Method and apparatus for discriminating between a knee and a fault

Abstract

This invention provides a method and apparatus for distinguishing between knee faults and faults, comprising: acquiring seismic data of a target area, the seismic data including the geometric characteristics of seismic wave groups; obtaining a seismic profile based on the seismic data, the seismic profile including folds composed of multiple strata; identifying a template stratum and multiple extension lines in the multiple strata, the template stratum being a continuous, unbroken, high-peak reflection layer; identifying multiple extension layers in the seismic profile based on the template stratum and multiple extension lines; and outputting a determination result based on the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave groups and the geometric characteristics of each extension layer. The method for distinguishing between knee faults and faults of this invention directly and accurately determines whether a compressional structural zone in the oil and gas exploration process is a knee fault, a high-angle thrust fault, or a regulating fault using seismic data. This ensures the accuracy of seismic detection, provides important guidance for the deployment of oil and gas exploration and development drilling, and improves the success rate of oil and gas exploration drilling.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of geological fault identification technology, specifically to a method and device for distinguishing between knee fractures and faults. Background Technology

[0002] Compression tectonic zones are important hydrocarbon structural traps, but the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic imaging of compression tectonic zones is low, often making it impossible to determine the relationship and accurate development location of the three: knee-fold structures, high-angle thrust faults, and regulating faults. Therefore, they are often simply interpreted as a high-angle thrust fault in the past.

[0003] However, for oil and gas exploration and development, the distinction between knee-fold structures, high-angle thrust faults, and regulating faults has a significant impact on oil and gas trap conditions. These three structural types play a crucial role in determining whether reservoirs between anticlines and adjacent synclines are capable of sealing. However, accurately distinguishing between knee-fold structures and faults has always been a challenge and a key focus in oil and gas exploration. Furthermore, subsurface structural deformation cannot directly identify whether a structure is a knee-fold or a fault; prediction and judgment can only be made through well logging data. In many working areas lacking well logging data, it is impossible to accurately identify knee-fold structures, high-angle thrust faults, and regulating faults. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method and device for distinguishing between knee fractures and faults, so as to at least solve the problem mentioned above that it is impossible to accurately distinguish knee fracture structures, high-angle thrust faults, and adjustment faults in a large number of working areas without well logging data.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, a first aspect of the present invention provides a method for distinguishing between knee fractures and tomography, comprising:

[0006] Acquire seismic data for the target area, the seismic data including the geometric characteristics of seismic wave groups;

[0007] A seismic profile is obtained based on the seismic data, and the seismic profile includes folds composed of multiple strata.

[0008] In a multi-layered stratum, a template stratum and multiple extension lines are identified, wherein the template stratum is a continuous, unbroken, high-reflection peak layer.

[0009] Based on the template strata and multiple extension lines, multiple extension layers are determined in the seismic profile.

[0010] Based on the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group and the geometric characteristics of each extension layer, the determination result is output.

[0011] Optionally, determining the template stratum and multiple extension lines in multiple strata, wherein the template stratum is a continuous, uninterrupted, high-reflectivity crest layer, includes:

[0012] The dip angle abrupt change point of the template stratum is determined as the axis point, and the dip angle abrupt change point is the point of maximum deformation of the fold dip angle;

[0013] Each axis point generates an extension line, and each extension line is the angle bisector of the angle between the corresponding layers.

[0014] Optionally, the angle deviation of the template stratum located between the corresponding two extension lines is less than a preset angle deviation.

[0015] Optionally, the inclination angle of the portion of each extension layer located between the corresponding two extension lines is the same as the inclination angle of the template layer at the corresponding portion between the two extension lines.

[0016] Optionally, determining multiple extension layers in the seismic profile based on the template strata and multiple extension lines includes:

[0017] Based on the template strata and each extension line, multiple continuous upper extension layers are obtained by extending upwards in the seismic profile according to a preset interval.

[0018] Based on the template strata and each extension line, multiple continuous lower extension layers are obtained by extending downwards in the seismic profile at preset intervals.

[0019] Optionally, the step of outputting a determination result based on the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group and the geometric characteristics of each extension layer includes:

[0020] If the geometric characteristics of each upper extension layer and each lower extension layer are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a complete knee fold.

