Elastomeric plant development medium

Abstract

Disclosed is an elastic plant growth medium that can include a first layer comprising a plurality of adjacent strands, a second layer comprising a plurality of adjacent strands in a stacked relationship relative to the first layer, wherein the strands of the first layer and the strands of the second layer are in misaligned orientation relative to each other. The strands in the first layer and the strands in the second layer can form a cross-hatched pattern. The multi-layered elastic medium can be effective to support seeds during germination and plants throughout their entire growth development. The multi-layered elastic medium can be effective for use in various plant cultivation methods, such as aeroponic, nutrient film, and hydroponic plant cultivation environments, and can be easily cleaned for reuse.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to provisional application No. 63 / 048,394, filed on July 6, 2020, entitled "Resilient Plant Development Medium," and provisional application No. 63 / 163,306, filed on March 19, 2021, entitled "Resilient Plant Development Medium." The entire contents of the aforementioned provisional applications are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The embodiments of this disclosure relate to a flexible medium and a method of using said medium for indoor agriculture to germinate seeds and to enable plant development / support. Background Technology

[0004] Indoor farms employing hydroponics or aeroponics utilize soilless growing media to germinate seeds on and support developing plants. In some aeroponic agriculture, the soilless growing media can be a cloth mounted on a metal tray placed in a growing chamber, where nutrient solution is supplied to the roots from below the cloth. Light of a suitable frequency is provided to the developing plants from above the cloth.

[0005] The fabric can be used as a substrate for growing plants. It allows seeds to germinate on its surface and enables the different roots of developing plants to grow through it. The fabric can be removed from the growing chamber, cleaned to remove roots, stems, and algae, and reused multiple times before recycling. Unfortunately, some roots and stems remain entangled in the fabric even after cleaning, and the fabric shrinks over time, making it more difficult to mount onto trays as it ages. Furthermore, the fabric substrate may tear during processing, requiring repair through patching and stitching, which can be both time-consuming and expensive.

[0006] Rock wool is a soilless plant growing medium commonly used in indoor cultivation. It is a fibrous substrate made from inorganic materials at high temperatures. Its fibrous nature produces small particles, making material handling difficult. Once plants are grown using rock wool, it is difficult to remove roots, carry algae, and reuse the rock wool for other plants. High-temperature and energy-intensive remelting and spinning can be used to recycle used rock wool materials.

[0007] There is a continued need for improved soilless plant growth media that can effectively support plant seeds during germination, support plants throughout their growth cycle, facilitate harvesting operations, reduce algae growth, can be cleaned and reused multiple times, and, more generally, improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of indoor agriculture. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The present disclosure provides advantageous elastic media that can be used to grow and develop plants from seed. The elastic media can be used for multiple plant development and harvest cycles. The elastic media can be configured to have openings formed by constrained lines that can be used to develop plants. The disclosed elastic media can be used for a variety of agricultural applications, including nutrient film, hydroponic, and aeroponic agricultural applications. Thus, the disclosed elastic media can be used in conjunction with and for seed germination in nutrient film, hydroponic, and / or aeroponic systems and components. The disclosed elastic media is not limited to the aforementioned applications and can be used universally for agricultural applications involving plants at any stage of germination from seed or plant cutting, plant growth and development, and harvesting.

[0009] The strand binding constraint locations in embodiments of the present disclosure provide the elastic media. The mechanical properties of the strands can range from elastic to inelastic, or from elastic to rigid, and variations therebetween, respectively. The mechanical properties of the constraint locations can range from elastic to inelastic, or from elastic to rigid, and variations therebetween, respectively.

[0010] The plurality of strands of the elastic media can generally be secured or constrained at a first location or region and a second location or region that can be spaced apart from each other. In some embodiments, the plurality of strands can generally be secured or constrained at first and second locations that can be spaced apart from each other. The strands can be secured / constrained at additional regions and / or locations outside of the first / second locations or regions, for example, outside of the first region or location, outside of the second region or location, or both. The length of each strand can span the first / second constrained regions or locations and can generally be adapted to allow the strands to bend / curve laterally with respect to each other to create greater spacing between the strands than would be present in the absence of such bending / curving. The spacing of the constrained regions or supports of the strands can allow the strands to have sufficient free length to bend / curve, thereby creating greater openings between the strands. The lateral bending / curving of the strands of the elastic media mentioned to form openings can be facilitated, for example, by plant growth and / or roots passing through the openings formed between the strands.

[0011] In some embodiments, the elastic medium of the present disclosure can include two or more layers, which together can form a multi-layered elastic medium. Each layer or sheet in the multi-layered elastic medium can include a plurality of strands that can be positioned relative to one another and can form openings and / or elongated open spaces therebetween. The strands in a layer or sheet of the elastic medium can generally be fixed or constrained at first and second regions or locations that can be spaced apart relative to one another. The strands can be fixed / constrained at additional regions or locations outside of the first / second regions or locations, for example, outside of the first region or location, outside of the second region or location, or both. The length of each strand can span the first / second regions or locations and can generally be adapted to bend / curve laterally relative to the other strands to create a greater spacing between adjacent strands in the layer than would exist in the absence of such bending / curving. The strands can generally bend or bow in any direction in the presence of a force. The lateral bending / curving of the strands generally within a layer can be facilitated, for example, by the growth of a plant and / or roots through the elongated openings formed within the layer. The layers of the elastic medium of the present disclosure can generally be positioned adjacent to one another. In some embodiments, the layers of the elastic medium can generally be one on top of the other. The elastic medium of the present disclosure can include two or more layers that can be stacked one on top of the other. The strands in each layer can move independently of the strands in the same layer and can move independently of the strands in adjacent layers, such movement occurring in each strand in the region between the first / second locations of constraint. The elongated openings in each layer of the multi-layered medium can combine to effectively create a plurality of openings or passages through the adjacent layers from the first layer. The elongated openings in each layer of the multi-layered elastic medium can be larger than the combined openings formed through the adjacent layers for the multi-layered elastic medium in embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0012] The strands in each layer or sheet of the elastic medium, in combination with the regions of constraint, can allow the strands to separate from one another at any location along their length and can create flexible and elastic openings and passages through the medium to enable the accommodation of roots, shoots, and combinations of these. The flexible and elastic openings and passages through the medium can facilitate the penetration of roots and shoots during plant development and can also facilitate the removal of roots, shoots, or both from the medium during the cleaning process. In multi-layered embodiments, the strands of one layer can at least partially cover the openings and / or strands in adjacent or non-adjacent layers. In some embodiments, the strands in one layer can be, for example, parallel to the strands in an adjacent layer and can be positioned over the openings between the strands in the adjacent layer. In other embodiments, the strands of one layer can at least partially span the strands in adjacent or non-adjacent layers. The interweaving of the strands in adjacent layers can reduce or close the openings formed by the growth of a plant and can mechanically secure the plant with the elastic medium.

[0013] In some embodiments, the strands of a layer can span at least the strands and / or elongated openings formed by the strands in an adjacent layer. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, adjacent layers can be oriented relative to each other such that the axis defined by the openings or strands of a first layer can be generally misaligned relative to the axis defined by the openings or strands of a second layer. The misalignment of the axes of the openings or strands of the first and second adjacent layers can range from 5 degrees to 90 degrees (5° to 90°) and can generally be between 45° and 90°. In some embodiments, the misalignment of the axes of the elongated openings or strands of the first and second adjacent layers can range from 5° to 90° and can generally be between 45° and 90°. The multi-layered seed germination and development medium in embodiments of the present disclosure can include strands in a first layer that span the openings and / or span the strands of an adjacent second layer can be beneficial because the strands in the adjacent layer can more evenly support the vertical arching or bending of the strands in the adjacent layer (as compared to parallel elongated openings of parallel strands) and reduce the vertical bending / arching of the strands in both layers while still allowing lateral bending / arching of the strands in each layer plane to accommodate root, sprout, and combinations of these penetrating and / or removing from the resilient medium. Strands that span openings and / or strands that span adjacent layers at an angle that is close to 90° (e.g., 45° to 90°) can better support the strands of the adjacent layer as compared to aligned (parallel) or near parallel (e.g., aligned to within <5° of each other) strands of the adjacent layer. Reduced vertical bending or sagging of the strands in the layers can beneficially reduce the nutrient puddling and seed submerging that can occur with cloth and fabric substrates. It can be beneficial to have a resilient medium that remains flat when the medium is used for plant development. For example, during harvesting using a horizontal cutting blade, a flat growth surface allows for closer cutting relative to the substrate and improves cutting efficiency and improves harvest yield. Additionally, in aeroponic growing systems, plant roots tend to bind to the growth frame under the growing medium. This makes cleaning more difficult. If the growing medium can resist sagging, then the growth frame can have fewer support members with larger spacing and larger gaps. Strands that can span the larger gaps without sagging between the constrained areas can be used with such open support frames and can provide fewer locations for the roots to bind to the frame. The strands that make up a layer and strands from an adjacent layer can cooperate to support and share the weight of the developing plants on the resilient medium. The resilient medium can improve plant harvesting, sprout systems, and root removal and can be easily cleaned for reuse.

[0014] The elastic medium in some embodiments of the present disclosure can have two or more layers, where the openings and strands in the layers can be individually positioned to form one or more tortuous paths between the top and bottom layers. The two layers can be freely separable from each other. The elastic medium in some other embodiments of the present disclosure can have two or more layers, where the regularly sized openings and regularly spaced strands in the layers can be positioned to form one or more tortuous paths between the top and bottom layers. The multiple layers of the elastic medium can create more tortuous paths through the medium, which can help reduce water vapor loss and can improve light blocking. For example, the size, strand width, and axis of the openings defined by the openings or strands of a first layer can be oriented at an angle relative to the size, strand width, and axis of the openings defined by the openings or strands of a second layer, and the size, strand width, and axis of the openings defined by the openings of a third layer can be selected and oriented at an angle relative to the axis formed by the openings or strands of the first layer to form one or more tortuous paths. The range of angles formed between the axes of the openings or strands of the first and second layers can be 5° to 90° (e.g., 45° to 90°), and the range of angles formed between the axes of the elongated openings or strands of the second and third layers can be 5° to 90° (e.g., 45° to 90°). The angle between the axis of the openings or strands of the first layer and the axis of the openings or strands of the third layer can be aligned or parallel, and the openings of the first and third layers can be off-set to form a tortuous path. Thus, the strands of adjacent / stacked layers can be interwoven with each other, rather than aligned. In some embodiments of the elastic medium in embodiments of the present disclosure, the interwoven strands of adjacent / stacked layers can form a tortuous path from top to bottom. The elastic multi-layer medium with tortuous paths can be beneficial for indoor vertical farming by reducing light penetration into the nutrient solution below the elastic medium, and reducing over-spraying when the medium is used in an aeroponic growing chamber.

[0015] Embodiments of the present disclosure can include methods of developing plants on an elastic medium and harvesting the developed plants at a desired growth stage. The elastic medium can include a layer of elastic strands that can have or form elastic and flexible openings between the strands. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the unrestrained length of the strands between the restraint regions can be at least five times the spacing between adjacent strands at or near the restraint regions. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the elastic medium can include one or more layers, or two or more layers, with elastic strands that can form such openings.

[0016] For indoor vertical agriculture or factory farming, the elastic medium in embodiments of the present disclosure can be beneficial for developing plants as it can support plant development, including seed germination and plant growth, it can reduce or eliminate algae growth, it can be beneficial for harvesting by providing a flat and supportive surface, and it can be easily cleaned for reuse.

[0017] At the germination stage of plant development, the elastic medium can beneficially retain water on its surface, between strands, and between strands of different surfaces in a multi-layer configuration. In various embodiments, water can be retained for up to 3 days or more to trigger seed germination. Typically, germination is performed in a sealed or wrapped environment to prevent water evaporation and to create conditions for germination. The elastic medium can be highly porous yet thin enough to allow good root penetration at the end of germination. One or more layers of the elastic medium can provide or cooperate with adjacent layers to reduce pitting on the top surface of the medium during germination. Once the seeds have germinated and the elastic medium can be placed in a growth chamber, good root penetration through the medium can allow the roots to easily access nutrient solution from a nozzle, nutrient film, or hydroponic container. The elastic medium in embodiments of the present disclosure can have strand cross-sections and strand spacings that can provide openings that support seed germination of different sizes of seeds, from tiny cress size seeds to pumpkin size seeds, or larger, without submerging the seeds in water (flooding) or dropping through the medium, which helps reduce costs and increase overall yield. The elastic medium in embodiments of the present disclosure can have strand cross-sections and strand spacings that can provide openings that support tray plants, rhizomes, root cuttings, and other germplasm, without submerging them in water (flooding) or dropping through the medium, which helps reduce costs and increase overall yield. The flexible and elastic openings of the elastic medium in embodiments of the present disclosure are an advantage over molded germination trays with fixed size openings during germination, as different seed sizes require different fixed size mesh openings (smaller seeds would pass through larger mesh sizes), which increases the cost and inventory requirements of different germination trays. The fixed size openings of molded germination tray mesh also result in high water vapor loss, higher energy costs for air conditioning in indoor farms, and allow light to pass through larger mesh openings, which can promote algae growth.

[0018] Advantageously, the resilient medium in embodiments of the present disclosure can act as a barrier during the plant growing period and can remain dry on the top surface compared to the lower medium surface that is closer to the nutrient supply. The resilient medium is a soilless growing medium that can reduce water vapor loss and thus reduce indoor heating and cooling costs compared to other soilless growing mediums such as cloth or rock wool. During the growth and development of seedlings, the water on the top surface of the resilient medium in embodiments of the present disclosure can evaporate and the top surface can become drier. The drier top surface of the resilient medium can result in a reduction of algae and the like on the top surface of the medium during the development of the plants. The presence of mold, algae, or other biofilm on the top surface of cloth soilless cultivation medium can hinder the undergrowth of the plants, cause the medium to be more difficult to clean, and can result in a higher likelihood of plant disease, mold, and odor. The resilient medium in embodiments of the present disclosure can act as a barrier to reduce the penetration of light into the nutrient solution near the plant roots that can result in the formation of algae in the solution. The barrier properties of the resilient medium can also prevent air- pruning mist from leaking from the nozzles and through the resilient medium onto the undergrowth and lower leaves of the plants on the top lighted surface and reduce the "burning" of the leaves and stunting of the plant growth. The ability of the strands to abut and block the openings in other layers also reduces the evaporative water vapor loss of the plants during development in the growth chamber and can advantageously reduce the energy requirements to dehumidify the air to maintain proper humidity levels in the indoor farm to promote plant growth. One or more layers of the resilient medium can provide or cooperate with adjacent layers to provide good plant support during growth.

[0019] The resilient medium advantageously remains flat during harvesting, which can allow for the use of an automated cutting blade to evenly cut the plants at harvest and can maximize the harvest yield. The flat resilient medium can also allow for a second, lower cut of the stems by a second pass of the cutting blade positioned close to the growing medium, which can be difficult for cloth due to its unevenness and tendency to sag in unsupported areas. The resilient medium can be reused and can be cleaned before reuse. The flexible and resilient openings formed between the strands can support the plants during growth and can allow for the removal of the stems and roots after harvest. This cleaning process can be accomplished with high pressure water, which can provide enough force to separate the strands and remove the roots and stems. The resilient medium is easier to clean due to the flexible and resilient openings compared to mats with fixed size openings or cloth with small, inflexible openings that can become clogged when the stems and roots grow larger than the openings and become locked in the openings. The ease of cleaning of the resilient medium for plant development can reduce the number of high pressure water cleaning processes, reduce damage to the medium, and reduce the amount of water used and the cleaning time.

