A modified EVA children's toy material and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The present invention discloses a modified EVA children's toy material and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of toy materials. The modified EVA children's toy material includes: 150-180 parts of toughened modified EVA material, 5-10 parts of maleic anhydride, 1-4 parts of dicumyl peroxide, 1-2 parts of sorbic acid, 0.5-2 parts of guanidine oligomer, 3-6 parts of foaming agent, 0.5-1 parts of cross-linking agent, 2-5 parts of auxiliary foaming agent and 40-130 parts of filler. Its preparation method includes: first preparing an antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material; then preparing an antibacterial modified EVA material; finally, the antibacterial modified EVA material and the remaining auxiliary agents and fillers are subjected to operations such as banburying, foaming and molding to obtain a modified EVA children's toy material. The modified EVA children's toy material of the present application can reduce the damage of harmful bacteria on the surface of the toy to the health of children.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of toy materials, in particular to a modified EVA children's toy material and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] EVA is an elastic polymer that produces a soft and flexible "rubber-like" material. The material has good transparency and gloss, low temperature toughness, stress cracking resistance, hot melt adhesive waterproofing and UV radiation resistance. EVA can compete with rubber and vinyl polymer products in many electrical applications and can also be used to make children's toys. EVA children's toys have excellent convenience, safety, and excellent waterproof and anti-fading properties, so they are recognized by many parents. In order to improve the comprehensive performance of EVA children's toys, some researchers have modified EVA materials and used modified EVA materials to make EVA children's toys.

[0003] In the related art, an EVA composite material for a jigsaw puzzle toy is disclosed. The EVA composite material contains the following components in weight percentage: 10.0-12.0wt% of low-density polyethylene, 5.0-5.5wt% of magnesium oxide, 3.0-3.5wt% of zinc oxide, 0.8-1.0wt% of triallyl isocyanurate, 1.0-1.2wt% of polybutenyl succinate, 0.6-0.8wt% of acetoxysilane, 1.5-2.0wt% of lubricant, 1.2-1.5wt% of foaming agent, 1.0-2.0wt% of pigment, 0.8-1.0wt% of iron carboxylate, 0.50-0.60wt% of diisopropyl peroxide, 0.10-0.20wt% of antioxidant, and the balance of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.

[0004] The EVA composite material is non-toxic and odorless. However, children tend to chew toys, and bacteria harmful to children may adhere to the surface of the toys. Therefore, when children use the toys, the harmful bacteria on the surface of the toys may invade the children's bodies as they chew, posing a hidden danger to the children's health. Summary of the invention

[0005] In order to reduce the damage to children's health caused by harmful bacteria on the surface of toys, the present application provides a modified EVA children's toy material and a preparation method thereof.

[0006] In the first aspect, the present application provides a modified EVA children's toy material, which adopts the following technical solution:

[0007] A modified EVA children's toy material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 150-180 parts of toughened modified EVA material, 5-10 parts of maleic anhydride, 1-4 parts of dicumyl peroxide, 1-2 parts of sorbic acid, 0.5-2 parts of guanidine oligomer, 3-6 parts of foaming agent, 0.5-1 part of crosslinking agent, 2-5 parts of auxiliary foaming agent and 40-130 parts of filler.

[0008] By adopting the above technical solution and toughening modified EVA material, the toughness of toys can be increased, which helps to reduce children from swallowing toy material debris. Maleic anhydride can undergo a grafting reaction with sorbic acid and guanidine oligomers. Under the initiation of dicumyl peroxide, maleic anhydride can be grafted onto the molecular chain of the toughening modified EVA material. Therefore, the toughening modified EVA material, maleic anhydride, sorbic acid and guanidine oligomers can form a composite material. Sorbic acid and guanidine oligomers are both non-toxic to the human body, sorbic acid can inhibit molds, yeasts, etc., and guanidine oligomers have a killing effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc. Therefore, the composite material is not only non-toxic to children, but also has an antibacterial function and can inhibit or kill a variety of common harmful bacteria. The modified EVA children's toy material made of this composite material and a foaming agent, a cross-linking agent, a foaming aid and a filler can inhibit or kill harmful bacteria on the surface of the material by itself. When children chew on the toys, it helps to reduce the damage to children's health caused by harmful bacteria on the surface of the toys.

