Battery simulation methods, storage media and electronic devices

Abstract

This invention provides a battery simulation method, a storage medium, and an electronic device. The method includes: calculating the solid-phase lithium-ion concentration at the current moment for the active material particles of electrodes with multiple particle sizes; calculating the liquid-phase lithium-ion concentration at the corresponding position at the current moment; calculating the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current moment based on the solid-phase and liquid-phase lithium-ion concentrations; and obtaining the solid-liquid exchange current density at the next moment for each particle position based on the solid-liquid exchange current density at the current moment. This invention, based on an abstract electrochemical model of particles with multiple particle sizes, can explain the influence of different particle sizes on electrochemical performance, resulting in better accuracy of the electrochemical model at high rates and at the end of discharge. It also effectively improves the solution speed of the model and effectively solves the technical problem of poor battery simulation performance in existing lithium battery analysis models.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to the field of lithium battery performance analysis technology. Background Technology

[0002] The global search for clean energy alternatives to petroleum continues to heat up. Solar, tidal, wind, and hydropower are clean and sustainable energy sources, but the controllability of the energy-generating medium is relatively limited. Lithium-ion batteries are currently the next generation of rechargeable batteries, boasting high energy density and cycle life, and are widely used in mobile communications, digital technology, electric vehicles, and energy storage. As one of the best chemical batteries available, lithium-ion batteries, with their high output voltage and high energy density, hold an indispensable position in the portable battery market and in aerospace and military fields. Therefore, accurately predicting, judging, and monitoring and evaluating the various performance characteristics of lithium-ion batteries has become a key technology for their practical application.

[0003] Optimizing battery assembly process parameters is a crucial way to improve battery performance, among which the particle size and distribution of the positive electrode are particularly important. Establishing a physicochemical model for lithium batteries and obtaining simulated values ​​of the physicochemical state quantities in the space and time of the battery's interior can provide a clearer understanding of the real-time operating status of lithium batteries, thereby better ensuring the economy, reliability, and safety of lithium batteries.

[0004] Currently, common lithium battery models used in real-time monitoring and simulation can be divided into empirical models and physical models. Empirical models include equivalent circuit (ECM) models, while physical models include quasi-two-dimensional (P2D) models, simplified quasi-two-dimensional (SP2D) models, and single-particle (SPM) models. Existing lithium battery models can meet the requirements of battery simulation relatively well, but a significant problem remains: accuracy is poor at high rates and at the end of discharge. This is mainly because the quasi-two-dimensional (P2D) model assumes that the active particles in the positive and negative electrodes have the same radius. However, in reality, the particle size in a battery is distributed, leading to different spatiotemporal behaviors of solid-phase mass transfer in particles of different sizes at high rates or at the end of discharge. In electrochemical models, multi-particle-size P2D models can accurately simulate the electrochemical processes during lithium battery charging and discharging, but these models involve many highly coupled partial differential equations, making calculations complex. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art described above, the purpose of this invention is to provide a battery simulation method, storage medium, and electronic device to solve the technical problem of poor battery simulation performance of existing lithium battery analysis models.

[0006] To achieve the above and other related objectives, the present invention provides a battery simulation method, the method comprising: calculating the solid-phase lithium ion concentration corresponding to the active material particles of electrodes with multiple particle sizes at the current time; calculating the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration at the corresponding position at the current time; calculating the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current time based on the solid-phase lithium ion concentration and the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration; and obtaining the solid-liquid exchange current density at the corresponding position of each particle at the next time based on the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current time.

[0007] In one embodiment of the present invention, the active material particles of the electrodes of the plurality of particle sizes include: first particle size particles, second particle size particles and third particle size particles; wherein, the particle size of the first particle size particles is larger than the particle size of the second particle size particles, and the particle size of the second particle size particles is larger than the particle size of the third particle size particles.

[0008] In one embodiment of the present invention, the solid-phase lithium ion concentration on the surface of the corresponding particle size at the current time is calculated based on the solid-phase diffusion equation in the quasi-two-dimensional model and the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the previous time.

