be performed by a computing device or apparatus (e.g., a UE). In one example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device of a vehicle 404. In another example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device having a computing system 1400 as shown in FIG. 13. Figure 11 In some examples, processes described herein (e.g., process 900, process 1100, process 1200, process 1300, and / or other processes described herein) can be performed by a computing device or apparatus (e.g., a UE). In one example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device of a vehicle 404. In another example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device having a computing system 1400 as shown in FIG. 13. Figure 12 In some examples, processes described herein (e.g., process 900, process 1100, process 1200, process 1300, and / or other processes described herein) can be performed by a computing device or apparatus (e.g., a UE). In one example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device of a vehicle 404. In another example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device having a computing system 1400 as shown in FIG. 13. Figure 13 In some examples, processes described herein (e.g., process 900, process 1100, process 1200, process 1300, and / or other processes described herein) can be performed by a computing device or apparatus (e.g., a UE). In one example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device of a vehicle 404. In another example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device having a computing system 1400 as shown in FIG. 13. Figure 14 In some examples, processes described herein (e.g., process 900, process 1100, process 1200, process 1300, and / or other processes described herein) can be performed by a computing device or apparatus (e.g., a UE). In one example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device of a vehicle 404. In another example, process 900 can be performed by a computing device having a computing system 1400 as shown in FIG. 13.

[0258] In some cases, a computing device or apparatus can include various components, such as one or more input devices, one or more output devices, one or more processors, one or more microprocessors, one or more microcomputers, one or more cameras, one or more sensors, and / or other component(s) configured to perform the steps of the processes described herein. In some examples, a computing device can include a display, one or more network interfaces configured to communicate and / or receive data, any combination thereof, and / or other component(s). The one or more network interfaces can be configured to communicate and / or receive wired and / or wireless data, including data according to 3G, 4G, 5G, and / or other cellular standards, data according to WiFi (802.1 lx) standards, data according to Bluetooth TM standards, data according to Internet Protocol (IP) standards, and / or other types of data.

[0259] Components of a computing device can be implemented in circuitry. For example, components can include and / or can be implemented using electronic circuitry or other electronic hardware, which can include one or more programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, graphics processing units (GPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), central processing units (CPUs), and / or other suitable electronic circuits), and / or can include and / or use computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof, to perform various operations described herein.

[0260] The processes 900, 1100, 1200, and 1300 are illustrated as logical flow graphs, the operations of which represent a sequence of operations that can be implemented in hardware, computer instructions, or a combination thereof. In the context of computer instructions, the operations represent computer-executable instructions stored, for example, on one or more computer-readable storage media that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the recited operations. Generally, computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like that perform particular functions or implement particular data types. The order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described operations can be combined in any order and / or in parallel to implement the processes.

[0261] Additionally, the processes 900, 1100, 1200, 1300 described herein, and / or other processes, can be performed under the control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions, and can be implemented as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs or one or more applications) running on one or more

[0262] Figure 14 FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for implementing certain aspects of the present technology. Specifically, ​ FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for implementing certain aspects of the present technology. Specifically,

[0263] In some embodiments, the computing system 1400 is a distributed system in which the functions described in this disclosure can be distributed within a data center, multiple data centers, a peer-to-peer network, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more of the described system components represent a number of such components, each performing some or all of the functions described for that component. In some embodiments, the components can be physical or virtual devices.

[0264] The example system 1400 includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor) 1410 and a connection 1405 that connects various system components, including the system memory 1415 (such as read-only memory (ROM) 1420 and random access memory (RAM) 1425), to the processor 1410 communicatively. The computing system 1400 can include a cache of high-speed memory 1412 directly coupled to the processor 1410, closely proximate to the processor 1410, or integrated as part of the processor 1410.

[0265] The processor 1410 can include any general purpose processor and hardware or software services configured to control the processor 1410, such as services 1432, 1434, and 1436 stored in the storage device 1430, where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. The processor 1410 can be essentially a completely self-contained computing system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, and cache, etc. The multi-core processor can be symmetric or asymmetric.