[0009] Moreover, the inventors have found through experiments that by adjusting the ratio of the above raw materials to within the above range, the prepared modified EVA children's toy material has a higher antibacterial rate and excellent toughness.

[0010] In a specific embodiment, the toughened modified EVA material comprises EVA material, LDPE material and ABS material in a weight ratio of (2.5-7):(0.5-4):1.

[0011] By adopting the above technical scheme, the EVA material has excellent elasticity, flexibility and transparency. ABS material is a resin with good comprehensive performance of hardness, toughness and rigidity. LDPE material has good softness, extensibility, electrical insulation, transparency, easy processing and air permeability. The inventor compounded the above three materials, and found through experiments that by controlling the weight ratio of the three materials within the above range, a toughened and modified EVA material with high toughness and high wear resistance can be prepared, which is not easy to be damaged. Therefore, the use of the toughened and modified EVA material helps to enhance the toughness and wear resistance of toys, which are not easy to be bitten by children, reduce the situation of children swallowing toy materials, and are safer.

[0012] In a specific embodiment, the weight percentage of vinyl acetate in the EVA material is 5-10%.

[0013] By adopting the above technical solution, the EVA material with the above vinyl acetate content not only has excellent elasticity and flexibility, but also can be better compatible with LDPE material and ABS material, which helps to increase the material uniformity of the toughened and modified EVA material.

[0014] In a specific embodiment, the LDPE material is FT8230 LDPE or 3020D LDPE.

[0015] By adopting the above technical solution, the high temperature resistance of FT8230 LDPE is better, which can improve the high temperature resistance of toughened modified EVA materials, making toys less likely to deform under high temperature cleaning. The chemical resistance of 3020D LDPE is better, which helps to improve the anti-corrosion performance of toughened modified EVA materials.

[0016] In a specific embodiment, the ABS material is KF-730 ABS.

[0017] By adopting the above technical solution, KF-730 ABS has excellent low-temperature impact resistance and good injection molding performance, which helps to improve the processing performance of toughened modified EVA materials and facilitates the preparation of toys in various shapes.

[0018] In a specific embodiment, the guanidine salt oligomer is polyhexamethylene monoguanidine or polyhexamethylene biguanide.

[0019] By adopting the above technical scheme, polyhexamethylene guanidine or polyhexamethylene biguanide is non-toxic to the human body and has the effect of killing or inhibiting a variety of harmful bacteria. Moreover, polyhexamethylene guanidine or polyhexamethylene biguanide can be grafted onto maleic anhydride through molecular bonding with a high grafting rate, which facilitates the preparation of modified EVA children's toy materials with antibacterial properties.

[0020] In a specific embodiment, the foaming agent is a microsphere foaming agent.

[0021] By adopting the above technical scheme, the microsphere foaming agent not only has a better foaming effect, but also remains a complete closed body after foaming, has excellent pressure resistance and resilience, and is not easy to break when children squeeze or bite the toy, thereby reducing the release of gas in the bubbles inside the toy material to the outside and reducing the odor of the toy.

[0022] In a specific embodiment, the auxiliary foaming agent includes zinc oxide and stearic acid.

[0023] By adopting the above technical solution, zinc oxide is mainly used as an activator to activate the entire vulcanization system; stearic acid plays a role of dispersion and lubrication, which is conducive to the smooth demoulding of the product. Therefore, the use of zinc oxide and stearic acid together can improve the foaming effect of toy materials and further improve the toughness of toy materials.

[0024] In a second aspect, the present application provides a method for preparing a modified EVA children's toy material, using the following technical solution:

[0025] A method for preparing a modified EVA children's toy material comprises the following steps:

[0026] S1, mixing maleic anhydride, sorbic acid and guanidine salt oligomer and then kneading to obtain antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material;

[0027] S2, mixing the toughened modified EVA material, the antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material and dicumyl peroxide, and then performing banburying to obtain the antibacterial modified EVA material;

[0028] S3, the antibacterial modified EVA material, the foaming agent, the cross-linking agent, the auxiliary foaming agent and the filler are subjected to internal kneading, and then subjected to open kneading, sheeting, foaming and cooling molding to obtain a modified EVA children's toy material.