[0020] Other features, functions, and benefits of the resilient medium disclosed in the present disclosure will be apparent from the following description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0021] A more complete understanding of the present disclosure and its advantages will be obtained by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, where like reference numerals indicate like features, and wherein:

[0022] Figure 1A-1C A resilient medium of the present disclosure is shown;

[0023] Figure 2A -B shows aspects of two layers of a resilient medium used to germinate seeds and develop plants;

[0024] Figure 3A -C shows aspects of two layers of a resilient medium that can be used to germinate seeds and develop plants;

[0025] Figure 4A -B shows germination of seeds using a resilient medium, where the elongated openings in the top layer are substantially perpendicular to the elongated openings in the bottom layer;

[0026] Figure 5 Development of plants on a resilient medium after 8 days in an aeroponic growth chamber is shown. The resilient medium is supported on a tray with openings for root contact with nutrient solution, surrounded on the perimeter area (no resilient medium) by a coroplast ring outside the medium to prevent excessive spraying of nutrient solution over the edge of the resilient medium and onto the developing plants;

[0027] Figure 6A A multi-layer resilient medium and plant residue, including roots and portions of stems, on the top layer of the resilient medium is shown;

[0028] Figure 6B A portion of the medium in Figure 6A is shown after being cleaned with a water spray;

[0029] Figure 7A -D shows in sequence seedlings grown in a hydroponic manner in a resilient medium, and with intact roots, being pulled directly from the resilient medium, about 3 days after germination;

[0030] Figure 8A -E shows in sequence a resilient medium with adjacent strands, openings formed by separating or laterally bending / curving the strands, a resiliently constrained area, and the resilient medium in a stretched and relaxed state;

[0031] Figure 9A -B shows in sequence the use of a resilient medium to harvest developed plants;

[0032] Figure 10 A resilient medium with openings after plant development and partial harvesting is shown;

[0033] Figure 11 Algae growth test results after 4 days are shown;

[0034] Figure 12 Algae growth test results after 7 days are shown;

[0035] Figure 13 Light transmission test results are shown;

[0036] Figure 14A A single layer of elastic medium is shown; Figure 14B Two layers of elastic medium stacked together to form an elastic medium having a web-like structure with smaller flexible openings that are Figure 14A have improved light barrier properties compared to the single layer of elastic medium in

[0037] Figure 15A An opening formed in a first layer of elastic medium by separating adjacent strands is shown; Figure 15B An opening formed through two adjacent layers of elastic medium and the partial overlap of strands from each layer with the opening in the adjacent layer is shown;

[0038] Figure 16A Further showing the openings in two layers of elastic medium and the partial overlap of strands from each layer with the opening in the adjacent layer as the layers are combined;

[0039] Figure 17A Liquid retention between features within a layer of elastic medium is shown; Figure 17B Liquid retention between adjacent layers of elastic medium and adjacent layer features is shown;

[0040] Figure 18 Strands in embodiments of the present disclosure are shown including a core having an elastomeric coating;

[0041] Figure 19 Elastic medium containing strands separated by a woven constraining region is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] In the following description, it is to be understood that terms such as "top," "bottom," "outward," "inward," and the like are words of convenience and are not to be construed as limiting terms. Reference will now be made in detail to implementations of the present disclosure as illustrated in the accompanying drawings and examples. In general reference being had to the drawings, it will be understood that the illustrations are for descriptive purposes and are not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

[0043] Whenever a particular embodiment of the present disclosure includes or consists of at least one element of a group and combinations thereof, it is understood that the embodiment can include or consist of any element of the group alone or in combination with any other element of the group. These and other aspects of the embodiments will be better appreciated and understood when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings and description. While the description indicates various embodiments of the present disclosure and numerous specific details as an example, it is by way of illustration and not of limitation. Numerous substitutions, modifications, additions or rearrangements can be made within the scope of various embodiments, and the present disclosure includes all such substitutions, modifications, additions or rearrangements.

[0044] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the term "developing plants" can refer to one or more germinating seeds, one or more seedlings with or without true leaves, one or more plants in development, or any combination of these, which can typically be on the top surface of the elastic medium. Plants can develop from seeds to seedlings, and then the seedlings grow into plants until harvest.

[0045] Nutrient solution in embodiments of the present disclosure generally refers to a solution used to provide one or more of water, metal ions such as potassium, sodium, copper, magnesium, nitrogen source, phosphorus source, and sulfur source, and other dissolved nutrients to the roots of developing plants.

[0046] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an elastic medium that can be reused multiple times in nutrient film, aeroponic, and hydroponic growth chambers. Elastic material in embodiments of the present disclosure refers to those that can have fixed strand constraint regions and separable adjacent strands that span between the constraint regions. The separable strands can form flexible openings between the constraint regions. In some embodiments, the separable strands can form flexible elongated openings between the constraint regions. The strands of the elastic material between the constraint regions that have been separated by plant roots or stems can return to substantially their original positions in the absence of the roots or stems. The elastic material can spring back or rebound to their original shape after being bent, stretched, or compressed. The elastic medium does not permanently deform from use or reuse, and the elastic medium can substantially return to their original shape after plant development, harvest, and cleaning. These seed germination and plant development elastic media retain their shape after cleaning and do not need to be stretched or secured on a support tray like cloth soilless growth media. The elastic material in embodiments of the present disclosure can have good balance of strength and drainage when wetted by nutrient solution, can resist sagging, and can resist formation of pockets. Formation of pockets is undesirable and can occur in the case of cloth growth media, which can result in flooded germinating seeds and algae growth on the cloth growth media.

[0047] As Figure 1A -C, Figure 2A and Figure 8AAs shown, the layers of elastic media in embodiments of the present disclosure can include a plurality of adjacent strands. Adjacent strands can be spaced apart, spaced apart strands can be in contact, or adjacent strands can be in contact over some portions of their length and spaced apart over other portions. In some embodiments, each layer of elastic media can include a plurality of adjacent strands. Although the present disclosure refers to adjacent "strands," the term "strands" can also refer to meshes, ribbons, rods, cords, strings, and the like between the regions of constraint. Regardless of the terminology used, each of the structures referenced above forms an elongated element that extends from a first end to a second end, and, in combination, the plurality of adjacent structures, spaced structures, and / or substantially parallel spaced structures, together with the regions of constraint, form the layers of the disclosed reusable multi-layer media.

[0048] Strands in a layer of elastic media can be constrained at least at a first fixed location or region and a second fixed location or region spaced apart from the first location or region. The length of each strand can span between or across these two locations or regions. Strands spanning between these locations or regions can terminate at these locations or regions of constraint, or the strands can pass through the regions of constraint, for example as shown in Figure 3A -C and Figure 8A -D. Regions of constraint can also optionally be formed at one or more of the peripheral edges of a strand or layer of strands. As shown in Figure 3B and Figure 8B Peripheral regions of constraint can be parallel to the long axis of the strands and can overlap the regions or locations of constraint spanning the strands, for example in Figure 3A -B, the peripheral regions of constraint 324 and 334 can intersect the fixed locations of the regions of constraint 322 and 332 spanned by the strands 350.

[0049] Although the present disclosure refers to strands being constrained at a "location", the term "location" can also refer to an area or region of the elastic medium in which the strands can be held. Regardless of the terminology used, each term refers to a point or region in the elastic medium in which the strands can be constrained. The terms "location" or "region" in relation to strand constraining can be used interchangeably in the specification and claims. An individual strand in a layer can be constrained at a first location and can be contained in a plane or slab that can be perpendicular to an axis defined by the strand, or two or more individual strands can be constrained at a first location that is misaligned in a plane that can be perpendicular to an axis defined by the strands. In some embodiments, an individual strand in a layer can be constrained at a first location and can be contained in a plane or slab that can be parallel to a longitudinal axis defined by the strand. Similarly, an individual strand in a layer can be constrained at a second location and can be contained in a plane or slab that can be perpendicular to an axis defined by the strand, or two or more individual strands can be constrained at a second location that is misaligned in a plane that can be perpendicular to an axis defined by the strands. In some embodiments, an individual strand in a layer can be constrained at a second location and can be contained in a plane or slab that can be parallel to a longitudinal axis defined by the strand. The strands can be constrained at multiple locations across or along their length, i.e., they can be constrained at a first location and a second location, as well as one or more intermediate locations and / or one or more locations axially beyond the first location or axially beyond the second location or both. The constrained strand regions and optional constrained perimeter regions can form a layer, a slab, or a sheet. In embodiments of the present disclosure, each layer of constrained strands can be processed separately from other layers. In other embodiments of the present disclosure, two or more layers of constrained strands can be fixedly or removably connected relative to one another such that, when in a connected configuration, the two or more layers of constrained strands form a subassembly that can be processed as a unit. In some embodiments, the medium can have a mechanical anchor of a given diameter that secures the medium to a support tray.

[0050] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the strands that make up the layers of constrained strands exhibit sufficient stiffness / strength to span the distance from a first constrained location to a second constrained location without the strands sagging or deflecting downward significantly. Support directly beneath the span of strands can be optional, not necessary. However, the strands that make up each layer of constrained strands have sufficient flexibility to allow lateral deflection or bowing / bending to separate portions of the strands so that bowing / bending of the side-by-side strands (in opposite directions) can occur as roots extend downward between adjacent strands as seeds germinate and roots grow, as the diameter of the plant stem increases, and for any other plant-related development associated with plant growth.

[0051] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the strands that make up a layer can be flexible and the layer comprising the strands can be rolled up and unrolled, thereby exhibiting the ability to move between a planar or substantially planar orientation and a non-planar orientation (e.g., a rolled up or folded orientation). An example of this property of an elastic medium is shown in Figure 3C where the top layer is partially rolled up or bent relative to the bottom layer. These layers can individually assume a non-planar orientation, or they can be configured side-by-side as they together assume a non-planar orientation. Thus, in embodiments of the present disclosure, multiple layers consisting of strands and constraining regions can be rolled up together, e.g., into a substantially cylindrical configuration. Such a roll can be unrolled on a support frame to position the elastic medium layers on the frame. In a layer of medium, multiple strands can be positioned next to each other, side-by-side, along their length and between constraining locations. The strands can be in contact or separated / spaced apart from each other along their length (all or part of it). In embodiments where the strands are separated / spaced apart from each other along their length (between constraining locations), the space between the separated / spaced apart strands can form openings, flexible openings, flexible elongated openings, and combinations of these, extending from a first constraining location to a second constraining location.

[0052] Adjacent strands in an unstretched state, or adjacent strands in a transversely curved / stretched state, can have openings between the strands approximating shapes such as rectangles, diamonds, slits, ovals, etc.; the openings can also have irregular shapes with dimensions that can vary, such as the openings 260 and 280 in Figure 2A , the openings 890 in Figure 8A , and the openings 855 in Figure 8B . The openings can be formed when the layer is manufactured, i.e., the multiple strands can be formed in a side-by-side / spaced apart arrangement and constrained at the first and second locations (and possibly additional constraining locations), the openings can be formed by separating adjacent strands, or the openings can be formed by a combination of these (e.g., separating initially spaced apart strands).

[0053] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the elastic medium can have more than one layer, e.g., a first layer, a second layer, a third layer, etc. For example, as shown in Figure 1A and Figure 16DAs shown, a multi-layer elastic medium can include a first layer that can have a plurality of adjacent strands with an initial orientation that are constrained at two or more separate locations across or along the length of the strands. The multi-layer elastic medium can include a second layer that can have a plurality of adjacent strands with an initial orientation that are constrained at two or more separate locations. The second layer can be in a stacked relationship relative to the first layer. One or more strands in any layer can be elastic. Each layer can optionally have a perimeter constraining region. The strands of the first layer and the strands of the second layer can be in misaligned orientations relative to each other. In some embodiments of the disclosure, the plurality of adjacent strands in at least one of the first layer or the second layer can be in a spaced apart or side-by-side relationship, the spaced apart strands can form openings between adjacent strands. Some embodiments of the elastic multi-layer medium can have enlarged openings between one or more adjacent strands in the first layer, the second layer, or both, where the openings can include strands that are laterally deflected or bowed from their initial orientation. In embodiments of the disclosure, the strands of the elastic medium can be continuous between the constraining regions, without gaps or breaks. Continuous strands between the constraining regions or locations can be advantageous for the elastic medium as they can support the seed and plant across the length and increase the available area for the developing plant. In embodiments of the multi-layer elastic medium, the strands can be continuous smooth, the strands can be wavy or undulating, or the strands can have a texture selected from the group consisting of nubs, appendages, openings within the strand portion, or any combination of these. In embodiments of the multi-layer elastic medium, the strands are flexible and can be continuous smooth, or the flexible strands can be wavy or undulating, or can have a texture selected from the group consisting of nubs, appendages, openings within the strand portion, or any combination of these. The opening size in one layer of the multi-layer medium with such strands can be the same or different from the opening size in an adjacent layer.

[0054] The strands in each layer can move independently of the other strands in that layer, and the strands in each layer can move independently of the strands in an adjacent layer. This movement occurs in each strand in the region between the constraining first / second locations. As shown in Figure 14B , Figure 15B and Figure 16D As shown, the openings in each layer of the multi-layer medium can combine to effectively create multiple openings or channels from the first layer to an adjacent layer. For example, in Figure 14B two layers of strands can be positioned adjacent to each other at multiple angles, and when viewed from the side, as in Figure 14BThe adjacent stacked elastic medium layers 1410 and 1420 shown can appear to create a mesh structure when viewed. This can result in the formation of many openings, for example, light colored regions 1440, such as Figure 14B shown. These openings 1440 can be highly flexible and elastic and can form larger openings through the layers when the strands in each layer are separated by an object (e.g., a stem or root) protruding through both layers. In Figure 15A the bottom layer of elastic medium 1510 and the top layer of elastic medium 1520 are shown separated (strands do not overlap). An elongated opening 1530 can be formed in layer 1520 by separating the adjacent strands between the constrained regions 1522 and 1524 with an object 1550. The opening 1530 is partially occupied by the object 1550 and the opening can have an unoccupied region 1532; the unoccupied region 1532 of the opening 1530 can allow light to enter the nutrient solution or allow over-spraying of an air- culture spout. Figure 15B the layers 1510 and 1520 are shown in a stacked relationship with the axis of the strands in each layer oriented at about 90 degrees to each other (similar to Figure 14B the two stacked layers in ). The object 1550, when positioned through the layers, can form an opening 1530 in the top layer and an opening 1540 in the bottom layer. The strands from the bottom layer 1510 cover the open or unoccupied region of the opening 1530 from below. The expandable openings 1530 and 1540 can have two sides from each layer 1510 and 1520 that contact the object 1550 extending through the stacked layers. The strands from the top layer 1520 cover the open region (not shown) below the opening 1540 in the bottom layer 1510 formed by the object 1550. Positioning the elastic medium layers adjacent to each other in embodiments of the disclosure can cover the open region of the openings formed in the adjacent layers. For plant development, this can reduce light penetration and water evaporation compared to a single layer.