[0021] If the geometric characteristics of each upper continuum and each lower continuum are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a high-angle reverse fault.

[0022] If the geometric characteristics of the upper and / or lower extension layers are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower extension layers that are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as knee faults, and the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower extension layers that are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as developmental regulating faults.

[0023] A second aspect of the present invention provides a device for distinguishing between knee fractures and tomography, comprising:

[0024] The acquisition module acquires seismic data for the target area, including the geometric characteristics of seismic wave groups.

[0025] The first determining module obtains a seismic profile based on the seismic data, the seismic profile including folds composed of multiple strata;

[0026] The second determining module determines the template layer and multiple extension lines in the multi-layered strata, wherein the template layer is a continuous and unbroken wave crest strong reflection layer;

[0027] The third determining module determines multiple extension layers in the seismic profile based on the template strata and multiple extension lines.

[0028] The determination output module outputs the determination result based on the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group and the geometric characteristics of each extension layer.

[0029] Optionally, the third determining module is specifically used for:

[0030] Based on the template strata and each extension line, multiple continuous upper extension layers are obtained by extending upwards in the seismic profile according to a preset interval.

[0031] Based on the template strata and each extension line, multiple continuous lower extension layers are obtained by extending downwards in the seismic profile at preset intervals.

[0032] Optionally, the determination output module is specifically used for:

[0033] If the geometric characteristics of each upper extension layer and each lower extension layer are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a complete knee fold.

[0034] If the geometric characteristics of each upper continuum and each lower continuum are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a high-angle reverse fault.

[0035] If the geometric characteristics of the upper and / or lower continuum layers are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower continuum layers that are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as knee faults, and the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower continuum layers that are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as developmental regulating faults.

[0036] On the other hand, the present invention provides a machine-readable storage medium storing instructions for causing a machine to execute the knee fracture and tomography discrimination method described above.

[0037] The present invention proposes a method that can directly and accurately determine whether a compressional structural zone in the oil and gas exploration process is a knee-fold structure, a high-angle thrust fault, or a regulating fault using seismic data. This method can ensure the accuracy of seismic detection, provide important guidance for the deployment of oil and gas exploration and development drilling, and improve the success rate of oil and gas exploration drilling.

[0038] Other features and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail in the following detailed description section. Attached Figure Description

[0039] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate embodiments of the present invention and form part of the specification. They are used together with the following detailed description to explain the embodiments of the present invention, but do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0040] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the method for distinguishing between knee fractures and tomography provided by the present invention;

[0041] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the knee fracture and tomography discrimination device provided by the present invention;

[0042] Figure 3 This is a stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 1 provided by the present invention;

[0043] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the positional relationship between the template stratum and the extension layer in the stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 1 provided by the present invention;

[0044] Figure 5 This is a stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 2 provided by the present invention;

[0045] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the positional relationship between the template stratum and the extension layer in the stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 2 provided by the present invention;

[0046] Figure 7 This is a stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 3 provided by the present invention;

[0047] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram showing the positional relationship between the template stratum and the extension layer in the stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 3 provided by the present invention.

[0048] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures

[0049] 1-Acquisition module; 2-First determination module; 3-Second determination module;

[0050] 4-Third determination module; 5-Determination output module. Detailed Implementation

[0051] The specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0052] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the method for distinguishing between knee fractures and tomography provided by this invention. Figure 1 As shown, this invention provides a method for distinguishing between knee fractures and tomography, the method comprising:

[0053] Step 101: Obtain seismic data for the target area, wherein the seismic data includes the geometric characteristics of seismic wave groups;

[0054] Step 102: Obtain a seismic profile based on the seismic data, the seismic profile including folds composed of multiple strata;

[0055] Step 103: Determine the template stratum and multiple extension lines in the multi-layered strata. The template stratum is a continuous, unbroken, high-reflection peak layer.

[0056] Step 104: Based on the template strata and multiple extension lines, determine multiple extension layers in the seismic profile.

[0057] Step 105: Based on the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group and the geometric characteristics of each extension layer, output the judgment result.