[0266] To enable user interaction, the computing system 1400 includes an input device 1445, which can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech and the like. The computing system 1400 can also include output devices 1435, which can be one or more of a number of output mechanisms. In some instances, multi-modal systems can enable a user to provide multiple types of input / output to communicate with the computing system 1400.

[0267] The computing system 1400 can include a communication interface 1440, which generally governs and manages the user input and system output. The communication interface can use wired and / or wireless transceivers, including utilizing audio jacks / plugs, microphone jacks / plugs, Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports / plugs, Apple TM Lightning TM ports / plugs, Ethernet ports / plugs, fiber optic ports / plugs, proprietary wired ports / plugs, 3G, 4G, 5G, and / or other cellular data network wireless signal transmissions, Bluetooth TM wireless signal transmissions, Bluetooth TM Low Energy (BLE) wireless signal transmissions, IBEACON TMWireless signal transmissions include, but are not limited to, Bluetooth® wireless signal transmissions, Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE) wireless signal transmissions, ZigBee® wireless signal transmissions, Z-Wave® wireless signal transmissions, Wi-Fi® wireless signal transmissions, Wi-Fi® Direct wireless signal transmissions, near-field communication (NFC) wireless signal transmissions, radio-frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transmissions, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) wireless signal transmissions, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transmissions, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transmissions, visible light communication (VLC), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), infrared (IR) communication wireless signal transmissions, public switched telephone network (PSTN) signal transmissions, integrated services digital network (ISDN) signal transmissions, ad hoc network signal transmissions, radio-wave signal transmissions, microwave signal transmissions, infrared signal transmissions, visible light signal transmissions, ultraviolet light signal transmissions, wireless signal transmissions along the electromagnetic spectrum, or some combination thereof. The communication interface 1440 can also include one or more global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers or transceivers for determining a location of the computing system 1400 based on one or more signals received from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the United States-based Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russia-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), the China-based BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the Europe-based Galileo GNSS. There is no limitation on operation on any particular hardware arrangement, and thus the basic features here can be readily substituted by improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.

[0268] The storage device 1430 can be a non-volatile and / or non-transitory and / or computer-readable storage device, and can be a hard disk or other type of computer readable media such as a tape, a flash drive, a solid-state storage device, a digital versatile disc (DVD), a cassette, a floppy disk, a soft disc, a hard disk, a magnetic tape, a magnetic strip / tape, any other magnetic storage medium, a flash memory, a memristor memory, any other solid-state memory, a compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) optical disc, a compact disc (CD) rewritable optical disc, a digital video disc (DVD) optical disc, a Blu-ray disc (BDD) optical disc, a holographic optical disc, another optical medium, a secure digital (SD) card, a micro secure digital (microSD) card, a memory stick card, a smart card chip, an EMV chip, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a mini / micro / nano / pico SIM card, another integrated circuit (IC) chip / card, a random access memory (RAM), a static RAM (SRAM), a dynamic RAM (DRAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a flash EPROM (FLASH EPROM), a cache (e.g., a level one (L1) cache, a level two (L2) cache, a level three (L3) cache, a level four (L4) cache, a level five (L5) cache, or other (L#) cache), a resistive random access memory (RRAM / ReRAM), a phase change memory (PCM), a spin-transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), another memory chip or cartridge, and / or a combination thereof.

[0269] The storage device 1430 can include software services, servers, services, or the like that cause the system to perform a function when the processor 1410 executes code defining such software. In some embodiments, a hardware service that performs a particular function can include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in combination with the necessary hardware components, such as the processor 1410, the connection 1405, the output device 1435, and the like, to execute the function. The term "computer-readable medium" includes, but is not limited to, portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing or carrying instruction(s) and / or data. A computer-readable medium can include a non-transitory medium in which data can be stored and that does not include carrier waves and / or transitory electronic signals propagating wirelessly or over wired connections. Examples of a non-transitory medium can include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, flash memory, memory or memory devices, and the like. The computer-readable medium can store code and / or machine- readable instructions that can represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or an instruction, a data structure, or a combination of any of them. A code segment can be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and / or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, and the like can be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, and the like.

