Battery model and control application calibration system and method

Abstract

One embodiment of the present disclosure describes a system and method for reducing errors in a battery model (42) used in the operation of a battery control system (14). The battery control system (14) can operate based on a modeled response of the battery derived from the battery model (42). If the battery model (42) is not calibrated / validated, errors in the battery model (42) can propagate to the operation of the battery control system (14) through the modeled response of the battery. A calibration current pulse can result in a measured response of the battery that is different from a modeled response of the battery to the same calibration current pulse. A validation technique (80) can protect the battery control system (42) from errors from an uncalibrated battery model, the validation technique using a difference between the modeled response and the measured response of the battery to a calibration current pulse (88) as a method to calibrate the battery model (42).

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of the invention patent application filed on October 12, 2017, with national application number 201780062778.7 and invention title "Battery Model and Control Application Calibration System and Method".

[0002] Cross-reference to related applications

[0003] Pursuant to 35 U.SC §120, this application is a non-provisional application claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 407,487, filed October 12, 2016, entitled “METHODS FOR STATE-OF-FUNCTION AND ASSOCIATED CELL MODEL VALIDATION,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Background Technology

[0004] This disclosure relates generally to battery systems, and more specifically to battery control systems used in battery systems.

[0005] This section aims to introduce the reader to various aspects of the technology that may relate to the aspects of the present technology described below and / or claimed. It is believed that this discussion will help provide the reader with background information to better understand the various aspects of this disclosure. Therefore, it should be understood that these statements should be read in this light, rather than as an admission of prior art.

[0006] Electrical systems typically include battery systems to capture (e.g., store) the electrical energy generated and / or supply power. In practice, battery systems can be included in electrical systems used for a wide variety of applications. For example, stationary power systems may include battery systems that receive power from a generator and store it as electrical energy. In this way, the battery system can use the stored electrical energy to supply power to electrical loads.

[0007] Additionally, the electrical system in a motor vehicle may include a battery system that supplies electricity, for example, to provide and / or supplement the vehicle's power (e.g., power). For the purposes of this disclosure, such motor vehicles are referred to as xEVs and may include any, any variant, and / or any combination of the following types of motor vehicles. For example, an electric vehicle (EV) may utilize a battery-powered electric propulsion system (e.g., one or more electric motors) as the primary source of vehicle power. Thus, the battery system in an electric vehicle can be implemented to supply electricity to the battery-powered electric propulsion system. Furthermore, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) may utilize a combination of a battery-powered electric propulsion system and an internal combustion engine propulsion system to generate vehicle power. Thus, a battery system can be implemented to directly provide at least a portion of the vehicle power by supplying electricity to the battery-powered electric propulsion system.

[0008] Furthermore, while micro hybrid electric vehicles (mHEVs) can use an internal combustion engine propulsion system as the primary power source, they can utilize a battery system to implement "stop-start" technology. Specifically, when propulsion is needed, an mHEV can deactivate its internal combustion engine while it is idling and crank-starting (e.g., restarting). To facilitate the implementation of these technologies, the battery system can continue to supply electricity when the internal combustion engine is deactivated, and also supply electricity to crank-start the internal combustion engine. In this way, the battery system can indirectly supplement the vehicle's power supply.

[0009] To facilitate control of its operation, a battery system typically includes a battery control system, which determines battery states such as state of function (SoF), state of health (SoH), and / or state of charge (SoC). In some cases, the charging and / or discharging of a battery (e.g., a battery module, battery pack, or battery cell) can be controlled at least in part based on the corresponding battery state determined by the battery control system. For example, the magnitude of the current and / or voltage supplied to the battery for charging can be controlled at least in part based on the charging power limit indicated by its corresponding state of function. Therefore, at least in some cases, the accuracy of the battery state determination by the battery control system may affect the operational stability and / or operational efficiency of the corresponding battery system. Summary of the Invention

[0010] An overview of certain embodiments disclosed herein is provided below. It should be understood that these aspects are provided merely to give the reader a brief overview of these particular embodiments, and these aspects are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. In fact, this disclosure may cover aspects that may not be set forth below.

[0011] In one embodiment, a system may include an automotive battery system with sensors configured to determine sensor data indicating measured operating parameters of battery cells within the automotive battery system. The system may also include a battery control system communicatively coupled to the sensors. The battery control system may determine a measured battery state by performing a control application based at least in part on the measured operating parameters. The system may further include design means communicatively coupled to the automotive battery system. The design means may include a processor programmed to determine modeled operating parameters by applying calibration current pulses to a battery model corresponding to a battery cell, and to determine a modeled battery state by performing a control application based at least in part on the modeled operating parameters. Furthermore, the processor may adjust model parameters of the battery model, the control application, or both based at least in part on the difference between the modeled operating parameters and the measured operating parameters, the difference between the modeled battery state and the measured battery state, or both.

[0012] In another embodiment, the method of calibrating a battery control system using a design device may involve determining a calibration current pulse and instructing a battery system corresponding to the battery control system to provide the calibration current pulse to the battery pack. The method may also involve using the design device to determine, at least in part, a measured response of the battery pack based on sensor data received from one or more sensors, the measured response resulting from supplying the calibration current pulse to the battery pack, and using the design device to supply the calibration current pulse to a battery model corresponding to the battery pack. The method may also involve determining a modeled response resulting from supplying the calibration current pulse to the battery model, and adjusting model parameters of the battery model, a control application used to determine the modeled response, or both, when the difference between the measured response and the modeled response is greater than a certain difference threshold. The method may further include using the design device to store the battery model, the control application, or both in the battery control system when the difference between the measured response and the modeled response is not greater than the difference threshold, so that it can be subsequently used during operation of the battery system.