[0058] Specifically, the target area to be detected is determined, and seismic data for the target area is acquired. This seismic data includes the geometric characteristics of seismic wave groups. Based on the seismic data, seismic interpretation methods are used to process the data, forming a profile of the subsurface wave impedance reflection interface, which serves as a seismic profile. This seismic profile contains folds composed of multiple strata. These strata can be continuous without faults or with faults. Within these strata, continuous, unfaulted, high-reflection peak layers are used as template strata to ensure reliable comparison and tracking, even if the seismic imaging of the fold limbs is poor. The two sides of the wing are easily identifiable, and multiple extension lines are determined based on the template strata. Based on the template strata and the multiple extension lines, multiple extension layers are identified in the seismic profile. These multiple extension layers are located above and below the template strata, and they encompass the target oil and gas exploration layer. After identifying the multiple extension layers in the seismic profile, the judgment result can be determined based on the geometric characteristics of each extension layer and the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group. The judgment result includes determining whether the fold is a complete knee-fold structure, a high-angle reverse fault, or a structure combining a knee-fold and a developed regulating fault. After determining the structure of the fold, polarized oil and gas extraction equipment can be controlled to improve the success rate.

[0059] Furthermore, the determination of a template stratum and multiple extension lines in multiple strata, wherein the template stratum is a continuous, uninterrupted, high-reflectivity crest layer, includes:

[0060] The dip angle abrupt change point of the template stratum is determined as the axis point, and the dip angle abrupt change point is the point of maximum deformation of the fold dip angle;

[0061] An extension line is generated for each axis point, and each extension line is the angle bisector of the angle between the corresponding layers.

[0062] Specifically, the point of maximum deformation of the fold dip angle can be determined by the slope of the fold strata. The point with the largest change in slope is the point of maximum deformation. Each axis point is the turning point of the connecting different dip regions of the template strata. After determining multiple axis points on the template strata, an extension line is drawn through each axis point to obtain multiple independent extension lines. Each extension line bisects the different dip regions of the template strata, and the corresponding extension line extends outward. The extension line bisects the corresponding different dip angles of other extension layers, dividing the template strata and extension layers into different dip regions. The dip of each dip region is consistent (a straight line within each dip region). After determining the template strata, based on the template strata, the included angles corresponding to multiple strata can include the turning angle of the strata changing from the syncline to the limb, the bisecting turning angle between the syncline strata and the fold limb strata, the turning angle of the strata changing from the anticline to the limb, or the bisecting turning angle between the anticline strata and the limb strata.

[0063] Furthermore, the angle deviation of the template layer located between the corresponding two extension lines is less than the preset angle deviation.

[0064] Specifically, each extension line intersects with the template stratum. Therefore, the angle deviation of the dip angle of the template stratum located between the corresponding two extension lines is less than the preset angle deviation. This can be understood as the position of the extension line at the intersection of the corresponding two extension lines. The extension line intersects with the template stratum, resulting in two relative angles. The part of the template stratum located between the corresponding two extension lines is a straight line, and the angle deviation between the two relative angles is less than the preset angle deviation.

[0065] Furthermore, the inclination angle of the portion of each extension layer located between the corresponding two extension lines is the same as the inclination angle of the template layer at the corresponding portion between the two extension lines.

[0066] Specifically, since the extended layers are all based on the template stratum and extended outwards along the extension lines, during the process of obtaining the extended layers, it is necessary to ensure that the dip angle of the part of each extended layer located between the corresponding two extension lines is the same as the dip angle of the corresponding part of the template stratum between the two extension lines, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the obtained extended layers; furthermore, it can be understood that the dip domains of the template stratum and each extended layer located between the corresponding two extension lines are consistent, therefore the parts of the template stratum and each extended layer located between the corresponding two extension lines are parallel to each other.

[0067] Furthermore, the determination of multiple extension layers in the seismic profile based on the template strata and multiple extension lines includes:

[0068] Based on the template strata and each extension line, multiple continuous upper extension layers are obtained by extending upwards in the seismic profile according to a preset interval.

[0069] Based on the template strata and each extension line, multiple continuous lower extension layers are obtained by extending downwards in the seismic profile at preset intervals.

