Method for improving soil of low-yield nankong black soil field

Abstract

The application belongs to the technical field of soil improvement, and discloses a sandy ginger black soil low-yield field soil improvement method, which comprises the following steps: adding a soil improvement agent, then deep ploughing the soil, planting wheat, and returning straw to the field at harvest time, wherein the soil improvement agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: dry animal manure 32 parts, soybean meal 21 parts, humic acid 18 parts, edible mushroom residue 14 parts, water-retaining agent 11 parts, compound fertilizer 2 parts, resin-coated urea 1 part and microbial inoculant 1 part. The application improves the soil condition, thereby improving the crop yield.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of soil improvement technology, specifically relating to a method for improving low-yield sandy black soil fields. Background Technology

[0002] Sandy loam black soil is widely distributed in provinces such as Anhui, Henan, Shandong, and Jiangsu, covering an area of ​​approximately 60 million mu. It is primarily used for dryland farming, mainly cultivating crops such as wheat, corn, and soybeans, but yields are generally low, making it a typical low-to-medium yield field in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. This is because the clay minerals in sandy loam black soil are mostly 2:1 type montmorillonite, which has strong swelling and shrinking properties. During rainy weather, soil particles expand, easily clogging capillary pores and preventing timely water infiltration, leading to waterlogging. During drought, soil particles shrink, causing the soil to crack and form large fissures, allowing water to evaporate from the surface and causing drought. Furthermore, sandy loam black soil has low organic matter content and often contains calcareous nodules (sandy loam), resulting in poor tilth. These limiting factors contribute to the low grain yield in sandy loam black soil areas. However, these areas are rich in water and heat resources, indicating significant potential for increased production.

[0003] Currently, the main method for increasing crop yields in the sandy loam black soil region is the application of chemical fertilizers. However, the long-term use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other chemical fertilizers damages soil structure, leading to soil compaction, soil degradation, shallowing of the topsoil, and decreased water and fertilizer retention capacity. It also causes soil acidification, increasing the solubility of various metals and heavy metal compounds in the soil, resulting in a continuous deterioration of soil quality. Therefore, adding amendments to improve the physical structure of the sandy loam black soil, increase nutrient availability, and enhance its suitability for cultivation is the best long-term method for improving soil fertility and increasing crop yields in this region. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide a method for improving low-yield sandy black soil fields, which overcomes the defects in the prior art. By adding soil conditioners, deep plowing, and returning crop straw to the field, the soil condition is improved, thereby increasing crop yield.

[0005] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0006] A method for improving low-yield sandy black soil fields includes the following steps:

[0007] a. Land preparation: First, apply 500 kg of soil conditioner per mu, add 30 kg / mu of 3% phoxim granules (to prevent underground pests), then plow to a depth of 25 cm or rotary till, finely prepare the land, and harrow and compact the soil;

[0008] The soil conditioner consists of the following components by weight: 32 parts dried animal manure, 21 parts soybean meal, 18 parts humic acid, 14 parts edible mushroom residue, 11 parts water-retaining agent, 2 parts compound fertilizer, 1 part resin-coated urea, and 1 part microbial agent.

[0009] b. Wheat seed treatment: Dissolve 150g of ammonium molybdate in water and mix it with 50kg of seeds, then pile and cover for 1 hour; then mix the seeds a second time with 24% Fu-Qin suspension seed dressing agent (to prevent rust) at a dose of 1:40, cover for 2-3 hours, and then sow.

[0010] c. Sowing: Sowing should be carried out from the end of September to the end of October, with a sowing rate of 35 kg per mu;

[0011] d. Field management: Since preventive measures have been taken against underground pests, powdery mildew and rust in the early stage, it is only necessary to control Fusarium head blight, leaf blight and sheath blight that may occur. Other than that, just water appropriately, but do not apply fertilizer.

[0012] e. Harvesting: When the wheat matures (leaves turn yellow, stems turn yellow, ears turn yellow, and grains change color and harden), it is harvested using a combine harvester, and the wheat straw is crushed and returned to the field.

