Sandbox physical simulation device and simulation method for oil and gas transport through multi-angle strike-slip faults

Abstract

The present invention relates to a sandbox physical simulation device and method for oil and gas transport by multi-angle strike-slip faults, wherein the sandbox physical simulation device comprises a test bench, a physical simulation test box, a high-pressure oil transmission system, an imaging system, a drive system, and an electronic control system; the side walls of the physical simulation test box are composed of fixed-width side walls and detachable side walls, and a reel-type pull-out baffle is installed at the junction of the fixed-width side walls and the detachable side walls, and the transparent PVC sheet of the reel-type pull-out baffle is fixed at one end inside the reel and fixed at the other end to the detachable side wall; a drive system is provided on each side of the physical simulation test box, each group consisting of a motor, a drive rod, and a drive block; the top and bottom plates of the physical simulation test box are both composed of two half plates, and a plurality of oil delivery ports are provided at the joint of the bottom plates, and the oil delivery ports are connected to the high-pressure oil pipeline. The present invention can simulate the situation of oil and gas transport by multi-angle strike-slip faults according to the actual geological background.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a sandbox physical simulation device for the evolution of strike-slip faults in sedimentary basins in the fields of structural geology and petroleum geology research, and in particular to a simulation device and a simulation method for simulating the formation and evolution of strike-slip faults at different angles and their effects on oil and gas transport. Background Art

[0002] Tectonic activity within sedimentary basins creates numerous faults, including normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults, which play a crucial role in the migration and accumulation of oil and gas. Normal and reverse faults, due to their distinct vertical throws, can be studied through geophysical methods and field outcrops. Furthermore, numerous physical simulation devices and methods have been developed for these faults. However, strike-slip faults often lack a distinct vertical throw, instead exhibiting relative displacement along the fault strike. These faults are difficult to identify geophysically, and their full appearance is difficult to observe from field outcrops. This directly restricts the study of strike-slip faults and severely impacts oil and gas exploration near them.

[0003] Numerous exploration results have shown that the distribution of oil and gas near strike-slip faults is complex, with some areas showing significant oil and gas enrichment and others showing no oil or gas. The degree of strike-slip fault evolution directly controls whether oil and gas can migrate from deep into traps and accumulate. Furthermore, many strike-slip faults do not move entirely orthogonally, but rather strike at certain angles. The evolution and ultimate developmental characteristics of strike-slip faults at different angles vary significantly, which in turn influences oil and gas transport. Existing simulations of strike-slip faults mostly focus on simulating the evolution of strike-slip faults, but fail to simulate the oil and gas transport process during this process, thus hindering effective analysis of the relationship between strike-slip faults and oil and gas accumulation. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate the evolution and oil and gas transport processes of strike-slip faults at different angles. Currently, no single sandbox physical simulation device, whether domestically or internationally, is capable of such simulations. Given the demands of real-world oil and gas exploration and other geological problems, simulations of oil and gas transport along strike-slip faults at different angles are becoming increasingly urgent. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a sand box physical simulation device for oil and gas transportation by multi-angle strike-slip faults. This sand box physical simulation device for oil and gas transportation by multi-angle strike-slip faults can simulate the evolution process of a fixed-angle strike-slip fault under a single test condition, and can also simulate the oil and gas transportation process during the formation and evolution of the strike-slip fault.