[0270] In the foregoing description, specific details are provided to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments and examples provided herein. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the application can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail in order to avoid obscuring aspects of the application. Although the illustrative embodiments have been described herein with reference to the best modes for making and using them, the application is not limited to the embodiments, but instead has wide applicability with respect to any modularly configurable system to which the various features and aspects described herein can be employed. Various features and aspects of the application can be used individually or jointly. Further, the application can be used in any number of environments and applications beyond the scope of the application as described herein, including performing a method. Accordingly, the

[0271] For the sake of explanation, in some cases the technology can be presented as including separate functional blocks that comprise devices, device components, steps of a method in software or a combination of software and hardware. Additional components can be used in addition to those shown in the figures and / or described herein. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes and other components can be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have not been shown in detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments.

[0272] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans can implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0273] Individual embodiments can be described as a process or method of the present disclosure. Although a process or method can be described as sequential, the process or method can be performed concurrently or in different order than described. In addition, various steps of the process or method can be performed at the same time or in different order than described. Furthermore, the process or method can be terminated when it is completed or when the process or method ends by itself. The process or method can also end in response to external events that are not directly related to the process or method.

[0274] Processes and methods according to the above-described examples can be implemented using computer-readable media for example, a storage medium to store data, instructions and / or create information. Computer-executable instructions can be executed by software in one or more processors. A computer-executable instruction can or can not be a software program. Computer-executable instructions can include for example, instructions and data which cause or otherwise configure a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Portions of computer resources used can be accessed over a network. The computer executable instructions can be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, source code. Examples of computer-readable media that can be used to store instructions, information and / or create information used during methods according to the described examples include magnetic or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices with non-volatile memory, network storage devices, etc.

[0275] In some embodiments, computer-readable storage devices, media and memories can include wired or wireless signals, the bits of which can be carried by a variety of carrier waves including, but not limited to electromagnetic waves, radio waves, optical waves, and mere signals in space. However, when referred to, non-transitory computer-readable storage media expressly excludes media such as energy, carrier waves, electromagnetic waves, and signals per se.

[0276] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that can be referenced throughout the above description can be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0277] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented or performed with a hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof, and can be embodied in any of a number of different forms. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, the program code, or code segments, (e.g., computer program products) to perform the necessary tasks can be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. A processor(s) can perform the necessary tasks. Examples of shape factors include laptops, smart phones, mobile phones, tablet devices or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack-mounted devices, and so on. Functionality described herein also can be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. As further examples, such functionality can be provided in different chipsets, as different processes running on a single chip.

[0278] Instructions, media for delivering such instructions, computing resources for running them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example components for providing the functionality described in this disclosure.

[0279] The techniques described herein can also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques can be implemented in any of various devices such as a general purpose computer, a wireless communication device handset, or an integrated circuit device having a variety of purposes, including an application in a wireless communication device handset and other devices. Any features described as modules or components can be implemented together in an integrated logic device, or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques can be realized at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium or media having computer code thereon for causing a processor to implement one or more of the methods, algorithms, and / or operations described above. The computer-readable data storage medium or media can form part of a computer program product. The computer-readable medium can include a memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. Additionally or in the alternative, the techniques can be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer, such as a propagated signal or wave.

[0280] The program code can be executed by a processor, which can include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Such a processor can be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general purpose processor can be a microprocessor; alternatively, the processor can be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein can refer to any of the foregoing structure, any combination of the foregoing structure, or any other structure or apparatus suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein.

[0281] Those of skill in the art will understand that the less than (“<”) and greater than (“>”) symbols or terms used herein can be replaced with less than or equal to (“≤”) and greater than or equal to (“≥”) symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of this specification.

[0282] Where components are described as being "configured to" perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof.

[0283] The phrase "coupled to" or "communicatively coupled to" means any component that is either directly or indirectly physically connected to another component, and / or any component that is either directly or indirectly in communication with another component (e.g., connected to another component through a wired or wireless connection and / or other suitable communication interface).

[0284] The use of the "at least one" and / or other pluralities in the claims is used only to introduce variation into the specification. This variation is descriptive rather than limiting the claims, the implementation, or the like. This language is merely used to provide for the reissue of claims under 35 U.S.C. § 121 as allowed by 35 U.S.C. § 122(b)(2).

