A skin-whitening and brightening composition and its application

Abstract

This invention discloses a skin-whitening and brightening composition and its application. The composition comprises a soft mask powder and a mask-mixing liquid, wherein the liquid comprises glycerin, 1,4-butanediol, Portulaca oleracea extract, yeast fermentation product filtrate, 1,2-hexanediol, p-hydroxyacetophenone, glyceryl acrylate / acrylic acid copolymer, PVM / MA copolymer, Camellia japonica flower extract, Prunus yedoensis leaf extract, nonapeptide-1, tanshinone volatile oil, a skin-whitening and melanin-reducing agent, and water. This composition can be used directly as a face mask. Compared with existing technologies, the skin-whitening and brightening composition prepared by this invention has the advantages of good whitening effect and good transdermal absorption.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of cosmetic technology, and in particular to a skin-whitening and brightening composition and its application. Background Technology

[0002] With socio-economic development and increasing life pressures, coupled with current air pollution, urban smog, ultraviolet radiation, and prolonged exposure to radiation from electronic screens such as mobile phones and computers, modern women's skin is prone to becoming pitted, dull, and lackluster. Consequently, symptoms such as sallow skin, pigmentation, and age spots are becoming increasingly common. Improving skin tone has become a growing concern for modern people, and the development of skin-whitening skincare products has received considerable attention. Skin care needs to consider multiple influencing factors, and functional cosmetics require the synergistic effect of various active ingredients. Based on the skin whitening mechanism, different active ingredients, such as those that inhibit tyrosinase activity, provide antioxidant effects, and inhibit melanosome migration, are co-delivered transdermally, promoting the accumulation of these active ingredients at the target whitening skincare sites.

[0003] Patent application number 202210373798.9 discloses a highly effective whitening and brightening essence and its preparation method. The highly effective whitening and brightening essence includes phenylethyl resorcinol, a solubilizing agent, hyaluronic acid, and water. Water and phenylethyl resorcinol are mixed and stirred. Then, the solubilizing agent is added while stirring. After the solubilizing agent is completely dissolved, hyaluronic acid is added and stirring is continued until the hyaluronic acid is completely dissolved, thus obtaining the highly effective whitening and brightening essence. The prepared highly effective whitening and brightening essence has a good whitening effect and no irritation. However, it has the problem of poor transdermal permeability of active substances, which may affect the effect of use.

[0004] Patent application number 202010292807.2 discloses a whitening composition, a whitening essence containing the whitening composition, and a method for preparing the same. The whitening composition mainly contains six core components: Buddleja officinalis extract, Polygonatum sibiricum extract, Magnolia biondii extract, Paeonia suffruticosa extract, phloretin, and 4-n-butylresorcinol, as well as auxiliary whitening ingredients such as niacinamide, vitamin C derivatives, and vitamin E. The whitening essence containing the whitening composition contains the whitening composition, moisturizer, skin conditioning agent, solubilizer, thickener, preservative, and deionized water. The whitening essence has strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and exhibits strong whitening and repair functions in a guinea pig UV irradiation model. However, the active substances in the whitening composition have poor transdermal permeability, resulting in a large number of active ingredients not being absorbed and only a small portion acting on the skin, thus reducing the efficiency of the whitening composition. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the above-mentioned deficiencies of the prior art, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a skin whitening and brightening composition that can comprehensively block the formation and transport of melanin, accelerate skin metabolism, and is gentle and safe.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a skin-whitening and brightening composition, which consists of a soft mask powder and a mask-mixing liquid.

[0007] Preferably, the mass ratio of the soft film powder to the film-mixing solution is 0.3 to 2:1.

[0008] Preferably, the soft film powder comprises the following components, by mass percentage: 30-90% corn starch, 1-20% sodium alginate, 0.1-12% diatomaceous earth, 0.1-10% calcium sulfate, 0.01-5% mineral oil, 0.1-10% spirulina extract, 0.01-10% pearl powder, and 0.01-10% 3-o-ethyl ascorbic acid.

