A deflector heat exchange structure

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical fields of nuclear fusion filter, and discloses a kind of heat exchange structure of filter, including filter first wall, hydrophilic membrane, outer tube and inner tube, the outer tube is sleeved on the inner tube, the filter first wall cover is equipped on the first end of the outer tube, the filter first wall, the inner wall of the outer tube and the outer wall of the inner tube are enclosed to form flow cavity, the inner tube is opened with jet hole on one end towards the filter first wall, the flow cavity is communicated with the inside of the inner tube through the jet hole, the hydrophilic membrane is laid on the side of the filter first wall towards the jet hole and is fixedly connected with the filter first wall.The hydrophilic membrane is arranged on the inner surface of the filter first wall in the present application, and when heated, the liquid supply path is separated from the steam exhaust channel, effectively avoiding the occurrence of film boiling.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of nuclear fusion divertor technology, and in particular to a divertor heat exchange structure. Background Technology

[0002] Subcooled flow boiling is a commonly used cooling method for divertors due to its good heat transfer capacity. However, the current commonly used through-tube or supervaporization water-cooled divertor structures are limited by their structural characteristics. During the cooling process of the high-temperature wall surface by subcooled water, liquid and bubbles exist in the same region. As the heat load of the divertor increases, the heat flux density on the fluid-side heat exchange wall surface also increases. When it exceeds the critical heat flux density, a large number of bubbles generated by water vaporization connect on the wall surface to form a gas film, forming film boiling. The heat transfer capacity deteriorates sharply, eventually leading to burn-out, which causes the divertor structure to burn out and fail, seriously threatening the stable operation and safety of the fusion reactor. Therefore, improving the heat load carrying capacity of the divertor and suppressing or avoiding burn-out is crucial to ensuring the steady-state high-power operation capability and safety of the fusion reactor.

[0003] Domestic and international research has found that increasing flow rate or subcooling, adding internal threads or twisting bands, and adjusting fin dimensions can enhance heat exchange to some extent, but these methods increase structural complexity, raise water operating pressure, and reduce engineering feasibility. Even so, the phenomenon of film boiling has not been fundamentally improved. Therefore, there is an urgent need to design a divertor heat exchange structure to solve this problem. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to design a divertor heat exchange structure that can guarantee the heat exchange capacity of the divertor.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a divertor heat exchange structure, including a first wall of the divertor, a hydrophilic membrane, an outer tube, and an inner tube. The outer tube is sleeved on the inner tube, and the first wall of the divertor covers the first end of the outer tube. A flow cavity is formed between the first wall of the divertor, the inner wall of the outer tube, and the outer wall of the inner tube. A jet hole is opened on the end of the inner tube facing the first wall of the divertor. The flow cavity communicates with the interior of the inner tube through the jet hole. The hydrophilic membrane is laid on the side of the first wall of the divertor facing the jet hole and is fixedly connected to the first wall of the divertor.

[0006] Preferably, it also includes a plurality of heat-conducting pillars, which protrude from the first wall of the divertor on the side facing the jet hole and are arranged in an array.

[0007] Preferably, a groove is formed on the first wall of the divertor, the groove is located between the plurality of heat-conducting columns, and a cavity is formed between the groove and the hydrophilic membrane.

[0008] Preferably, it further includes a condenser tube, wherein the outer tube passes through the condenser tube and the axial direction of the outer tube intersects with the axial direction of the condenser tube, and the outer wall of the outer tube and the inner wall of the condenser tube enclose a coolant channel.

[0009] Preferably, a hydrophobic layer is laid on the inner wall of the outer tube, and the hydrophobic layer is at least partially disposed opposite to the coolant channel.

[0010] Preferably, the outer tube includes a first cylindrical section, a conical section, and a second cylindrical section connected in sequence. The diameter of the first cylindrical section is larger than the diameter of the second cylindrical section. The end of the first cylindrical section away from the conical section is the first end of the outer tube. The second cylindrical section and the conical section are both at least partially inserted through the condenser tube.