[0055] Figure 15A the bottom layer of elastic medium 1510 and the top layer of elastic medium 1520 are shown; the two layers are shown separated. An elongated opening 1530 can be formed when the strands in the top layer 1520 are separated by an object 1550. The opening 1530 includes an unoccupied region 1532 between the separated strands. The elastic silicone constrained region 1522 of layer 1520 allows for greater separation of adjacent strands (e.g., compared to the less flexible constrained region 270 with the physical attachment 254 between the adjacent strands 250 and 252 in ) and can facilitate removal of roots and stems near the edges of the constrained region because greater separation of the strands near the constrained region is possible. Figure 2B

[0056] Figure 15B ​A bottom layer of elastic medium and a top layer of elastic medium in a stacked relationship are shown. The strands of layer 1510 are oriented at about 90 degrees to the strands in layer 1520. For two 90 degree oriented layers, an object 1550 passing through each layer forms an opening 1530 in the top layer and an opening 1540 in the bottom layer. Each opening 1530 and 1540 in the stack has an unoccupied opening area similar to 1532 in Figure 15A , formed by the object 1550 inserted between the two layers of medium. Figure 15B Strands from the bottom layer 1510 are shown to be visible in the gap of the opening 1530 and strands from the top layer 1520 cover the unoccupied area (not shown) of the opening 1540 formed in the bottom layer.

[0057] For two adjacent layers 1640 and 1660, flexible and elastic openings in adjacent layers of elastic medium are also shown in Figure 16A -D. Each layer 1640 and 1660 can include adjacent strands. These layers can form a stack with many expandable openings or channels, similar to the kind shown in Figure 14B . Each expandable opening extends through the stack and can have two sides separated from the strands in each layer, moving from one side of the stack to the opposite side through the layers of elastic medium. Adjacent layers can be in contact, separated by air, or separated by a layer of liquid water or nutrient solution. The strands in each layer can provide two flexible sides to each opening through the stack, such as shown in Figure 16D . Figure 16A A layer of elastic medium 1630 is shown with adjacent strands such as 1642, 1644, and 1650, an opening 1652 between the non-arching strands 1644 and 1650, constraining regions 1610 and 1620, and optional perimeter constraining regions 1616 and 1626. Figure 16B The lateral bending or separation of adjacent strands 1642 and 1644 in a layer of elastic medium 1640 is shown when an object 1605, such as a stem, stalk, root, tool, or rod is positioned between strands 1642 and 1644 to form an opening 1646. Figure 16C The lateral bending or separation of adjacent strands 1662 and 1664 in another layer of medium 1660 is shown when an object 1605, such as a stem or rod, is positioned between strands 1662 and 1664 to form an opening 1666 (note that 1660 is at a 90 degree angle to the layer of medium 1640). In Figure 16B and Figure 16C , between the separated or arched strands in each layer, a gap or opening such as 1646 and 1666 can be formed (similar to the unoccupied area 1532 in Figure 15A ). Figure 16DThe diagram shows two layers 1640 and 1660 positioned adjacent to each other in a stacked relationship to form a stack 1670. Stack 1670 can form numerous openings, such as 1680 (shown as unseparated adjacent strands) and 1682 (shown as separated strands formed by bending adjacent strands in each layer through object 1605). The use of cross-layers can reduce or close openings formed by plant growth (see, for example...). Figure 16D Furthermore, it can also mechanically anchor the plant to the elastic medium. In medium 1670, opening 1682 can be formed between strands 1642 and 1644 of insert layer 1640 of object 1605 and between strands 1662 and 1664 of insert layer 1660 of object 1605. The enlarged opening 1682 has a flexible side formed by strands 1642 and 1644 of the top layer 1640 and another set of flexible sides formed by strands 1662 and 1664 of the bottom layer 1660. The elongated openings 1646 and 1666 in each layer of the multilayer elastic medium 1670 may be larger than the combined opening 1682 formed through adjacent layers 1640 and 1660. Additional layers (not shown) may be positioned relative to other layers and used to form additional side pairs.

[0058] Positioning layer 1640 in a stacked relationship relative to layer 1660, such that the strands of the first and second layers are misaligned relative to each other, facilitates control over nutrient solution light contact and evaporation. For example, compared to a single-layer medium where object 1605 can form elongated opening regions 1646 and 1666 allowing some light penetration or nutrient solution evaporation between separated strands, two or more layers of elastic medium can be positioned adjacent to each other, such that strands from one layer can overlap with open regions between separated strands in adjacent layers. This overlap of strands from adjacent layers with open regions within the layer reduces light penetration or nutrient solution loss, such as… Figure 16D As shown at positions 1646 and 1666 in stack 1670.

[0059] When the object 1605 between and through the strands in one or more stacked layers is removed, the strands in each layer can return to their original or near-original positions without the object.

[0060] Figure 14A -B、 Figure 15A -B and Figure 16A -D illustrates an elastic medium comprising a layer having multiple adjacent strands that are laterally bendable or laterally separable, the strands having an initial orientation and being constrained at two or more separate constraint locations spanning or along the length of the strands. For example... Figure 14B , Figure 15B and Figure 16DAs shown, the elastic medium can also include at least a second layer. The second layer can include a plurality of adjacent and laterally bendable or separable strands having an initial orientation, constrained at two or more separate constraint locations across the length of the strands. The second layer can be in a stacked relationship with the first layer such that the strands of the first layer cross the strands of the second layer and can form a plurality of elastic and flexible openings as shown in Figure 14B , 15B and Figure 16D . The elastic and flexible openings can be formed by the crossing of strands in the two layers. The strands from each layer can form two sides of each opening as one traverses the openings from the first layer to the second (or last) layer. As shown in Figure 15B and Figure 16D , the strands from adjacent layers can cover portions of the openings formed by the separate strands in other adjacent layers. The strands of the first layer can cover portions of the openings formed separately by the strands in the second layer, and the strands of the second layer can cover portions of the openings formed separately by the strands in the first layer; the openings in the first layer and the openings in the second layer form a flexible passage through the elastic medium that a root, a shoot, a plant cutting, or various tools can pass through. Additional layers of elastic strands can span one or more of the first or second layers and can provide additional sides to the openings moving from the first layer to the last layer. The elastic strands in any additional layers can also cover portions of the openings formed by the separate strands in other layers. The first, second, and any additional layers can be in contact with each other and / or they can be separated by air gaps and as shown in Figure 1A -C. The first, second, and any additional layers can also be separated by films of nutrient solution or water, any layer can contain nutrient solution or water within the openings of the layer, between the layers, or any combination of these as shown by the liquid 1740 in Figure 17B .

[0061] The dimensions of the numerous flexible and elastic openings or passages of the elastic medium can be designed to be small enough to support a wide range of sizes of seeds, rhizomes, or germplasm, ranging in size from sub-millimeters to centimeters or larger, can retain liquid during germination and plant development, and the openings can expand large enough to allow the penetration of roots and shoots of the germinated and developed plants from the seeds, rhizomes, or germplasm.

[0062] The strands in each layer can move independently of the strands in the same layer and / or the strands in adjacent layers. The strands in each layer can contact the strands in adjacent layers, but the strands in each layer can move independently of the strands in the same layer or adjacent layers. This strand movement occurs in each line in the area between the constrained first / second positions (and other constrained positions) in each layer. The openings in each layer of the multi-layered elastic medium can combine to create multiple channels from above the layer to below the layer. The strands from adjacent layers can be used to support and share the weight of developing plants growing on the elastic medium of the present disclosure. The strands from adjacent layers can cooperate to support developing plants. In addition to supporting developing plants, the strands in adjacent layers can also cooperate to prevent sagging and low spots on the medium, thereby reducing pockets and providing a consistent plant height for harvest. The layers of the disclosed elastic medium facilitate plant growth, as well as providing ease of plant harvesting relative to the topmost layer, and ease of cleaning for reuse. Separation of the layers can further facilitate cleaning of the medium layers for reuse.

[0063] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the layers and their strands can be in direct contact, separated by air gaps, separated by films or nutrient liquid and / or water, or any combination of these. For example, air gaps can exist between regions or between regions between some of the layers, and in other regions there can be direct contact or layer separation caused by films of nutrient liquid or water. The films of nutrient liquid and / or water between the strands allow the elastic medium to retain liquid and can beneficially support seed germination and plant development without the need for a second type of medium, such as paper, cloth, or other fabric. The absence of a growth medium such as paper, cloth, or other fabric between the elastic medium layers reduces material costs and post-harvest waste.

[0064] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the layer may initially take the form of a mesh or grid structure with openings that can be formed by spaced-apart adjacent strands. Elongated openings may be formed by cutting or slicing the mesh / grid structure along a first axis. Further cuts / slits may be made parallel to the initially described cuts / slits, such that multiple adjacent strands forming elongated openings can be formed in a parallel orientation / alignment within the layer. In embodiments of this disclosure, cuts / slits may be made between adjacent mesh openings, spaced-apart mesh openings, and any combination thereof to form a pair of spaced-apart strands, such that all strands can then be freely bent / bent along their length to form openings as described herein. The aforementioned elongated openings (e.g., cuts / slits) may extend from a first constraint location to a second constraint location, such that the first and second constraint locations constitute points / regions where the cuts / slits are interrupted. In some embodiments of this disclosure, the layer may initially take the form of adjacent strands on a surface. Strands may be constrained in one or more regions spanning the strands and optionally parallel to the strands along the periphery of the layer. The strands can be mechanically bound, for example, but not limited to, clamps or braiding. The strands can be bound by fusing or by bonding them with materials such as, but not limited to, adhesives or caulking materials.

[0065] like Figure 19 As shown, in some embodiments of this disclosure, the strands may be woven together with other strands only along a portion of their length to form constrained regions 1910, 1920, and 1930 of the elastic medium 1900. For example, the weave of any constrained region may be any of plain weave, twill weave, linen weave, Dutch weave, or other weave types, and the constrained regions are separated by nonwoven or unconstrained and continuous portions / lengths of strands (e.g., 1942 or 1982). Figure 19 The elastic medium 1900 illustrates a non-limiting example of braided constrained regions separated by unconstrained portions or strand lengths. One or more constrained regions may be coated or impregnated with a polymer or elastomer that seals the openings between the braided strands within the constrained regions. Sealing can reduce plant development and seed germination in the constrained regions. Unconstrained strands, such as strand portions between or spanning the spaces between constrained regions, may have a length greater than the spacing between adjacent unconstrained strands. Figure 19In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the length of the unconstrained portions of the strands spanning or between the constrained regions 1910 and 1920, e.g., 1942 and 1944, can be greater than five times the spacing 1943 between the unconstrained strands 1942 and 1944. In some embodiments, the length of the unconstrained portions of the strands spanning or between the constrained regions 1910 and 1920, e.g., 1942 and 1944, can be 100 to 500 times the spacing 1943 between the unconstrained strands 1942 and 1944. Similarly and as shown in more detail in Figure 19A In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the spacing between adjacent longitudinal or lengthwise strands 1982 and 1984 in the unconstrained regions can be selected to accommodate seeds or other germplasm. In some other embodiments of the present disclosure, the spacing between adjacent longitudinal or lengthwise strands 1982 and 1984 in the unconstrained regions can be between 0.3 mm and 2 mm, or greater. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the spacing between adjacent transverse strands 1960 in the constrained regions can range from the minimum possible distance based on the diameter of the strands to 1 mm between adjacent strands. In some embodiments, the spacing between transverse strands of separate constrained regions, e.g., unconstrained or longitudinal or lengthwise strand lengths, can be 10 mm or greater, or can be between 10 mm and 100 mm. In the fabric, the spacing of the constrained regions or supports of the strands can allow the strands to have sufficient free or unconstrained length to bend / curve and create larger openings between the strands.

[0066] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the elastic medium can have a non-uniform weave including weave constrained regions 1910, 1920, and 1930 separated by regions of elongated longitudinal strands, as shown in the non-limiting illustration in Figure 19 In some embodiments, the weave constrained regions can be further coated with a polymer or elastomer. The polymer or elastomer coating can provide flexibility to the constrained regions and prevent unwanted root penetration in the constrained regions. Figure 19 A single layer of the elastic medium is shown. Two or more layers of such elastic medium can be stacked together as described herein and Figure 16A -D to produce an elastic medium having a mesh structure with smaller flexible elongated openings with improved light barrier properties compared to a single layer of the elastic medium.

[0067] In some embodiments, the elastic medium can be constructed such that adjacent longitudinal or lengthwise strands 1982 and 1984 fibers are regularly spaced apart and woven with regularly spaced transverse fibers that cross the longitudinal strands 1982 and 1984 in the constraining regions. In other embodiments, the elastic medium can be constructed such that the longitudinal fibers 1982 and 1984 are regularly spaced apart and the elastic medium is reinforced by irregularly spaced transverse fibers in the constraining regions. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the elastic medium can be composed of fibers that have been coated with an elastomer or polymer prior to forming the elastic medium. In some other embodiments of the present disclosure, the mesh can be composed of a pre-woven material with constraining regions and longitudinal strands that can be subsequently coated with an elastomer or polymer to produce the final elastic medium.

[0068] One or more of the constraining regions in a layer of elastic medium can have a fixed or substantially fixed position in the layer. In cases where the constraining regions are formed by cutting slits into a mesh as in Figure 1A -C, Figure 2A -B and Figure 3A , the position of the constraining regions is fixed in the layer. As shown in Figure 4B , the constraining regions can be located at fixed positions within the layer, but the position of the fixed constraining regions can vary throughout the layer, which can provide different sized elongated openings within the layer.

[0069] The size / width of the openings or spaces between strands in an elastic medium (which can include elongated openings) can be adjusted in a number of ways, for example, by changing the position at which the strands are constrained at one or both ends, or by including / reserving intermediate spacers or nubs along one or both adjacent strands. Adjusting and / or controlling the size / width of the openings between adjacent strands in a layer can provide one or more benefits, for example, allowing for the accommodation of different sized seeds and sprouts between the strands, supporting seeds on top of the strands, controlling spray loss and / or evaporation from the droplets of a spray nozzle or hydroponic vessel, controlling light penetration into a nutrient solution or drip tray, making it easier to remove roots and / or clumps of shoots from the elastic medium after harvesting mature plants, and combinations thereof. The size of the space between non-curved or non-bent adjacent strands, for example, the spacing between adjacent non-bent strands 1983 in Figure 19 or the openings 104 in Figure 1C , can be the same or can vary across the plane of the layer. Thus, for example, a greater / larger size / space between adjacent non-bent strands can be provided in a first region of the layer, for example, to accommodate larger seeds, and a smaller / lesser size / space between adjacent non-bent strands can be provided in a second region of the layer, for example, to accommodate smaller seeds. As described herein, the number of regions that can be formed in a layer is not limited by adjusting the size, spacing, or width of the elongated openings between adjacent non-curved or non-bent strands.

[0070] By exerting a force on one or more of the strands, the constrained strands in the layer can be further separated from each other, enabling a greater opening between the strands. The force that creates a greater opening between adjacent strands can come from a mechanical force or from a germinating seed, or when plant matter (such as roots and / or shoots) is removed from between the strands. When the force acting on the strands or objects between the strands is removed, the opening that was subjected to the force designed to create a greater opening or greater separation between the strands can be allowed to return to the initial relative position of the opening. The degree of force exerted and the associated increase in the size of the opening can vary along a continuum to achieve varying degrees of separation between adjacent strands.