[0013] Preferably, the preparation of the water-retaining agent in step a is as follows: 10 parts by weight of xanthan gum and 300 parts by weight of deionized water are added sequentially into a container to obtain solution A; 38.78 parts by weight of sodium hydroxide are dissolved in 200 parts by weight of deionized water, and then 18 parts by weight of SAP polymer resin particles, 66 parts by weight of modified wheat straw, and 6 parts by weight of polyurethane particles are added sequentially to the sodium hydroxide solution, and stirred continuously to obtain solution B;

[0014] Solution A was heated to 75°C and kept at that temperature for 1 hour. Then it was cooled to 50°C, and 0.925 parts by weight of ammonium persulfate was added. After 15 minutes, solution B was added dropwise to solution A. The mixture was kept at 75°C for 3 hours. The entire reaction was protected with nitrogen. After the reaction was complete, the product was dried in a forced-air drying oven at 50°C for 24-36 hours. Then it was pulverized to obtain a 40-mesh product.

[0015] Further, in step a, the modified wheat straw is prepared as follows: clean, leafless wheat straw is boiled in pure water for 1 hour, air-dried, and then dried and pulverized into 40-mesh straw powder; the straw powder is added to a 10% potassium hydroxide solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:20 g / ml, stirred and mixed evenly, and then refluxed at 85℃ for 3.5 hours. After the reaction is completed, the mixture is filtered, washed with water until neutral, and dried in an oven. Then, the above-treated powder is added to a 3% potassium hydroxide solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:30 g / ml, and 2% sodium silicate (as a stabilizer) by weight of the powder is added. The mixture is then refluxed at 85℃ for 3 hours. After the reaction is completed, the mixture is filtered, washed with water until neutral, and dried in an oven.

[0016] Preferably, in step a, the edible mushroom residue is made by mixing corn cobs, rice straw, and wheat bran in a weight ratio of 50:6:12, using it to cultivate oyster mushrooms. After four crops, the cultivation waste is crushed and passed through a 20-mesh sieve, then naturally fermented at 35°C for 16 days, and finally air-dried for later use.

[0017] Preferably, the microbial agent in step a includes *Azotobacter chrysophyllariae*, *Bacillus coagulans*, soil yeast, *Trichoderma cornuta*, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, *Rhizopus*, *Aspergillus*, and powdery mildew phage, with each microorganism having a content of 0.5 × 10⁻⁶ after preparation. 9 ~1.5×10 9 CFU / G, 0.5×10 9 ~1.5×10 9 CFU / G, 1.0×10 9 ~5.0×10 9 CFU / G, 1.0×10 9 ~5.0×10 9 CFU / G, 2.0×10 9 ~10.0×10 9 CFU / G, 2.0×10 9 ~10.0×10 9 CFU / G, 5.0×10 9 ~15×10 9 CFU / G, 5.0×10 9 ~15×10 9 PFU / G.

[0018] Preferably, in step d, the control of Fusarium head blight involves spraying 2250g of 40% carbendazim + 100ml of 20% triadimefon per acre before or after rain; the control of leaf blight involves spraying 20g of 12.5% ​​cyprodinil wettable powder per acre with 50kg of water when the diseased leaf rate reaches 15%; and the control of sheath blight involves spraying 100mL of 20% triadimefon per acre with 50kg of water when the diseased plant rate reaches 15%. Irrigation is carried out according to the drought conditions in the field and the growth of wheat.

[0019] Due to the adoption of the above technical solution, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0020] The deep tillage and application of soil conditioner of this invention can significantly improve the soil structure of sandy loam black soil. The dry animal manure in the soil conditioner is a fast-acting carbon and nitrogen source, which can promote the rapid reproduction of microbial agents, enabling them to degrade other organic matter to increase fertility and improve soil structure. At the same time, the powdery mildew bacteriophage can also play a role in preventing wheat powdery mildew. The resin-coated urea is a slow-acting nitrogen source, which can improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used, and is particularly suitable for the improvement of sandy loam black soil. The water-retaining agent can repeatedly absorb and release water. It can absorb water during floods and prevent soil particles from swelling, capillary pores from being easily blocked, and water from not being able to infiltrate in time, thus preventing waterlogging. During droughts, it can prevent soil particles from shrinking and water from evaporating away from the surface through cracks, thus preventing drought. Moreover, the water-retaining agent is mainly composed of organic matter (xanthan gum, modified wheat straw, etc.), which can effectively increase soil fertility. Returning wheat straw to the field also increases the organic matter in the soil and improves the soil condition.