[0011] Preferably, the hydrophilic membrane is formed by stacking SiO2 filaments.

[0012] Preferably, the inner tube has a plurality of jet holes on its end face, and the plurality of jet holes are arranged in an array.

[0013] Preferably, the first wall of the divertor includes a first material layer, a second material layer, and a third material layer stacked sequentially from the first end away from the outer tube to the first end near the outer tube. The first material layer is made of tungsten, the second material layer is made of oxygen-free copper, and the third material layer is made of chromium-zirconium copper. The third material layer is integral with the heat-conducting column, and the outer tube is made of stainless steel.

[0014] Preferably, the device further includes a connector, wherein the first wall of the divertor is connected to the first end of the outer tube via the connector, and the first wall of the divertor includes a fourth material layer and a fifth material layer stacked sequentially from the first end away from the first end of the outer tube to the first end near the first end of the outer tube, wherein the fourth material layer is made of tungsten, the fifth material layer is made of tungsten-lanthanum alloy, the heat-conducting column is integral with the fifth material layer, the connector is made of chromium-zirconium-copper, and the outer tube is made of stainless steel.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the divertor heat exchange structure of this invention has the following advantages:

[0016] The heat exchange structure of a divertor according to an embodiment of the present invention is particularly suitable for high-power operation of long pulses in tokamak. It arranges a hydrophilic membrane on the inner surface of the first wall of the divertor. When heated, it separates the liquid supply path from the steam exhaust channel, effectively avoiding membrane boiling. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a cross-sectional view of the heat exchange structure of the divertor according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 Cross-sectional view along the AA direction;

[0019] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the first wall of the divertor in the divertor heat exchange structure of this embodiment of the invention. Figure 1 ;

[0020] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the first wall of the divertor in the divertor heat exchange structure of this embodiment of the invention. Figure 2 .

[0021] In the figure, 1. First wall of the divertor; 10. Groove; 11. First material layer; 12. Second material layer; 13. Third material layer; 14. Fourth material layer; 15. Fifth material layer; 2. Hydrophilic membrane; 3. Outer tube; 31. First end; 4. Inner tube; 41. Jet hole; 5. Flow chamber; 6. Heat-conducting column; 7. Condenser tube; 71. Condensate channel; 8. Hydrophobic layer; 9. Connector. Detailed Implementation

[0022] The specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0023] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," and "outer" used to indicate orientation or positional relationships are based on the orientation or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings and are only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this invention.

[0024] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "connected," "linked," and "fixed," etc., used in this invention should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection or a welded connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components, unless otherwise explicitly defined. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0025] In this invention, the terms "first," "second," etc., are used to describe various types of information, but this information should not be limited to these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish information of the same type from each other. For example, without departing from the scope of this invention, "first" information can also be referred to as "second" information, and similarly, "second" information can also be referred to as "first" information.

[0026] In tokamak fusion devices, divertors directly face plasma at temperatures exceeding 100 million degrees Celsius, serving to remove high-flux heat. Their heat-carrying capacity plays a crucial role in the acquisition and maintenance of high-parameter plasma, directly impacting the long-pulse steady-state high-power operation level of the fusion reactor. During operation, the plasma-facing side of the divertor experiences extremely high heat loads; in the design of the ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, this can reach 10 MW / m³ in steady-state conditions. 2 Instantaneous peak value can reach 20MW / m 2 And it will be even higher in future commercial fusion reactors.

[0027] Domestic and international research has found that increasing flow rate or subcooling, adding internal threads or twisting bands, and adjusting fin dimensions can enhance heat exchange to some extent, but this increases structural complexity, raises water operating pressure, and reduces engineering feasibility. Even so, the film boiling phenomenon remains fundamentally unchanged. The divertor heat exchange structure designed in this invention is specifically designed to solve this problem.