[0071] The elastic medium in embodiments of the present disclosure includes elastic openings formed by strands such that the elastic medium can be reused and reused for growing and harvesting plants without tearing or shrinking the strands or the openings of the elastic medium. This is an advantage over cloth that tears and shrinks. In some embodiments of the elastic medium of the present disclosure, the strands in at least one layer can be bent, bowed, or separated between the constrained regions at their centers by a force to create openings of about 0.25 millimeters (mm) to about 4 mm, but smaller and larger openings can also be formed and the present disclosure is not limited to this range. Further, unlike cloth media where roots and stems can wrap around and entangle the fibers of the cloth after harvesting, in embodiments of the present disclosure, the same roots and stems can be easily pulled or pushed through the openings formed by the displaced strands in the elastic medium. The ease of removing the roots and stems from the elastic medium can reduce cleaning costs and increase cleaning efficiency. Further, compared to planting boards that use disposable media such as paper to support the seeds and plants, the elastic openings in embodiments of the present disclosure can support seed germination, root penetration, and root removal without the need for disposable media, which can reduce the generation of waste and the processing steps.

[0072] The strands in some embodiments of the present disclosure can be non-absorbent strands. Non-absorbent strands can have a reduced ability to absorb and retain liquids such as nutrient solution and water during plant development. This non-absorbency can be advantageous compared to fibers, yarns, and the like used to make cloth, fabric, or fiber-based plant development media that become saturated with water and nutrient solution, leading to algae growth and high evaporation rates. The non-absorbent strands in some embodiments of the elastic media of the present disclosure can eliminate the problem of wicking water or nutrient solution from the lower surface in contact with the liquid to the upper surface as observed in absorbent cloth media. This non-absorbency can beneficially allow the top surface of the elastic media layer to dry out and reduce conditions in which algae and mold can grow. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the strands can be elastic and not absorb nutrient solution and water. The non-absorbent strands can reduce or eliminate water held by the non-plant support portion of the elastic media. With cloth growth media or other liquid-absorbent growth media, water and nutrient solution held by the non-plant support portion of the growth media can be transferred to the grow room through evaporation, which can increase air conditioning demand and energy usage. Furthermore, with cloth growth media, water and nutrient solution held by the non-plant support portion of the growth media can support algae growth.

[0073] The elastic plant growth media in embodiments of the present disclosure that include non-absorbent strands can have a significantly reduced surface area compared to cloth or fabric made from porous and permeable fibers, yarns, and the like. The non-absorbent strands of the elastic media in embodiments of the present disclosure can also reduce the sites for algae growth within the fibers and yarns, thereby reducing cleaning costs. Water and nutrient solution held by the openings of the elastic media in embodiments of the present disclosure can be controlled by the number and size of the openings. The elastic media and elastic media with one or more layers can be flushed with water through the elastic openings to facilitate cleaning.

[0074] The disclosed layers in the elastic medium can be the same or they can be different. For example, the disclosed layers in the elastic medium can have the same thickness or they can exhibit different thicknesses. Each layer can have the same size and type of openings or some layers can have small openings while other layers can have larger openings or elongated openings. Thus, a first layer in the disclosed elastic plant development medium can have a first thickness with grid openings (e.g., based on the diameter of the elongated strands forming the first layer); a second layer associated with the first layer in the disclosed elastic medium can have a second thickness (e.g., based on the diameter of the elongated strands forming the second layer) and elongated openings. The thickness of each layer can be constant across the plane of the layer or can vary across the plane. Thus, for example, a layer can include strands having a first diameter and strands having a second diameter such that the thickness of the layer varies based on the variable diameter of the strands forming the layer. Layers having different diameters can be advantageous to provide additional openings for root and sprout penetration and for retaining seeds.

[0075] Strands that can be used to construct the layers or sheets of the elastic medium can be made of the same material or of one or more different materials. Some or all of the strands used to construct the layers can include one or more coatings on the core fiber or substrate. The strands can also be made by molding, extruding or spinning, either alone or with the core fiber or substrate. The materials, e.g., coatings, can be those that promote plant growth, coatings that promote interaction with nutrient solution, coatings that promote interaction with light and result in emissions that promote plant growth, e.g., phosphors, coatings that promote separation of the harvested plant / stem / root from the strands, coatings that increase the stiffness / strength of the strands, coatings that provide a type label for the plants / seeds growing in conjunction with the strands, coatings that inhibit growth of algae, and combinations thereof. Strands having different material compositions can alternate through the layers to provide variable levels of flexibility / stiffness to adjacent strands, further promoting the desired lateral bowing / flexing of adjacent strands to form openings and accommodate the plant development cycle.

[0076] Strands that can be used to construct the layers, sheets or boards of the elastic medium in embodiments of the disclosure can have the same cross-sectional geometry, see, e.g., FIG. 1, or the strands can have different cross-sectional geometries and / or non-geometric cross-sectional geometries, as Figure 2A-B) shown. The strands can have features and / or textures on their surfaces. Thus, the strands can feature a substantially circular cross-section, a substantially rectangular or square cross-section, a substantially oval cross-section, a substantially trapezoidal cross-section, or other geometric cross-sections. The strands can feature a constant cross-sectional geometry along their length, or the strands can feature different cross-sectional geometries along their length. Thus, for example, the strands can feature a circular cross-section that transitions to an oval cross-section and then back to a circular cross-section. Other variations in the cross-sectional geometry of the strands can be employed, either along the length of individual strands or between (or both) strands forming layers of a multi-layered elastic medium. In some embodiments of the elastic medium, the non-absorptive strands can have features and / or textures that include one or more nodules, appendages, or extensions that can protrude into openings between the strands, as shown in Figure 2A In some embodiments, these features can have a size or proportion similar to or the same as the diameter of the strands. For example, Figure 2B Strands 250 in FIG. 2B can have nodules or extensions 262 protruding from the strands 250 in an amount equal to or less than the diameter of the strands. These strand features can improve the wetting and drying properties of the medium and can beneficially aid in the positioning and retention of seeds between the strands. As shown in Figure 2A Strands can also have openings therein, as shown for strands 242 and 252 in FIG. 2B. Different cross-sectional geometries of the strands and / or appendages, nodules, etc. can be used to increase or decrease the nutrient solution holding capacity of the elastic medium for particular seeds and plants, these features can also reduce the amount of light transmitted through the medium into the nutrient solution, and they can further support seeds during the germination process. Different cross-sectional geometries and / or surface features such as appendages and nodules can be beneficial in these respects while not impeding the growth of plants through the layers (e.g., the appendages / nodules do not impede root traffic).

[0077] The strands comprising the elastic medium can be made of a variety of materials. The strands can be of a single material, the strands can be of a composite material, or the strands can have a core with one or more outer materials or coatings. The strands can have a high strength core and an outer elastic material coating the core material. In some embodiments, the strands can be made of a composite material of ceramic core fibers and an elastomer coating. The ceramic core fibers can be a fiberglass material, while the elastomer coating can be silicone. Materials that can be used to make the strands can include polymeric materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and the like; polymeric materials that can be elastomeric can include neoprene, silicone rubber, and the like; metals; ceramics; or any combination of these. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the surface of the strands can be lyophilic or hydrophilic, lyophobic or hydrophobic, or any combination of these. In some other embodiments, the polymers and elastomers comprising the strands can have a surface energy or critical surface tension of about 20 mN / m (millinewtons per meter) to 34 mN / m. An elastic medium having adjacent strands with a surface energy of about 20 mN / m (millinewtons per meter) to 34 mN / m can provide a drier top surface for growing plants, which can reduce the growth of algae on the surface of the medium.

[0078] Figure 18 Strands in embodiments of the present disclosure are shown. Figure 18A strand 1800 is shown that includes a core 1810 and an outer elastomeric coating 1820. The strand 1800 can be elastic or rigid. The strand can have a circular, oval, rectangular, triangular, or other geometric or non-geometric cross-section. The strand can be a single material, a composite material, or can be any of these materials and can have a core. The strand across a first and second constraining location can be spaced apart from an adjacent strand such that the strand can support a seed and developing plant and the strand droops minimally or not at all, strand droop can be a problem with clothless soilless cultivation media. The strand made of a material with high tear strength is elastic and can optionally include a core that can resist drooping. The strand and / or the core of the strand can be a fiber composed of glass, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, aramid, or a combination of these. The core can provide additional strength to the strand. The diameter or thickness of the core fiber can range from 0.25 millimeters (mm) to 1 mm in its largest dimension, but other larger and smaller diameters and thicknesses are possible. A coating can be applied to the strand or core. The strand can be elastomeric or can include an elastomer. The coating can be elastomeric or include an elastomer. In some embodiments, the elastomer can be poly(dimethylsiloxane), such as silicone gel, or an elastomer that includes silicone gel. In some embodiments, the coating on top of the core fiber can be a perfluorinated polymer, including polytetrafluoroethylene, a perfluoroalkoxy alkane such as MFA, PFA, and the like. The coating can support strand elasticity and the coating can provide a dry, elastic media top surface that can reduce wicking of nutrient solution under the media against the elastic media. The elastomeric coating on the fiber can be smooth or can have a texture such as indentations or roughness. Surface features, when present, can have a dimension that is on the order of or smaller than the diameter of the coated fiber. A textured coating can promote adhesion of water and nutrient solution to the elastic media and between adjacent elastic media layers. The coating or elastomeric coating on the core can have a thickness of about 0.1 mm to 1 mm, and in some embodiments, the elastomeric coating on the core can have a thickness greater than 1 mm. The final diameter or thickness of the strand that makes up the elastic media can be 0.4 mm or greater. In some embodiments, the diameter or thickness of the strand that makes up the elastic media can be about 0.4 mm to about 2 mm. The thickness of the elastic media layer can be between the thickness of the largest strand to about twice the thickness of the largest strand. In some embodiments, the thickness of the elastic media layer made from such strands can be about 0.8 mm to about 4 mm. To support plants and root masses, the strand including the final diameter or thickness of the core and the elastomeric coating can have a tear strength of 600 pounds to 1000 pounds, or greater than 600 pounds.

[0079] In some embodiments of this disclosure, adjacent layers of the elastic medium may have different hydrophilic and / or hydrophobic surface properties. For example, the top layer of the elastic medium in the form of a multilayer stack (plant sprout system or the light-facing side of the layer, e.g.) Figure 17B 1750 and 1755 in the middle can have different characteristics than the underlying layer ( Figure 17B The surface properties of the roots (or nutrient solution) on the 1752 and 1757 sides of the elastic medium can be adjusted to allow for more or less moisture in the top layer to support different seed germination requirements. For example, hydrophilic coating materials on core fibers, strips, and / or strands with suitable surface characteristics can be used on the top strands of the elastic medium to retain moisture for seeds that require more time to contact water for germination. Compared to the top layer, the strands of the lower layers of the elastic medium (e.g., below the top layer) can have greater hydrophilicity (higher surface energy) to control interlayer wicking and water retention during plant development in the aeroponic system.

[0080] The characteristics, arrangement, and constituent materials of the strands within and between layers can be combined to support plant development at all stages, including germination and growth. For example, and not wishing to be bound by theory, water used for initial seed wetting on the top layer of the elastic medium can be retained by surface features and can be retained between layers. This surface moisture can support germination and the initial root penetration through the medium. When the medium is placed in a growth chamber, this surface moisture can evaporate during the seedling stage, even from the hydrophilic coating fibers, and can keep the top surface substantially dry, which can inhibit algae, rot, or mold on the top surface of the medium. Liquids such as water and / or nutrient solutions can be maintained between adjacent layers and strands. The retained liquid can act as a reservoir for the plant, as a partial or complete vapor barrier, and can also limit evaporation or overspraying from nozzles or hydroponic trays below the plant. The characteristics, arrangement, spacing, and elasticity of the strands, as well as the constituent materials of the strands within and between layers, can be combined to promote liquid retention in the medium and improve cleanliness compared to cloth media.

[0081] In use, seeds can be placed on the exterior-facing layer of the elastic medium, the medium with seeds can be placed on a support tray, and the elastic medium can be moistened with water. Water can be retained by the openings in the layer and between adjacent layers. The water or nutrient solution held between the layers can serve as a liquid reservoir for germinating seeds, new radicle roots, and root hairs. When the roots are exposed beneath the elastic medium, the growth support tray and medium can be moved to a growth chamber where the roots can be exposed to a nutrient solution and the seedlings can be exposed to light of suitable wavelengths and carbon dioxide to promote plant growth. Plant roots can be sprayed from below by an air culture nozzle or allowed to contact a hydroponic solution or nutrient film. Liquid nutrient solution such as Hoaglands solution or water can be retained in the openings of the lowest or closest to the nutrient source layer of elastic medium and / or between higher layers (or those layers of medium farthest from the nutrient source) while keeping the top or outermost layer surface relatively dry, which can reduce algal growth on the top or outermost layer medium surface and reduce competition for nutrients between developing plants and algae. The film of liquid retained in the openings between strands in the layer along with the nutrient solution or water between the layers can act as a vapor barrier and light barrier, can reduce algal growth in the nutrient solution, and can reduce heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) costs for an indoor farm. When plants are ready to be harvested, they can be cut above the outermost layer, in some cases between layers. The flat surface of the medium allows for close cutting near the surface of the medium. During cleaning, residual roots and stems can be more easily removed from the openings compared to using cloth because the openings between strands can be enlarged in each layer, thereby minimizing entanglement of roots with the medium. Advantageously, the strands and the constraining region, either or both of which are elastic, can return the strands to their adjacent positions so that the medium can be reused for subsequent seeding and germination.

[0082] During the process of developing plants from seed, it is beneficial to germinate seeds by covering the seeds with a mat or blotter paper. Once the seeds have germinated, the mat or paper can be removed. However, removing the covering mat or paper can damage the delicate root hairs, damage the seedlings, and also create waste and increase costs associated with disposal of the mat or paper. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, seeds can be germinated by placing the seeds on a top surface of a first layer of a resilient medium having adjacent strands, and the resilient medium can be supported on an open tray or grid. A second layer of the resilient medium having adjacent strands can be placed in a stacked relationship over the first layer of the resilient medium having seeds thereon. The seeds can be moistened and germinated with or without additional light to develop seedlings. After germination, the root portions of the seedlings can protrude downwardly below the first layer and between adjacent strands of the first layer; the shoot portions of the seedlings can protrude upwardly and be positioned between adjacent strands of the second layer above the first layer. Advantageously, because the resilient strands in the first and second layers are separable and can be bowed, it is not necessary to remove the second layer of the resilient medium after the seeds have germinated. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the spacing between the confinement regions in the second layer of the resilient medium can be the same or different than the spacing between the confinement regions in the first layer of the resilient medium. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the spacing between the confinement regions in the second layer of the resilient medium can be greater than the spacing between the confinement regions in the first layer of the resilient medium.

[0083] In another use of the resilient medium in embodiments of the present disclosure, bare-root plant portions, root cuttings, rhizomes, and the like can be supported and developed using one or more layers of the resilient medium. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the layers of the resilient medium can be oriented such that the strands of one layer and the strands of another layer are in an orientation relative to one another to allow the root portions to be inserted through the layers of the resilient medium, and to provide support for the root portions and any optional shoot portions. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the layers of the resilient medium can be oriented such that the strands of one layer and the strands of another layer are in a misaligned orientation relative to one another. A channel or opening can be formed through the layers of the resilient medium, and a bare-root plant portion can be inserted into the opening. The resilient and flexible opening can close to secure the bare-root plant portion with the medium and support any optional shoot portions. One or more pieces of the resilient medium can be placed in a growing chamber and the plants can be developed. Multiple pieces of the resilient medium can provide greater support for the bare-root plant portions, root cuttings, rhizomes, and the like.