[0021] In summary, this invention improves soil conditions and thus increases crop yield by adding soil conditioners, deep plowing, and returning crop straw to the field. Detailed Implementation

[0022] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to embodiments:

[0023] Example 1: Preparation of Soil Conditioner

[0024] Dry animal manure, soybean meal, humic acid, and edible mushroom residue are thoroughly crushed and loaded into a mixing device in the following proportions by weight: 32 parts dry animal manure, 21 parts soybean meal, 18 parts humic acid, and 14 parts edible mushroom residue. Also, 2 parts of purchased finished compound fertilizer, 1 part resin-coated urea, 11 parts of self-made water-retaining agent, and 1 part of purchased and prepared microbial inoculant are added to the mixing device. After thorough mixing, the mixture is fed into a granulator to granulate into 2-5 mm particles.

[0025] The preparation process of the water-retaining agent includes: 1. Adding 10 parts by weight of xanthan gum and 300 parts by weight of deionized water to a container to obtain solution A; dissolving 38.78 parts by weight of sodium hydroxide in 200 parts by weight of deionized water, then adding 18 parts by weight of SAP polymer resin particles, 66 parts by weight of modified wheat straw, and 6 parts by weight of polyurethane particles to the sodium hydroxide solution, stirring continuously to obtain solution B; 2. Heating solution A to 75°C and holding it at that temperature for 1 hour, then cooling it to 50°C, adding 0.925 parts by weight of ammonium persulfate, and adding solution B dropwise to solution A after 15 minutes, maintaining it at 75°C for 3 hours, with the entire reaction protected by nitrogen. After the reaction is complete, drying the product in a forced-air drying oven at 50°C for 24-36 hours, and then pulverizing it to obtain a 40-mesh product.

[0026] The preparation process of modified wheat straw includes: taking clean, leafless wheat straw, boiling it in pure water for 1 hour, air-drying it, then drying it again, and pulverizing it into 40-mesh straw powder; adding the straw powder to a 10% potassium hydroxide solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:20 g / ml, stirring and mixing evenly, and then refluxing at a constant temperature of 85℃ for 3.5 hours. After the reaction is complete, filtering is performed, washing with water until neutral, and drying in an oven at 70℃. Then, the above-treated powder is added to a 3% potassium hydroxide solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:30 g / ml, and 2% sodium silicate (as a stabilizer) by weight of the powder is added. The mixture is then refluxing at a constant temperature of 85℃ for 3 hours. After the reaction is complete, filtering is performed, washing with water until neutral, and drying in an oven at 70℃.

[0027] The edible mushroom residue is made by mixing corn cobs, rice straw, and wheat bran in a weight ratio of 50:6:12. This mixture is used to cultivate oyster mushrooms. After four crops, the cultivation waste is crushed and passed through a 20-mesh sieve, then naturally fermented at 35℃ for 16 days and air-dried for later use.

[0028] The preparation of the microbial inoculant includes: purchasing *Azotobacter chrysophagus*, *Bacillus coagulans*, soil yeast, *Trichoderma cornuta*, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, *Rhizopus*, *Aspergillus*, and powdery mildew phage, and preparing an inoculant with a total weight of 1 part. The specific content of each microorganism in the inoculant is 0.5 × 10⁻⁶. 9 ~1.5×10 9 CFU / G, 0.5×10 9 ~1.5×10 9 CFU / G, 1.0×10 9 ~5.0×10 9 CFU / G, 1.0×10 9 ~5.0×10 9 CFU / G, 2.0×10 9 ~10.0×10 9 CFU / G, 2.0×10 9 ~10.0×10 9 CFU / G, 5.0×10 9 ~15×10 9 CFU / G, 5.0×10 9 ~15×10 9 PFU / G.

[0029] Example 2: Soil Improvement Experiment in Low-Yield Sandy Ginger Black Soil Fields

[0030] a. Land preparation: Select 3 mu of sandy ginger black soil in Zhaizi Community, Yanzhou District, Jining City, Shandong Province, and then apply 500 kg of soil conditioner prepared in Example 1 per mu, plus 30 kg / mu of 3% phorate granules. Then, plow or rotary till to a depth of 25 cm, finely prepare the land, and harrow and compact the soil.

[0031] b. Wheat seed treatment: Select the Jimai 229 variety, dissolve 150g of ammonium molybdate in water and mix it with 50kg of seeds, then pile and cover for 1 hour; then mix the seeds a second time with 24% Fu·alcohol suspension seed dressing agent at a dosage of 1:40, cover the seeds for 2-3 hours and then sow.