[0013] In another embodiment, a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium stores instructions executable by one or more processors of a design device, wherein the instructions include instructions to perform the following actions: determining a calibration current pulse; instructing a battery system corresponding to a battery control system to supply a calibration current pulse to a battery pack; determining a measured response of the battery pack based at least in part on sensor data received from one or more sensors, the measured response resulting from the supply of the calibration current pulse; supplying a calibration current pulse to a battery model corresponding to the battery pack; determining a modeled response resulting from the supply of the calibration current pulse to the battery model; adjusting model parameters of the battery model, a control application for determining the modeled response, or both, when the difference between the measured response and the modeled response is greater than a certain difference threshold; and storing the battery model, the control application, or both in the battery control system using one or more processors when the difference between the measured response and the modeled response is not greater than the difference threshold, so that it can be subsequently used during operation of the battery system. Attached Figure Description

[0014] A better understanding of the various aspects of this disclosure can be achieved by reading the following detailed description and referring to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0015] Figure 1 This is a perspective view of a motor vehicle including a battery system according to an embodiment;

[0016] Figure 2 According to the embodiments, it includes a battery control system. Figure 1 A block diagram of the battery system;

[0017] Figure 3 According to the embodiments Figure 2 A block diagram of the battery control system, which is communicatively coupled to the designed device;

[0018] Figure 4 According to the embodiments and stored in Figure 3 The circuit diagram corresponding to the battery model in the battery control system;

[0019] Figure 5 It is for operation according to the embodiment Figure 2 A flowchart of the battery system process;

[0020] Figure 6 This is a flowchart of a process for calibrating and / or validating battery models and control applications according to an embodiment;

[0021] Figure 7 This is a flowchart of a process for determining a modeled battery response according to an embodiment;

[0022] Figure 8 This is a flowchart of a process for determining a measured battery response according to an embodiment;

[0023] Figure 9 It is a graphical representation of the degree of matching between the modeled battery response to the first calibration current pulse according to the embodiment and the measured battery response; and

[0024] Figure 10 It is a graphical representation of the degree of matching between the modeled battery response to the second calibration current pulse according to the embodiment and the measured battery response. Detailed Implementation

[0025] One or more specific embodiments of this disclosure will now be described. These described embodiments are merely examples of the technology of this disclosure. Furthermore, to provide a concise description of these embodiments, not all features of an actual implementation may be described in the specification. It should be understood that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, many decisions must be made specifically for the implementation to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as complying with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from implementation to implementation. Furthermore, it should be understood that such development work can be complex and time-consuming, but can still be routine tasks of design, preparation, and manufacture for those skilled in the art who benefit from this invention.

[0026] When describing elements of various embodiments of this disclosure, the articles “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to indicate the presence of one or more such elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that other elements besides those listed may be present. Furthermore, it should be understood that references to “an embodiment” or “an embodiment” in this disclosure are not intended to be construed as excluding other embodiments that also include the described features.

[0027] Typically, a battery system can be implemented to capture (e.g., store) electrical energy generated by one or more generators and / or use the stored electrical energy to supply power to one or more electrical loads. Taking advantage of these benefits, electrical systems often include one or more battery systems. In practice, battery systems can be used in electrical systems implemented for a wide range of target applications, from stationary power systems to vehicle (e.g., automobile) electrical systems.

[0028] In any case, a battery system typically includes a battery control system to facilitate control of its operation. In some cases, the charging and / or discharging of the batteries (e.g., battery modules, battery packs, or battery cells) within the battery system can be controlled at least in part based on the corresponding battery state, for example, through coordination with a higher-level (e.g., vehicle) control system. Therefore, to facilitate the control of the battery system's operation, its battery control system can determine the battery state by performing control applications at least in part based on the battery's operating parameters (e.g., voltage, current, and / or temperature).

[0029] For example, based at least in part on the current flowing through the battery, the battery control system can perform a state-of-charge (SoC) application to determine (e.g., predict or estimate) the battery's open-circuit voltage (OCV). Alternatively, based at least in part on the battery's current and / or voltage, the battery control system can perform a state-of-health (SoH) application to determine the battery's internal resistance. Alternatively, based at least in part on the battery's temperature and / or internal resistance, the battery control system can perform a state-of-function (SoF) application to determine limits on the electrical (e.g., voltage and / or current) required for charging and / or discharging the battery.

[0030] Therefore, to facilitate the determination of real-time (e.g., measured or actual) battery state, the battery control system can determine the operating parameters of the battery system at least in part based on sensor data received from one or more sensors. In other words, the battery control system can determine the measured (e.g., actual) operating parameters of the battery system at least in part based on sensor measurements. To further improve the operation of the battery system, in some cases, its battery control system can predict (e.g., estimate) the battery state at least in part based on the operating parameters determined by a battery (e.g., battery pack or battery cell) model, for example, to facilitate selection among candidate control strategies (e.g., actions) for the implementation during a control range (e.g., one or more subsequent time steps). In other words, the battery control system can additionally or alternatively determine the modeled (e.g., predicted) operating parameters of the battery system at least in part based on the battery model.

[0031] Based at least in part on the battery state, in some cases, the battery control system can directly control the operation of the corresponding battery system by outputting control commands (e.g., signals or data) instructing the battery system to perform one or more control actions. For example, the battery control system can output a control command that instructs a switching device electrically coupled between the battery and a generator (e.g., an alternator) in the battery system to switch from a closed (e.g., electrically connected) position to an open (e.g., electrically disconnected) position when the battery's state of charge exceeds a state of charge threshold. Alternatively or additionally, the battery control system can facilitate control of the operation of the corresponding battery system by transmitting data indicating the battery state to a higher-level control system implemented to control the operation of one or more devices (e.g., equipment or machines) outside the battery system. For example, based at least in part on data indicating the battery's functional state (e.g., charging power limits), the vehicle control unit can output a control command that instructs the alternator to adjust the current and / or voltage of the power output to the battery system.

[0032] Therefore, at least in some cases, the operation of a battery system can be controlled in different ways when different battery states and / or different operating parameters are determined. Consequently, when the operation of a battery system is controlled based on the battery state determined by the battery system's battery control system, the accuracy of the predicted (e.g., modeled) battery state relative to the corresponding real-time (e.g., measured) battery state and / or the accuracy of the modeled operating parameters relative to the measured operating parameters can affect the operational reliability and / or operational efficiency of the battery system. For example, supplying power to the battery according to the determined charging power limit when the actual charging power is greater may reduce subsequent lifespan, thereby reducing battery reliability. Alternatively, when the actual charging state is less than the actual charging state, disconnecting power from the battery based on the determined charging state may reduce captured energy, thereby reducing the operational efficiency of the battery system.

[0033] In some cases, such as due to inaccuracies in the battery model, the modeled operating parameters of the battery system may differ from the measured operating parameters. Therefore, the modeled battery state determined based on the modeled operating parameters may also differ from the measured battery state determined based on the measured operating parameters. Furthermore, in some cases, the modeled battery state and the measured battery state may differ due to inaccuracies in the corresponding control applications. At least in some cases, when such discrepancies occur, control operation may affect the operational reliability and / or efficiency of the battery system, for example, by causing the battery modules to be electrically disconnected before being charged to a state-of-charge threshold, thereby limiting the energy storage provided by the battery system and / or the battery system's ability to subsequently crank-start the internal combustion engine.