[0084] The lengths of the strands can span across the first / second constraining regions or locations and generally can be adapted to cause the strands to laterally bend / curve with respect to each other to create larger spacing between the strands than would be the case without such bending / curving. The unconstrained strand lengths can have lengths that are greater than the spacing between adjacent strands at or near the constraining regions. The strands with unconstrained lengths that are greater than the spacing between adjacent strands can be able to create larger openings between the adjacent strands than would be the case with cloth. The larger openings that can be created between the strands allow for easy removal of plant roots and stems through these openings after harvest. In embodiments of the present disclosure, the larger openings that can be created by the elastic medium can facilitate penetration of seedling root hairs through these openings, whereas cloth would inhibit root penetration and result in root drift and seedling failure. In some embodiments, the unconstrained lengths of the strands can be at least five times the spacing between adjacent strands at or near the constraining regions. In some embodiments, the unconstrained lengths of the strands can be 100 to 500 times the spacing between adjacent strands at or near the constraining regions. The spacing of the constraining regions or supports of the strands can allow for sufficient free length (e.g., unconstrained length) of the strands to bend / curve and create larger openings between the strands. The lateral bending / curving of the strands of the elastic medium to create openings can be facilitated, for example, by growth of plants through the openings formed between the strands and / or penetration of roots. In some other embodiments of the present disclosure, the spacing between adjacent longitudinal strands in the unconstrained regions of the elastic medium can be between 0.3 millimeters and 2 millimeters, or greater. The longitudinal or lengthwise dimension of the strands can be between 10 millimeters and 100 millimeters, or can be 10 millimeters or greater.

[0085] The lateral bending / curving of the adjacent strands to create openings can be achieved by applying a force to the adjacent strands of the elastic medium. The resulting elongated openings that can be created include, but are not limited to, those shown below: Figure 2A - openings 260, 280, and 285 in B, Figure 8A - openings in B, such as 870 and 890 (asymmetric openings), and Figure 16B - openings in C, such as 1646 and 1666 (symmetric openings). The shown openings can be created by lateral bending / curving of strands with different surface features or profiles. For example, openings between adjacent strands can be created by strands with nodules or surface features across the strands, such as openings 260 and 280, openings can be created by strands with wavy or undulating profiles, such as openings 870 and 280, openings can be created by strands with smooth cylindrical profiles, such as openings 1646 and 1666 (smooth), and in one or more layers of the elastic medium, openings can be created by any combination of these strands.

[0086] The strands can be constrained at least at a first location or area and a second location or area in each layer. The strands can be constrained adjacent to and / or apart from other strands. Strands spanning between the first and second constrained locations can be spaced apart from adjacent strands such that the strands can support seeds and developing plants and have minimal or no strand sag, which can be an issue with cloth. In some embodiments, the strands with minimal sag between the first and second locations are the strands located 1 to 2 strand cross sections or less above or below a plane or straight edge positioned across the first and second constrained areas or locations. Minimal or no strand sag can prevent light from penetrating the medium and can prevent seeds from falling through the medium layers before they germinate, which can increase crop yield and growth uniformity on the medium. The elasticity of each strand constrained at at least two separate locations allows adjacent strands in each layer to move / transform laterally or separate from their initial position, for example by roots or plant stems, and then substantially return to the initial position or within ±1 to ±2 strand cross sections from the initial strand position in the medium layer. Constrained areas can also optionally be formed at the perimeter edges of the layers. The entire strand, a portion of the mesh or a woven portion that can be made from the strands can be constrained in the perimeter areas. As Figure 1A -C, Figure 3B and Figure 8B shown, the perimeter constrained areas can overlap with the constrained areas spanning the strands. For example in Figure 1B the perimeter constrained areas 130 and 140 can intersect with the constrained areas 110 and 120 spanned by the strands 150. The strands can be constrained in two or more locations by adhesive, by fusing or molding, by knotting or weaving, by mechanical clamping or by a combination including any of these. The constraining or fixing of the position of the strands at two separate locations can be achieved by adhesive, filler such as caulking, mechanical means such as by weaving or knotting or any combination of these. The adhesive or filler can be a flexible or elastic food safe material.

[0087] Figure 1A -C illustrates a non-limiting example of an elastic medium of the present disclosure. Figure 1A The schematic in -C shows the top plant or light facing layer of an elastic medium 100 and the bottom root or nutrient solution facing layer of an elastic medium 200, each comprising a plurality of substantially parallel strands 150. Adjacent strands can be separated from each other and fixed along their length by different constrained areas 110 and 120 spanning the strands. The separate strands and constrained areas in the layer of this example can form openings such as 104 (e.g., Figure 1CThe dashed area between the strands shows the opening in the top layer 100). The opening 104 can be further enlarged by bending or bowing the strands. The strands can have a smooth surface texture.

[0088] Figure 1A and Figure 1B Strands 150 are shown being constrained by filler or adhesive at first and second locations or regions 110 and 120. Strands 150 span the first and second constrained regions. The top layer strands are oriented 90 degrees relative to the bottom layer strands. The strands can be soft silicone-coated fabric webbing and silicone solid skin. Figure 1B Perimeter constrained regions 130 and 140 are shown which can intersect the first and second constrained regions 110 and 120 spanned by strands 150. The number of layers can be adjusted according to seed growth requirements. Figure 1C Elastic medium is shown which can have a top layer 100 and a bottom layer 200. The XY grid spacing of strands 150 in top layer 100 and bottom layer 200 can be selected for plant growth and water loss in the grow tower.

[0089] As Figure 1A In embodiments of the present disclosure, strands 150 in combination with constrained locations or regions 110 and 120 can together provide an elastic medium layer or sheet as shown in -B. The range of mechanical properties of the strands 150 can be from elastic to inelastic, or from elastic to rigid, and variations therebetween, respectively. The range of mechanical properties of the constrained locations or regions 110 and 120 can be from elastic to inelastic, or from elastic to rigid, and variations therebetween, respectively. The elastic medium can resist deformation such that the elastic medium can substantially recover its original shape after use.

[0090] In Figure 1A The openings formed between the unbent, separate strands in each layer 100 and 200, such as 104, can have an axis that is substantially aligned with the strands. The elongate strands 150 can be secured or constrained at the first / second locations 110 and 120 by a covering structure or filler such as a silicone solid skin. The strands and / or axes of the elongate openings of the first layer / top layer are illustrated as being rotated 90° relative to the strands and / or axes of the elongate openings of the second layer / bottom layer. The first layer openings between the unbent strands can be oriented approximately 90 degrees across the elongate openings formed between the unbent strands in the underlying bottom layer 200.

[0091] As Figure 1AAs shown in FIGS. 1A-1C, the various layers of the seed germination and plant development resilience medium in embodiments of the present disclosure can be made by positioning individual strands along their length either adjacent to or separate from other strands and constraining or fixing the position of the strands. The strands can be constrained at two separate positions with an adhesive, filler, or mechanically, such as by braiding. Layers of the resilient medium having multiple strands and elongated openings can also be formed by cutting or slitting a pre-made mesh or grid made of non-absorbent resilient material along one or more rows or columns of openings in the grid. The strands formed by slitting a pre-made mesh can include one or more nodules, appendages, or extensions that can protrude into the elongated openings, such as Figure 2A As shown in FIGS. 1A-1C, the various layers of the seed germination and plant development resilience medium in embodiments of the present disclosure can be made by positioning individual strands along their length either adjacent to or separate from other strands and constraining or fixing the position of the strands. The strands can be constrained at two separate positions with an adhesive, filler, or mechanically, such as by braiding. Layers of the resilient medium having multiple strands and elongated openings can also be formed by cutting or slitting a pre-made mesh or grid made of non-absorbent resilient material along one or more rows or columns of openings in the grid. The strands formed by slitting a pre-made mesh can include one or more nodules, appendages, or extensions that can protrude into the elongated openings, such as Figure 2A As shown in FIGS. 1A-1C, the various layers of the seed germination and plant development resilience medium in embodiments of the present disclosure can be made by positioning individual strands along their length either adjacent to or separate from other strands and constraining or fixing the position of the strands. The strands can be constrained at two separate positions with an adhesive, filler, or mechanically, such as by braiding. Layers of the resilient medium having multiple strands and elongated openings can also be formed by cutting or slitting a pre-made mesh or grid made of non-absorbent resilient material along one or more rows or columns of openings in the grid. The strands formed by slitting a pre-made mesh can include one or more nodules, appendages, or extensions that can protrude into the elongated openings, such as

[0092] In embodiments of the present disclosure, a multi-layer resilient medium can include a layer that can have a plurality of adjacent strands having an initial orientation, the strands in the layer being constrained at two or more separate constrained positions across the length of the strands. The resilient medium can further include at least a second layer that can have a plurality of adjacent strands having an initial orientation, the strands being constrained at two or more separate constrained positions. The strands of the second layer can be in a stacked relationship relative to the strands of the first layer. In some embodiments of the multi-layer resilient medium, the strands of the second layer can be in a hexagonal or triangular stacked relationship relative to the strands of the first layer, as shown in the non-limiting schematic illustration of two layers in Figure 17B In some other embodiments of the multi-layer resilient medium, the strands of the second layer can be in a stacked relationship relative to the strands of the first layer, where the strands in one layer can cross the strands of the other layer, as shown in the non-limiting schematic illustration of two layers in Figure 1B In some other embodiments of the multi-layer resilient medium, the strands of the second layer can be in a stacked relationship relative to the strands of the first layer, where the strands in one layer can cross the strands of the other layer, as shown in the non-limiting schematic illustration of two layers in

[0093] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the layers can be oriented relative to each other such that the strands or openings of the first layer can be misaligned relative to the strands or openings of the second or adjacent layer. In some embodiments, the elongated openings of the first layer can be oriented at an angle of 90° relative to the elongated openings of the second layer, as shown in Figure 1A , Figure 2A and Figure 3C In some embodiments, the elongated openings of the first layer can be oriented at an angle of 45° relative to the elongated openings of the second layer, as shown in Figure 2AIn some embodiments, the elongated openings 260 and 265 in the top layer 210 are formed by separating adjacent elastic strands in the top layer 210. The openings 280 and 285 in the bottom layer 200 are formed by separating adjacent elastic strands in the bottom layer 200. The openings 260 and 265 in the top layer 210 are oriented at approximately 90 degrees to the openings 280 and 285 in the bottom layer 200. In embodiments having two or more layers of elastic media, the open areas formed by separated strands in one layer can overlap with strands or open areas formed by separated strands in adjacent layers, as shown in Figure 15B and Figure 16D Each layer of strands can partially overlap between the open areas of the adjacent layer of strands. In another embodiment, the elongated openings of a first layer can be oriented at an angle of 60° relative to the elongated openings of a second layer. In other embodiments, the elongated openings of a first layer can be oriented at an angle of 45° relative to the openings of a second layer. The misalignment of the elongated openings of the first and second layers can range from 5° to 90° and can typically be between 45° and 90°.

[0094] The openings or channels in embodiments of the present disclosure can refer to open spaces bounded by strands and / or constraining locations of a multi-layered medium, as shown in the non-limiting examples and illustrations in Figure 1A -C, Figure 2A , Figure 8A and Figure 16A The openings in embodiments of the present disclosure can refer to open spaces bounded by strands and / or constraining regions where adjacent strands can be relaxed or non-arched / non-curved, and the openings in embodiments of the present disclosure can refer to open spaces bounded by strands and / or constraining regions where adjacent strands can be laterally arched or curved. In embodiments of the present disclosure, a layer of elastic medium can include any combination of openings bounded by strands and / or constraining regions where adjacent strands are not arched or curved. The openings can have regular shapes as shown in Figure 1A or irregular shapes when one or more strands are separated as shown in Figure 2A The openings can approximate a rectangle, an ellipse, a slit, or the like. An opening can be referred to as elongated in the case where one aspect of the opening is larger than another aspect of the opening. Figure 1A -C and Figure 2A show examples of elongated openings. The openings in a layer can be aligned or misaligned. The openings in one layer can be aligned or misaligned with the openings in other layers. Figure 2A shows elongated openings in each of two layers. Figure 2A The elongated openings in each layer in are aligned, e.g., 260 and 265 are aligned in one layer 210 and the openings 280 and 285 are aligned in the other layer 200, and the elongated openings in one layer can be oriented at approximately 90° to the openings in a second or adjacent layer.

[0095] The elastic medium in embodiments of the present disclosure having two or more layers can have openings in different layers positioned to form one or more tortuous paths between the top and bottom layers. The strands of one layer can at least partially block the openings formed by strands in another layer. For example, the elongated openings of a first layer can be oriented parallel to the elongated openings of a second layer, or the openings of the first layer can be oriented at an angle relative to the elongated openings of the second layer. The strands of the elongated openings of a third layer can be positioned on top of the second layer and can be positioned above the elongated openings of the first layer. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the angle formed between the axes of the elongated openings or strands of the first and second layers can range from 5° to 90° (e.g., 45° to 90°), and the angle formed between the axes of the elongated openings or strands of the second and third layers can range from 5° to 90° (e.g., 45° to 90°). If additional layers are added to the elastic medium, the angular orientation between the axes of the elongated openings or the strands of adjacent layers and the positioning of the strands in different layers can be implemented to further amplify the tortuous path from the top to the bottom of the elastic medium. Thus, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, the strands of adjacent / stacked layers can generally cross each other, rather than align, and can form a tortuous path through the layers of the elastic medium from the top to the bottom. The spacing / width of the openings in the various layers of the elastic medium can differ from each other. The tortuous path can not provide a line of sight opening for the roots or shoots and can even reduce the amount of light passing from one side of the medium to the other. The multiple layers can form a more tortuous path between the layers, which can reduce water vapor loss and improve light blockage.

[0096] Embodiments of the present disclosure can also relate to a method that can include the acts or steps of developing plants on a multi-layered elastic medium and harvesting the plants at a desired stage of growth.

[0097] Figure 9A An elastic medium 900 having three layers and plants being developed is shown. Figure 9A The elastic medium 900 in includes a top or first layer 910, a middle or second layer 920, and a bottom or third layer 930 that can be positioned adjacent to each other. The plants 950, 970, and 980 being developed each have an upper leaf 928 and a lower leaf 926 that are shown developing through the openings 912 in the top layer 910, the openings 922 in the middle layer 920, and the openings 932 in the bottom layer 930. The plants can be supported by the bottom layer 930, where the roots 940 can be positioned in the openings 932 and can be in contact with the nutrient solution.

[0098] Figure 9BDeveloping plants 950, 970, and 980 are shown being cut or harvested at a location 916 along the stem that can be above some lower leaves such as 926, resulting in harvested crop portions 950H, 970H, and 980H. In Figure 9B In particular, 970R shows the portion of the plant remaining after harvesting.

[0099] Figure 17A The top view 1700 in shows a non-limiting example of liquid 1740 retention between features of the elastic medium layer 1770. The cross-sectional view Figure 17B shows adjacent layers 1770 and 1780 of strands and liquid 1740 retention between features of the adjacent layers. In some embodiments of the disclosure, adjacent layers of the elastic medium can have different lyophilic and / or lyophobic surface properties. For example, the top layer of a multi-layered stack of elastic medium can have different surface characteristics than the bottom layer to allow the top layer to have more or less moisture to support different seed germination requirements.

[0100] Liquid retention within the layers of elastic medium in embodiments of the disclosure can be varied by varying the pitch of the strands within the layer, the surface features of the strands within the layer, the lyophilic and / or lyophobic surface properties of the strands within the layer, or any combination of these. For multi-layered elastic medium, the liquid retention of the medium can be varied by varying the liquid retention within the layers and can further depend on the pitch of the strands between adjacent layers, the surface features of the strands in adjacent layers, the lyophilic and / or lyophobic surface properties of the strands in adjacent layers, and combinations of these.