[0032] c. Sowing: Sowing will be carried out on October 8, 2022, at a rate of 35 kg per mu;

[0033] d. Field Management: Since preventative measures were taken against underground pests, powdery mildew, and rust in the early stages, only control measures need to be taken against potential Fusarium head blight, leaf blight, and sheath blight. For Fusarium head blight, spray 2250g of 40% carbendazim + 100ml of 20% triadimefon per acre before or after rain. For leaf blight, spray 20g of 12.5% ​​cypermethrin wettable powder per acre in 50kg of water when the diseased leaf rate reaches 15%. For sheath blight, spray 100mL of 20% triadimefon per acre in 50kg of water when the diseased plant rate reaches 15%. Irrigate according to the drought conditions and wheat growth, without applying topdressing. Record the incidence of powdery mildew.

[0034] e. Harvesting: When the wheat matured on May 20, 2023, it was harvested using a combine harvester. At the same time, the wheat straw was crushed and returned to the field, and soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 10 cm for analysis. The average yield of wheat was 526.4 kg per mu.

[0035] Comparative Example 1:

[0036] Three acres of land adjacent to the plot in Example 2 were selected. Before land preparation, no soil conditioner prepared in Example 1 (500 kg / acre) was applied. Instead, 15 kg / acre of pure nitrogen fertilizer, 6 kg / acre of phosphorus pentoxide, and 6 kg / acre of potassium oxide were applied. Other operations were the same as in Example 1. Sowing and harvesting were carried out simultaneously. Soil samples from 0 to 10 cm depth were taken for analysis, and the average wheat yield was 381.7 kg / acre.

[0037] Comparative Example 2:

[0038] Three acres of land adjacent to the plot in Example 2 were selected. Before land preparation, no soil conditioner prepared in Example 1 (500 kg / acre) was applied, nor were pure nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus pentoxide (6 kg / acre), or potassium oxide applied. Other operations were the same as in Example 1. Sowing and harvesting were carried out simultaneously. Soil samples from 0 to 10 cm depth were taken for analysis, and the average wheat yield was 206.1 kg / acre.

[0039] Results and analysis:

[0040] 1. Soil sample (water-stable aggregate) analysis was conducted on soil samples from Example 2 and Comparative Examples 1-2 before and after the experiment:

[0041] Sample Collection and Measurement: Using a five-point pooled sampling method, 1.0 kg of soil samples were collected from each experimental area at a depth of 0–10 cm. Visible gravel, plant debris, roots, and soil animals were removed. The samples were then sieved through a 1.0 cm sieve and air-dried. The air-dried soil was then classified using a dry-sieve followed by a wet-sieve method to determine the size of large aggregates (>2 mm and 0.25 mm), microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm), and silt particles (<0.053 mm). Specific experimental results are shown in Table 1.

[0042] Table 1: Results of water-stable aggregate mass composition (%) of soil samples from Example 2 and Comparative Examples 1-2

[0043]

[0044] Among them, WR 0.25 Indicates the mass composition ratio of aggregates >0.25mm.

[0045] As can be seen from the data in Table 1, although the proportion of >0.25mm aggregates increased when only chemical fertilizer was added, the increase was not particularly large. However, after adding the soil conditioner prepared in Example 1, the proportion of >0.25mm aggregates increased significantly, by about two times, indicating that the present invention has a significant effect on improving soil conditions.

[0046] 2. During the experiment, the incidence of powdery mildew in Example 2 and Comparative Examples 1-2 was statistically analyzed. It was found that only a small number of plants (less than 5%) in Example 2 had powdery mildew lesions on their leaves, while approximately 35% of plants in Comparative Example 1 had powdery mildew lesions on their leaves, with some leaves showing denser lesions. In Comparative Example 2, approximately 50% of plants had powdery mildew lesions on their leaves, with most leaves showing denser lesions. This indicates that the growth of wheat has a certain effect on resisting powdery mildew, and the use of powdery mildew bacteriophage is even more effective.

[0047] 3. In terms of wheat yield, Example 2 yielded an average of 526.4 kg / mu, Comparative Example 1 yielded an average of 381.7 kg / mu, and Comparative Example 2 yielded an average of 206.1 kg / mu. It can be seen that the method of the present invention significantly improves the yield of low-yield fields in sandy black soil.