[0029] By adopting the above technical scheme, maleic anhydride, sorbic acid and guanidine oligomer are firstly banburyed, and then toughened modified EVA material, antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material and dicumyl peroxide are banburyed, so that maleic anhydride can be used as a bridge to compound sorbic acid and guanidine oligomer on the toughened modified EVA material to obtain antibacterial modified EVA material with antibacterial effect; moreover, sorbic acid and guanidine oligomer have better dispersibility. Therefore, by adopting the above preparation method, a modified EVA children's toy material with good antibacterial effect can be prepared.

[0030] In a specific embodiment, in the steps S1 and S2, the banburying temperature is 170-190°C, and in the step S3, the banburying temperature is 80-100°C.

[0031] By adopting the above technical solution, the inventors found that by controlling the banburying temperature in steps S1 and S2 within the above range, the obtained modified EVA children's toy material has a higher antibacterial rate, which may be because within this temperature range, it helps to improve the uniformity of the material and reduce the damage to sorbic acid and guanidine oligomers. In addition, in step S3, the above banburying temperature will not cause the EVA material to foam prematurely.

[0032] In summary, the present application includes at least one of the following beneficial technical effects:

[0033] 1. The modified EVA children's toy material of the present application has high toughness and high antibacterial rate, is not easy to break, and can inhibit or kill harmful bacteria on the surface of the material by itself. When children chew on the toy, it helps to reduce the damage of harmful bacteria on the surface of the toy to the health of children;

[0034] 2. The toughened and modified EVA material of the present application has high toughness and high wear resistance and is not easy to be damaged;

[0035] 3. The microsphere foaming agent of the present application has excellent pressure resistance and resilience and is not easy to break, thereby reducing the release of gas in bubbles inside the toy material to the outside and reducing the odor of the toy. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] The present application is further described in detail below in conjunction with embodiments and comparative examples.

[0037] Example

[0038] Example 1

[0039] This embodiment provides a toughened modified EVA material, which uses the US DuPont 3150 EVA material, FT8230 LDPE material and KF-730 ABS material in a weight ratio of 5:2.5:1. Among them, the US DuPont 3150 EVA material is an EVA material with a weight percentage of vinyl acetate between 5-10%.

[0040] The EVA material, LDPE material and ABS material are added into a twin-screw extruder, melt-blended at 220° C., and then extruded and granulated to obtain a toughened and modified EVA material.

[0041] The present embodiment provides a modified EVA children's toy material, which uses 165kg of toughened modified EVA material, 7.5kg of maleic anhydride (national standard 108-31-6), 2.5kg of diisopropylbenzene peroxide, 1.5kg of sorbic acid, 1.2kg of Weizhen 001 type powdered polyhexamethylene monoguanidine, 4.5kg of FR-CR902 type microsphere foaming agent, 0.7kg of di-tert-butylperoxydiisopropylbenzene, 1.5kg of zinc oxide, 2kg of stearic acid and 85kg of calcium carbonate.

[0042] The preparation method of modified EVA children's toy material is as follows:

[0043] Maleic anhydride, sorbic acid and polyhexamethylene guanidine are first added into an internal mixer and mixed, and then internally kneaded at 180° C. After the internal kneading is completed, an antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material is obtained.

[0044] Then, the toughened modified EVA material, the antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material and dicumyl peroxide are added into an internal mixer and mixed, and then internally kneaded at 180° C. After the internal kneading is completed, the antibacterial modified EVA material is obtained.