[0034] Therefore, this disclosure provides techniques to facilitate improvements in battery system operation, such as offline calibration, which improves the matching between modeled operating parameters and measured operating parameters and / or the matching between modeled battery state and measured battery state. In some embodiments, the design apparatus may calibrate a battery (e.g., battery cell) model and / or control applications implemented in a battery control system, for example, before deployment in a motor vehicle or stationary power system. After the calibration has been verified, the battery model and / or control applications may be stored in the battery control system so that the battery control system can utilize the battery model and / or control applications (e.g., online) during operation of the battery system.

[0035] In some embodiments, the design device can perform calibration by comparing a modeled response to one or more calibration current pulses with a corresponding measured response to one or more calibration current pulses. In such embodiments, the design device can determine the calibration current pulses based at least in part on current pulses expected to occur during the charging and / or discharging of the battery. To determine the modeled response to the calibration current pulses, the design device can supply calibration current pulses to a battery model, thereby enabling the design device to determine modeled operating parameters and a corresponding modeled battery state from the battery model by performing control applications based at least in part on modeled operating parameters. On the other hand, to determine the measured response to the calibration current pulses, the design device can instruct the battery system to supply calibration current pulses to its battery, thereby enabling the design device to determine measured operating parameters and a corresponding measured battery state from sensors coupled to the battery by performing control applications based at least in part on measured operating parameters.

[0036] Based at least in part on the comparison between the modeled response and the measured response, in some embodiments, the design device can autonomously adjust the battery model and / or control application. Alternatively or additionally, for example, the design device can facilitate manual adjustment (e.g., calibration) of the battery model and / or control application by displaying a visual representation (e.g., a color-coded visual representation) showing the degree of matching between the measured response and the modeled response. Since the degree of matching can vary with the battery's initial operating parameters and / or the parameters of the calibration current pulse (e.g., duration and / or magnitude), in some embodiments, the visual representation can be included on a user-selectable graphical user interface (e.g., a GUI) that allows the user to fine-tune the battery model and / or control application under a specific set of conditions.

[0037] When the difference between the modeled response and the measured response is less than a difference threshold, the design device can validate the battery model and / or control application. After validation, the battery model and / or control application can be stored in the battery system, and more specifically, in its battery control system. In this way, the battery control system can utilize the validated battery model and / or control application online to facilitate the control of the battery system's operation, which, at least in some cases, can facilitate improved operational reliability and / or efficiency of the battery system, thereby improving the operational reliability and / or efficiency of the electrical system in which the battery system is implemented.

[0038] To help illustrate, Figure 1 A motor vehicle 10 with an electrical system, including a battery system 12, is illustrated. The discussion of the motor vehicle 10 is intended only to aid in the illustration of the technology of this disclosure and not to limit the scope of the technology. The motor vehicle 10 may include the battery system 12 and additional vehicle electrical systems that control a vehicle console, electric motor, and / or generator. In some cases, the battery system 12 may include some or all of the vehicle electrical system. For ease of discussion, the battery system 12 is electrically coupled to the vehicle electrical system under discussion. In some embodiments, the motor vehicle 10 may be an xEV that utilizes the battery system 12 to provide and / or supplement vehicle power, for example, for accelerating and / or decelerating the motor vehicle 10. In other embodiments, the motor vehicle 10 may be, for example, a motor vehicle 10 that uses an internal combustion engine to generate vehicle power for acceleration and / or uses friction brakes for deceleration.

[0039] Figure 2 A more detailed view of the battery system 12 and the vehicle electrical system in the motor vehicle 10 is shown. As shown, the battery system 12 includes a battery control system 14 and one or more battery modules 16. The electrical system may include a vehicle console 18 and a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system 20. In some embodiments, the vehicle electrical system may additionally or alternatively include a mechanical energy source 22 (e.g., an electric motor) operating in motor mode.

[0040] Additionally, in the depicted motor vehicle 10, the vehicle electrical system may include a power source. As shown, in this embodiment, the power source for the vehicle electrical system is an alternator 24. The alternator 24 can convert mechanical energy generated by a mechanical energy source 22 (e.g., an internal combustion engine and / or rotating wheels) into electrical energy. In some embodiments, the power source may additionally or alternatively include a mechanical energy source 22 (e.g., an electric motor) operating in generator mode.

[0041] As shown in the figure, the motor vehicle 10 includes a vehicle control system 26. In some embodiments, the vehicle control system 26 can generally control the operation of the motor vehicle 10, including the motor vehicle electrical system. Thus, in the depicted motor vehicle 10, the vehicle control system 26 can supervise the battery control system 14, battery module 16, HVAC 20, alternator 24, vehicle console 18, and / or mechanical power source 22, thereby making the vehicle control system 26 similar to a supervisory control system. However, the vehicle control system 26 can additionally control the operation of components other than those in the motor vehicle electrical system, such as controlling the internal combustion engine propulsion system.

[0042] In some embodiments, the battery control system 14 may additionally or alternatively control the operation of the battery system 12. For example, the battery control system 14 may determine the operating parameters of the battery modules 16, coordinate the operation of multiple battery modules 16, transmit control commands to instruct the battery system 12 to perform control actions, and / or communicate with the vehicle control system 26.

[0043] To facilitate control of the operation of the battery system 12, the battery control system 14 may include a processor 28 and a memory 30. In some embodiments, the memory 30 may include a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium storing data, such as instructions executable by the processor 28, results determined by the processor 28 (e.g., operating parameters), and / or information to be analyzed / processed by the processor 28 (e.g., operating parameters). Therefore, in such embodiments, the memory 30 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), rewritable non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory), hard disk drive, optical disk, etc. Additionally, the processor 28 may include one or more general-purpose processing units, processing circuitry, and / or logic circuitry. For example, the processor 28 may include one or more microprocessors, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and / or one or more field-programmable logic arrays (FPGAs).

[0044] Additionally, to facilitate power storage and supply, the battery system 12 may include one or more battery modules 16. In some embodiments, the storage capacity of the battery system 12 may be based at least in part on the number of battery modules 16. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the operational compatibility of the battery system 12 with the vehicle's electrical system may be based at least in part on the configuration of the battery modules 16 (e.g., series and / or parallel) to operate in a target voltage domain. Therefore, in some embodiments, the implementation (e.g., number and / or configuration) of the battery modules 16, and thus the battery system 12, may vary at least in part based on the configuration of the vehicle's electrical system and / or the target application.