[0048] It should be understood that these embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that after reading the teachings of this invention, those skilled in the art can make various alterations or modifications to the invention, and these equivalent forms also fall within the scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for improving the soil of a low-yield field of nankong soil, characterized by: It comprises the following steps: a. land preparation: first apply soil conditioner 500 kg per mu, add 3% phoxim granules 30 kg per mu, then 25 cm deep plowing or rotary plowing, fine land preparation, harrow compaction soil; The components of the soil conditioner are 32 parts of dry animal manure, 21 parts of soybean meal, 18 parts of humic acid, 14 parts of edible mushroom residue, 11 parts of water retaining agent, 2 parts of compound fertilizer, 1 part of resin coated urea and 1 part of microbial inoculant by weight; The preparation of the water retaining agent: 10 parts by weight of xanthan gum and 300 parts by weight of deionized water are sequentially added into a container to obtain solution A; 38.78 parts by weight of sodium hydroxide is dissolved in 200 parts by weight of deionized water, and then 18 parts by weight of SAP macromolecular resin particles, 66 parts by weight of modified wheat straw and 6 parts by weight of polyurethane particles are sequentially added into the sodium hydroxide solution with constant stirring to obtain solution B; Solution A is heated to 75℃ and kept at this temperature for 1 hour, and then cooled to 50℃, 0.925 parts by weight of ammonium persulfate is added, 15 minutes later, solution B is added dropwise into solution A, and kept at 75℃ for 3 hours, the whole reaction is protected by nitrogen, after the reaction is completed, the product is dried in a blast drying oven at 50℃ for 24-36 hours, and then crushed by a pulverizer to obtain 40-mesh product; The preparation of the modified wheat straw: clean wheat straw without leaves is boiled in pure water for 1 hour, dried, oven dried, crushed into 40-mesh straw powder; the straw powder is added into 10% potassium hydroxide solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:20 g / ml, stirred and mixed uniformly, and then refluxed at 85℃ for 3.5 hours, after the reaction is completed, filtered, washed with water until neutral, oven dried, then the treated powder is added into 3% potassium hydroxide solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:30 g / ml, and sodium silicate with a weight of 2% of the powder is added, and then refluxed at 85℃ for 3 hours, after the reaction is completed, filtered, washed with water until neutral, and oven dried; b. wheat seed treatment: 150 g of ammonium molybdate is dissolved in water and used for seed treatment of 50 kg, and then piled and steamed for 1 hour; then 24% F- alcohol suspension seed coating agent is used for secondary seed treatment at a dose of 1:40, and piled and steamed for 2-3 hours before sowing; c. sowing: sowing is carried out at the end of September to the end of October, and the sowing amount is 35 kg per mu; d. field management: since the previous period has taken preventive measures against underground pests, powdery mildew and rust, only the possible occurrence of scab, leaf blight and sheath blight is prevented and treated, and other measures are only appropriate water supplement, but no topdressing; e. harvesting: when the wheat is mature, a harvester is used for harvesting, and the wheat straw is crushed and returned to the field.

2. The method for improving the sandy ginger soil of a low-yield field according to Claim 1, characterized by: The edible mushroom residue in step a is obtained by mixing corn cob, rice straw and wheat bran at a weight ratio of 50:6:12, planting pleurotus by using the mixture, and crushing the cultivation waste after 4 crops to pass through a 20-mesh sieve, and then naturally fermenting at 35℃ for 16 days and air drying for standby.

3. The method for improving the low-yield field soil of the black soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: The microbial inoculants in step a include Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus coagulans, soil yeast, Trichoderma koningii, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizopus, Aspergillus and white powdery disease bacteriophage, and after preparation, the content of each microorganism is 0.5×10 9 ~1.5×10 9 CFU / G, 0.5×10 9 ~1.5×10 9 CFU / G, 1.0×10 9 ~5.0×10 9 CFU / G, 1.0×10 9 ~5.0×10 9 CFU / G, 2.0×10 9 ~10.0×10 9 CFU / G, 2.0×10 9 ~10.0×10 9 CFU / G, 5.0×10 9 ~15×10 9 CFU / G, 5.0×10 9 ~15×10 9 PFU / G.

4. The method for improving the low-yield field soil of the black soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: The prevention and treatment of the gibberella disease in step d is timely spraying 40% carbendazim 2250g+20% triadimefon 100ml per mu before or after rain; the prevention and treatment of the leaf blight is spraying 12.5% chloroneb wettable powder 20g plus 50kg water per mu when the disease leaf rate reaches 15%; the prevention and treatment of the sharp eyespot disease is spraying 20% triadimefon 100ml plus 50kg water per mu when the disease plant rate reaches 15%; and watering is conducted according to the field drought condition and the wheat growth.

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