[0045] Then the antibacterial modified EVA material, microsphere foaming agent, di-tert-butylperoxydiisopropylbenzene, zinc oxide, stearic acid and calcium carbonate are input into an internal mixer, mixed at 90°C for 10 minutes, and then conveyed to a double-roll mill for mixing. After the mixing is completed, sheets are produced to obtain flaky semi-finished products. The flaky semi-finished products are input into a foaming machine, foamed at 180°C and 14MPa for 12 minutes, and then cooled and formed to obtain a modified EVA children's toy material.

[0046] Example 2

[0047] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that the modified EVA children's toy material adopts 150kg of toughened modified EVA material, 5kg of maleic anhydride (national standard 108-31-6), 1kg of diisopropylbenzene peroxide, 1kg of sorbic acid, 0.5kg of Weizhen 001 type powdered polyhexamethylene monoguanidine, 3kg of FR-CR902 type microsphere foaming agent, 0.5kg of di-tert-butylperoxydiisopropylbenzene, 1kg of zinc oxide, 1kg of stearic acid and 40kg of calcium carbonate.

[0048] Example 3

[0049] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that the modified EVA children's toy material adopts 180kg of toughened modified EVA material, 10kg of maleic anhydride (national standard 108-31-6), 4kg of diisopropylbenzene peroxide, 2kg of sorbic acid, 2kg of Weizhen 001 type powdered polyhexamethylene monoguanidine, 6kg of FR-CR902 type microsphere foaming agent, 1kg of di-tert-butylperoxydiisopropylbenzene, 2.5kg of zinc oxide, 2.5kg of stearic acid and 130kg of calcium carbonate.

[0050] Example 4

[0051] The only difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the FT8230 LDPE material is replaced by an equal amount of 3020D LDPE material.

[0052] Example 5

[0053] The only difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the toughened and modified EVA material uses American DuPont 3150 EVA material, FT8230 LDPE material and KF-730 ABS material in a weight ratio of 2.5:0.5:1.

[0054] Example 6

[0055] The only difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the toughened and modified EVA material uses American DuPont 3150 type EVA material, FT8230 type LDPE material and KF-730 type ABS material in a weight ratio of 7:4:1.

[0056] Example 7

[0057] The only difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that an equal amount of JH-PHMB type powdered polyhexamethylene biguanide is used to replace Weizhen 001 type powdered polyhexamethylene monoguanide.

[0058] Example 8

[0059] The only difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that an equal amount of azodicarbonamide is used to replace the FR-CR902 microsphere foaming agent.

[0060] Example 9

[0061] The only difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that an equal amount of 4,4'-oxybisbenzenesulfonylhydrazide is used to replace the FR-CR902 microsphere foaming agent.

[0062] Example 10

[0063] The only difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the preparation method of the modified EVA children's toy material is as follows:

[0064] Maleic anhydride, sorbic acid and polyhexamethylene guanidine are first added into an internal mixer and mixed, and then internally kneaded at 170° C. After the internal kneading is completed, the material is discharged, and the antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material is obtained after cooling.

[0065] Then, the toughened modified EVA material, the antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material and dicumyl peroxide are added into an internal mixer and mixed, and then internally kneaded at 170° C. After the internal kneading is completed, the material is discharged and cooled to obtain the antibacterial modified EVA material.

[0066] Then, the antibacterial modified EVA material, microsphere foaming agent, di-tert-butylperoxydiisopropylbenzene, zinc oxide, stearic acid and calcium carbonate were added to an internal mixer, mixed at 80° C. for 15 minutes, and then transported to a double-roll mill for mixing. After the mixing, sheets were taken out to obtain a flaky semi-finished product. The flaky semi-finished product was input into a foaming machine, foamed at 180° C. and 14 MPa for 12 minutes, and then cooled and formed to obtain a modified EVA children's toy material.

[0067] Embodiment 11

[0068] The only difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the preparation method of the modified EVA children's toy material is as follows:

[0069] Maleic anhydride, sorbic acid and polyhexamethylene guanidine are first added into an internal mixer and mixed, and then internally kneaded at 190° C. After the internal kneading is completed, the material is discharged and cooled to obtain an antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material.