[0045] In some embodiments, the number and / or configuration of the battery modules 16 of the battery system 12 may vary at least in part based on the target application. For example, in the depicted motor vehicle 10, the battery system 12 includes one battery module 16. Note that the battery system 12 may include multiple battery modules 16 to facilitate operational compatibility with multiple voltage domains. For example, a first battery module 16 may operate (e.g., receive and / or supply power) using power in a first (e.g., high or 48 volts) voltage domain. On the other hand, a second battery module, not shown, may operate using power in a second (e.g., low or 12 volts) voltage domain. In other words, in other embodiments, the battery system 12 may include two or more battery modules 16.

[0046] In any case, each battery module 16 may include one or more battery cells 32 connected in series and / or in parallel with the terminals of the battery module 16. Specifically, the battery cells 32 may store electrical energy and / or output power through one or more electrochemical reactions. For example, in some embodiments, the battery cells 32 may include lithium-ion battery cells, lead-acid battery cells, or both.

[0047] In some embodiments, the battery control system 14 may monitor the operation of the battery module 16 via one or more sensors 34. The sensors 34 may transmit sensor data to the battery control system 14, the sensor data indicating real-time (e.g., measured) operating parameters of the battery module 16. Therefore, in some embodiments, the battery system may include one or more voltage sensors, one or more temperature sensors, and / or various additional or alternative sensors. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the battery control system 14 may receive sensor data from the sensors 34 indicating the voltage (e.g., terminal voltage) of the battery module 16. The battery control system 14 may process the sensor data based on instructions stored in the memory 30.

[0048] For example, the battery control system 14 can store the battery model 42 and the control application 44 as executable instructions in the memory 30, such as... Figure 3 As shown. As described above, the battery control system 14 can execute control applications 44 to determine the state of the battery module 16 and / or the state of the battery system 12. For example, the battery control system 14 can execute a state of function (SoF) control application 44 to determine discharge current limits and / or charging current limits based at least in part on terminal voltages indicated by sensor data received from sensor 34. Based on control application 44, the battery control system 14 can instruct the battery system 12 to perform one or more control actions and / or operate in different modes. For example, if the determined discharge current exceeds a threshold stored in memory 30, the battery control system 14 can instruct a switching device to electrically disconnect.

[0049] In some embodiments, the battery control system 14 may use the battery model 42 to predict the operation of the battery module 16 and / or the battery system 12. Note that while the battery model 42 can model the behavior of the battery system 12, battery cells 32, and / or battery module 16, for ease of discussion, an embodiment of the battery module 16 will be described. Application requirements can determine which particular battery model 42 best models the battery module 16, provided that the battery model 42 is computationally simple and possesses high accuracy and predictive power.

[0050] Therefore, the battery control system 14 can use the battery model 42 to provide modeled operating parameters as a supplement or alternative to the operating parameters measured by the sensor 34. The battery control system 14 can input indications of certain operating parameters into the battery model 42. By inputting specific operating parameters into the battery model 42, the battery control system 14 receives indications of parameter outputs. For example, the battery control system 14 can receive terminal voltage measurements from the sensor 34 and, using these measurements in the battery model 42, can receive the open-circuit voltage value as an output from the battery model 42. In some embodiments, using the battery model 42 to predict the behavior of the battery module 16 and / or modeling the behavior of the battery module 16 can facilitate a reduction in implementation-related costs, for example, by reducing the number of sensors 34 implemented in the battery system 12.

[0051] The memory 30 can store various battery models 42. One or more of the various battery models 42 can predict the operation of the battery module 16 individually or in combination. Any errors or modeled parameters in the battery model 42 can propagate to the behavior of the battery system 12 through the battery control system 14, which controls the battery system 12 based on modeled parameters. Therefore, the design device 46 can perform calibration of the battery model 42 to reduce errors in the battery model 42.

[0052] In some embodiments, design device 46 can calibrate battery model 42 by adjusting model parameters until a specific set of model parameters and battery model 42 respond to the same input in a manner similar to battery module 16. To achieve this, design device 46 may include processor 48 (similar to processor 28), memory 50 (similar to memory 30), and one or more input / output (I / O) devices 52. Therefore, design device 46 can be any suitable electronic device, such as a handheld computing device, tablet computing device, laptop computer, desktop computer, workstation computer, cloud-based computing device, or any combination of these devices. Memory 50 may store instructions executable by processor 48 and / or data processed (e.g., analyzed) by processor 48. In some embodiments, similar to processor 28, processor 48 may include one or more general-purpose microprocessors, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more field-programmable arrays (FPGAs), or any combination thereof.

[0053] Furthermore, in some embodiments, I / O device 52 can enable design device 46 to interface with various other electronic devices. For example, I / O device 52 can be communicatively coupled to design device 46 via communication coupling link 53. Communication coupling link 53 may include a communication network, such as a personal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN), and / or wide area network (WAN), thereby enabling design device 46 to communicate with another electronic device communicatively coupled to the communication network. Alternatively or additionally, communication coupling link 53 may use a communication cable (e.g., serial or parallel), thereby enabling design device 46 to communicate with another electronic device communicatively coupled to the communication cable.

[0054] In any case, in some embodiments, as depicted, communication between the design device 46 and the battery control system 14 via the communication coupling link 53 facilitates the determination of model parameters of the battery model 42 through verification. When verification is complete, the battery control system 14 can use the model parameters determined in the battery model 42 independently of the design device 46. In other words, the battery control system 14 can use the battery model 42 with the determined model parameters while the motor vehicle 10 is running, without being connected to the design device 46 via the communication coupling link 53. The battery model 42 can determine a specific set of model parameters that the design device 46 wants to verify.

[0055] Figure 4The battery model 42 of battery module 16 is shown as a resistor-capacitor (RC) equivalent circuit model. In this way, battery model 42 can represent a battery (e.g., one or more of the individual battery cells 38, one or more of the battery module 16, or the battery system 12). Battery model 42 correlates model parameters (e.g., resistors 56, 58, and capacitor 62) with operating parameters (e.g., terminal voltage 54, terminal current, and battery temperature) measured by one or more sensors 34. Additionally, battery model 42 can provide a mechanism for estimating parameters (e.g., open-circuit voltage 60) of battery model 42 in real time during operation of the motor vehicle 10.