[0009] Preferably, the film conditioning solution comprises the following components, by mass percentage:

[0010] 1–15% glycerin, 0.5–15% 1,4-Butanediol, 0.001–5% Portulaca oleracea extract, 0.001–5% yeast fermentation product filtrate, 0.01–1% 1,2-Hexanediol, 0.01–1% p-hydroxyacetophenone, 0.001–0.5% glyceryl acrylate / acrylic acid copolymer, 0.001–0.5% PVM / MA copolymer, 0.001–5% Camellia japonica flower extract, 0.001–5% Prunus yedoensis leaf extract, 0.01–5% nonapeptide-1, 0.001–0.5% tanshinone volatile oil, 0.001–0.5% whitening and melanin-reducing adjuvant, and water to make up to 100%.

[0011] Preferably, the preparation method of the whitening and melanin-reducing auxiliary agent is as follows:

[0012] Step 1: Add arbutin to thionyl chloride, stir at 300-500 rpm for 10-14 hours at -1 to 4°C, then filter, wash with dichloromethane 1-3 times, and dry at 50-80°C for 8-12 hours to obtain arbutin chloride.

[0013] Step 2: Mix L-cysteine, cinnamaldehyde, and 0.8–1.5 mol / L hydrochloric acid, stir at 300–500 rpm for 5–15 minutes, then add p-toluenesulfonic acid, stir at 300–500 rpm at 75–85°C and reflux for 80–100 minutes, then filter, collect the solid, wash 2–4 times with 0.8–1.5 mol / L hydrochloric acid, and dry at 50–80°C for 8–12 hours to obtain substance A;

[0014] Step 3: Add substance A obtained in Step 2 to N,N-dimethylformamide and stir at 300-500 rpm for 2-10 minutes. Then, add triethylamine dropwise at a rate of 5-15 mL / min and continue stirring at 300-500 rpm for 5-15 minutes to obtain mixed solution B. Add the arbutin chloride obtained in Step 1 to N,N-dimethylformamide and stir at 300-500 rpm for 2-10 minutes to obtain mixed solution C. Then, add mixed solution C dropwise to mixed solution B at a rate of 10-20 mL / min. Stir and reflux at 300-500 rpm at 75-85℃ for 10-14 hours. Then, cool to 20-30℃, add water, and let stand for 3-8 hours to precipitate. Filter, wash 2-4 times with 0.08-0.12 mol / L hydrochloric acid, and then dry at 50-80℃ for 8-12 hours to obtain the whitening and melanin-reducing auxiliary agent.

[0015] Preferably, the mass and volume ratio of arbutin and thionyl chloride in step 1 is 0.1–0.8 g: 75–1200 mL.

[0016] Preferably, the mass ratio of L-cysteine, cinnamaldehyde, and p-toluenesulfonic acid in step 2 is 0.18–3.15:0.1–1.56:0.05–0.4.

[0017] Preferably, the mass and volume ratio of L-cysteine ​​and hydrochloric acid in step 2 is 0.18–3.15 g: 150–2400 mL.

[0018] Preferably, the mass ratio of substance A, triethylamine, and arbutin chloride in step 3 is 0.18–1.45:0.01–0.13:0.06–0.6.

[0019] Preferably, the mass and volume ratio of substance A to N,N-dimethylformamide in step 3 is 0.18–1.45 g: 150–1200 mL.

[0020] Preferably, the mass and volume ratio of arbutin chloride to N,N-dimethylformamide in step 3 is 0.06–0.6 g: 75–600 mL.

[0021] Preferably, the pore size of the above-mentioned filter membrane is 0.22 to 0.8 micrometers.

[0022] The application of the above-mentioned whitening and skin-beautifying composition is characterized by: being used as a facial mask.

[0023] The method for making the mask is as follows: add the soft mask powder to the mask mixing solution and mix well. Apply the mixture to the face and leave it on for 10 to 20 minutes. After that, remove the mask to achieve the effect of whitening and brightening the skin.

[0024] PVM / MA copolymer: is a copolymer of polyvinyl methyl ether and maleic acid, which is commonly used in cosmetics as an antistatic agent, adhesive and emulsion stabilizer.

[0025] Nonapeptide-1 is a biomimetic peptide that has a very good match with the MC1 receptor on melanocytes. Therefore, it can act as an antagonist of melanocyte-stimulating hormone, competitively binding to the MC1 receptor and preventing tyrosinase from being further activated to produce melanin.