[0070] Specifically, in the seismic profile, after identifying the template stratum and multiple extension lines within a multi-layered stratum, the extension lines are extended upwards from the template stratum. Based on the template stratum and considering the aforementioned angle constraints, continuous multi-layered upper extension layers are obtained. In the seismic profile, after identifying the template stratum and multiple extension lines within a multi-layered stratum, the extension lines are extended downwards from the template stratum. Based on the template stratum and considering the aforementioned angle constraints, continuous multi-layered lower extension layers are obtained.

[0071] Furthermore, the output of the determination result based on the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group and the geometric characteristics of each extension layer includes:

[0072] If the geometric characteristics of each upper extension layer and each lower extension layer are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a complete knee fold.

[0073] If the geometric characteristics of each upper continuum and each lower continuum are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a high-angle reverse fault.

[0074] If the geometric characteristics of the upper and / or lower extension layers are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower extension layers that are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as knee faults, and the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower extension layers that are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as developmental regulating faults.

[0075] Specifically, after acquiring seismic data, the seismic data is analyzed to obtain the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group (including geometric shape and wave group characteristics). The geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are compared with the geometric shape of each upper and lower continuum of the seismic profile. The judgment result is output based on the shape deviation. The method used is to construct geometric constraints, specifically including:

[0076] If the geometric characteristics of each upper extension layer and each lower extension layer are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a complete knee fold.

[0077] If the geometric characteristics of each upper continuum and each lower continuum are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group (there is a deviation in the geometric shape), then the fold is determined to be a high-angle reverse fault.

[0078] If the geometric characteristics of a portion of the upper and / or lower continuum layers are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower continuum layers with consistent geometric characteristics are identified as knee faults, and the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower continuum layers with inconsistent geometric characteristics (geometric shape deviations) are identified as developing regulating faults. Specifically, this includes:

[0079] The geometric characteristics of all upper continuum layers are consistent with those of the seismic wave group. The geometric characteristics of some lower continuum layers are consistent with those of the seismic wave group, while the geometric characteristics of other lower continuum layers are inconsistent with those of the seismic wave group. The folded regions corresponding to the upper and lower continuum layers with consistent geometric characteristics are knee faults. The folded regions corresponding to the lower continuum layers with inconsistent geometric characteristics are downward-developing regulating faults. The point where the difference between the geometric characteristics of the continuum layers with inconsistent geometric characteristics and those of the seismic wave group is greatest first appears.

[0080] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the knee fracture and tomography discrimination device provided by the present invention. Figure 2 As shown, an embodiment of the present invention provides a device for distinguishing between knee fractures and tomography, comprising:

[0081] Module 1 acquires seismic data for the target area, including the geometric characteristics of seismic wave groups.

[0082] The first determining module 2 obtains a seismic profile based on the seismic data, the seismic profile including folds composed of multiple strata;

[0083] The second determining module 3 determines the template layer and multiple extension lines in the multi-layered strata, wherein the template layer is a continuous and unbroken wave crest strong reflection layer;

[0084] The third determining module 4 determines multiple extension layers in the seismic profile based on the template strata and multiple extension lines.

[0085] The judgment output module 5 outputs the judgment result based on the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group and the geometric characteristics of each extension layer.

[0086] Furthermore, the second determining module 3 is specifically used for:

[0087] The dip angle abrupt change point of the template stratum is determined as the axis point, and the dip angle abrupt change point is the point of maximum deformation of the fold dip angle;

[0088] Multiple extension lines are generated with the axis point as the center, and each extension line is the angle bisector of the included angle of the multiple strata.

[0089] Furthermore, the angle deviation of the template layer located between the corresponding two extension lines is less than the preset angle deviation.

[0090] Furthermore, the inclination angle of the portion of each extension layer located between the corresponding two extension lines is the same as the inclination angle of the template layer at the corresponding portion between the two extension lines.

[0091] Furthermore, the third determining module 4 is specifically used for:

[0092] Based on the template strata and each extension line, multiple continuous upper extension layers are obtained by extending upwards in the seismic profile according to a preset interval.

[0093] Based on the template strata and each extension line, multiple continuous lower extension layers are obtained by extending downwards in the seismic profile at preset intervals.