[0009] In one embodiment of the present invention, the solid-phase lithium ion concentration is calculated as follows:

[0010]

[0011] in, This represents the current solid-phase lithium-ion concentration. Let be the solid-liquid exchange current density at the previous moment, K be the particle size type, S be the particle of the first size, M be the particle of the second size, L be the particle of the third size, k be the battery region, n be the negative electrode, p be the positive electrode, t be time, r be the radial distance of the particle, and R be the particle radius. Let D be the particle radius of particle type K within battery region k. s，k is the solid-phase diffusion coefficient, and F is the Faraday constant.

[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention, the liquid phase lithium ion concentration at the current moment is calculated based on the liquid phase diffusion equation in the quasi-two-dimensional model and the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the previous moment.

[0013] In one embodiment of the present invention, the concentration of the liquid-phase lithium ions is calculated as follows:

[0014]

[0015] Among them, c e，k This represents the current concentration of lithium ions in the liquid phase. N represents the solid-liquid exchange current density at the previous moment.e，k Let be the liquid-phase lithium-ion concentration flux over the k-domain. i is the effective liquid phase diffusion coefficient. e，k Let x be the liquid phase current density and x be the axial distance of the battery. D is the Brugg power of the liquid phase porosity. e Let be the liquid phase diffusion coefficient, ∈ k Let t be the spatial volume percentage of the k-th particle. + L is the migration coefficient, F is the Faraday constant, and L is the migration coefficient. n L p L represents the negative electrode thickness, positive electrode thickness, and total electrode length, respectively; N represents the total electrode length. e，n N e，sep N e，p These represent the lithium-ion flux in the negative electrode liquid phase, the lithium-ion flux in the membrane liquid phase, and the lithium-ion flux in the positive electrode liquid phase, respectively. e，n c e，sep c e，p denoted as negative electrode liquid phase lithium ion concentration, separator liquid phase lithium ion concentration, and positive electrode liquid phase lithium ion concentration, respectively; n, sep, and p represent negative electrode, separator, and positive electrode, respectively; and k represents the battery region.

[0016] In one embodiment of the present invention, the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current moment is calculated as follows:

[0017]

[0018] in, The solid-liquid exchange current density at the current moment. Let F be the initial exchange current density, and F be the Faraday constant. m is the overpotential of the particle. k R is the reaction rate, T is the migration coefficient, and T is the temperature. Let c be the current solid-phase lithium-ion concentration. s，k，mac c s，k，surf c e，k These represent the maximum concentration of lithium ions in the solid phase, the surface concentration of lithium ions in the solid phase, and the concentration of lithium ions in the liquid phase, respectively, φ s，k φ e，k , These are the solid phase potential, liquid phase potential, and particle equilibrium potential, respectively.

[0019] In one embodiment of the present invention, the solid-liquid exchange current density at the next moment is calculated as follows:

[0020]

[0021] Among them, J k The solid-liquid exchange current density at the next moment. Let a be the solid-liquid exchange current density at the current moment. K For different particle specific surface areas, K represents the particle size category, S represents the first particle size, M represents the second particle size, L represents the third particle size, and so on. s，K For the porosity of different particles, ∈ s，k R represents the proportion of solid phase porosity for different particles. k，K For different particle radii.

[0022] To achieve the above and other related objectives, the present invention also provides a storage medium storing program instructions that, when executed, implement the steps of the battery simulation method described above.

[0023] To achieve the above and other related objectives, the present invention also provides an electronic device, including a memory for storing a computer program and a processor for running the computer program to implement the steps of the battery simulation method described above.

[0024] As described above, the battery simulation method, storage medium, and electronic device of the present invention have the following beneficial effects:

[0025] This invention classifies the active material particles of the electrode into multiple particle size categories. The electrochemical model based on the abstract of particles of multiple particle size categories can explain the influence of different particle sizes on electrochemical performance, making the accuracy of the electrochemical model better at high rates and at the end of discharge. It also effectively improves the solution speed of the model and effectively solves the technical problem of poor battery simulation performance of existing lithium battery analysis models. Attached Figure Description

[0026] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0027] Figure 1 The diagram shown is a flowchart of a battery simulation method according to an embodiment of this application.