[0026] 3-o-Ethyl ascorbic acid: It can reduce tyrosinase activity and has a strong antioxidant effect, reducing melanin and decreasing melanin production.

[0027] Spirulina extract: It contains a large amount of superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin E and vitamin C, beta-carotene, gamma-linolenic acid and various vitamins. It has antioxidant effects, can delay aging, can effectively remove free radicals in the body, enhance cell vitality, promote human metabolism, reduce age spots and acne, delay the aging process of the skin, and keep the skin elastic, shiny and rosy.

[0028] Cherry blossom leaf extract: Rich in natural vitamins A, B, and E, cherry blossom leaf flavonoids and other effective ingredients, it has antioxidant, anti-aging, skin-softening, mucosal strengthening, skin moisturizing, whitening and softening effects, enhances the skin's resistance to irritation, reduces inflammation, and repairs damaged skin. It is known as the "flower of youth" for maintaining youthful skin.

[0029] Salvia miltiorrhiza volatile oil: mainly includes volatile oils from four parts of the plant: root, stem, leaf and flower. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, can inhibit tyrosinase activity, and has a whitening effect.

[0030] Arbutin: It is a natural active ingredient extracted from the roots, stems and leaves of the bearberry tree. It has the effect of effectively inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase, which can prevent melanin formation, reduce pigmentation and achieve whitening effect.

[0031] Cinnamaldehyde, also known as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamon aldehyde, β-benzyl acrolein, or 3-phenyl-2-propenal, has antibacterial, antifungal, vasodilatory, and blood pressure-lowering properties.

[0032] The skin-whitening and brightening composition of the present invention inhibits tyrosinase activity through multiple means of soft mask powder and film-mixing liquid, reduces melanin deposition in the skin, delays skin aging, and achieves skin whitening effect quickly, safely and effectively. Salvia miltiorrhiza volatile oil possesses antioxidant, whitening, and antibacterial properties, which can enhance the whitening effect and slow down skin aging of the active ingredients. Simultaneously, Salvia miltiorrhiza volatile oil can promote the transdermal absorption of active substances in the active ingredients, further enhancing the efficacy of the active ingredients. The whitening and melanin-reducing adjuvant is prepared from arbutin, L-cysteine, and cinnamaldehyde. L-cysteine ​​and cinnamic acid are combined and then grafted onto arbutin to obtain the whitening and melanin-reducing adjuvant. L-cysteine ​​has antioxidant properties, which can improve the stability of the active ingredients. Cinnamaldehyde has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, which can relieve inflammation on the skin surface and prevent bacterial growth and mold in the active ingredients. Cinnamaldehyde also has vasodilatory properties, which can improve the transdermal permeability of active substances in the active ingredients, further enhancing the whitening effect. Arbutin inhibits tyrosinase activity, which can improve the whitening effect, and also has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

[0033] Due to the adoption of the above technical solutions, compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages: 1) The addition of volatile oil from Salvia miltiorrhiza enhances the transdermal activity of the active substances in the efficacy composition and the whitening effect on the skin, while alleviating skin aging; 2) The addition of whitening and melanin-reducing adjuvants improves the anti-inflammatory and whitening effect of the efficacy composition. Detailed Implementation

[0034] Raw material sources for the examples and comparative examples:

[0035] Corn starch: cosmetic grade, mesh size: 100 mesh.

[0036] Sodium alginate: CAS No.: 57606-04-9, food grade.

[0037] Diatomaceous earth: food grade, mesh size: 200 mesh.

[0038] Mineral oil: Cosmetic grade, type: 15#.

[0039] Spirulina extract: Beijing Lingbao Technology Co., Ltd., product number: p0122134.

[0040] Pearl powder: cosmetic grade, mesh size: 400 mesh or higher.

[0041] Purslane extract: water extract, 30:1 (mass ratio of raw material to extract).

[0042] Yeast fermentation product filtrate: Beijing Lingbao Technology Co., Ltd., product number: p0121219.

[0043] Glyceryl acrylate / acrylic acid copolymer: Beijing Lingbao Technology Co., Ltd., Product No.: p0120294.