[0094] Furthermore, the determination output module is specifically used for:

[0095] If the geometric characteristics of each upper extension layer and each lower extension layer are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a complete knee fold.

[0096] If the geometric characteristics of each upper continuum and each lower continuum are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a high-angle reverse fault.

[0097] If the geometric characteristics of the upper and / or lower continuum layers are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower continuum layers that are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as knee faults, and the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower continuum layers that are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as developmental regulating faults.

[0098] This invention also provides a machine-readable storage medium storing instructions that cause a machine to execute the knee fracture and tomography method described above.

[0099] Example 1

[0100] Figure 3 This is a stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 1 provided by the present invention. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram showing the positional relationship between the template strata and the extension layer in the stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 1 provided by the present invention; as shown... Figure 3-4 As shown, due to poor imaging of the fold limbs in the seismic profile determined by depth-domain seismic data, it is impossible to determine whether the limbs are knee folds or faults. Therefore, in Figure 3 The template strata are identified in the seismic profile. These template strata serve as strong crest reflection markers, easily identifiable even in folded limbs with poor seismic imaging. Continuous comparative tracking is possible. In folded limbs with poor seismic imaging, the strong crest reflection markers are directly connected, forming a complete fold structure within the depth-domain seismic profile. The dip abrupt change points of the template strata are identified as extension line points. Multiple extension lines are generated centered on these points, each bisecting the angle between the two strata (above and below the template strata), thus forming the angle bisector. Extension lines are generated across the entire template strata within the depth-domain seismic profile.

[0101] Using the template strata as a standard, reference layers are extended downwards using extension lines. The dip angle of the template strata is basically the same at the points where the two extension lines intersect. Extension layers are defined at 100-meter intervals. At the points where the two extension lines intersect, the dip angle of the extension layers remains the same as that of the template strata, forming continuous lower extension layers. In this example, two layers are extended downwards: lower extension layer 1 and lower extension layer 2. Because the imaging of deeper seismic data is poor, the reliability of extension layers is low. The geometric characteristics (geometric morphology and wave group characteristics) of lower extension layers 1-2 are basically consistent with the seismic data. Lower extension layer 1 shows a weak wave peak, while lower extension layer 2 is a critical point. Figure 4 As shown.

[0102] Using the template strata as a standard, reference layers are extended upwards using extension lines. The dip angle of the template strata is basically the same at the points where the two extension lines intersect. Extension layers are defined at 100-meter intervals. At the points where the two extension lines intersect, the dip angle of the extension layers remains the same as that of the template strata, forming continuous upper extension layers. In this example, seven layers are extended upwards, including: Upper Extension Layer 1, Upper Extension Layer 2, Upper Extension Layer 3, Upper Extension Layer 4, Upper Extension Layer 5, Upper Extension Layer 6, and Upper Extension Layer 7, including the target oil and gas exploration layer. The geometric morphology and wave group characteristics of the upper extension layers 1-7 are basically consistent with the seismic wave groups. Among them, Upper Extension Layer 1 has a strong wave peak, Upper Extension Layer 2 has a weak wave peak, Upper Extension Layer 3 has a strong wave peak, Upper Extension Layer 4 has a strong wave peak, Upper Extension Layer 5 has a weak wave peak, Upper Extension Layer 6 has a weak wave peak, and Upper Extension Layer 7 has a weak wave peak. Figure 4 As shown.

[0103] Since the geometric characteristics of each upper and lower continuum are consistent with those of the seismic wave group, no faults have developed in either the lower or upper continuum. Therefore, the fold can be identified as a complete knee-fold structure, and the knee-fold structure is well-developed.

[0104] Example 2

[0105] Figure 5 This is a stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 2 provided by the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram showing the positional relationship between the template strata and the extension layer in the stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 2 provided by the present invention; as shown... Figure 5-6 As shown, due to poor imaging of the fold limbs in the seismic profile determined by depth-domain seismic data, it is impossible to determine whether the limbs are knee folds or faults. Therefore, in Figure 5 The template strata are identified in the seismic profile. These template strata serve as strong crest reflection markers, easily identifiable even in folded limbs with poor seismic imaging. Continuous comparative tracking is possible. In folded limbs with poor seismic imaging, the strong crest reflection markers are directly connected, forming a complete fold structure within the depth-domain seismic profile. The dip abrupt change points of the template strata are identified as extension line points. Multiple extension lines are generated centered on these points, each bisecting the angle between the two strata (above and below the template strata), thus forming the angle bisector. Extension lines are generated across the entire template strata within the depth-domain seismic profile.