[0056] In battery model 42, resistor 58 (e.g., R0) can represent the ohmic resistance of the current path of battery module 16, resistor 56 (e.g., R1) can represent the charge transfer resistance of battery module 16, and capacitor 62 (e.g., C1) can represent the double-layer capacitor of battery module 16. In battery model 42, resistors 56 and 58, and capacitor 62, are typically design parameters of battery module 16, depending on the initial open-circuit voltage, initial temperature, and initial current magnitude and direction. Alternatively, the open-circuit voltage 60 used to determine the state of battery module 16 is typically a parameter of battery module 16, which can depend on the final temperature and the final current magnitude and direction, both determined by the design and operating parameters applied to battery model 42. That is, the open-circuit voltage 60 can increase and decrease over time as battery module 16 charges and discharges. In this way, due to the dependence of parameter values ​​on model parameters, the accuracy of battery model 42, and subsequently the accuracy of the open-circuit voltage 60 parameter, can be increased by verifying the model parameters. Therefore, the battery model 42 with validated model parameters can model the battery module 16 more accurately than the battery model 42 model parameters (e.g., compared to before calibration and / or validation).

[0057] To help illustrate, Figure 5 An example of a process 70 for controlling battery behavior using operating parameters of a battery (e.g., battery module 16) is described herein. Typically, process 70 includes determining the battery's operating parameters (process block 72), determining parameters of a battery model based on the operating parameters (process block 74), determining the battery's state by executing a control application based on the model parameters (process block 76), and controlling the charging and / or discharging of the battery based on the battery state (process block 78). In some embodiments, process 70 may be implemented by executing instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium (such as memory 30) using processing circuitry (such as processor 28).

[0058] Therefore, in some embodiments, the battery control system 14 can determine the battery's operating parameters (process block 72). The battery control system 14 can receive signals from sensor 34 to processor 28 and / or memory 30 indicating operating parameters. For example, the battery control system 14 can receive signals from sensor 34 indicating terminal voltage 54, terminal current, and battery temperature. The type of measurement received by the battery control system 14 from sensor 34 depends on the type of measurement used in the battery model 42. One battery model 42 can utilize one set of operating parameters, and a second battery model can utilize a second set of operating parameters.

[0059] After receiving the operating parameters, the battery control system 14 can determine the parameters of the battery model 42 based on the operating parameters (process block 74). The parameters of the battery model 42 can be values ​​used by the battery control system 14 to determine the battery state. In this way, the parameters of the battery model 42 can be easily determined based on directly measured operating parameters. For example, as described above, the battery control system 14 can determine (e.g., calculate) the open-circuit voltage 60 (e.g., parameters of the battery model 42) from the terminal voltage 54, terminal current, and operating temperature (e.g., operating parameters of the battery module 16).

[0060] After the design device 46 determines the parameters of the battery model 42, the battery control system 14 can determine the battery state by executing a control application 44 based on the model parameters (process block 76). The control application 44 can mathematically or otherwise represent the state of the battery module 16, the relationship and / or correlation between the parameters of the battery model 42 and the operating parameters of the battery module 16. In some embodiments, the state of function (SoF) control application 44 can be executed using the values ​​of terminal voltage 54, resistors 56 and 58, and open-circuit voltage 60 to determine discharge current limits and / or charging current limits. In those embodiments, the difference between the open-circuit voltage 60 and the terminal voltage 54 can be divided by the sum of resistors 56 and 58 to determine the discharge and / or charging current limits.

[0061] By executing control application 44, battery control system 14 can determine the state of the battery. Examples of possible applications stored as control application 44 include, but are not limited to, SoF (Sort of Functions) applications, SoH (Sort of Health) applications, and State of Charge (SoC) applications. As previously described, SoF applications can determine the battery's discharge and / or charging current limit states. SoH applications can determine the overall health state of the battery, such as how well the battery is suited to distributing the stored power. SoC applications can determine the percentage of charge in the battery state. That is, SoC applications can determine the amount of energy stored in the battery divided by the battery's total energy storage capacity. Using the determined battery state, battery control system 14 can control the operation of the battery.

[0062] A control system (e.g., battery control system 14 and / or vehicle control system 26) can control the operation of the battery through decisions and / or actions based on a determined battery state. As previously described, the battery state can be determined from the battery model 42 and the control application 44. Errors in the battery control system 14 (e.g., sensor 34 measurement errors, battery model 42 errors, and / or control application 44 errors) can propagate to the battery and affect its operational control. In the listed examples, a design device 46 can be operated to correct and / or reduce errors in the battery model 42 and / or control application 44 using the determined model parameters. The determined model parameters of the battery model 42 can facilitate the implementation of a specific model response. Therefore, the design device 46 can be operated to improve, calibrate, and / or validate the battery model 42 by verifying the model parameters before deploying the battery control system 14.

[0063] To help illustrate, Figure 6 An example of a process 80 for calibrating and / or validating battery model 42 is described herein. Typically, process 80 includes determining a calibration current pulse (process block 82), determining the modeled response of the battery to the calibration current pulse (process block 84), determining the measured response of the battery to the calibration current pulse (process block 86), and determining whether the difference between the modeled response and the measured response of the battery exceeds a certain threshold (decision block 88). If the threshold is exceeded, the battery model and / or control application are adjusted based on the difference (process block 90), and the modeled response of the battery to the calibration pulse is determined at another time. If the threshold is not exceeded, the validity of the battery model and control application is indicated (process block 92). In some embodiments, process 80 can be implemented by executing instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium (such as memory 50) using processing circuitry (such as processor 48).

[0064] Therefore, in some embodiments, design device 46 may determine a calibration current pulse (process block 82). In some embodiments, the calibration current pulse may be a controlled input with defined characteristics that design device 46 uses to determine how closely the response of battery model 42 approximates the battery's response to the same input. Different characteristics may define the calibration current pulse, such as the value of the battery's initial charge percentage, the value of the initial battery temperature, the value of the duration of the current pulse, and the value of the current transmitted through the pulse. Design device 46 may select a calibration current pulse from one of a plurality of candidate current pulses. Design device 46 may derive the calibration current pulse from hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) pulse data during measurements of dynamic power capability during discharge and charge events. Alternatively or additionally, design device 46 may derive the calibration current pulse from expected / estimated drive curves.

[0065] Specifically, specific current pulse profiles may frequently occur during actual battery operation. In this way, calibration / verification methods may include using calibration current pulses that simulate current pulses more likely to occur than those unlikely to occur during battery operation. For example, in the expected / estimated drive curve, the average battery operation may be less likely to involve prolonged rapid acceleration, and more likely to involve rapid acceleration over short periods. Therefore, calibration current pulses can simulate pulses corresponding to rapid acceleration over short periods, and can thus be prioritized to ensure the model accurately represents current pulses that occur more frequently during operation.