[0044] PVM / MA copolymer: Beijing Lingbao Technology Co., Ltd., Product No.: p0219310.

[0045] Camellia extract: water extract, 30:1 (mass ratio of raw material to extract).

[0046] Tokyo cherry blossom leaf extract: Beijing Lingbao Technology Co., Ltd., product number: p0119893.

[0047] Nonapeptide-1: Beijing Lingbao Technology Co., Ltd., Product No.: p0195040, CAS No.: 158563-45-2.

[0048] Salvia miltiorrhiza volatile oil: Shaanxi Kangyue Biotechnology Co., Ltd., product number: sxky-ds.

[0049] Example 1

[0050] A method for preparing a skin-whitening and brightening composition is as follows:

[0051] Mix 15g of soft mask powder and 10g of mask preparation solution evenly to obtain a whitening and skin-beautifying composition.

[0052] The soft film powder is obtained by uniformly mixing 62g corn starch, 10g sodium alginate, 6g diatomaceous earth, 5g calcium sulfate, 2g mineral oil, 5g spirulina extract, 5g pearl powder and 5g 3-o-ethyl ascorbic acid.

[0053] The film-forming solution is prepared by uniformly mixing 8g glycerin, 8g 1,4-butanediol, 2g purslane extract, 3g yeast fermentation product filtrate, 0.5g 1,2-hexanediol, 0.5g p-hydroxyacetophenone, 0.25g glyceryl acrylate / acrylic acid copolymer, 0.25g PVM / MA copolymer, 2.5g camellia extract, 2.5g Tokyo cherry blossom leaf extract, 2.5g nonapeptide-1, 0.25g tanshinone volatile oil, 0.25g whitening and melanin-reducing agent, and 69.5g water.

[0054] The preparation method of the whitening and melanin-reducing auxiliary agent is as follows:

[0055] Step 1: Add 0.4g of arbutin to 300mL of thionyl chloride, stir at 400 rpm for 12 hours at 1℃, then filter through a 0.45μm filter membrane, wash twice with dichloromethane, and dry at 60℃ for 10 hours to obtain arbutin chloride.

[0056] Step 2: Mix 0.79g L-cysteine, 0.39g cinnamaldehyde, and 600mL 1mol / L hydrochloric acid, stir at 400 rpm for 10 minutes, then add 0.2g p-toluenesulfonic acid, stir at 400 rpm at 80℃ and reflux for 90 minutes, then filter through a 0.45-micron filter membrane, collect the solid, wash three times with 1mol / L hydrochloric acid, and dry at 60℃ for 10 hours to obtain substance A;

[0057] Step 3: Add 0.36g of substance A obtained in Step 2 to 300mL of N,N-dimethylformamide and stir at 400 rpm for 5 minutes. Then add 0.03g of triethylamine dropwise at 10mL / min and continue stirring at 400 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain mixed solution B. Add 0.15g of arbutin chloride obtained in Step 1 to 150mL of N,N-dimethylformamide and stir at 400 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain mixed solution C. Then add mixed solution C dropwise to mixed solution B at 15mL / min. Stir and reflux at 80℃ and 400 rpm for 12 hours. Then cool to 25℃, add water and let stand for 5 hours to precipitate. Filter with a 0.45-micron filter membrane, wash three times with 0.1mol / L hydrochloric acid, and then dry at 60℃ for 10 hours to obtain the whitening and melanin-reducing auxiliary agent.

[0058] Comparative Example 1

[0059] The preparation method of the whitening and skin-beautifying composition is the same as that in the examples, except that the preparation method of the film-forming solution is different.

[0060] The film-forming solution is prepared by uniformly mixing 8g glycerin, 8g 1,4-butanediol, 2g purslane extract, 3g yeast fermentation product filtrate, 0.5g 1,2-hexanediol, 0.5g p-hydroxyacetophenone, 0.25g glyceryl acrylate / acrylic acid copolymer, 0.25g PVM / MA copolymer, 2.5g camellia extract, 2.5g Tokyo cherry blossom leaf extract, 2.5g nonapeptide-1, 0.25g whitening and melanin-reducing agent, and 69.75g water.