[0070] Then, the toughened modified EVA material, the antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material and dicumyl peroxide are added into an internal mixer and mixed, and then internally kneaded at 190° C. After the internal kneading is completed, the material is discharged and cooled to obtain the antibacterial modified EVA material.

[0071] Then, the antibacterial modified EVA material, microsphere foaming agent, di-tert-butylperoxydiisopropylbenzene, zinc oxide, stearic acid and calcium carbonate were added to an internal mixer, mixed at 100°C for 8 minutes, and then transported to a double-roll mill for mixing. After the mixing, sheets were taken out to obtain a flaky semi-finished product. The flaky semi-finished product was input into a foaming machine, foamed at 180°C and 14MPa for 12 minutes, and then cooled and formed to obtain a modified EVA children's toy material.

[0072] Comparative Example

[0073] Comparative Example 1

[0074] The only difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that, in the process of preparing the modified EVA children's toy material, an equal amount of the US DuPont 3150 EVA material is used to replace the toughened modified EVA material.

[0075] Comparative Example 2

[0076] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that maleic anhydride and dicumyl peroxide are not added. The preparation method of the modified EVA children's toy material is as follows:

[0077] Then, the toughened modified EVA material, sorbic acid and polyhexamethylene guanidine are added into an internal mixer and mixed, and then internally kneaded at 180° C. After the internal kneading is completed, the material is discharged, and the antibacterial modified EVA material is obtained after cooling.

[0078] Then, the antibacterial modified EVA material, microsphere foaming agent, di-tert-butylperoxydiisopropylbenzene, zinc oxide, stearic acid and calcium carbonate were added to an internal mixer, mixed at 90° C. for 10 minutes, and then transported to a double-roll mill for mixing. After the mixing, sheets were taken out to obtain a flaky semi-finished product. The flaky semi-finished product was input into a foaming machine, foamed at 180° C. and 14 MPa for 12 minutes, and then cooled and formed to obtain a modified EVA children's toy material.

[0079] Comparative Example 3

[0080] The only difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that no dicumyl peroxide is added.

[0081] Comparative Example 4

[0082] The only difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that sorbic acid is not added.

[0083] Comparative Example 5

[0084] The only difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that polyhexamethylene guanidine is not added.

[0085] Performance testing

[0086] The following performance tests were performed on the modified EVA children's toy material samples prepared in Examples 1-11 and Comparative Examples 1-5.

[0087] Antibacterial test: refer to GB21551.2-2010;

[0088] Hardness test: According to GB / T 10807-2006 Determination of hardness of soft foam polymer materials (indentation method), the hardness tester model is: LX-C Shore hardness tester;

[0089] Tensile strength and elongation at break test: According to GB / T6344-2008 "Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break of soft foam polymer materials", the electronic universal testing machine model used is: Japan Shimadzu AGS-X5KN. The sample size is 140mm×12mm×10mm, and the cross section is rectangular; the tensile speed is 500mm / min±50mm / min; the test temperature is 23℃±2℃, and the relative humidity is 50%±5%.

[0090] Table 1

[0091]

[0092]

[0093] Combining Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-5 and Table 1, it can be seen that the antibacterial rates of Comparative Examples 2 and Comparative Examples 4-5 are significantly lower than that of Example 1, and the Shore C hardness and tensile strength of Comparative Examples 1 and Comparative Examples 3-4 are lower than those of Example 1, and the elongation at break is only slightly increased. This shows that under the preparation conditions of Example 1, it is helpful to prepare a modified EVA children's toy material with high antibacterial rate, high toughness and not easy to break.

[0094] It can be seen from Examples 1-3 and Table 1 that the antibacterial rates of Examples 1-3 are all greater than 99%, the Shore C hardness is greater than 34.7°, the tensile strength is greater than 1.1 MPa, and the elongation at break is greater than 145%, which means that within the raw material ratio range of Examples 1-3, both the antibacterial rate and the toughness of the modified EVA children's toy material can be improved at the same time.