[0066] After determining the calibration current pulse, device 46 can determine the modeled response of the battery to the calibration pulse (process block 84). To aid illustration, in Figure 7 An example of a process 100 for determining a modeled response of a battery to a calibration pulse is described herein. In general, process 100 includes supplying a calibration current pulse to a battery model (process block 102), determining modeled battery operating parameters (process block 104), and determining a modeled battery state by executing a control application based on the battery model (process block 106). In some embodiments, process 100 may be implemented by using processing circuitry (such as processor 48) to execute instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium (such as memory 50).

[0067] Therefore, in some embodiments, the design device 46 may, for example, supply calibration current pulses to the battery model 42 via the battery control system 14 (process block 102). The design device 46 may send an indication of the calibration current pulse to the battery model 42 via a communication coupling link 53 and the battery control system 14. The battery control system 14 receives the indication of the calibration current pulse via the communication coupling link 53. Through the processor 28, the battery control system 14 applies a signal indicating the calibration current pulse (e.g., a signal having the same characteristics as those sent / defined by the design device 46) to the battery model 42. The battery model 42 receives the signal of the calibration current pulse as a modeled current (e.g., terminal current) at its terminals.

[0068] Additionally, the battery control system 14 can determine modeled battery operating parameters (process block 104) after receiving an instruction for a calibration current pulse. For example, the battery control system 14 can apply a calibration current pulse to the battery model 42 to determine modeled operating parameters (e.g., terminal voltage 54). The battery control system 14 can apply the operating parameters to determine the parameters of the battery model 42. To successfully determine the parameters of the battery model 42, the battery control system 14 can retrieve the values ​​of the initial model parameters from the memory 30. Alternatively or additionally, the battery control system 14 can receive instructions regarding the initial model parameters from the design device 46 via a communication coupling link 53. Using the battery model 42 and the initial model parameters, the calibration current pulse generates modeled parameters of the battery (e.g., open-circuit voltage 60). The battery control system 14 can store the modeled parameters of the battery model 42 as battery model 42 parameters in the memory 30 via the processor 28, which are required by the control application 44 to determine the battery state.

[0069] Based on battery model parameters, the battery control system 14 can determine the modeled battery state by executing control application 44 (process block 106). The battery control system 14 can execute control application 44 via processor 28. The executed control application 44 uses parameters, operating parameters, and model parameters to determine the battery state (e.g., discharge and / or charging current limits). The battery control system 14 can transmit the modeled battery state to design device 46 via communication coupling link 53. Additionally, design device 46 can store the modeled battery state in memory 50 for future processing. The modeled battery state stored in memory is a modeled response of the battery to calibration pulses.

[0070] Return to Figure 6 In process 80, in the manner described in contrast to process 100, the design apparatus 46 determines the modeled response of the battery to the calibration pulse. As described above, as a method for verifying the battery model 42, the modeled response of the battery to the calibration pulse can be compared with the measured response of the battery to the calibration pulse. Therefore, the design apparatus 46 can determine the measured response of the battery to the calibration pulse (process block 86).

[0071] To help illustrate, Figure 8 An example of process 110 for determining the battery's response to a measured calibration pulse is described herein. In general, process 110 includes supplying a calibration current pulse to the battery (process block 112), determining the measured battery operating parameters (process block 114), and determining the measured battery state (process block 106). In some embodiments, process 110 may be implemented by executing instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium (such as memory 50) using processing circuitry (such as processor 48).

[0072] Therefore, in some embodiments, the battery control system 14 can supply calibration current pulses to the battery (process block 112). The design device 46 can send an indication of the calibration current pulse to the battery control system 14 via a communication coupling link 53. After receiving the indication, the battery control system 14 can instruct the battery system 12 and / or the electrical system to supply calibration current pulses to the battery. The calibration current pulse transmitted to the battery has the same characteristics as the calibration current pulse transmitted to the battery model 42. Thus, the design device 46 can compare the responses from the battery model 42 and the battery and adjust the battery model 42 to better adapt to the battery response. To determine the response from the battery, the battery control system 14 can determine the battery's operating parameters.

[0073] The battery control system 14 can determine measured battery operating parameters (process block 114) through communication with one or more sensors 34. After a calibration current pulse is transmitted, the sensors 34 can indicate the battery operating parameters via sensor data. The battery operating parameters measured by the sensors 34 can be matched with operating parameters in the measurement value type (e.g., voltage measurement, temperature measurement). The sensors 34 can transmit signals indicating the measured values ​​to the battery control system 14. The battery control system 14 can store the indications of the measured values ​​in memory 30 for future retrieval.

[0074] After determining the measured battery operating parameters, the battery control system 14 can determine the measured battery state (process block 116). The battery control system 14 can determine the measured battery state by direct measurement or by calculation from the measured values. For example, the battery control system 14 can determine the battery state by electrical measurement or by coulomb (e.g., current) counting methods commonly used for battery state determination.

[0075] Alternatively, the battery control system 14 can determine the battery state by directly measuring the parameters of the battery model 42 (e.g., parameters, operating parameters, model parameters). The executed control application 44 can use the parameters of the battery model 42 to determine the battery state. The battery control system 14 can transmit the determined measured battery state to the design device 46 via the communication coupling link 53. The design device 46 can store the measured battery state in the memory 50 for further processing. The measured battery state stored in the memory 50 is the battery's response to the measured calibration current pulse.

[0076] Return to Figure 6In process 80, in the manner described in contrast to process 110, the design device 46 can determine the battery's measured response to the calibration pulse. As described above, as a method for verifying the battery model 42, the modeled response of the battery to the calibration pulse can be compared with the measured response of the battery to the calibration pulse. After the design device 46 determines the battery's measured response to the calibration pulse, the design device 46 can determine whether the difference between the measured response of the battery and the modeled response of the battery exceeds a certain difference threshold (decision box 88).

[0077] Design device 46 can determine whether the difference between the measured response of the battery and the modeled response exceeds a threshold by comparing the difference with a threshold stored in memory 50. If the battery is an ideal electrical system, design device 46 can determine whether the measured response is the same as the modeled response. Due to electrical and physical variations, design device 46 can use a tolerance threshold to determine whether the difference between the measured response and the modeled response exceeds a threshold (e.g., a defined range). Processor 48 can store the threshold in physical memory within memory 50. Processor 48 can read the threshold from memory 50 in preparation for comparison by processor 48.

[0078] If the difference exceeds a threshold, the design device 46 adjusts the battery model 42 and / or control application 44 based on the difference (process block 90). The design device 46 can adjust the battery model 42 and / or control application 44 based on the difference or based on a programmed method for adjusting the battery model 42 and / or control application 44. In this way, a large difference exceeding the threshold between the measured battery state and the modeled battery state may lead to a larger adjustment compared to a difference that only slightly exceeds the threshold. The battery model 42 and / or calibration model 44 are adjusted by adjusting the model parameters.