[0106] Using the template strata as a standard, reference layers are extended downwards using extension lines. The dip angle of the template strata is basically the same at the points where the two extension lines intersect. Extension layers are defined at 100-meter intervals. At the points where the two extension lines intersect, the dip angle of the extension layers remains the same as that of the template strata, forming continuous lower extension layers. In this example, five layers are extended downwards: lower extension layer 1, lower extension layer 2, lower extension layer 3, lower extension layer 4, and lower extension layer 5. Because the imaging of deeper seismic data is poor, the reliability of the extension layers is low. Comparing the geometric morphology and wave group characteristics of the seismic data, the geometric morphology and wave group characteristics of lower extension layers 1-5 show significant differences at the flanks, such as... Figure 6 As shown.

[0107] Using the template strata as a standard, reference layers are extended upwards using extension lines. The dip angle of the template strata is basically the same at the points where the two extension lines intersect. Extension layers are defined at 100-meter intervals. At the points where the two extension lines intersect, the dip angle of the extension layers remains the same as that of the template strata, forming continuous upper extension layers. In this example, four layers are extended upwards, including: Upper Extension Layer 1, Upper Extension Layer 2, Upper Extension Layer 3, and Upper Extension Layer 4, encompassing the target oil and gas exploration layer. Among these, the geometric morphology and wave group characteristics of Upper Extension Layers 1-4, compared with seismic data, show significant differences in the flanks, such as... Figure 6 As shown.

[0108] Therefore, the geometric morphology and wave group characteristics of the seismic wave groups from the lower continuation layer 1 to the upper continuation layer 4 are significantly different, with the greatest difference occurring at the marked points from the lower continuation layer 1 to the lower continuation layer 5. In this example 2, the folds do not develop knee-fold structures, but rather high-angle reverse faults from deep to shallow, such as... Figure 6 As shown.

[0109] Example 3

[0110] Figure 7 This is a stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 2 provided by the present invention; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram showing the positional relationship between the template strata and the extension layer in the stratigraphic profile of Embodiment 2 provided by the present invention; as shown... Figure 7-8 As shown, due to poor imaging of the fold limbs in the seismic profile determined by depth-domain seismic data, it is impossible to determine whether the limbs are knee folds or faults. Therefore, in Figure 7The template strata are identified in the seismic profile. These template strata serve as strong crest reflection markers, easily identifiable even in folded limbs with poor seismic imaging. Continuous comparative tracking is possible. In folded limbs with poor seismic imaging, the strong crest reflection markers are directly connected, forming a complete fold structure within the depth-domain seismic profile. The dip abrupt change points of the template strata are identified as extension line points. Multiple extension lines are generated centered on these points, each bisecting the angle between the two strata (above and below the template strata), thus forming the angle bisector. Extension lines are generated across the entire template strata within the depth-domain seismic profile.

[0111] Using the template strata as a standard, reference layers are extended downwards using extension lines. The dip angle of the template strata is basically the same at the points where the two extension lines meet. Extension layers are defined at 100-meter intervals. At the points where the two extension lines meet, the dip angle of the extension layers remains the same as that of the template strata, forming continuous lower extension layers. In this example, three layers are extended downwards: lower extension layer 1, lower extension layer 2, and lower extension layer 3. Because the imaging of deeper seismic data is poor, the reliability of the extension layers is low. The geometric morphology and wave group characteristics of lower extension layers 1-3 are basically consistent with the seismic data. Lower extension layer 1 is the critical point, lower extension layer 2 is the wave trough, and lower extension layer 3 is the wave crest. Figure 8 As shown.