[0028] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the term "outer surface of the first wall 1 of the divertor" refers to the side that is in contact with the external high-temperature heat flow, that is, the side of the first wall of the divertor away from the jet hole 41 in the preferred embodiment of this invention; "inner surface of the first wall 1 of the divertor" refers to the side that exchanges heat with the internal coolant, that is, the side of the first wall of the divertor facing the jet hole 41 in the preferred embodiment of this invention.

[0029] like Figure 1As shown in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a divertor heat exchange structure includes a first wall 1 of the divertor, a hydrophilic membrane 2, an outer tube 3, and an inner tube 4. The outer tube 3 is sleeved on the inner tube 4, and the first wall 1 of the divertor covers the first end 31 of the outer tube 3. A flow cavity 5 is formed between the first wall 1 of the divertor, the inner wall of the outer tube 3, and the outer wall of the inner tube 4. A jet hole 41 is opened on the end of the inner tube 4 facing the first wall 1 of the divertor. The flow cavity 5 communicates with the interior of the inner tube 4 through the jet hole 41. The hydrophilic membrane 2 is laid on the side of the first wall 1 of the divertor facing the jet hole 41 and is fixedly connected to the first wall 1 of the divertor. The hydrophilic membrane 2 is a porous membrane structure. The specific flow process of the coolant is as follows: it flows into the inner tube 4 from the outside, passes upward through the jet hole 41, and cools the inner surface of the first wall 1 of the divertor. After the hydrophilic membrane 2 is wetted by the coolant, the vapor formed by boiling is dispersed inside the hydrophilic membrane 2 and flows to both sides. It flows along the flow cavity 5 between the outer tube 3 and the inner tube 4, and the inner wall of the outer tube 3 is cooled, condensing into droplets and flowing out. In this way, the heat of the high-temperature heat flow passes through the first wall 1 of the divertor and exchanges heat with the coolant. The hydrophilic membrane 2 separates the liquid supply path from the steam discharge channel, effectively avoiding the occurrence of film boiling.

[0030] like Figure 2 As shown, some improvements in this application further include multiple heat-conducting pillars 6, which protrude from the side of the first wall 1 of the divertor facing the jet orifice 41 and are arranged in an array. The heat-conducting pillars 6 pass through the hydrophilic membrane 2 and connect to the first wall 1 of the divertor, better transferring heat, facilitating heat exchange between the high-temperature heat flow and the coolant, and increasing the contact area. Specifically, the heat-conducting pillars 6 can be directly machined onto the outermost structural material of the first wall 1 of the divertor facing the jet orifice 41, which can better transfer heat to the coolant.

[0031] In some improvements of this application, a groove 10 is formed on the first wall 1 of the divertor. The groove 10 is located between the plurality of heat-conducting columns 6, and a cavity exists between the groove 10 and the hydrophilic membrane 2. The hydrophilic membrane 2 separates the liquid supply path from the steam exhaust channel, effectively avoiding membrane boiling. This design also has the advantages of simple processing, low cost, and short cycle time. The arrangement of the heat-conducting columns 6 and the hydrophilic membrane 2 allows the droplets to continuously contact the high-temperature surface, maintaining continuous boiling and enhancing the overall heat exchange effect.

[0032] In some improvements of this application, a condenser tube 7 is also included, with the outer tube 3 passing through the condenser tube 7 and the axial direction of the outer tube 3 intersecting the axial direction of the condenser tube 7. The outer wall of the outer tube 3 and the inner wall of the condenser tube 7 enclose a coolant channel. The outer tube 3 is fixedly connected to the first wall 1 of the divertor and to the condenser tube 7, serving to guide the flow of coolant and support the first wall 1 of the divertor; at the same time, the outer tube 3 is sleeved outside the inner tube 4 and together with the inner tube 4 forms a cooling circuit.