[0101] As shown in Figure 17A liquid 1740 can be retained in openings 1720 between strands 1730 in the outer layer 1750 of elastic medium. The liquid 1740 can support the seeds during germination and can help control vapor loss of nutrient liquid during plant growth. The elastic medium can retain enough water so that the seeds can contact water during germination and can remain moist during germination. The liquid retention of the layers of elastic medium can be increased or decreased to accommodate the moisture requirements of different seeds and plant cuttings. To prevent the seeds from drying out during germination, the elastic medium can have one or more layers of strands or strand-like geometry that form parallel gaps and / or small openings or gaps 1720 between strands when viewed from the top. In a non-limiting example of the disclosure, a layer made of a hydrophilic material, such as water, can wick into the openings of the medium and stay in place due to the adhesive and cohesive forces between the liquid and the strand surface. In another non-limiting example, an elastic material with multiple layers can have an additional layer or water reservoir 1740 that can be retained between two layers 1770 and 1780 of the medium, as shown in Figure 17BThese "reservoirs" of water or nutrient solution 1740 can span the strands 1730 and 1760 (top layer 1770) and strands 1732 and 1762 (bottom layer 1780) within each layer and / or also between layer 1770 and layer 1780. These reservoirs can cause strong germination and support root hairs as the roots begin to germinate and continue to move downward finding water trapped in the media. The openings and flexible porous structure of the elastic media allow the roots to quickly penetrate the elastic media layer below, which is ideal for transferring the germinated seeds to an aeroponic, hydroponic, or nutrient film growing chamber.

[0102] Figure 17A View 1700 is a non-limiting example of a top layer 1770 of elastic media formed from, for example, vertical strands 1730 and horizontal strands 1760. The elastic media 1770 can have slit-shaped openings 1720 that span the vertical strands 1730 and are parallel to the horizontal strands 1760. Due to the low surface energy properties of the materials in some embodiments of the present disclosure, liquids such as water or nutrient solution can be repelled by the top surfaces 1750 and 1755 of the elastic media strands and surfaces. Water or nutrient solution repelled by the top surfaces can be pushed into the openings between layers or the slits 1720 in the media and held there by adhesive and cohesive forces. The liquid can be pushed between the strands and can be held between the strands and the appendages by adhesive and cohesive forces. By pushing water away from the top strand surfaces 1750 and 1755, the surfaces 1750 can dry out during use while a film of water or nutrient solution can be contained in some or all of the openings 1720. The liquid contained in the openings 1720 can support plant development, especially as seedling roots begin to penetrate the media openings and the dry top surfaces can reduce the growth of algae and mold.

[0103] Figure 17Bis a cross-sectional view of two layers 1770 and 1780 of elastic media in a stacked relationship. The cross-section of strand 1730 in layer 1770 shows core 1774 and outer coating 1776; the cross-section of strand 1732 in layer 1780 shows core 1784 and outer coating 1786. Layer 1770 can include cross-lines 1760 with an outer or top surface 1750, and layer 1780 can include cross-lines 1762 with an outer surface 1752. Due to the low surface energy properties of the materials in some embodiments of the present disclosure, liquid such as water or nutrient solution can be repelled by the top surfaces 1750 and 1755 of the elastic media strands in layer 1770, and water or nutrient solution can be repelled by the outer or lower surfaces 1752 and 1757 of layer 1780. Water or nutrient solution 1740 can be pushed or directed to the openings between layers 1770 and 1780. Liquid 1740 such as water or nutrient solution is shown between portions of layers 1770 and 1780. The multi-layer elastic media material 1770 and 1780 can have liquid 1740 between the layers. The liquid can be retained between the layers and held by the adhesive and cohesive forces of the layers. Top surface 1750 can be the light-facing side of the elastic media with developing plants or seedlings, and can dry out during plant development, which can reduce algae growth, while liquid 1740 between layers 1770 and 1780 can act as a reservoir for the seedling roots. Liquid 1740 can also act as a vapor barrier to reduce evaporation and liquid 1740 can act as a light barrier to reduce light entering or transmitting to the nutrient reservoir and drip tray below elastic media layer 1780.

[0104] In an aeroponic growing chamber, nutrient solution can be intermittently sprayed or atomized through the openings in the elastic media to the roots of developing plants. In a non-limiting example of an elastic media layer with hydrophobic strands, surface nutrient solution can be pushed off the strand top surfaces and towards the openings between strands. This can result in a relatively dry top surface 1750 of the media, and can result in one or more small water or nutrient "plugs" 1740 forming in the interstitial spaces and openings formed by the strands. Providing a dry top surface 1750 in embodiments of the present disclosure can be advantageous in reducing algae growth compared to cloth or rockwool substrates that can remain wet and promote algae growth on their top surface. The water or nutrient plugs 1740 in the openings 1720 of the elastic media layer can provide improved vapor barrier and aeroponic droplet barrier properties. Multiple layers of strands can be used to create longer and / or more tortuous paths for the nutrient solution droplets, which can further improve the vapor barrier and further reduce over-spraying. The multiple layers of elastic media can form larger water "plugs" between the layers, which can act as additional barriers to prevent vapor loss from the spray nozzles. The longer and / or more tortuous paths created by the multiple layers of strands can also improve the light-blocking properties of the elastic media and help to minimize algae growth in the nutrient solution reservoirs in aeroponic, hydroponic, and nutrient film growing chambers.

[0105] In aeroponic or hydroponic vertical farms, mechanical failure due to pump, valve, and / or power loss sometimes results in the loss of nutrient supply to seedling roots or developing plants. Depending on the duration and timing of plant development, the loss of nutrient supply can result in stress or death of the developing plant. In such cases, it is beneficial to retain some water in the growth medium to extend the plant survival time. In embodiments of the present disclosure using multi-layered elastic media, the larger volume of nutrient solution retained between the layers in addition to the volume of nutrient solution within each layer can help extend the survivability of the plant in the event of a nutrient solution supply disruption.

[0106] Example 1

[0107] This example shows two layers of elastic media, with elastic openings in each layer.

[0108] Each layer of elastic media includes strands. As shown in Figure 2A , the strands in each layer are constrained. The strands in the bottom layer 200 are constrained at least at a first constraining location 220 and a second constraining location 224, in part using a compliant white adhesive or caulk. The length of strands 242 spans between these two constraining locations 220 and 224. The strands in the top layer 210 are constrained at least at a first constraining location / region 240 and a second constraining location / region 270. The length of strands, for example 252, spans these two constraining regions 240 and 270.

[0109] Figure 2A - B and Figure 3A C show aspects of two layers of multi-layered elastic media for germinating seeds and developing plants, respectively, namely bottom layer 200 and 302 and top layer 210 and 306. The strands are made of a fiberglass core coated with silicone rubber. Each layer includes constrained strands that form a flexible layer, panel, or sheet, which can be handled separately from other layers, as shown in Figure 2A and Figure 3C Each layer is flexible and can be rolled up and unrolled. Figure 2A and Figure 3C shows each of the two layers rolled up and bent to show the strands and elongated openings (dashed regions). Figure 2A and Figure 3C shows that the layers or sheets of elastic media can be rolled up or curled to be positioned on a curved surface.

[0110] Figure 2AAn elongated opening 280 (dashed area) is also shown formed by separating strands in the base layer 200. Strand 242 is an example of a strand with openings therein. The inner strand opening of 242 imparts a strand texture. Elongated opening 285 (dashed area) is formed by separating strands in the base layer 200. Elongated openings 260 in the top layer 210 are formed by separating adjacent elastic strands in the top layer 210. Elongated opening 265 is formed by separating adjacent elastic strands in the top layer 210. Openings 260 and 265 in the top layer 210 are oriented at approximately 90 degrees to openings 280 and 285 in the base layer 200. The second constraining region 270 of the top layer 210 can include a filler 272 in the open area of the elastic medium to further reinforce the constraining region. In Figure 2B Strands 250 and 252 are shown with nubs, extensions, or appendages 262 thereon. The portion of the elongated opening 260 with non-parallel sides is formed by bending two adjacent elastic strands 250 and 252 apart from each other. The elastic strands are bent along their length and from their position (bottom) where they are constrained in region 270. Strand 252 has a lattice structure similar to strand 242. The constraining region 270 shows a region that can have limited elasticity due to the high stiffness of the connecting portion 254 between strands 250 and 252.

[0111] As Figure 2B shown, strands of the top layer 210, such as 250 and 252, or 250 and 251, are positioned very close to each other along their length and between constraining locations. Some strands are in contact or nearly in contact, while others are separated. The position of the strands in each layer is constrained, such as opposing constraining regions 240 and 270 in the top layer 210. The constraining region 270 includes an adhesive or filler 272 and a physical connection 254 between adjacent strands 250 and 252. The strands in this embodiment are made by cutting a pre-made silicone braid. Some strands in each layer have appendages or nubs on one or both sides of the strands. In this embodiment, the nubs are a result of the cutting of the pre-made braid. Small appendages / nubs such as 262 result in irregular cross-sections along the length of some strands, and the openings between separated strands form / create elongated openings or slits, such as 260, 263, 265 with a combination of smooth and irregular edges. The layers have approximately the same thickness, as measured between the top and bottom surfaces of each layer. The thickness of each layer is approximately 1 millimeter. An exemplary opening, such as 265, can be formed between portions of separated strand 252 and strand 253; opening 260 can be formed between portions of separated strand 250 and strand 252; and, opening 263 can be formed between portions of separated strand 250 and strand 251.

[0112] Figure 2A The top layer 210 of the elastic medium in Figure 2B are shown in more detail. Figure 2A Strands 242 in the bottom layer 200 are shown with openings and forming a lattice. Figure 2B Some of the strands in the display layer 210 have nubs or appendages 262 and one of the strands 252 has openings forming a lattice. Some nutrient solution or water can be held by surface tension through the appendages or lattice. The strands in this embodiment are fibers coated with a non-absorbing silicone elastomer that prevents the nutrient solution from being absorbed into the fibers.

[0113] As Figure 2A shown, the constrained elastic strands in each of the two layers can be further separated from each other to create larger openings in the top and bottom layers 210 and 200, respectively, such as 260 and 265, and 280 and 285 (shown by the dashed areas). These openings are created by applying a lateral force to the strands. Figure 3A An opening 360 (dashed area) between the separated strands in the top layer of the two layers is shown (bottom layer openings are also formed but not visible), which is widened when a tool 305 is inserted between the strands (the layers are supported by open frame (not shown) that allows the tool to penetrate below the surface), and Figure 3B The same opening (360 dashed area) is shown as the tool 305 is removed and the elastic strands return to their original adjacent positions, which becomes smaller and closes. Thus, the strands exhibit flexibility and elasticity.

[0114] As Figure 3A shown, the strands are constrained at least at a first location in each layer (top white adhesive 332), a second location (middle white adhesive 322), and even a third location (lower white adhesive 312). Other locations where the strands are constrained are not shown in Figure 3A but are visible in Figure 3C The perimeter constraint areas 324 and 334 are shown in Figure 3B .

[0115] Figure 3B Germinating seeds in contact with adjacent elastic strands are shown as well as the openings formed thereby. Figure 3C An elongated opening in the second (top) layer is shown. The arrow marks on the second / top layer 306 show the long side of the opening in the second / top layer 306 with strands 350. The perimeter constraint areas 320 and 330 can overlap or intersect with the constraint areas 310 and 340 in the top layer 306. A developing plant 355 is shown on the top layer 306. The arrow marks on the first / bottom layer 302 show the long side of the elongated opening in the first (bottom) layer, which is oriented at about 90 degrees to the long side of the opening in the top layer 306 as indicated by the arrow. The top layer or sheet 306 is rolled up to show the bottom layer.

[0116] Figure 3A - C shows the strands in a layer or sheet. The thickness of each layer or sheet in this embodiment is about 1 mm. Figure 3A - In B the strands are little or no sagging or bulging and the strands constrained between the first position and the second position are within the thickness of the layer or above or below the layer by no more than the thickness of the strand. The elasticity of each strand constrained at at least two separate positions allows adjacent strands in each layer to separate or deform from their initial position, such as by a root or plant shoot, and then return to the initial position or within about ±1 to ±2 strand cross sections from the initial strand position in the media layer.

[0117] Figure 3A - The image in B also shows seeds supported by the multi-layered elastic media and germination of seeds on the top layer of media. The seeds are germinated by placing the seeds on the top layer of the elastic media and wetting the seeds and media with water. In this embodiment, the opening size between the strands prevents the seeds from falling through the media and allows them to germinate.

[0118] Figure 2A and Figure 3C together show an elastic media having a first layer comprising a plurality of adjacent elastic strands having an initial orientation, the elastic strands being constrained at two or more separate positions across the length of the strands. The media has a second layer (in this embodiment below) adjacent to the first layer comprising a plurality of adjacent elastic strands having an initial orientation, the elastic strands being constrained at two or more separate positions. The second layer is in a stacked relationship relative to the first layer and the strands of the first layer and the strands of the second layer are in misaligned orientations relative to each other. Figure 2A Also shown is two layers of elastic media having strands separated from each other demonstrating the flexible nature of the layers, the openings formed, the areas of constraint and the texture of some of the strands. The strands in each layer move independently of the strands in the adjacent layer. The openings of each layer of the multi-layered elastic media combine together to create pathways from top to bottom through which roots and / or plant shoots are able to pass. In this embodiment, the strands and openings in adjacent layers, as shown by the directional arrows on each layer in Figure 3C cross each other at about 90 degrees, i.e., establishing a cross pattern. Each layer forms 2 sides of the openings that move through each layer of the elastic media.

[0119] Figure 3AThe image shows strands 350 and 352 separated by tool 305, which is inserted between openings in the top layer (the medium is above an open support) and through openings in the bottom layer. Tool 305 further separates strands 350 and 352, forming an elongated opening 360 in the top layer between constraint positions 322 and 332. This elongated opening is formed by laterally deflecting or bending the elastic strands in the top and bottom layers from their initial direction using the tool. The elongated opening 360 is an example of an asymmetrical opening formed by laterally bending the positions of the strands and the tool. Opening 360 is narrower near constraint region 332 (e.g., strands 350 and 352 are closer together in constraint region 332) and wider near constraint region 322 (e.g., strands 350 and 352 are more separated near constraint region 322 than they are near constraint region 332). The maximum divergence (bow / bend) between line 350 and 352 is closer to constraint area 322 than constraint area 332.

[0120] Figure 3B The image shows that when tool 305 is removed, the elastic strands 350 and 352 return to their initial positions. The elasticity of each strand, constrained at at least two separation points during tool insertion, allows adjacent strands in each layer (only the top layer is shown) to separate, deform, or otherwise move from their initial positions; when tool 305 is removed, the strands return to their initial positions.

[0121] Figure 3C The illustration shows plant development on an elastic medium. These plants are provided with light and nutrient solution to support their growth and development. Arrows on the periphery of the top layer reflect the longitudinal direction or axis of the strands and the elongated openings defined by the strands 350 of the top layer 306 between constrained regions such as 310 and 340. Arrows on the periphery of the bottom layer reflect the longitudinal direction or axis of the strands and the elongated openings defined by the bottom layer strands between constrained regions. The top layer 306 includes peripheral constrained regions 320 and 330. The top layer 306 is stacked relative to the bottom layer 302. The strands of the bottom layer 302 and the top layer 306 are misaligned relative to each other, and the elongated openings in both layers are oriented at approximately 90° relative to each other.