[0095] Combining Example 1 and Examples 4-6 and Table 1, it can be seen that the antibacterial rates of Examples 1 and Examples 4-6 are all greater than 99%, but compared with Example 1, the Shore C hardness, tensile strength and elongation at break of Example 4 are all slightly changed, the Shore C hardness and tensile strength of Example 5 are significantly increased, and the elongation at break is significantly reduced, and the Shore C hardness and tensile strength of Example 6 are significantly reduced, and the elongation at break is significantly increased. This shows that the use of 3020D LDPE material and FT8230 LDPE material can both improve the antibacterial rate and toughness of the modified EVA children's toy material. The weight ratio of EVA material, LDPE material and ABS material has little effect on the antibacterial properties of the modified EVA children's toy material, but has a greater effect on the toughness of the modified EVA children's toy material.

[0096] Combining Example 1 and Example 7, and combining with Table 1, it can be seen that compared with Example 1, the antibacterial rate, Shore C hardness, tensile strength and elongation at break of Example 1 and Example 7 are not much changed, which shows that the use of polyhexamethylene biguanide and polyhexamethylene monoguanide can help to prepare modified EVA children's toy materials with high antibacterial rate, high toughness and not easy to break.

[0097] Combining Example 1 with Examples 8-9 and Table 1, it can be seen that compared with Example 1, the antibacterial rates of Examples 8 and 9 do not change much, but the Shore C hardness and tensile strength are significantly reduced, and the elongation at break is significantly increased. This shows that the use of microsphere foaming agent can further improve the toughness of the modified EVA children's toy material.

[0098] Combining Example 1 and Examples 10-11, and combining Table 1, it can be seen that compared with Example 1, the antibacterial rate, Shore C hardness, tensile strength and elongation at break of Examples 1 and Examples 10-11 do not change much, which shows that within the above temperature range, it is helpful to prepare a modified EVA children's toy material with high antibacterial rate, high toughness and not easy to be damaged.

[0099] This specific embodiment is merely an explanation of the present application and is not a limitation of the present application. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art may make modifications to the present embodiment without any creative contribution as needed, but such modifications are protected by the patent law as long as they are within the scope of the claims of the present application.

Claims

1. A modified EVA children's toy material, characterized in that: The invention comprises the following components in parts by weight: 150-180 parts of toughened modified EVA material, 5-10 parts of maleic anhydride, 1-4 parts of dicumyl peroxide, 1-2 parts of sorbic acid, 0.5-2 parts of guanidine oligomer, 3-6 parts of foaming agent, 0.5-1 parts of di-tert-butyl peroxy dicumyl, 2-5 parts of auxiliary foaming agent and 40-130 parts of filler; The toughened modified EVA material comprises EVA material, LDPE material and ABS material in a weight ratio of (2.5-7):(0.5-4):1; The preparation method of the modified EVA children's toy material comprises the following steps: S1, mixing maleic anhydride, sorbic acid and guanidine salt oligomer and then kneading to obtain antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material; S2, mixing the toughened modified EVA material, the antibacterial modified maleic anhydride material and dicumyl peroxide, and then performing banburying to obtain the antibacterial modified EVA material; S3, the antibacterial modified EVA material, the foaming agent, di-tert-butylperoxydiisopropylbenzene, the auxiliary foaming agent and the filler are internally kneaded, and then the modified EVA children's toy material is obtained by open-mixing, sheeting, foaming and cooling.

2. A modified EVA children's toy material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The weight percentage of vinyl acetate in the EVA material is 5-10%.

3. A modified EVA children's toy material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The LDPE material is FT8230 type LDPE or 3020D type LDPE.

4. The modified EVA children's toy material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The ABS material is KF-730 ABS.

5. The modified EVA children's toy material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The guanidine salt oligomer is polyhexamethylene monoguanidine or polyhexamethylene biguanidine.

6. The modified EVA children's toy material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The foaming agent is a microsphere foaming agent.

7. The modified EVA children's toy material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The auxiliary foaming agent includes zinc oxide and stearic acid.

8. The modified EVA children's toy material according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the steps S1 and S2, the banburying temperature is 170-190°C, and in the step S3, the banburying temperature is 80-100°C.

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