[0033] In some improvements of this application, a hydrophobic layer 8 is laid on the inner wall of the outer tube 3. The hydrophobic layer 8 is at least partially disposed opposite to the coolant channel. The hydrophobic layer 8 has a superhydrophobic structure, and its main component is a fluorosilane polymer. It is applied to the inner wall of the outer tube 3 by spraying, especially at the junction of the outer tube 3 and the condenser tube 7. The hydrophobic layer 8 can increase the contact angle of the droplets and reduce the roll-off angle, so that the droplets formed by condensation will not accumulate, avoiding film condensation and enhancing the condensation effect. In a specific embodiment of this solution, the outer tube 3 and the condenser tube 7 are axially perpendicular to each other. When the vapor formed by boiling passes through the flow cavity 5 between the outer tube 3 and the inner tube 4 and the hydrophobic layer 8, it is further cooled by the coolant in the condenser tube 7, condenses into droplets, and flows out. The "X" in the figure indicates that the coolant in the coolant channel flows in a direction perpendicular to the drawing surface.

[0034] In some improvements of this application, the outer tube 3 includes a first cylindrical section, a conical section and a second cylindrical section connected in sequence. The diameter of the first cylindrical section is larger than the diameter of the second cylindrical section. The end of the first cylindrical section away from the conical section is the first end 31 of the outer tube 3. The second cylindrical section and the conical section are both at least partially inserted through the condenser tube 7.

[0035] In some improvements of this application, the hydrophilic membrane 2 is made of SiO2. 2 The filaments are formed by stacking, specifically SiO2. 2 The porous membrane structure formed by stacking the filaments is fixed to the side of the first wall 1 of the divertor facing the jet hole 41 by extrusion and sintering, which promotes boiling heat transfer.

[0036] In some improvements of this application, a plurality of jet holes 41 are provided on the end face of the inner tube 4, and the plurality of jet holes 41 are arranged in an array, and the jet holes 41 serve to guide the flow of coolant.

[0037] The first wall 1 of the divertor serves as a component in the divertor heat exchange structure that bears a high heat load and is also used to transfer heat to the heat-conducting column 6. It can be made of a combination of different materials.

[0038] like Figure 4As shown, in some improvements of this application, a connector 9 is also included. The first wall 1 of the divertor is connected to the first end 31 of the outer tube 3 through the connector 9. The first wall 1 of the divertor includes a fourth material layer 14 and a fifth material layer 15 stacked sequentially from the first end 31 away from the first end 31 of the outer tube 3 to the first end 31 close to the outer tube 3. The fourth material layer 14 is made of tungsten, and the fifth material layer 15 is made of tungsten-lanthanum alloy. The heat-conducting column 6 and the fifth material layer 15 are integral. The connector 9 is made of chromium-zirconium-copper, and the outer tube 3 is made of stainless steel, specifically 316L stainless steel.

[0039] like Figure 3 As shown, in some other improvements of this application, the first wall 1 of the divertor includes a first material layer 11, a second material layer 12, and a third material layer 13 stacked sequentially from the first end 31 away from the outer tube 3 to the first end 31 near the outer tube 3. The first material layer 11 is made of tungsten, the second material layer 12 is made of oxygen-free copper, and the third material layer 13 is made of chromium-zirconium copper. The third material layer 13 is integral with the heat-conducting column 6. The outer tube 3 is made of stainless steel, specifically 316L stainless steel. In a specific embodiment of this solution, a connector 9 is also included. The first wall 1 of the divertor is connected to the first end 31 of the outer tube 3 through the connector 9. In this solution, the connector 9 is also made of stainless steel, specifically 316L stainless steel.

[0040] In the divertor heat exchange structure of this invention, the coolant flows from the outside into the inner tube 4, passes upward through the jet hole 41, and cools the inner surface of the first wall 1 of the divertor and the heat-conducting column 6 on the inner surface. After the hydrophilic membrane 2 is fully wetted by the coolant, steam and liquid water are dispersed on both sides of the hydrophilic membrane 2. The steam formed by boiling is dispersed on the inner side of the hydrophilic membrane 2 and flows to both sides. It flows along the flow cavity 5 between the outer tube 3 and the inner tube 4, and is further cooled by the coolant in the condenser tube 7 when it passes through the hydrophobic layer 8, condenses into droplets, and flows out. In this way, the high-temperature heat flow passes through the first wall 1 of the divertor and exchanges heat with the coolant through the heat-conducting column 6. The heat is carried away by the coolant, achieving the heat exchange effect.