[0285] Illustrative aspects of the disclosure include:

[0286] Aspect 1 : An apparatus for thermal mitigation. The apparatus comprises at least one memory and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one memory. The at least one processor is configured to: obtain a temperature associated with a vehicle; determine whether to transition one or more communication functions from the vehicle to a user device based on the temperature; and in response to determining the transition of the one or more communication functions, transition the one or more communication functions from a communication unit of the vehicle to a communication unit of the user device.

[0287] Aspect 2: The apparatus of aspect 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive, from the communication unit of the user device, a request for the communication unit of the user device to perform at least one of the one or more communication functions; and perform the at least one communication function based on the request.

[0288] Aspect 3 : The apparatus of aspect 2, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transition the at least one communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device.

[0289] Aspect 4: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 3, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive, from the communication unit of the user device, data based on performance of one or more communication functions by the communication unit of the user device; and output, by the output device of the vehicle, the data.

[0290] Aspect 5: The apparatus of aspect 4, wherein the communication unit of the user device receives the data through a communication interface provided by the vehicle.

[0291] Aspect 6: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein the one or more communication functions include at least one of a wireless network access function, a vehicle-to- everything (V2X) function, an emergency call function, or any combination thereof.

[0292] Aspect 7: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein the one or more communication functions include a wireless network access function performed by the communication unit of the vehicle for the communication unit of the user device, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to: send an instruction to the communication unit of the user device to initiate the wireless network access function.

[0293] Aspect 8: The apparatus of aspect 7, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: deregister the communication unit of the vehicle from a communication network service provider.

[0294] Aspect 9: The apparatus of any of aspects 7 or 8, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: perform the wireless network access function until at least the communication unit of the user device initiates performance of the wireless network access function.

[0295] Aspect 10: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 9, wherein the one or more communication functions include a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) function, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transfer the V2X function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user device.

[0296] Aspect 11: The apparatus of aspect 10, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: determine whether the user device is configured with the V2X function; and in response to determining that the user device is configured with the V2X function, transfer the V2X function to the communication unit of the user device.

[0297] Aspect 12: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 11, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: send, to the communication unit of the user device, environmental information of the vehicle.

[0298] Aspect 13: The apparatus of aspect 12, wherein the environmental information includes at least one of a V2X context of the vehicle, an emergency call context of the vehicle, or any combination thereof.

[0299] Aspect 14: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 13, wherein the one or more communication functions include vehicle-to-everything (V2X) functions, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to: determine whether the user equipment is configured with the V2X functions; and in response to determining that the user equipment is not configured with the V2X functions, continue to perform the V2X functions.

[0300] Aspect 15: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 14, wherein the one or more communication functions include vehicle-to-everything (V2X) functions, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transfer a first set of V2X functions from a communication unit of a vehicle to a communication unit of the user equipment; and perform a second set of V2X functions by the communication unit of the vehicle.

[0301] Aspect 16: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 15, wherein the one or more communication functions include vehicle-to-everything (V2X) functions, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to: determine whether a temperature is greater than a first temperature threshold; and in response to determining that the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold, reduce a duty cycle of the V2X functions.

[0302] Aspect 17: The apparatus of aspect 16, wherein reducing the duty cycle of the V2X functions includes reducing a transmission rate of one or more V2X messages.

[0303] Aspect 18: The apparatus of any of aspects 16 or 17, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: determine a requirement for the V2X functions, wherein reducing the duty cycle of the V2X functions is further based on the determined requirement for the V2X functions.

[0304] Aspect 19: The apparatus of any of aspects 16 through 18, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: obtain an additional temperature associated with the vehicle; determine whether the additional temperature is greater than a second temperature threshold; and in response to determining that the additional temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold, transfer one or more V2X functions from a communication unit of the vehicle to a communication unit of the user equipment.

[0305] Aspect 20: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 19, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: perform a first communication function and a second communication function by a communication unit of a vehicle; determine whether a temperature is greater than a first temperature threshold; and in response to determining that the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold, transfer the first communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to a communication unit of the user equipment.