[0005] The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve its technical problems is: this sand box physical simulation device for multi-angle strike-slip fault oil and gas transportation includes a test bench, a physical simulation test box, a high-pressure oil transportation system, an imaging system, a drive system, and an electronic control system; the physical simulation test box is located on the test bench, the top plate and side walls of the physical simulation test box are transparent, and the side walls of the physical simulation test box are composed of fixed-width side walls and detachable side walls, and a reel-type pull-out baffle is installed at the junction of the fixed-width side wall and the detachable side wall, and the reel-type pull-out baffle is composed of a transparent PVC sheet wound on a reel, one end of the transparent PVC sheet is fixed inside the reel, and the other end of the transparent PVC sheet is fixed on the detachable side wall; the imaging system is composed of a movable telescopic bracket and a high-definition camera, and the movable telescopic bracket The lower end of the frame is fixed on the test bench, the camera adjusts the shooting position and angle through a movable telescopic bracket, and the camera is connected to the electronic control system; a drive system is set on each side of the physical simulation test box, each group consists of a motor, a drive rod and a drive block, the motor is installed on the fixed width side wall, the drive block is fixed on the test bench, the motor is connected to the drive rod, the drive rod is threadedly connected to the drive block, and the motor is connected to the electronic control system; the high-pressure oil delivery system consists of a visual oil storage tank body, a temperature and pressure gauge, a booster pump and a high-pressure oil pipeline. The top plate and bottom plate of the physical simulation test box are both composed of two half plates spliced ​​into a plate, and multiple oil ports are provided at the joint of the bottom plate. The oil port is equipped with a high-pressure sealing ring, and the oil port is connected to the high-pressure oil pipeline. The crude oil is injected into the model in the physical simulation test box through the booster pump.

[0006] In the above scheme, the high-pressure oil delivery system is located under the test bench and consists of a visible oil storage tank, a temperature and pressure gauge, a booster pump and a high-pressure oil delivery pipe. The temperature and pressure gauge is set on the visible oil storage tank, and the visible oil storage tank is provided with a scale window.

[0007] In the above scheme, the detachable side wall is composed of multiple single plates spliced ​​together through female and male ports. Each single plate can be detached individually, and oblique strike-slip fault models of different angles can be formed by disassembly and combination; scroll-type pull-out baffles are symmetrically installed on the fixed-width side walls. When the strike-slip fault simulation begins, the scroll-type pull-out baffles are pulled out with the horizontal displacement. After the strike-slip fault is formed, the internal deformation characteristics of the formation and whether oil and gas are transported are observed from the pulled-out transparent PVC sheet.

[0008] In the above scheme, the top and bottom plates of the physical simulation test box are both aluminum alloy plates. The half-plate structures of the top and bottom plates are the same. Each half-plate is composed of a fixed-width plate and a detachable plate. The top and bottom plates can be freely disassembled and cooperated with the side walls to complete simulation tests at different angles.

[0009] In the above scheme, the bottom plate of the physical simulation test box is provided with 5 oil delivery ports.

[0010] In the above scheme, the movable telescopic bracket includes a support rod and a cross rod. The lower end of the support rod is fixed to the base, the base is fixed to one side of the table top of the test bench, the outside of the support rod is connected to the adjustment sleeve, the cross rod is welded to the outside of the adjustment sleeve, and one end of the cross rod is fixed to the camera, which is located above the physical simulation test box.

[0011] The simulation method of the sandbox physical simulation device for oil and gas transport by multi-angle strike-slip faults is as follows:

[0012] Test preparation: Based on the test simulation requirements, determine the number of single panels on the removable sidewalls, the number of removable panels on the top plate, and the number of removable panels on the bottom plate. Then, assemble the physical simulation test box and adjust the required oblique strike-slip angle. Use quartz sand, clay, and silica gel with different particle sizes and friction coefficients to simulate different lithologic formations. Lay the test materials sequentially on the bottom plate of the physical simulation test box to form a sand body model. Based on actual needs, preset the horizontal displacement required for strike-slip during the test, strike-slip time, photo or video recording duration and interval, oil delivery volume, and oil delivery time in the electronic control system.

[0013] A simulation test is conducted, in which an electronic control system is used to drive a physical simulation test box to simulate the formation and evolution of a strike-slip fault. Each driving rod drives the corresponding part of the physical simulation test box to move in the opposite direction. During the movement, a reel-type pull-out baffle seals the pulled-out box. At the initial stage of deformation in the test box, during the evolution of the strike-slip fault, or after the deformation process, crude oil is injected according to the preset oil delivery volume and time. During the test, the crude oil flow is controlled by adjusting the high-pressure oil delivery system according to the simulation phenomenon, and continuous or intermittent oil delivery is performed. The reel-type pull-out baffle stretches and expands as the horizontal displacement of the strike-slip fault increases during the simulation. The transparent PVC sheet is used as an observation window to directly observe the deformation characteristics of the stratum and the deformation characteristics of the strike-slip fault during the formation and evolution of the strike-slip fault, and at the same time observe the transport of crude oil by the strike-slip fault at different stages. During the test, a high-definition camera will take photos or videos continuously or intermittently according to the preset settings to record the test process and results.