[0028] Figure 2 The diagram shown is a schematic representation of the principle process of a battery simulation method in one embodiment of this application.

[0029] Figure 3 The diagram shown is a schematic block diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of this application.

[0030] Component designation explanation

[0031] 101 Electronic Devices

[0032] 1001 processor

[0033] 1002 Memory

[0034] S100~S400 Steps Detailed Implementation

[0035] The following specific examples illustrate the implementation of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the content disclosed in this specification. The present invention can also be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments, and various details in this specification can also be modified or changed based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the spirit of the present invention. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the following embodiments and features described therein can be combined with each other.

[0036] The purpose of this embodiment is to provide a battery simulation method, storage medium, and electronic device to solve the technical problem of poor battery simulation performance in existing lithium battery analysis models.

[0037] This embodiment of the battery simulation method establishes an electrochemical model composed of active material particles with a single particle size and three particle sizes, based on the quasi-two-dimensional model solution. For both positive electrode electric field decoupling and solid phase aspects, the radius of the particle distribution is sampled into three particle distributions, and their effects are calculated separately. Finally, the model is generated by coupling the solid and liquid phases together. Specifically, the solid and liquid phases are solved in a steady-state manner, while the electric field decoupling is solved in a transient manner.

[0038] The following will describe in detail the principles and implementation methods of the battery simulation method, storage medium, and electronic device of the present invention, so that those skilled in the art can understand the battery simulation method, storage medium, and electronic device of the present invention without creative effort.

[0039] Example 1

[0040] This embodiment provides a battery simulation method that detects objects that occupy a small number of pixels in a target image. Specifically, as shown... Figure 1 As shown, the battery simulation method described in this embodiment includes the following steps S100 to S400.

[0041] Step S100: Calculate the solid-phase lithium ion concentrations corresponding to the active material particles of electrodes with multiple particle sizes at the current time.

[0042] Step S200: Calculate the liquid lithium ion concentration at the current position;

[0043] Step S300: Calculate the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current moment based on the solid-phase lithium ion concentration and the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration.

[0044] Step S400: Based on the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current moment, obtain the solid-liquid exchange current density at the corresponding position of each particle at the next moment.

[0045] The following provides a detailed description of steps S100 to S400 of the battery simulation method in this embodiment.

[0046] Step S100: Calculate the solid-phase lithium ion concentrations corresponding to the active material particles of electrodes with multiple particle sizes at the current time.

[0047] To account for the non-uniformity of particle size in the battery electrode, this embodiment differentiates the particle size of the active material in the electrode. Generally, the electrode consists of active material, electrolyte, and inactive additives (binder and conductive agent). A portion of each component is described as ε. s +ε e +ε inact =1, where ε s ε represents the volume fraction of the solid-phase active material. e ε represents the electrolyte porosity. inact This represents the volume fraction of inactive additives. Since the amount of inactive additives exceeding a certain threshold has no significant impact on battery performance, it is assumed that ε... inact It is constant. Furthermore, the non-uniformity affects ε. e The effect did not change significantly and was considered constant. Due to the different particle sizes of the active substances, ε... s The sizes of the molecules also differ, resulting in different specific surface areas for participating in solid-liquid exchange reactions.

[0048] In this embodiment, the active material particles of the electrodes of the multiple particle size types include: first particle size particles, second particle size particles, and third particle size particles; wherein, the particle size of the first particle size particles is larger than that of the second particle size particles, and the particle size of the second particle size particles is larger than that of the third particle size particles.

[0049] In this embodiment, the active material particles of the electrode are divided into three types: large, medium, and small. Correspondingly, the volume fraction ε of the solid-phase active material is... s It can be broken down into three parts Where ε s，K This indicates the percentage of different particles in the volume fraction of the solid-phase active material.

[0050] In this embodiment, the solid-phase lithium ion concentration on the surface of the corresponding particle size at the current time is calculated based on the solid-phase diffusion equation in the quasi-two-dimensional model and the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the previous time.