[0112] Using the template strata as a standard, reference layers are extended upwards using extension lines. The dip angle of the template strata is basically the same at the points where the two extension lines meet. Extension layers are defined at 100-meter intervals. At the points where the two extension lines meet, the dip angle of the extension layers remains the same as that of the template strata, forming continuous upper extension layers. In this example, six layers are extended upwards, including: Upper Extension Layer 1, Upper Extension Layer 2, Upper Extension Layer 3, Upper Extension Layer 4, Upper Extension Layer 5, and Upper Extension Layer 6, encompassing the target oil and gas exploration layer. Only Upper Extension Layer 1 has a basically consistent geometry and wave group characteristics with the compared seismic wave group, representing a wave trough. The geometry and wave group characteristics of Upper Extension Layers 2-6 show significant differences compared to the compared seismic wave group, such as... Figure 8 As shown.

[0113] Therefore, the geometric morphology and wave group characteristics of the contrast seismic wave groups from the lower continuum 3 to the upper continuum 1 are basically consistent, and the corresponding region develops knee-fold structures. The geometric morphology of the contrast seismic wave groups from the upper continuum 2-6 is significantly different, with the greatest difference occurring at the marked points from the upper continuum 3 to the upper continuum 6. This confirms that regulating faults develop upwards from the upper continuum 2. Figure 8 As shown.

[0114] Example 4

[0115] Because the imaging of the fold limbs in the seismic profile determined by depth-domain seismic data is poor, it is impossible to determine whether the limbs are knee folds or faults. Therefore, a template stratum is identified in the seismic profile. The template stratum is a marker layer with strong wave crest reflections. Even if the seismic imaging of the fold limbs is poor, it can be easily identified on both sides of the limbs, allowing for continuous comparative tracking. In the fold limbs with poor seismic imaging, the marker layers with strong wave crest reflections are directly connected to form a complete fold structure within the depth-domain seismic profile. The dip abrupt change points of the template stratum are identified as extension line points. Multiple extension lines are generated around these points, each bisecting the angle between the two strata (above and below the template stratum), serving as the angle bisector. Extension lines are generated for the entire template stratum within the depth-domain seismic profile area.

[0116] Using the template strata as a standard, reference layers are extended downwards using extension lines. The dip angle of the template strata is basically the same at the points where the two extension lines intersect. Extension layers are defined at 100-meter intervals. At the points where the two extension lines intersect, the dip angle of the extension layers remains the same as that of the template strata, forming continuous lower extension layers. In this example, six layers are extended downwards, including: Lower Extension Layer 1, Lower Extension Layer 2, Lower Extension Layer 3, Lower Extension Layer 4, Lower Extension Layer 5, and Lower Extension Layer 6. Because the imaging of deeper seismic data is poor, the reliability of the extension layers is low. Lower Extension Layer 1 shows basically consistent geometric morphology and wave group characteristics compared to the seismic data. However, Lower Extension Layers 2-6 show significant differences in the geometric morphology and wave group characteristics compared to the seismic wave groups.

[0117] Using the template strata as a standard, reference layers are extended upwards using extension lines. The dip angle of the template strata is basically the same at the points where the two extension lines intersect. Extension layers are defined at 100-meter intervals. At the points where the two extension lines intersect, the dip angle of the extension layers remains the same as that of the template strata, forming continuous upper extension layers. In this example, three layers are extended upwards: upper extension layer 1, upper extension layer 2, and upper extension layer 3, including the target oil and gas exploration layer. The geometric morphology and wave group characteristics of upper extension layers 1-3 are basically consistent with the correlated seismic wave groups.

[0118] Therefore, the geometric morphology and wave group characteristics of the comparative seismic wave groups from the upper extension layer 3 to the lower extension layer 1 are basically consistent, and the corresponding region has developed knee-fold structures; the geometric morphology of the comparative seismic wave groups from the lower extension layers 2-6 is significantly different, and it can be determined that reverse faults develop downward from the lower extension layer 2.

[0119] Those skilled in the art will understand that all or part of the steps in the methods of the above embodiments can be implemented by a program instructing related hardware. This program is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions to cause a microcontroller, chip, or processor to execute all or part of the steps of the methods described in the various embodiments of the present invention. The aforementioned storage medium includes various media capable of storing program code, such as a USB flash drive, a portable hard drive, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic disk, or an optical disk.