[0041] The divertor heat exchange structure of the present invention is particularly suitable for tokamak devices.

[0042] In summary, this invention provides a divertor heat exchange structure that, for the first time, utilizes a hydrophilic membrane 2 and a superhydrophobic structural material in the heat exchange structure of the first wall 1 of a divertor. The hydrophilic membrane 2 and the heat-conducting pillars 6 are arranged on the inner surface of the divertor heat exchange structure. When heated, the hydrophilic membrane 2 separates the liquid supply path from the steam exhaust channel, effectively preventing film boiling. Simultaneously, the hydrophobic layer 8 and condenser tubes 7 enhance the heat exchange capacity, offering advantages such as simple processing, low cost, and short cycle time.

[0043] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and substitutions can be made without departing from the technical principles of the present invention, and these improvements and substitutions should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A divertor heat exchange structure, characterized in that, The filter includes a first wall of a divertor, a hydrophilic membrane, an outer tube, and an inner tube. The outer tube is sleeved on the inner tube, and the first wall of the divertor covers the first end of the outer tube. A flow cavity is formed between the first wall of the divertor, the inner wall of the outer tube, and the outer wall of the inner tube. A jet hole is opened on the end of the inner tube facing the first wall of the divertor. The flow cavity communicates with the interior of the inner tube through the jet hole. The hydrophilic membrane is laid on the side of the first wall of the divertor facing the jet hole and is fixedly connected to the first wall of the divertor. It also includes multiple heat-conducting pillars, which protrude from the first wall of the divertor on the side facing the jet hole and are arranged in an array; A groove is formed on the first wall of the divertor, the groove is located between the plurality of heat-conducting columns, and there is a cavity between the groove and the hydrophilic membrane.

2. The divertor heat exchange structure as described in claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes a condenser tube, wherein the outer tube passes through the condenser tube and the axial direction of the outer tube intersects with the axial direction of the condenser tube, and the outer wall of the outer tube and the inner wall of the condenser tube enclose a coolant channel.

3. The divertor heat exchange structure as described in claim 2, characterized in that, A hydrophobic layer is laid on the inner wall of the outer tube, and the hydrophobic layer is at least partially positioned opposite the coolant channel.

4. The divertor heat exchange structure as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The outer tube includes a first cylindrical section, a conical section, and a second cylindrical section connected in sequence. The diameter of the first cylindrical section is larger than the diameter of the second cylindrical section. The end of the first cylindrical section away from the conical section is the first end of the outer tube. The second cylindrical section and the conical section are both at least partially inserted through the condenser tube.

5. The divertor heat exchange structure as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The hydrophilic membrane is formed by stacking SiO2 filaments.

6. The divertor heat exchange structure as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The inner tube has multiple jet holes on its end face, and the multiple jet holes are arranged in an array.

7. The divertor heat exchange structure as described in any one of claims 2 to 6, characterized in that, The first wall of the divertor includes a first material layer, a second material layer, and a third material layer stacked sequentially from the first end away from the outer tube to the first end near the outer tube. The first material layer is made of tungsten, the second material layer is made of oxygen-free copper, and the third material layer is made of chromium-zirconium copper. The third material layer is integral with the heat-conducting column, and the outer tube is made of stainless steel.

8. The divertor heat exchange structure as described in any one of claims 2 to 6, characterized in that, It also includes a connector, through which the first wall of the divertor is connected to the first end of the outer tube. The first wall of the divertor includes a fourth material layer and a fifth material layer stacked sequentially from the first end away from the first end of the outer tube to the first end close to the outer tube. The fourth material layer is made of tungsten, and the fifth material layer is made of tungsten-lanthanum alloy. The heat-conducting column and the fifth material layer are integral. The connector is made of chromium-zirconium-copper, and the outer tube is made of stainless steel.

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