[0051] The solid-phase diffusion equation is subjected to finite difference calculus. Based on the solid-liquid exchange current density of particles of different sizes at different locations at the previous time step, the solid-phase lithium-ion concentration on the surface of the corresponding particle size at the current time step is calculated. In this embodiment, the calculation of the solid-phase lithium-ion concentration under steady-state conditions, i.e., the calculation of the solid-phase lithium-ion concentration in the electrochemical equation of the battery, is a steady-state solution. Specifically, in this embodiment, one method for calculating the solid-phase lithium-ion concentration is as follows:

[0052]

[0053] in, This represents the current solid-phase lithium-ion concentration. Let K be the solid-liquid exchange current density at the previous moment, K be the particle size type, S be the first particle size, M be the second particle size, L be the third particle size, k be the battery region, n be the negative electrode, p be the positive electrode, t be time, r be the radial distance of the particle size, R be the particle radius, and D be the solid-liquid exchange current density at the previous moment. s,k The solid-phase diffusion coefficient is... Let K be the particle radius of the particle size type K within the battery region k, and F be the Faraday constant.

[0054] Step S200: Calculate the liquid lithium ion concentration at the current position.

[0055] In this embodiment, when calculating the liquid lithium ion concentration at the current position, it is assumed that the active particles of the positive and negative electrodes have the same radius, that is, the liquid lithium ion concentration at the current position is calculated under a single particle size.

[0056] In this embodiment, the liquid phase lithium ion concentration at the current moment is calculated based on the liquid phase diffusion equation in the quasi-two-dimensional model and the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the previous moment.

[0057] This involves performing a finite difference finite difference on the liquid-phase diffusion equation and calculating the liquid-phase lithium-ion concentration at the corresponding position at the current moment based on the solid-liquid exchange current density at each point in the previous time step. In this embodiment, the calculation of the liquid-phase lithium-ion concentration under steady-state conditions, i.e., the calculation of the liquid-phase lithium-ion concentration in the electrochemical equation of the battery, is a steady-state solution.

[0058] Specifically, in this embodiment, one method for calculating the concentration of lithium ions in the liquid phase is as follows:

[0059]

[0060] Among them, ce,k This represents the current concentration of lithium ions in the liquid phase. N represents the solid-liquid exchange current density at the previous moment. e，k Let be the liquid-phase lithium-ion concentration flux over the k-domain. i is the effective liquid phase diffusion coefficient. e，k Let x be the liquid phase current density and x be the axial distance of the battery. D is the Brugg power of the liquid phase porosity. e Let be the liquid phase diffusion coefficient, ∈ k Let t be the spatial volume percentage of the k-th particle. + L is the migration coefficient, F is the Faraday constant, and L is the migration coefficient. n L p L represents the negative electrode thickness, positive electrode thickness, and total electrode length, respectively; N represents the total electrode length. e，n N e，sep N e，p These represent the lithium-ion flux in the negative electrode liquid phase, the lithium-ion flux in the membrane liquid phase, and the lithium-ion flux in the positive electrode liquid phase, respectively. e，n c e，sep c e，p denoted as negative electrode liquid phase lithium ion concentration, separator liquid phase lithium ion concentration, and positive electrode liquid phase lithium ion concentration, respectively; n, sep, and p represent negative electrode, separator, and positive electrode, respectively; and k represents the battery region.

[0061] Step S300: Calculate the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current moment based on the solid-phase lithium ion concentration and the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration.

[0062] Calculating the solid-liquid exchange current density involves decoupling the electric field of the electrochemical model of the lithium-ion battery; this decoupling is a transient solution. In this embodiment, the calculation of the solid-liquid exchange current density in the battery's electrochemical equations is a transient solution.

[0063] Based on the current concentration distribution of the solid and liquid phases, calculate the equilibrium potential of each particle size at each location, and then calculate the solid-liquid exchange current density of each particle size at this moment.