[0122] like Figure 3C As shown, this layer includes partitions that define discrete plant development regions. These partitions typically establish constraint locations or constraint regions for each strand. Therefore, in Figure 3C In the middle, the top and bottom layers are divided into sixteen zones for plant growth. Figure 3C In this context, the partitions are created using a silicone outer sheath. Figure 3CThe sixteen regions shown in the center are square in geometry and equal in size. (Note that different geometric shapes and size distributions of regions can be used as Figure 4B and as shown in Example 2 below.

[0123] The results of this example show an elastic medium having a first layer and a second layer in a stacked relationship. The first layer includes a plurality of strands arranged side-by-side and constrained at two locations. The second layer includes a plurality of strands arranged side-by-side and fixed at two locations. The second layer is in a stacked relationship relative to the first layer. The strands of the first layer and the strands of the second layer are in a misaligned orientation relative to each other. The elastic medium is capable of supporting and germinating seeds and developing from the seeds into seedling plants.

[0124] Example 2

[0125] This example shows plant development using a multi-layered elastic medium. The elastic medium in this example was prepared according to the method used in Example 1 except that two different length strands and openings (large opening area / box and substantially non-flexible constraining area and small opening area / box and substantially non-flexible constraining area) were created by cutting slits in the mesh material. The elastic medium had a top layer with elongated openings and a bottom layer with elongated openings. The elongated slit openings in the top layer spanned and were positioned substantially perpendicular to the slit openings in the bottom layer. The two different size areas were approximately 13 square centimeters (cm 2 ) and 36 centimeters 2 , respectively, with the longitudinal or lengthwise strand lengths of the small and large areas being approximately 3.6 centimeters and 6 centimeters, respectively.

[0126] Seeds were placed on the top layer of the elastic medium, moistened with water, and the elastic medium was supported on a tray or support 450 with openings, which was placed in an enclosed germination chamber until the seeds germinated.

[0127] Figure 4A -B shows a side view and a top view of seedling 460 germinated seeds on the top layer of the elastic medium. Prior to germination, the seeds were partially supported by the intersection of the strands and openings of the two layers. The seedling plants 460 grew above the top layer and the roots extended through the openings in the top and bottom layers and through the support tray 450.

[0128] As Figure 4A-B The top surface of the elastic medium supported by tray 450 is flat and there are no bends or any protruding strands that bend out of the plane. Removable clips 410 and 420 are used to hold adjacent layers together in a fixed orientation of about 90 degrees in the openings in the two layers. Two different sized open areas or regions 430 and 440 are formed based on two different strand lengths of about 3.6 cm and 6 cm. The open length between adjacent elastic strands in the smaller square (e.g. 430) is about 3.6 cm (the long side between the constraint regions) and the strands can be separated by 2 to 3 mm or more by bending or separating the strands laterally in the plane of the layer. The open length between adjacent elastic strands in the larger square (e.g. 440) is about 6 cm (the long side between the constraint regions) and the adjacent strands can be separated by 2 to 4 mm or more by lateral bending. Both the large and small openings support seed germination and seedling development at high and low seeding densities.

[0129] Figure 5 Development of plants 500 after 8 days on elastic medium shown in a hydroponic growth chamber. The elastic medium in the hydroponic chamber is supported on a plastic tray 450 with openings and a metal grid that supports the elastic medium and tray in the hydroponic growth chamber container. In this test setup, the elastic medium 510 is smaller than the container and is supported by Coroplast TM Plastic sheeting is used to interface to prevent overspray. LED lighting and nutrient solution are used to develop plants 500 from seedlings.

[0130] The results of this example show that elastic medium with elongated openings of different sizes can be used to germinate seeds and grow plants in a hydroponic growth chamber.

[0131] Example 3

[0132] This example illustrates the convenience of cleaning the elastic medium after germination, plant development, and harvesting. After harvesting the plants developed in Example 2, the two layers of elastic medium (e.g. top layer 100, bottom layer 200) are supported on a tray or grid 450 with openings positioned above a container 455 and sprayed with water 453 from a spray nozzle.

[0133] Figure 6A The top layer of elastic medium 100 is shown with plant debris 457 including roots, leaves, and portions of stems that passed through both layers (bottom layer 200) and were retained after harvesting. Figure 6BA portion of the media is shown after a spray with a cleaning spray 453 such as water from a nozzle. More than 95% of the plant debris remaining after harvest is easily removed by the spray as shown in part in the cleaned area 459. After cleaning and removal of the plant debris, the strands of the elastic media are substantially back to their original position.

[0134] The results of this example show that the elastic strands supporting the developing plants aid in cleaning the media to remove roots, stems, leaves and other post-harvest debris.

[0135] Example 4

[0136] This example demonstrates the flexibility of the elastic strands in the elastic media that are constrained at two or more locations.

[0137] Figure 7A The seedlings shown in -D are the same seedlings that were shown growing in the elastic media of Example 1 (see Figure 3C ).

[0138] Figure 7A The dashed circle area 710 in -D shows in sequence a tender and fragile seedling being pulled directly out of the elastic media with the roots intact.

[0139] Figure 7A The seedlings that were collected for removal from the area of the elastic media indicated by the dashed circle area 710 are shown. The media was held in place by hand as the plants were able to lift the media without separating from the media without holding on.

[0140] Figure 7B The initial pulling of the seedlings from the elastic media in the area indicated by the dashed circle area 710 is shown.

[0141] Figure 7C The further pulling of the seedlings from the area of the elastic media indicated by the dashed circle area 710 is shown.

[0142] Figure 7D The reduction in the number of seedlings in the area of the elastic media indicated by the dashed circle area 710 after pulling is shown. The strands of the elastic media returned to their original position after the seedlings were removed.

[0143] The results of this example show that the elastic strands support very young developing plants. The results also show that with sufficient force the strands can be separated so that the roots and stems of the seedlings can be removed from the media. The openings between adjacent strands are close enough to support the plants as they grow. The strands are elastic enough to allow the seedlings to be pulled from the media with the roots intact which aids in the cleaning and reuse of the media.

[0144] Example 5

[0145] This embodiment illustrates an elastic medium comprising a combination of elastic strands and a plurality of elastic constraining regions.

[0146] Figure 8A A plurality of aspects of an elastic medium layer are shown that has been subjected to a force to laterally bow the medium strands. The elastic medium in this embodiment comprises a combination of elastic strands that are fixed along the length of the strands and a plurality of constraining regions 810, 860, and 880 that cross the strands and position the elastic constraining composition at the constraining regions. As shown, the constraining regions 810, 860, and 880 have fixed positions in the elastic medium layer. Figure 8A The elastic medium shown in -B also has side perimeter constraining regions 805 and 815. As Figure 8A The elastic medium shown has three constraining regions 810, 860, and 880 that cross the strands and are substantially in the same plane as the strands. A plurality of strands are shown in a curved or bowed configuration as a result of a lateral force being applied to the strands to pull them apart. Figure 8A Elastic strands such as 818 and 828 in a laterally bowed configuration are illustrated. The separated elastic strands 818 and 828 form an opening 870; an opening 890 is also shown between the separated strands. The separated or bowed strands 818 and 828 form an opening 870 between the constraining regions 810 and 860 and do not separate the same strands between the central constraining region 860 and the lower constraining region 880. The openings 870 and 890 have an elongated shape formed between the strands that are fixed at the constraining locations 810 and 860. The opening 870 has an elongated shape formed between the strands 818 and 828. The strand 818 and the strand 828 are fixed at the constraining locations 810 and 860. The strands, for example 818 and 828, have a wavy or undulating structure along their length and do not have any appendages or nodules. The opening 870 shows an opening formed by the bending or bowing of the strand 818 while the strand 828 remains substantially straight. The opening 870 is substantially symmetrical along its length with similar gaps between the strands near the flexible constraining regions 810 and 860. The elongated opening 890 (e.g., the dashed area) is an example of a more asymmetrical opening along its length with the strands that make up the opening closer together over a longer length near the constraining region 860 as compared to the more abrupt convergence of the strands near the constraining region 810.

[0147] Figure 8B An elastic medium is shown with elastic constraining regions 810, 860, and 880 that are perpendicular to the axis of the strands, elastic constraining perimeter regions 805 and 815 that are parallel to the axis of the strands, and elastic strands such as 820 and 830 in a spaced relationship in the constraining regions 810, 860, and 880 when the medium is in an unstretched or relaxed configuration. Figure 8BA layer of elastic media is shown in a relaxed state (no stretch of the elastic strands or elastic constraint regions) with uncurved elastic strands 820 and 830 and small openings 855 between them. The strands 820 and 830 are separated from each other in the top constraint region 810 and the center constraint region 860, which forms small openings 855 between the strands 820 and 830. In this relaxed, uncurved state with no force applied to any of the strands, the length of the strands is about 5 centimeters (the lengthwise dimension of the strands between each constraint region) and the spacing between adjacent strands (strands not in contact, gap indicated by light colored area) is between 0 millimeters (strands in contact) and about 1 millimeter. Adjacent strands are in contact in some areas and spaced apart in other areas. Figure 8B The peripheral constraint regions 805 and 815 are shown. The uncurved strands 820 and 830 are fixed by the elastic constraint material / composition regions at 810, 860, and 880. The regions of elastic constraint material are relatively flat and uncurled. The length of the strands 820 and 830 between the constraint regions 810 and 860 that form the sides of the openings 855 is at least 5 times the spacing between the strands 820 and 830 that form the ends of the openings 855 in the constraint regions 810 and 860.

[0148] Figure 8C An elastic media layer is shown with the center region 860 of the constraint elastic composition stretched laterally (<— ) by applying a pulling force to the center edge opposite the media at the constraint region 860. Figure 8A An elastic media layer is shown with the center region 860 of the constraint elastic composition stretched laterally (<— ) by applying a pulling force to the center edge opposite the media at the constraint region 860. Figure 8C The elastic constraint region 860 is shown stretched outwardly (<— ) which elongates the region and causes the openings 855 to be enlarged. Figure 8B The openings 855 are shown enlarged compared to the same region in Figure 8C The elastic constraint region 860 is shown stretched outwardly (<— ) which elongates the region and causes the openings 855 to be enlarged. Figure 8B The spacing between the strands 820 and 830 is increased compared to the same strands in the region in Figure 8C The increased spacing between the strands 820 and 830 within and near the elastic constraint region 860 is shown to be the result of the stretching (<— ) of the constraint region 860. For example, between the constraint regions 810 and 860, Figure 8C The openings 855 formed by the strands 820 and 830 are larger than Figure 8BOpenings 855 formed by strands 820 and 830. Figure 8C The spacing 857 between strands 820 and 830 in the constrained region 860 is greater than Figure 8B The spacing 857 between strands 820 and 830 in the constrained region 860. Openings 875 in Figure 8C9 are also formed between strands near the media perimeter region. The increased spacing between adjacent strands near the constrained regions, as compared to less elastic or substantially fixed constrained regions such as 270 in Example 1, facilitates cleaning of the elastic media (e.g. Figure 2B The "v" shaped opening portion 260 near the junction 254.

[0149] Figure 8D One edge of an elastic media layer is shown in more detail Figure 8A where the central region 860 of constrained elastic composition is stretched laterally (— ) by pulling outward, as shown in Figure 8C The strands within the central region of the elastic constraining material are visible and separated by the stretching as compared to their position in Figure 8A Figure 8D The elastic strands between the constrained regions 810 and 860 and 880 are shown as the constrained region 860 is stretched or elongated outward (— ). The strands within the constrained region 860 (indicated by the dashed circles) are also separated by the elongation of 860.

[0150] Figure 8E An elastic media having elastic constrained regions 810, 860 and 880 in a relaxed and unstretched state after release of the outward stretching force applied to the central constrained region 860 in Figure 8D As shown in Figure 8E the elastic media in a stretched state returns to the configuration shown in Figure 8D Figure 8A

[0151] Example 6

[0152] For two layers similar to the elastic media shown in Example 7, one layer is placed on top of the other to form a multi-layer elastic plant growth material.

[0153] Figure 14A A single layer 1410 of elastic media is shown. Figure 14A A backlight (white area between strands) is shown through an opening 1430 between strands 1450 of a single layer 1410 of elastic media. The strands shown are glass fibers coated with silicone gel, Dowsil TM 786 is fixed in the constrained region.

[0154] ​​​ Figure 14B Two layers of elastic media 1410 and 1420 are shown, stacked together to form an elastic media with a mesh-like structure having smaller flexible openings 1440 (lighter areas) and darker areas where the strands from layers 1410 and 1420 overlap. In contrast to the single layer of elastic media 1410 in Figure 14A Figure 14B The stack of elastic media layers 1410 and 1420 in Figure 14B The two layers of elastic media in are oriented relative to each other such that the axis defined by the openings or strands of the first layer 1410 are not aligned relative to the axis defined by the openings or strands of the second layer 1420. In Figure 14B In the two layers 1410 and 1420 of elastic media in are not aligned by approximately 90 degrees.

[0155] The openings as 1440 have a high degree of flexibility and elasticity and will form larger openings in each layer when the strands in each layer are separated by an object. The two layers 1410 and 1420 can be separated from each other.

[0156] Example 7

[0157] Algal growth is a concern in indoor agriculture as it can result in large accumulations of algae on the plant growth media and fluid delivery system components. Algae also compete with the developing plants for nutrients. For aeroponic growth systems using higher surface area lofted polyester growth media, the presence of large amounts of algae in the nutrient delivery system tubing, nozzle clogging is a common problem.

[0158] Figure 10 is an image of two layers of elastic media with elongated openings after plant development and partial harvest (the upper layer has horizontal, left to right elongated openings, not shown). No algal growth (no green algal film) is visible on the black strand surface 1010 or white containment area 1012 of this harvest area. The elastic media is formed from two separate layers of elastic media, the strands of elastic media are oriented at 90 degrees to each other, and these layers are clamped together.

[0159] Figure 11 and Figure 12 ​Results of algae growth tests after 4 days and 7 days under growth light for pond water samples placed in open containers with or without various growth media are shown. Pond water was used to compare the light transmission and ability to reduce or inhibit algae growth of a reusable silicone double sheet of material (two layers of elastic media with the strands positioned at about 90 degrees to each other) with open and dark opaque silicone gel coating fibers or strands versus an opaque nonwoven cloth material (a plant growth medium) and a control (no medium). Two different media samples, i.e.,“silicone pad 2 layers” or silicone double sheet of material (sheet strands at 90 degrees to each other), opaque“nonwoven” growth medium material, were placed on top of open cups of pond water and exposed to growth light above the cups along with control cups (no medium or lid).

[0160] Figure 11 Results of algae growth tests after 4 days under growth light are shown. Cups with media removed from the top of the cups after 4 days of light treatment are shown. The liquid in cups 1110 and 1120 covered by two layers of silicone pad was clear (e.g., white in appearance due to the white cup bottom and no algae visible in the image shown) after four days; the liquid in two control (no lid) cups 1130 and 1150 and cup 1140 covered by opaque nonwoven cloth material was light green (e.g., light gray in appearance but the cup bottom is still visible in the image shown) indicating algae growth and some green (dark) sediment accumulated at the bottom of these cups 1130, 1140 and 1150.