[0061] The preparation method of the whitening and melanin-reducing auxiliary agent is the same as that in Example 1.

[0062] Comparative Example 2

[0063] The preparation method of the skin whitening and brightening composition is the same as that in the examples, except that the preparation method of the whitening and melanin-reducing adjuvant is different.

[0064] The preparation method of the whitening and melanin-reducing agent is as follows: 0.79g L-cysteine, 0.39g cinnamaldehyde, and 600mL 1mol / L hydrochloric acid are mixed and stirred at 400 rpm for 10 minutes. Then, 0.2g p-toluenesulfonic acid is added, and the mixture is stirred at 400 rpm and refluxed at 80℃ for 90 minutes. The mixture is then filtered through a 0.45-micron filter membrane, the solid is collected, washed three times with 1mol / L hydrochloric acid, and dried at 60℃ for 10 hours to obtain the whitening and melanin-reducing agent.

[0065] Comparative Example 3

[0066] The preparation method of the whitening and skin-beautifying composition is the same as that in the examples, except that the preparation method of the film-forming solution is different.

[0067] The film-forming solution was prepared by uniformly mixing 8g glycerol, 8g 1,4-butanediol, 2g purslane extract, 3g yeast fermentation product filtrate, 0.5g 1,2-hexanediol, 0.5g p-hydroxyacetophenone, 0.25g glycerol acrylate / acrylic acid copolymer, 0.25g PVM / MA copolymer, 2.5g camellia extract, 2.5g Tokyo cherry blossom leaf extract, 2.5g nonapeptide-1, 0.25g tanshinone volatile oil, 0.25g arbutin, and 69.5g water.

[0068] Test Example 1

[0069] Tyrosinase activity inhibition rate test:

[0070] The whitening and skin-brightening composition prepared in this invention was tested for tyrosinase activity inhibition rate according to the journal article (Preparation and Application Research of Whitening and Spot-Removing Skin Care Products, Authors: Hu Zhenyong et al., Shanxi Chemical Industry, No. 9, 2022). The steps are as follows: 1 mL of 30 mmol / L levodopa and 0.1 mg / mL phosphate buffer were mixed evenly with the whitening and skin-brightening composition prepared in this invention, and then the mixture was incubated in a water bath at 26℃ for 15 minutes. Then, tyrosinase solution was added to make the volume 10 mL, and the mixture was incubated in a water bath at 26℃ for 15 minutes. The OD value was then detected at 475 nm using a spectrophotometer. The inhibition rate of tyrosinase activity was calculated according to Formula 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0071] Inhibition rate = (Total tyrosinase activity before inhibition - Remaining tyrosinase activity after inhibition by the skin-brightening and whitening composition) / Total tyrosinase activity before inhibition (Equation 1)

[0072] Test Example 2

[0073] Active substance cumulative permeability test:

[0074] Referring to the master's thesis (Preparation and Quality Evaluation of TPGS-Modified Sanguisorbin I Long-Circulating Liposomes, Author: Song Tingting, Zunyi Medical University, 2021), the specific testing steps are as follows: The cumulative permeability test of the active substance in this invention uses 3-o-ethylascorbic acid as the target substance. The testing steps are as follows: Hair was removed from the abdomen of SD rats, and then the rats were euthanized. A 3.14 cm² section of the rat's abdomen was harvested. 2 The skin of the rat was prepared by removing the fatty tissue, washing it with physiological saline, and absorbing excess water. The stratum corneum of the rat skin was then placed with the dermis facing the supply pool and the dermis facing the receiving pool, and fixed in the center of a Franz diffusion pool. The receiving solution was physiological saline (0.9 wt%), and the water bath temperature was 32 ± 0.5 °C. Next, 1 g of the skin-whitening and brightening composition prepared in this invention (containing 0.03 g of 3-o-ethyl ascorbic acid) was added to the supply pool for a transdermal test. Samples were taken at 1, 2, and 3 hours. Each time, 0.5 mL of the receiving solution was taken from the receiving pool, and an equal volume of receiving solution was added. The supernatant was collected by centrifugation and then diluted to a suitable mass concentration. The concentration C of 3-o-ethyl ascorbic acid was detected and calculated using liquid chromatography. i Then, the cumulative transmittance Q is calculated according to Equation 2, and the results are shown in Table 1:

[0075]

[0076] Where: V0 is the total sampling volume, C i and C n V represents the drug concentration (mg / mL) measured at time points i and n. i The sample volume is (mL), and m represents the total mass of 3-o-ethyl ascorbic acid in the sample.