[0064] Specifically, in this embodiment, one method for calculating the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current moment is as follows:

[0065]

[0066] in, The solid-liquid exchange current density at the current moment. Let F be the initial exchange current density, and F be the Faraday constant. m is the overpotential of the particle. k R is the reaction rate, T is the migration coefficient, and T is the temperature. Let c be the current solid-phase lithium-ion concentration. s，k，max， c s，k，surf c e，k These represent the maximum concentration of lithium ions in the solid phase, the surface concentration of lithium ions in the solid phase, and the concentration of lithium ions in the liquid phase, respectively, φ s，k φ e，k , These are the solid phase potential, liquid phase potential, and particle equilibrium potential, respectively.

[0067] Step S400: Based on the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current moment, obtain the solid-liquid exchange current density at the corresponding position of each particle at the next moment.

[0068] Based on the solid-liquid exchange current density of each particle of each size at the current moment, the solid-liquid exchange current density at the corresponding position at the next moment can be obtained.

[0069] Specifically, in this embodiment, one method for calculating the solid-liquid exchange current density at the next moment is as follows:

[0070]

[0071] Among them, J k The solid-liquid exchange current density at the next moment. Let a be the solid-liquid exchange current density at the current moment. K For different particle specific surface areas, K represents the particle size category, S represents the first particle size, M represents the second particle size, L represents the third particle size, and so on. s，K For the porosity of different particles, ∈ s，k R represents the proportion of solid phase porosity for different particles. k，K For different particle radii.

[0072] like Figure 2 As shown, in this embodiment, the active material particles of the electrode are divided into three types: large, medium, and small. First, the solid-phase lithium-ion concentration is calculated for the three different particle sizes, i.e., a steady-state solution is performed for the solid-phase mass transfer of different particle sizes. Then, assuming that the active particles of the positive and negative electrodes have the same radius, the liquid-phase lithium-ion concentration is calculated for particles of a single particle size, i.e., a steady-state solution is performed for the liquid-phase mass transfer of a single particle size. Then, based on the solid-phase lithium-ion concentration and the liquid-phase lithium-ion concentration, the electric field decoupling for particles of different sizes is performed. This electric field decoupling is a transient solution. Finally, based on the solid-liquid exchange current density at the current position of each particle, the solid-liquid exchange current density at the next time step is obtained for the corresponding position of each particle.

[0073] like Figure 3As shown, this embodiment provides an electronic device 101, which includes a processor 1001 and a memory 1002. The memory 1002 is used to store computer programs. The processor 1001 is used to execute the computer programs stored in the memory 1002, so that the electronic device 101 performs the steps of the battery simulation method as described in Embodiment 1. Since the specific implementation process of the battery simulation method has been described in detail in Embodiment 1, it will not be repeated here.

[0074] Processor 1001 is a Central Processing Unit (CPU). Memory 1002 is connected to processor 1001 via a system bus and communicates with it. Memory 1002 stores computer programs, and processor 1001 runs the computer programs to execute the battery simulation method. Memory 1002 may include random access memory (RAM) and may also include non-volatile memory, such as at least one disk drive.

[0075] Furthermore, this embodiment also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program thereon, which, when executed by the processor 1001, implements the steps in the battery simulation method described in Embodiment 1. Embodiment 1 has already provided a detailed description of the battery simulation method, which will not be repeated here.

[0076] Those skilled in the art will understand that all or part of the steps of the above-described method embodiments can be implemented using computer program-related hardware. The aforementioned computer program can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. When executed, the program performs the steps of the above-described method embodiments; and the aforementioned storage medium includes various media capable of storing program code, such as ROM, RAM, magnetic disks, or optical disks.

[0077] In summary, this invention classifies the active material particles of the electrode into multiple particle size categories. The electrochemical model based on these multi-size particle abstraction can explain the influence of different particle sizes on electrochemical performance, resulting in better accuracy of the electrochemical model at high rates and at the end of discharge. Furthermore, it effectively improves the model's solution speed and solves the technical problem of poor battery simulation performance in existing lithium battery analysis models. Therefore, this invention effectively overcomes the various shortcomings of existing technologies and has high industrial application value.