[0079] One adjustment method may additionally or alternatively include convolving (e.g., grouping) the calibration current pulses into a set of current pulses organized according to their characteristics. When the design device 46 collects the total response through the battery and battery model 42, the design device 46 can optimize the model parameters based on the individual responses of other instances of the calibration current pulses. By comparing the calibration current pulse with other calibration current pulses, the relationship between the validation attempt and the response can be tracked.

[0080] In this way, performance trade-offs may exist. Design device 46 can adjust battery model 42 and / or calibration model 44 based on such trade-offs that may occur from design changes (e.g., changes in model parameters). For example, in the first current pulse, the difference between the measured open-circuit voltage 60 and the modeled open-circuit voltage 60 may not exceed a corresponding difference threshold, while the difference between the measured battery state and the modeled battery state may exceed a corresponding difference threshold. Trade-offs may exist where, when battery model 42 is adjusted to reduce the difference between the measured battery state and the modeled battery state, the result is that the difference between the measured open-circuit voltage 60 and the modeled open-circuit voltage 60 may exceed the difference threshold in subsequent verification attempts (e.g., cycles or processes).

[0081] Graphical representations can help analyze trade-offs between instances of calibration current pulses, such as... Figure 9 and Figure 10 As shown. Figure 9 A graphical representation 120 is shown, plotting a set of individual calibration current pulses 122 convolved into a group of instances of calibration current pulses organized according to pulse characteristics. The calibration current pulses in the graphical representation 120 all have a pulse duration 124 of t1 seconds and an initial battery temperature 126 of T1. The design device 46 can plot the calibration current pulses based on the initial battery percentage 128 of charging and the value of the current delivered through pulse 130. The graphical representation 120 visualizes (e.g., color-codes) the individual calibration current pulses (e.g., individual calibration current pulses 122) and shows how close the difference between the modeled battery state and the measured battery state is to a threshold. In some embodiments, the visualization depends on a fitted statistical measurement. In other embodiments, the visualization depends on the coefficient of determination (e.g., r) between the measured response and the modeled response. 2 ), where the good rating 132, the good rating 134, and the best rating 136 can be encompassed by a range of multiple deterministic coefficients (e.g., r 2 >95 = optimal, .95>r 2 >.9 = Good, r 2 <.9 = Good).

[0082] Similarly, Figure 10 A similar graphical representation 120 is shown, but with modified characteristics. In graphical representation 120, the set of calibration current pulses all have a pulse duration of 138 seconds (t2) and an initial battery temperature of 140 degrees Celsius (T2). Similar to... Figure 9The calibration current pulse 120 is plotted based on the initial battery percentage 128 of charging and the value of the current transmitted via pulse 130. The visualization of the graphical representation 120 shows how close the modeled response and measured response of the battery are to a threshold, displaying a good rating 132, a good rating 134, and a best rating 136. The design device 46 can display the graphical representation 120 to facilitate adjustment of the battery model 42 and / or control of the application 44. Thus, the design device 46 can receive instructions to select individual calibration current pulses 122 via I / O device 52 (e.g., via mouse or keyboard input). When an individual calibration current pulse 122 is selected, the design device 46 can run to display additional graphical representations of the modeled response event and the measured response event via I / O device 52 (e.g., a monitor, a graphical display). In some embodiments, the additional graphical representation may include a graph comparing the battery current over time, where the graphical representation can compare the performance of the measured response with the performance of the modeled response. As previously mentioned, the additional graphical representation of the response can facilitate the identification of trade-offs because it provides additional measurement granularity.

[0083] Return to Figure 6 Through discussions using graphical representation 120, additional graphical representation, and / or programming methods, design device 46 can adjust battery model 42 and / or control application 44. After adjusting the model parameters of battery model 42 and / or control application 44, considering the trade-offs in the adjustments, design device 46 can transmit the adjusted model parameters to battery control system 14 via communication coupling link 53. Battery control system 14 stores the adjusted model parameters in battery model 42 via processor 28. After storing the adjusted model parameters, design device 46 can continue to determine the modeled response of the battery to the calibration pulse (process block 84). In this way, process 80 can be repeated until the difference between the modeled battery response to the calibration pulse and the measured battery response does not exceed a threshold.

[0084] Once the difference does not exceed a difference threshold, the design device 46 can indicate the validity of the battery model 42 and the control application 44 (process block 92). The design device 46 can send the indication of the validity of the battery model 42 and the control application 44 via I / O device 52. For example, the indication of the validity of the battery model 42 and the control application 44 can be transmitted to a visual display. Alternatively or additionally, the indication can be stored in the battery control system 14. In some embodiments, upon receiving the indication, the battery control system 14 finally determines the latest determined / verified model parameters and stores them in memory 30. In this way, the battery control system 14 can access the verified battery model 42 during battery operation without relying on the design device 46. Thus, the verified battery model 42 can minimize the error contribution from the battery model 42 and the control application 44 to the battery control system 14.

[0085] Therefore, the technical effects of this disclosure include improving battery charging and / or discharging based on battery state, for example, by improving the modeling performance of the verified battery. This method describes verifying the performance of the battery model and tuning the battery model based on a graphical representation of a calibration current pulse.

[0086] The specific embodiments described above have been illustrated by way of example, and it should be understood that these embodiments are permissible with various modifications and alternatives. It should also be understood that the claims are not intended to limit the specific forms disclosed, but rather to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A system for calibrating a battery control system, the system comprising: A battery system, including a battery control system, the battery control system being communicatively coupled to a sensor for sensing, the battery control system being configured to: The measured operating parameters of the battery system are determined based on the signals received from the sensor; as well as The measured battery state is determined by performing a control application based at least in part on the measured operating parameters; as well as Design device, communicatively coupled to the battery control system, the design device including a processor programmed to: The model's operating parameters are determined by supplying calibration current pulses to the battery model corresponding to the battery system. The modeled battery state is determined by performing a control application based at least in part on the modeled operating parameters; as well as Based on the differences between the modeled operating parameters and the measured operating parameters, the differences between the modeled battery state and the measured battery state, or based on both of the above, the model parameters of the battery model, the control application, or both of the above can be adjusted.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the control application includes a state of function (SoF) application executable by the processor to determine a charging power limit, a discharging power limit, or both of the above associated with the battery of the battery system.

3. The system according to claim 1, wherein, The modeled battery state or the measured battery state description value represents the discharge current limit of the battery system, the stored energy in the battery system divided by the total energy storage capacity of the battery system, or the battery system's ability to deliver the stored energy.