[0120] The optional embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the specific details described above. Within the scope of the technical concept of the embodiments of the present invention, various simple modifications can be made to the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and these simple modifications all fall within the protection scope of the embodiments of the present invention. It should also be noted that the various specific technical features described in the above specific embodiments can be combined in any suitable manner without contradiction. To avoid unnecessary repetition, the embodiments of the present invention will not further describe the various possible combinations.

[0121] Furthermore, various different embodiments of the present invention can be combined in any way, as long as they do not violate the spirit of the embodiments of the present invention, they should also be regarded as the content disclosed by the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for distinguishing between knee fractures and tomography, characterized in that, The method includes: Acquire seismic data for the target area, the seismic data including the geometric characteristics of seismic wave groups; A seismic profile is obtained based on the seismic data, and the seismic profile includes folds composed of multiple strata. In a multi-layered stratum, a template stratum and multiple extension lines are identified, wherein the template stratum is a continuous, unbroken, high-reflection peak layer. Based on the template strata and multiple extension lines, multiple extension layers are identified in the seismic profile, including: Based on the template strata and each extension line, multiple continuous upper extension layers are obtained by extending upwards in the seismic profile according to a preset interval. Based on the template strata and each extension line, and according to a preset interval, a continuous multi-layered lower extension layer is obtained by extending downward in the seismic profile. Based on the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group and the geometric characteristics of each extension layer, the judgment result is output, including: If the geometric characteristics of each upper extension layer and each lower extension layer are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a complete knee fold. If the geometric characteristics of each upper continuum and each lower continuum are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a high-angle reverse fault. If the geometric characteristics of the upper and / or lower extension layers are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower extension layers that are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as knee faults, and the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower extension layers that are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as developmental regulating faults.

2. The method for distinguishing between knee fractures and tomography according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process of determining a template stratum and multiple extension lines within a multi-layered geological formation, wherein the template stratum is a continuous, uninterrupted, high-reflectivity peak layer, includes: The dip angle abrupt change point of the template stratum is determined as the axis point, and the dip angle abrupt change point is the point of maximum deformation of the fold dip angle; Each axis point generates an extension line, and each extension line is the angle bisector of the angle between the corresponding layers.

3. The method for distinguishing between knee fractures and tomography according to claim 2, characterized in that, The angle deviation of the dip angle of the template stratum located between the corresponding two extension lines is less than the preset angle deviation.

4. The method for distinguishing between knee fracture and tomography according to claim 2, characterized in that, The inclination angle of the portion of each extension layer located between the corresponding two extension lines is the same as the inclination angle of the template layer at the corresponding portion between the two extension lines.

5. A device for distinguishing between knee fractures and tomography, characterized in that, include: The acquisition module acquires seismic data for the target area, including the geometric characteristics of seismic wave groups. The first determining module obtains a seismic profile based on the seismic data, the seismic profile including folds composed of multiple strata; The second determining module determines the template layer and multiple extension lines in the multi-layered strata, wherein the template layer is a continuous and unbroken wave crest strong reflection layer; The third determining module, based on the template strata and multiple extension lines, determines multiple extension layers in the seismic profile, including: Based on the template strata and each extension line, multiple continuous upper extension layers are obtained by extending upwards in the seismic profile according to a preset interval. Based on the template strata and each extension line, and according to a preset interval, a continuous multi-layered lower extension layer is obtained by extending downward in the seismic profile. The determination output module, based on the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group and the geometric characteristics of each extension layer, outputs the determination result, including: If the geometric characteristics of each upper extension layer and each lower extension layer are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a complete knee fold. If the geometric characteristics of each upper continuum and each lower continuum are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the fold is determined to be a high-angle reverse fault. If the geometric characteristics of the upper and / or lower continuum layers are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group, then the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower continuum layers that are consistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as knee faults, and the folded regions corresponding to the upper and / or lower continuum layers that are inconsistent with the geometric characteristics of the seismic wave group are identified as developmental regulating faults.

6. A machine-readable storage medium storing instructions for causing a machine to perform the knee fracture and tomography method as described in any one of claims 1-4.

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