[0077] Table 1 Test Results

[0078] Sample Tyrosinase activity inhibition rate / % 3-hour cumulative transmittance / % Example 1 91.1 89.6 Comparative Example 1 88.5 74.1 Comparative Example 2 70.2 79.6 Comparative Example 3 69.3 68.1

[0079] (Note: The higher the tyrosinase activity inhibition rate, the better the whitening effect.)

[0080] A comparison of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-3 reveals that the tyrosinase activity inhibition rate and the cumulative permeation rate of active substances in Example 1 are both superior to those in Comparative Examples 1-3. This may be because the addition of volatile oil from Salvia miltiorrhiza and whitening and melanin-reducing agents in Example 1 improves the transdermal permeation efficiency of active substances on the skin and enhances the skin-whitening and brightening effect of the active substances in the composition.

Claims

1. A skin-whitening and brightening composition, characterized in that, The preparation method is as follows: Mix 15g of soft film powder and 10g of film-mixing liquid evenly to obtain a whitening and skin-beautifying composition; The soft film powder is obtained by uniformly mixing 62g corn starch, 10g sodium alginate, 6g diatomaceous earth, 5g calcium sulfate, 2g mineral oil, 5g spirulina extract, 5g pearl powder and 5g 3-o-ethyl ascorbic acid. The film-forming solution is prepared by uniformly mixing 8g glycerin, 8g 1,4-butanediol, 2g purslane extract, 3g yeast fermentation product filtrate, 0.5g 1,2-hexanediol, 0.5g p-hydroxyacetophenone, 0.25g glyceryl acrylate / acrylic acid copolymer, 0.25g PVM / MA copolymer, 2.5g camellia extract, 2.5g Tokyo cherry blossom leaf extract, 2.5g nonapeptide-1, 0.25g tanshinone volatile oil, 0.25g whitening and melanin-reducing agent, and 69.5g water. The preparation method of the whitening and melanin-reducing auxiliary agent is as follows: Step 1: Add 0.4g of arbutin to 300mL of thionyl chloride, stir at 400 rpm for 12 hours at 1℃, then filter through a 0.45μm filter membrane, wash twice with dichloromethane, and dry at 60℃ for 10 hours to obtain arbutin chloride. Step 2: Mix 0.79g L-cysteine, 0.39g cinnamaldehyde, and 600mL 1mol / L hydrochloric acid, stir at 400 rpm for 10 minutes, then add 0.2g p-toluenesulfonic acid, stir at 400 rpm at 80℃ and reflux for 90 minutes, then filter through a 0.45-micron filter membrane, collect the solid, wash three times with 1mol / L hydrochloric acid, and dry at 60℃ for 10 hours to obtain substance A; Step 3: Add 0.36g of substance A obtained in Step 2 to 300mL of N,N-dimethylformamide and stir at 400 rpm for 5 minutes. Then add 0.03g of triethylamine dropwise at 10mL / min and continue stirring at 400 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain mixed solution B. Add 0.15g of arbutin chloride obtained in Step 1 to 150mL of N,N-dimethylformamide and stir at 400 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain mixed solution C. Then add mixed solution C dropwise to mixed solution B at 15mL / min. Stir and reflux at 80℃ and 400 rpm for 12 hours. Then cool to 25℃, add water and let stand for 5 hours to precipitate. Filter with a 0.45-micron filter membrane, wash three times with 0.1mol / L hydrochloric acid, and then dry at 60℃ for 10 hours to obtain the whitening and melanin-reducing auxiliary agent.

2. The application of the skin-whitening and brightening composition as described in claim 1 in the preparation of a facial mask.

3. The application as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The method for making the face mask is as follows: mix the whitening and brightening composition according to claim 1 evenly, apply it to the facial skin, leave the mask on for 10-20 minutes, and then remove the mask to achieve the whitening and brightening effect.

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