4. The system according to claim 1, wherein, The characteristics of the calibration current pulse are derived from characterization data during dynamic power capacity measurements during discharge and charge events.

5. The system according to claim 1, wherein, Adjusting the model parameters of the battery model, adjusting the control application, or both, includes adjusting the model parameters at least in part based on a graphical representation of the calibration current pulse, which includes a first current pulse and a second current pulse, the first current pulse and the second current pulse being derived from the calibration current pulse and organized according to current value, initial charge percentage value and initial temperature value.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the signal is configured to sense sensing parameters of the battery of the battery system, wherein, The sensing parameters of the battery include the electrical parameters of the battery cells, and the battery model corresponding to the battery includes the battery cell model corresponding to the battery cells.

7. The system according to claim 1, wherein, The calibration current pulse includes a first calibration current pulse and a second calibration current pulse, wherein the first calibration current pulse is used to determine the modeled operating parameters; The second calibration current pulse is used to determine the measured operating parameters; The first calibration current pulse includes a modeled current pulse, and the second calibration current pulse includes a physical current pulse, wherein the second calibration current pulse corresponds to the first calibration current pulse.

8. A method for calibrating a battery control system, the method comprising: Use the designed device to determine the calibration current pulse; The design device is used to instruct the battery system corresponding to the battery control system to supply the calibration current pulse to the battery pack; The design device is used to supply the calibration current pulse to the battery model corresponding to the battery pack; The design apparatus is used to determine the modeled response resulting from supplying the calibration current pulse to the battery model; When the difference between the measured response of the battery pack to the calibration current pulse and the modeled response of the battery pack to the calibration current pulse is greater than a difference threshold, the design device is used to adjust the model parameters of the battery model, adjust the control application used to determine the modeled response, or adjust both of the above.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the modeled response comprises: Determine parameters, which are caused by supplying the calibration current pulse to the battery model; The modeled response is determined by performing the control application based at least in part on the parameters; as well as The modeled response is transmitted to the design device.

10. The method of claim 8, comprising: When the difference between the measured response and the modeled response is not greater than the difference threshold, the design device is used to indicate via I / O devices that the battery model is verified, the control application is verified, or both are verified.

11. The method according to claim 8, wherein, Determining the calibration current pulse includes: Identify the curves of one or more current pulses that are expected to occur during the operation of the battery pack; Determine the characteristics of the current pulses from the one or more current pulses; and The calibration current pulse is determined from the characteristics of the current pulse using the design device.

12. The method of claim 8, wherein adjusting the model parameters of the battery model, adjusting the control application used to determine the modeled response, or adjusting both, comprises: Compare the difference between the measured response of the battery pack to the calibration current pulse and the modeled response of the battery pack to the calibration current pulse; Determine a graphical representation of the comparison, wherein the graphical representation visualizes the performance trade-offs caused by design changes; The design changes are determined in part based on the graphical representation of the calibration current pulse; as well as The battery model, the control application, or both may be adjusted in part based on the design changes.

13. The method according to claim 8, wherein, When the difference between the measured response and the modeled response is not greater than the difference threshold, the design device is used to store the battery model, the control application, or both the battery model and the control application in the battery control system so that they can be used subsequently during the operation of the battery system.

14. A tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions executable by one or more processors of a designed device, wherein, The instructions include directives to perform the following actions: The calibration current pulse is determined using one or more of the processors; The one or more processors are used to instruct the battery system corresponding to the battery control system to supply the calibration current pulse to the battery pack; The one or more processors are used to supply the calibration current pulses to the battery model corresponding to the battery pack; The one or more processors are used to determine the modeled response resulting from supplying the calibration current pulse to the battery model; as well as When the difference between the measured response of the battery pack to the calibration current pulse and the modeled response is greater than a difference threshold, the one or more processors are used to adjust the model parameters of the battery model, adjust the control application used to determine the modeled response, or adjust both.

15. The tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 14, wherein, The calibration current pulse is derived from one or more characteristics that are expected to occur during the operation of the battery system.

16. The tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 14, wherein, Instructions for determining the measured response of the battery pack caused by the supply of the calibration current pulse include instructions to perform the measured response of the battery pack by performing the control application based at least in part on sensor data received from one or more sensors.

17. The tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 14, wherein, The modeled response or the measured response describes a value representing the charging current limit of the battery pack, the stored energy in the battery pack divided by the total energy storage capacity of the battery pack, or the battery pack's ability to deliver the stored energy.

18. The tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 14, wherein, The battery model uses both time-invariant and time-varying variables to model the battery pack.

19. The tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, comprising instructions for directing an electronic display to show a graphical representation of the difference between the measured response and the modeled response.

20. The tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, the instructions further comprising instructions to perform the following actions: when the difference between the measured response and the modeled response is not greater than the difference threshold, using the one or more processors to store the battery model, the control application, or both the battery model and the control application in the battery control system so that they can be subsequently used during operation of the battery system.

21. A system for calibrating a battery control system, the system comprising: A battery system, comprising a battery control system communicatively coupled to a sensor for sensing, the battery control system being configured to: Based on the first calibration current pulse, the measured operating parameters of the battery system are determined from the signal received from the sensor; as well as The measured battery state is determined by performing a control application based at least in part on the measured operating parameters; as well as Design device, communicatively coupled to the battery control system, the design device including a processor programmed to: The modeling operating parameters are determined by supplying a second calibration current pulse to a battery model corresponding to the battery system, the second calibration current pulse corresponding to the first calibration current pulse; The modeled battery state is determined by performing a control application based at least in part on the modeled operating parameters; as well as Based on the differences between the modeled operating parameters and the measured operating parameters, the differences between the modeled battery state and the measured battery state, or based on both of the above, the model parameters of the battery model, the control application, or both of the above can be adjusted.

22. A method for calibrating a battery control system, the method comprising: The calibration current pulse is determined using a design device, wherein the calibration current pulse is a first calibration current pulse and a second calibration current pulse, and the first calibration current pulse corresponds to the second calibration current pulse; The design device is used to instruct the battery system corresponding to the battery control system to supply the first calibration current pulse to the battery pack; The design device is used to supply the second calibration current pulse to the battery model corresponding to the battery pack; The design apparatus is used to determine the modeled response resulting from supplying the second calibration current pulse to the battery model; as well as When the difference between the measured response of the battery pack to the calibration current pulse and the modeled response of the battery pack to the calibration current pulse is greater than a difference threshold, the design device is used to adjust the model parameters of the battery model, adjust the control application used to determine the modeled response, or adjust both of the above.

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