[0306] Aspect 21 : The apparatus of aspect 20, wherein the at least one processor is configured to transmit a request to transition the first communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

[0307] Aspect 22: The apparatus of aspect 21, wherein the at least one processor is configured to terminate one or more communication functions of the communication unit of the vehicle in response to transmitting the request.

[0308] Aspect 23 : The apparatus of any of aspects 21 or 22, wherein the at least one processor is configured to output a notification based on the request, the notification comprising at least one of a displayed message, an audible message, haptic feedback, or any combination thereof.

[0309] Aspect 24: The apparatus of any of aspects 20 to 23, wherein the at least one processor is configured to obtain an additional temperature associated with the vehicle, determine whether the additional temperature is greater than a second temperature threshold, and in response to determining that the additional temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold, transition the second communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

[0310] Aspect 25 : The apparatus of aspect 24, wherein the first communication function comprises a wireless network access function, and wherein the second communication function comprises a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) function.

[0311] Aspect 26 : The apparatus of aspect 24, wherein the first communication function comprises a wireless network access function, and wherein the second communication function comprises an emergency call function.

[0312] Aspect 27 : The apparatus of aspect 24, wherein the first communication function comprises a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) function, and wherein the second communication function comprises an emergency call function.

[0313] Aspect 28 : The apparatus of any of aspects 1 to 27, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine whether the temperature is greater than a first temperature threshold, and in response to determining that the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold, transmit a request to transition the first communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

[0314] Aspect 29 : The apparatus of aspect 28, wherein the at least one processor is configured to output a notification based on the request, the notification comprising at least one of a displayed message, an audible message, haptic feedback, or any combination thereof.

[0315] Aspect 30: The apparatus of any of aspects 28 through 29, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: determine whether the temperature is greater than a second temperature threshold; and responsive to determining that the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold, transition the first communication functionality from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

[0316] Aspect 31 : The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 30, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: responsive to determining the transition of the one or more communication functionalities, transition one or more additional functionalities from an additional communication unit of the vehicle to the user equipment.

[0317] Aspect 32: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 31, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: determine whether the temperature is greater than a temperature threshold; and responsive to determining that the temperature is greater than the temperature threshold, transition the one or more communication functionalities from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

[0318] Aspect 33: The apparatus of aspect 32, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: obtain an additional temperature associated with the vehicle; determine that the additional temperature is less than the temperature threshold; and responsive to determining that the additional temperature is less than the temperature threshold, transition the one or more communication functionalities from the communication unit of the user equipment to the communication unit of the vehicle.

[0319] Aspect 34: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 33, wherein the communication unit of the vehicle is a telematics control unit (TCU).

[0320] Aspect 35: The apparatus of aspect 34, wherein the TCU comprises at least one of a network access device (NAD), one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs), one or more modems, or any combination thereof.

[0321] Aspect 36: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 35, wherein the communication unit of the user equipment is a modem.

[0322] Aspect 37: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 36, wherein the communication unit of the vehicle is a modem.

[0323] Aspect 38: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 37, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transition the at least one communication functionality from the communication unit of the vehicle to a communication unit of a roadside unit (RSU).

[0324] Aspect 39: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 38, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transition the at least one communication functionality from the communication unit of the vehicle to a communication unit of an additional vehicle.

[0325] Aspect 40: A method for thermal mitigation, performing operations according to any of aspects 1-39.

[0326] Aspect 41 : A computer-readable medium comprising at least one instruction for causing a computer or processor to perform operations according to any of aspects 1-39.

[0327] Aspect 42: An apparatus for thermal mitigation, the apparatus comprising means for performing operations according to any of aspects 1-39.

[0328] Aspect 43 : An apparatus for thermal-based load balancing. The apparatus comprises at least one transceiver, at least one memory, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one memory and the at least one transceiver. The at least one processor is configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, a plurality of messages from one or more devices; determine a thermal level; determine a processing load based at least on a number of the plurality of messages; determine, based on the thermal level and the processing load, a filtering scheme to be applied to filter the plurality of messages in order to maintain the processing load at or below a processing capacity; and apply, using one or more components associated with the apparatus, the filtering scheme to filter the plurality of messages.