[0078] The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and effects of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Any person skilled in the art can modify or alter the above embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, all equivalent modifications or alterations made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and technical concept disclosed in the present invention should still be covered by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A battery simulation method, characterized by: The method comprises: calculating the solid-phase lithium ion concentration corresponding to the particles of the active material of the electrodes of a plurality of particle size categories at the current time, respectively; the particles of the active material of the electrodes of the plurality of particle size categories comprise: first particle size particles, second particle size particles, and third particle size particles; wherein the particle size of the first particle size particles is greater than the particle size of the second particle size particles, and the particle size of the second particle size particles is greater than the particle size of the third particle size particles; calculating the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration at the corresponding position at the current time; calculating the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current time based on the solid-phase lithium ion concentration and the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration; obtaining the solid-liquid exchange current density of each particle at the corresponding position at the next time based on the solid-liquid exchange current density of each particle at the corresponding position at the current time, respectively; calculating the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration at the current time based on the liquid-phase diffusion equation in the quasi-two-dimensional model and the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the previous time; and calculating the solid-phase lithium ion concentration on the surface of the particles of the corresponding particle size at the corresponding position at the current time based on the solid-phase diffusion equation in the quasi-two-dimensional model and the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the previous time, respectively.

2. The battery simulation method of claim 1, wherein: One calculation method of the solid-phase lithium ion concentration is: ； ； wherein, is the solid-phase lithium ion concentration at the current time, is the solid-liquid exchange current density at the previous time, K is the kind of particle size, S is the first particle size, M is the second particle size, L is the third particle size, k is the battery region, n indicates the negative electrode, p indicates the positive electrode, t is the time, r is the particle size radial distance, R is the particle radius, is the particle radius of the kind K of particle size within the battery region k, is the solid-phase diffusion coefficient, and F is the Faraday constant.

3. The battery simulation emulation method of claim 1, wherein: One calculation method of the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration is: ； wherein, is the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration at the current time, is the solid-liquid exchange current density at the last time, is the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration flux on the k domain, is the effective liquid-phase diffusion coefficient, is the liquid-phase current density, is the battery axial distance, is the brugg power of the liquid-phase porosity, is the liquid-phase diffusion coefficient, is the spatial volume proportion of the kth particle, is the migration coefficient, F is the Faraday constant, are the negative electrode thickness, the positive electrode thickness, and the total electrode length, respectively, are the negative electrode liquid-phase lithium ion flux, the separator liquid-phase lithium ion flux, and the positive electrode liquid-phase lithium ion flux, respectively, are the negative electrode liquid-phase lithium ion concentration, the separator liquid-phase lithium ion concentration, and the positive electrode liquid-phase lithium ion concentration, respectively, are the negative electrode, the separator, and the positive electrode, respectively, and k is the battery region.

4. The battery simulation method of claim 1, wherein: One calculation method of the solid-liquid exchange current density at each particle position at the current time is: ； wherein, is the solid-liquid exchange current density at the current time, is the initial exchange current density, F is the Faraday constant, is the particle overpotential, is the reaction rate, R is the migration coefficient, T is the temperature, is the solid-phase lithium ion concentration at the current time, are the maximum solid-phase lithium ion concentration, the surface solid-phase lithium ion concentration, and the liquid-phase lithium ion concentration, respectively, are the solid-phase potential, the liquid-phase potential, and the particle equilibrium potential, respectively.

5. The battery simulation emulation method of claim 1, wherein: One calculation method of the solid-liquid exchange current density at the next time is: ； ； wherein, is the solid-liquid exchange current density at the next time, is the solid-liquid exchange current density at the current time, is the specific surface area of different particles, K is the type of particle size, S is the first particle size, M is the second particle size, and L is the third particle size, is the porosity of different particles, is the proportion of solid phase porosity of different particles, is the radius of different particles.

6. A storage medium storing program instructions, characterized in that: The program instructions, when executed, implement the steps of the battery simulation and emulation method according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

7. An electronic device, comprising: The computer program product comprises a memory for storing a computer program, and a processor for running the computer program to implement the steps of the battery simulation and emulation method according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

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