[0161] Figure 12 Results of pond water in cups after 7 days of growth light are shown. Cups with media removed from the top of the cups after 7 days of light treatment are shown. The liquid in cups 1210 and 1220 covered by two layers of silicone pad was clear (e.g., white in appearance due to the white cup bottom and no algae visible in the image shown) after seven days; the liquid in two control (no lid) cups 1230 and 1250 and cup 1240 covered by opaque nonwoven cloth material was light green (e.g., light gray in appearance but the cup bottom is still visible in the image shown) indicating algae growth and some green (dark) sediment accumulated at the bottom of these cups 1230, 1240 and 1250. In comparison to the corresponding cups 1130, 1140 and 1150 shown in Figure 11 Fig. 6, which were exposed to 4 days of growth light only, the additional 3 days of light resulted in increased algae, as qualitatively indicated by the dark green (dark gray in the image shown) color of the liquid and the large amount of solid at the bottom of several of the cups 1230, 1240 and 1250.

[0162] As Figure 11 and 12The results shown in FIG. 6 demonstrate that cups covered with nonwoven opaque material show substantial algal growth after exposure to growth light, as indicated by the green color of the liquid (gray shading) and green residue on the bottom of the cup. Cups covered with the elastic silicone medium having openings show little or only trace amounts of algal growth, as indicated by the substantially clear liquid and little or no residue on the bottom of the cup. (Note that the original water sample had a small amount of algae in it.)

[0163] Figure 13 Results showing light transmission through: two layers of elastic medium 1310 with the openings and strands of the two layers in misaligned (90 degree) orientation, opaque nonwoven 1320, and control (no medium) 1330. The medium was positioned below the cup. The closed end of the cup was cut open and opaque tissue paper was taped to the top. The light source was positioned below the cup and below the medium. Figure 13 The results qualitatively show that the two layers of elastic mesh below cup 1310 transmitted less light than the opaque nonwoven medium below cup 1320 or the control cup 1330 (no medium), as indicated by the darker appearance of the tissue paper over the cup with two layers of elastic mesh 1310 compared to the other two cups 1320 and 1330.

[0164] The results of this example demonstrate that an elastic medium having openings in two layers effectively reduces light transmission when the strands of the first layer and the strands of the second layer are in misaligned orientation relative to each other, as compared to a nonwoven medium and a control sample.

[0165] The following clauses define additional aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0166] Clause 1. A system comprising a multi-layered elastic medium, the medium comprising strands, wherein the strands in each layer are independently elastic.

[0167] Clause 2: The system of clause 1, wherein each layer comprises a plurality of adjacent strands.

[0168] Clause 3: The system of clause 1 or 2, wherein each layer comprises a plurality of adjacent strands, and wherein the strands of the layers are angularly oriented relative to each other.

[0169] Clause 4. The system of any of clauses 1-3, wherein the layers are separable.

[0170] Clause 5: A multi-layered elastic medium comprising: (a) a first layer comprising a plurality of adjacent strands arranged in a substantially parallel arrangement; (b) a second layer comprising a plurality of adjacent strands arranged in a substantially parallel arrangement and in a stacked relationship relative to the first layer;

[0171] wherein the plurality of adjacent strands in at least one of the first and second layers are constrained at least at a first location and a second location spaced apart from the first location;

[0172] and wherein the adjacent strands of the first layer and the adjacent strands of the second layer are in misaligned orientation relative to each other.

[0173] Clause 6: The multi-layered elastic medium of clause 5, wherein the adjacent strands in the first layer, the adjacent strands in the second layer, or both have an unconstrained strand length between the first location and the second location that is greater than a spacing between adjacent strands at or near the constrained locations.

[0174] Clause 7: The multi-layered elastic medium of any of clauses 5-6, wherein the plurality of strands in at least one of the first and second layers are in a spaced apart, side-by-side relationship.

[0175] Clause 8: The multi-layered elastic medium of any of clauses 5-7, wherein the plurality of strands in at least one of the first and second layers are elastic and continuous between the first location and the second location.

[0176] Clause 9: The multi-layered elastic medium of any of clauses 5-8, wherein a length of at least one of the plurality of constrained strands extends between the first location and the second location.

[0177] Clause 10: The multi-layered elastic medium of any of clauses 5-9, wherein the plurality of strands in at least one of the first and second layers are constrained at a plurality of spaced apart locations.

[0178] Clause 11: The multi-layered elastic medium of any of clauses 5-10, wherein each of the first and second layers are adapted to be handled individually.

[0179] Clause 12: The multi-layered elastic medium of any of clauses 5-11, wherein the first layer is joined relative to the second layer.

[0180] Clause 13: The multi-layered elastic medium of any of clauses 5-11, wherein the first layer is fixedly joined relative to the second layer.

[0181] Clause 14: The multi-layered elastic medium of any of clauses 5-11, wherein the first layer is releasably joined relative to the second layer.

[0182] Clause 15: The multi-layered elastic medium of any of clauses 5-14, wherein the plurality of strands in at least one of the first and second layers do not absorb a nutrient fluid or water.

[0183] Clause 16: An elastic medium comprising: a first layer comprising a plurality of adjacent strands having an initial orientation, the strands being constrained at two or more separate constraint regions across the length of the strands, the unconstrained length of the first layer strands being greater than the spacing between adjacent strands at or near the constraint locations;

[0184] a second layer comprising a plurality of adjacent strands having an initial orientation, the strands being constrained at two or more separate constraint regions across the length of the strands, the unconstrained length of the second layer strands being greater than the spacing between adjacent strands at or near the constraint locations;

[0185] the second layer being in a stacked relationship relative to the first layer; and wherein the strands of the first layer and the strands of the second layer are in a misaligned orientation relative to each other.

[0186] Clause 17: The elastic medium of clause 16, wherein one or more of the strands are elastic, one or more of the constraint regions are elastic, or any combination of strands and constraint regions are elastic.

[0187] Clause 18: The elastic medium of clause 16 or 17, further comprising an elongated opening between one or more adjacent strands in at least one of the first layer or the second layer.

[0188] Clause 19: The elastic medium of any of clauses 16-18, wherein the strands have surface features or texture.

[0189] Clause 20: The elastic medium of any of clauses 16-19, wherein the strands do not absorb a nutrient liquid or water.

[0190] Clause 21: The elastic medium of any of clauses 16-20, wherein the layers are in contact with adjacent layers, separated by a film of a nutrient liquid or water, contain a nutrient liquid or water within an opening of the first layer or the second layer, or any combination of these.

[0191] Clause 22: A method comprising: growing a plant on an elastic medium comprising a layer of strands that are laterally curved and form openings, and harvesting the plant at a desired stage of growth.

[0192] Clause 23: The method of clause 22, wherein the elastic medium comprises two or more layers comprising strands that are laterally curved and form openings, and wherein the strands of at least two layers are in a misaligned orientation relative to each other.

[0193] Clause 24: An elastic medium comprising: a layer comprising a plurality of adjacent and laterally bendable strands having an initial orientation, the laterally bendable strands being constrained at two or more separate constraint locations across the length of the strands.

[0194] Clause 25: The elastic medium of clause 24, further comprising a second layer of elastic medium comprising a plurality of adjacent and laterally bendable strands having an initial orientation, the laterally bendable strands of the second layer being constrained at two or more separate constraint locations across the length of the strands, the second layer being in a stacked relationship with the first layer, and wherein the strands of the first layer cross the strands of the second layer to form elastic and flexible openings between the first and second layers, strands from each layer forming two sides of each of the openings.

[0195] Clause 26: The elastic medium of any of clauses 24-25, comprising the strands of the first layer covering portions of the openings formed by separate strands in the second layer, and comprising the strands of the second layer covering portions of the openings formed by separate strands in the first layer, the openings in the first layer and the openings in the second layer forming flexible channels through the elastic medium.

[0196] Clause 27: The elastic medium of any of clauses 24-26, wherein the first and second layers are in contact with each other, or wherein the first and second layers are separated by a film of nutrient solution or water, or wherein the first and second layers contain a nutrient solution or water within the openings of the first or second layer, or any combination of these.

[0197] Clause 28: A kit for growing a plant, the kit comprising a first layer of elastic medium comprising a plurality of adjacent and laterally bendable strands having an initial orientation, the laterally bendable strands being constrained at two or more separate constraint locations across the length of the strands; a second layer of elastic medium comprising a plurality of adjacent and laterally bendable strands having an initial orientation, the laterally bendable strands being constrained at two or more separate constraint locations across the length of the strands; and a support tray.

[0198] Clause 29: An elastic medium comprising: a layer comprising a plurality of adjacent and laterally bendable strands having an initial orientation, the laterally bendable strands being constrained at two or more separate constraint locations across the length of the strands.

[0199] Clause 30: The elastic medium of clause 29, wherein the length of the plurality of adjacent strands between the two or more separate constraint locations is greater than the spacing between adjacent strands at the constraint locations.

[0200] Clause 31 : The elastic medium of clause 29 or 30, comprising strands, constraining locations, or a combination of these, all of which are elastic.

[0201] Clause 32: The soilless cultivation medium of any of clauses 29-31, wherein the plurality of strands constrained between two or more constraining locations are strands positioned within a 2-strand cross-section or strands not more than higher or lower than a plane or straight edge positioned across the first and second constraining locations.

[0202] Clause 33: The elastic medium of any of clauses 29-32, comprising strands that are non- water absorbent.

[0203] Clause 34: The elastic medium of any of clauses 29-33, wherein the strands have surface features or texture.

[0204] Clause 35: The elastic medium of any of clauses 29-34, wherein the length of the plurality of adjacent strands between two or more separate constraining locations is greater than five times the spacing between adjacent strands at the constraining locations.

[0205] Clause 36: The elastic medium of any of clauses 29-35, wherein the strands are elastomers.

[0206] Clause 37: The elastic medium of any of clauses 29-36, wherein the elastic medium is a plant growth medium.

[0207] As used herein throughout the specification and claims, approximate language can be used to modify any quantitative or qualitative representation that can allow variation without resulting in a change of the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as "about" or a value range, is not limited to the precise value specified, and can include values different from the specified value. In at least some instances, approximate language can correspond to the precision of an instrument used to measure the value.

[0208] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the method and system of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure include modifications and variations of the disclosed method and system within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0209] While the disclosure has been described in detail with particular references to a limited number of aspects and embodiments, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited thereto. Rather, the disclosure is applicable to any number of variations, alterations, substitutions, or equivalent arrangements not herein described but within the scope of the claims. Additionally, while a particular feature of the disclosure can have been described with reference to only one or a few embodiments, the feature is more generally applicable to the disclosure. Thus, the particular description of the disclosure should not be taken as limiting the scope of the disclosure, but rather a full scope of the disclosure should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A multilayer elastic medium, comprising: a. The first layer, which consists of multiple strands arranged in essentially parallel lines; The first layer forms opposing first and second peripheral edges; b. A second layer comprising a plurality of strands arranged substantially in parallel and in a stacked and movable relationship relative to the first layer described above; the second layer forms opposing first and second peripheral edges; The first layer of strands and the second layer of strands are misaligned relative to each other; The stacking and movable relationship of the second layer relative to the first layer includes multiple strands of the first layer being positioned on and extending above multiple strands of the second layer; The multiple strands of the first layer are constrained by being fixed at a first position of the first layer located at or near the first peripheral edge of the first layer, and by being fixed at a second position spaced from the first position of the first layer and located at or near the second peripheral edge of the first layer, such that the orientation of the multiple strands of the first layer only includes the strands extending from the first position of the first layer to the second position. The multiple strands of the second layer are constrained by being fixed at a first position of the second layer located at or near the first peripheral edge of the second layer, and by being constrained by being fixed at a second position spaced from the first position of the second layer and located at or near the second peripheral edge of the second layer, such that the orientation of the multiple strands of the second layer only includes the strands extending from the first position of the second layer to the second position. In this process, multiple strands in each of the first and second layers are configured to bend laterally along their entire length to accommodate plant growth. The first length of each of the plurality of strands in the first layer between the first and second positions in the first layer forms the first unconstrained free length of the plurality of strands, and the plurality of strands in the first layer form the first spacing between them; and The second length of each of the multiple strands in the second layer between the first and second positions in the second layer forms the second unconstrained free length of the multiple strands, and the multiple strands in the second layer form the second spacing between them.

2. The multilayer elastic medium according to claim 1, Wherein the first unconstrained free length is greater than the first spacing; and Where the second unconstrained free length is greater than the second spacing; and The first or second length of at least one of the constrained strands extends between the first and second positions.

3. The multilayer elastic medium according to claim 1, wherein the strands in each layer are independently elastic.

4. The multilayer elastic medium according to claim 1, wherein the multiple strands in at least one of the first layer and the second layer are spaced apart and arranged side by side.

5. The multilayer elastic medium according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the constrained strands extends a first length or a second length between the first position and the second position.

6. The multilayer elastic medium according to claim 1, wherein each of the first layer and the second layer is adapted to be processed individually.

7. The multilayer elastic medium according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of strands in at least one of the first layer and the second layer are spaced apart from each other to form an elongated opening therebetween.

8. The multilayer elastic medium according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of strands in at least one of the first and second layers form one or more nodules or extensions protruding into an elongated opening, the distance between them being equal to or less than the diameter of the plurality of strands.

9. The multilayer elastic medium according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of strands in the first or second layer are made of a composition of ceramic fibers and elastomers.

10. The multilayer elastic medium according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of strands in the first layer and the second layer move independently of each other.

11. The multilayer elastic medium of claim 10, wherein a plurality of strands in the first layer define a first axis and a plurality of strands in the second layer define a second axis, and wherein the first axis is at a 5° angle to the second axis. o Up to 90 o The angle.

12. The multilayer elastic medium according to claim 11, wherein the angle is 45°. o Up to 90 o .

13. A method comprising: Plants are developed on an elastic medium, said elastic medium comprising: a. A first layer comprising a plurality of strands arranged substantially in parallel, the first layer forming opposing first and second peripheral edges; b. A second layer comprising a plurality of strands arranged substantially in parallel and in a stacked and movable relationship relative to the first layer described above, the second layer forming opposing first and second peripheral edges; The first layer of stock lines and the second layer of stock lines are not aligned with each other; The stacking and movable relationship of the second layer relative to the first layer includes multiple strands of the first layer being positioned on and extending above multiple strands of the second layer; The multiple strands of the first layer are constrained by being fixed at a first position of the first layer located at or near the first peripheral edge of the first layer, and by being fixed at a second position spaced from the first position of the first layer and located at or near the second peripheral edge of the first layer, such that the orientation of the multiple strands of the first layer only includes the strands extending from the first position of the first layer to the second position. The multiple strands of the second layer are constrained by being fixed at a first position of the second layer located at or near the first peripheral edge of the second layer, and by being constrained by being fixed at a second position spaced from the first position of the second layer and located at or near the second peripheral edge of the second layer, such that the orientation of the multiple strands of the second layer only includes the strands extending from the first position of the second layer to the second position. In this process, multiple strands in each of the first and second layers are configured to bend laterally along their entire length to accommodate plant growth. The first length of each of the plurality of strands in the first layer between the first and second positions in the first layer forms the first unconstrained free length of the plurality of strands, and the plurality of strands in the first layer form the first spacing between them; and The second length of each of the multiple strands in the second layer between the first and second positions in the second layer forms the second unconstrained free length of the multiple strands, and the multiple strands in the second layer form the second spacing between them; Between the constrained first position and the constrained second position, multiple strands of the first layer are separated by developing plant material to form a slender opening in the first layer; Between the constrained first position and the constrained second position, multiple strands of the second layer are separated using developing plant material to form elongated openings in the second layer; and The plants are harvested from the elastic medium at the desired growth stage.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first layer and the second layer are in contact with each other, or wherein the first layer and the second layer are separated by a membrane of nutrient solution or water, or wherein the first layer and the second layer contain nutrient solution or water in the opening of the first layer or the second layer.

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