[0329] Aspect 44: The apparatus according to aspect 43, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: determine a filtering level based on the processing load and the processing capacity; and determine the filtering scheme based on the thermal level, the processing load, and the filtering level.

[0330] Aspect 45 : The apparatus according to any of aspects 43 or 44, wherein the apparatus comprises one or more validation processors configured to process the plurality of messages, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the processing capacity based on a sum of instantaneous processing capacities of the one or more validation processors.

[0331] Aspect 46: The apparatus according to any of aspects 43-45, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the filtering level as a maximum of a zero value and a ratio of a difference between the processing load and the processing capacity to the processing capacity.

[0332] Aspect 47 : The apparatus according to any of aspects 43-46, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the filtering scheme from a plurality of filtering schemes, each of the plurality of filtering schemes resulting in a different capacity of the plurality of messages to be filtered.

[0333] Aspect 48 : The apparatus according to any of aspects 43-47, wherein each of the plurality of filtering schemes comprises instructions identifying: one or more components at which the plurality of messages are to be filtered; and a corresponding filtering criterion according to which the plurality of messages are to be filtered.

[0334] Aspect 49: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 48, wherein each of the plurality of messages received from the one or more devices includes a message associated with at least one of a speed, a direction of movement, a distance, or any combination thereof of a corresponding one of the one or more devices, and wherein when applying the corresponding filtering criteria, the at least one processor is configured to filter the plurality of messages based on one or more of the distance of the one or more devices, the direction of movement of the one or more devices, and the speed of the one or more devices.

[0335] Aspect 50: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 49, wherein the one or more components at which the filtering scheme is applied includes at least one of an intelligent transportation system (ITS) of the apparatus, a vehicle-to-anything (V2X) component of a modem associated with the apparatus, a downstream component of the modem, or any combination thereof.

[0336] Aspect 51 : The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 50, wherein the filtering scheme, when applied, causes a greater number of the plurality of messages to be filtered as the thermal level increases.

[0337] Aspect 52: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 51, wherein the filtering scheme, when applied, causes a greater number of the plurality of messages to be filtered as the thermal level and the processing load increase.

[0338] Aspect 53: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 52, wherein the filtering scheme includes not filtering the plurality of messages when the thermal level is a lowest defined thermal level.

[0339] Aspect 54: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 53, wherein the filtering scheme includes turning off components of a modem associated with the apparatus to prevent additional messages from being received for processing at the apparatus until the processing load of the apparatus falls below the processing capacity.

[0340] Aspect 55: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 54, wherein the plurality of messages are vehicle-to-anything (V2X) messages.

[0341] Aspect 56: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 55, wherein the thermal level is one of a plurality of thermal levels, each of the plurality of thermal levels corresponding to a temperature range of an internal component of the apparatus.

[0342] Aspect 57: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 56, wherein the plurality of messages are signed using a signature, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to verify the plurality of messages based on the signature.

[0343] Aspect 58: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 57, wherein the apparatus is a vehicle computing system of a vehicle.

[0344] Aspect 59: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 58, wherein the one or more devices include at least one of a vehicle, a mobile device, a roadside unit, a traffic management system, a public transit vehicle, or any combination thereof.

[0345] Aspect 60: The apparatus of any of aspects 43 through 59, wherein the at least one processor is configured to apply a load balancing scheme to distribute the filtered messages among one or more processing cores associated with the apparatus for processing the plurality of filtered messages.

[0346] Aspect 61 : A thermal mitigation method that performs the operations of any of aspects 43 through 60.

[0347] Aspect 62: A computer-readable medium comprising at least one instruction for causing a computer or processor to perform the operations of any of aspects 43 through 60.

[0348] Aspect 63: An apparatus for thermal-based load balancing, the apparatus comprising means for performing the operations of any of aspects 43 through 60.

[0349] Aspect 64: A method comprising the operations of any of aspects 1 through 39 and 43 through 60.

[0350] Aspect 65: An apparatus comprising at least one transceiver, at least one memory, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one memory and the at least one transceiver. The at least one processor is configured to perform the operations of any of aspects 1 through 39 and 43 through 60.

[0351] Aspect 66: A computer-readable medium comprising at least one instruction for causing a computer or processor to perform the operations of any of aspects 1 through 39 and 43 through 60.

[0352] Aspect 67: An apparatus comprising means for performing the operations of any of aspects 1 through 39 and 43 through 60.

Claims

1. A device for heat relief, comprising: At least one memory; as well as At least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one memory, the at least one processor being configured to cause the device to: Obtain the temperature associated with the vehicle; A plurality of thermal mitigation levels of the vehicle are obtained, wherein a first thermal mitigation level of the plurality of thermal mitigation levels is associated with a first communication function transfer from the vehicle to a user device and a first temperature threshold of one or more communication functions, and wherein a second thermal mitigation level of the plurality of thermal mitigation levels is associated with a second communication function transfer from the vehicle to the user device and a second temperature threshold of the one or more communication functions, the second temperature threshold being greater than the first temperature threshold; Based on the fact that the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold and less than the second temperature threshold, it is determined that the temperature is associated with the first heat relief level among the plurality of heat relief levels; In response to determining that the temperature is associated with the first heat relief level, the first communication function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment; Based on the temperature being greater than or equal to the second temperature threshold, the temperature is determined to be associated with the second heat relief level among the plurality of heat relief levels; as well as In response to determining that the temperature is associated with the second heat relief level, the second communication function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Obtain the additional temperature associated with the vehicle; It is determined that the additional temperature is less than the first temperature threshold; as well as In response to determining that the additional temperature is less than the first temperature threshold, the first communication function is transferred from the communication unit of the user equipment to the communication unit of the vehicle.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Receive a request from the communication unit of the user equipment to perform the first communication function; Execute the first communication function based on the request; as well as Based on the temperature, the first communication function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Receive data from the communication unit of the user equipment based on the first communication function performed by the communication unit of the user equipment; and The data is output by the output device of the vehicle.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first communication function includes a wireless network access function performed by the communication unit of the vehicle for the communication unit of the user equipment, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Send an instruction to the communication unit of the user equipment to start the wireless network access function.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: The communication unit of the vehicle shall be deregistered from the communication network service provider.

7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: The wireless network access function is executed until at least the communication unit of the user equipment begins to execute the wireless network access function.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first communication function includes vehicle-to-everything (V2X) functionality, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: The V2X function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Determine whether the user equipment is configured with V2X functionality; and In response to determining that the user equipment is configured with V2X functionality, the V2X functionality is transferred to the communication unit of the user equipment.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: The environmental information of the vehicle is sent to the communication unit of the user equipment, wherein the environmental information includes at least one of the vehicle's V2X context, the vehicle's emergency call context, or any combination thereof.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more communication functions include vehicle-to-everything (V2X) functionality, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Determine whether the user equipment is configured with V2X functionality; and In response to determining that the user equipment is not configured with V2X functionality, the V2X functionality continues to be executed.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more communication functions include vehicle-to-everything (V2X) functionality, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Transferring the first V2X function set from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment; and The second V2X function set is executed by the communication unit of the vehicle.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second communication function includes vehicle-to-everything (V2X) functionality, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Determine whether the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold; and In response to determining that the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold, the duty cycle of the V2X function is reduced.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein, in order to reduce the duty cycle of the V2X function, the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to reduce the transmission rate of one or more V2X messages.

15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Determine the requirements for the V2X functionality, and Furthermore, based on the determined requirements for the V2X function, the duty cycle of the V2X function is reduced.

16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Obtain the additional temperature associated with the vehicle; It is determined that the additional temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold; as well as Based on the fact that the additional temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold, the additional temperature is determined to be associated with the second heat relief level among the plurality of heat relief levels.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein, The at least one processor is configured to cause the device to transfer the second communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment in response to determining that the additional temperature is associated with the second heat relief level.

18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: At least one communication function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the roadside unit (RSU).

19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: Transfer at least one communication function from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the auxiliary vehicle.

20. A method for heat relief, the method comprising: Obtain the temperature associated with the vehicle; A plurality of thermal mitigation levels of the vehicle are obtained, wherein a first thermal mitigation level of the plurality of thermal mitigation levels is associated with a first communication function transfer from the vehicle to a user device and a first temperature threshold of one or more communication functions, and wherein a second thermal mitigation level of the plurality of thermal mitigation levels is associated with a second communication function transfer from the vehicle to the user device and a second temperature threshold of the one or more communication functions, the second temperature threshold being greater than the first temperature threshold; Based on the fact that the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold and less than the second temperature threshold, it is determined that the temperature is associated with the first heat relief level among the plurality of heat relief levels; In response to determining that the temperature is associated with the first heat relief level, the first communication function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment; Based on the temperature being greater than or equal to the second temperature threshold, the temperature is determined to be associated with the second heat relief level among the plurality of heat relief levels; as well as In response to determining that the temperature is associated with the second heat relief level, the second communication function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprising: Obtain the additional temperature associated with the vehicle; It is determined that the additional temperature is less than the first temperature threshold; as well as In response to determining that the additional temperature is less than the first temperature threshold, the first communication function is transferred from the communication unit of the user equipment to the communication unit of the vehicle.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein the first communication function includes a wireless network access function performed by the communication unit of the vehicle for the communication unit of the user equipment, and further includes: Send an instruction to the communication unit of the user equipment to start the wireless network access function.

23. The method of claim 20, wherein the first communication function includes vehicle-to-everything (V2X) functionality, and further includes: The V2X function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

24. The method of claim 20, further comprising: Receive a request from the communication unit of the user equipment to perform the first communication function; Execute the first communication function based on the request; as well as Based on the temperature, the first communication function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

25. The method of claim 20, further comprising: Receive data based on a first communication function performed by the communication unit of the user equipment from the communication unit of the user equipment; as well as The data is output by the output device of the vehicle.

26. The method of claim 20, wherein the one or more communication functions include vehicle-to-everything (V2X) functionality, the method further comprising: Determine whether the user equipment is configured with V2X functionality; and In response to the determination that the user equipment is not configured with V2X functionality, the V2X functionality continues to be performed.

27. The method of claim 20, wherein the one or more communication functions include vehicle-to-everything (V2X) functionality, the method further comprising: Transfer the first V2X function set from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment; as well as The second V2X function set is executed by the communication unit of the vehicle.

28. The method of claim 20, further comprising: Obtain the additional temperature associated with the vehicle; It is determined that the additional temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold; Based on the fact that the additional temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold, it is determined that the additional temperature is associated with the second heat relief level among the plurality of heat relief levels; as well as In response to determining that the additional temperature is associated with the second heat relief level, the second communication function is transferred from the communication unit of the vehicle to the communication unit of the user equipment.

29. An apparatus for heat-based load balancing, comprising: At least one transceiver; At least one memory; as well as At least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to cause the device to: Receive multiple messages from one or more devices via the at least one transceiver; Determine the heat level; The processing load is determined at least based on the number of the plurality of messages; The filtering level is determined based on the processing load and processing capacity. Based on the heat level, the processing load, and the filtering level, a filtering scheme to be applied to filtering the multiple messages is determined so as to keep the processing load at or below the processing capacity. as well as The filtering scheme is applied using one or more components associated with the device to filter the plurality of messages.

30. A heat-based load balancing method, comprising: Receive multiple messages from one or more devices; Determine the heat level; The processing load is determined at least based on the number of the plurality of messages; The filtering level is determined based on the processing load and processing capacity. Based on the heat level, the processing load, and the filtering level, a filtering scheme to be applied to filtering the multiple messages is determined so as to keep the processing load at or below the processing capacity. as well as The filtering scheme is applied using one or more components associated with the device to filter the multiple messages.

31. An apparatus for heat relief, comprising components for the steps of the method according to any one of claims 20-28.

32. An apparatus for heat-based load balancing, comprising components for the steps of the method according to claim 30.

33. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 20-28 and 30.

34. A program product containing stored instructions, which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 20-28 and 30.

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