[0014] After the simulation process is completed, the high-pressure oil transmission system is turned off, the physical simulation test box is opened, and the sand body model is finalized using a finalizing fluid. The finalized sand body model is then sliced ​​and observed or scanned as a whole, and the strike-slip fault displacement, strain, oil flow rate, etc. are recorded, counted, and analyzed. Beneficial effects

[0015] The present invention provides a sand box physical simulation device capable of simulating oil and gas transport by multi-angle strike-slip faults according to actual geological background.

[0016] 2. The present invention can simulate multi-angle strike-slip faults by disassembling the test device. Under the conditions of a single test, the formation and evolution of strike-slip faults and the conduction of oil and gas by strike-slip faults at different evolutionary stages can be simulated simultaneously. In addition, a high-pressure oil transmission system can be used to simulate a variety of oil and gas reservoir environments filled with single-stage crude oil and multi-stage crude oil. The internal deformation characteristics of the formation and the conduction of oil and gas during the strike-slip process can be observed through a retractable transparent baffle, solving the problems of single function and low utilization rate of existing test equipment. It saves test time, effectively reduces test costs and space occupied, and has the characteristics of economy, model diversity and multi-function. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 It is a schematic structural diagram of the present invention as a whole.

[0018] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the physical simulation test box of the present invention.

[0019] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the detachable side wall of the physical simulation test box of the present invention.

[0020] Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the bottom plate of the physical simulation test box of the present invention.

[0021] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the top plate of the physical simulation test box of the present invention.

[0022] In the figure: 1 test bench; 2 imaging system; 3 physical simulation test chamber; 4 reel-type pull-out baffle; 5 drive system; 6 visible oil storage tank; 7 booster pump; 8 scale window; 9 temperature and pressure gauge; 10 high-pressure oil pipeline; 11 electronic control system; 301 top plate; 302 fixed-width side wall; 303 removable side wall; 304 bottom plate; 305 oil delivery port; 501 motor; 502 drive rod; 503 drive block. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Combine Figure 1-5As shown, the sand box physical simulation device for oil and gas transport by multi-angle strike-slip faults includes a test bench 1, a physical simulation test box 3, a high-pressure oil transportation system, an imaging system 2, a drive system 5, and an electronic control system 11; the physical simulation test box 3 is located on the test bench 1, and the top plate and side walls of the physical simulation test box 3 are transparent. The side walls of the physical simulation test box 3 are composed of a fixed-width side wall 302 and a detachable side wall 303. A reel-type pull-out baffle 4 is installed at the junction of the fixed-width side wall 302 and the detachable side wall 303. The reel-type pull-out baffle 4 is composed of a transparent PVC sheet wound on a reel, one end of the transparent PVC sheet is fixed inside the reel, and the other end of the transparent PVC sheet is fixed on the detachable side wall 303; The removable side wall is made of multiple single plates spliced ​​together through female and male ports. Each single plate can be disassembled separately, and oblique strike-slip fault models of different angles are formed by disassembly and combination; scroll-type pull-out baffles 4 are symmetrically installed on the fixed-width side walls. When the strike-slip fault simulation begins, the scroll-type pull-out baffles are pulled out with the horizontal displacement. After the strike-slip fault is formed, the internal deformation characteristics of the formation and whether oil and gas are transported are observed from the pulled-out transparent PVC thin plate; the top plate 301 and the bottom plate 304 of the physical simulation test box are both aluminum alloy plates, and the half-plate structure of the top plate and the bottom plate is the same. Each half-plate is composed of a fixed-width plate and a removable plate. The top plate 301 and the bottom plate 304 can be freely disassembled to cooperate with the side walls to complete simulation tests at different angles.

[0024] Imaging system 2 consists of a removable telescopic bracket and a high-definition camera. The lower end of the removable telescopic bracket is fixed to test bench 1. The camera's shooting position and angle can be adjusted through the removable telescopic bracket. The camera is connected to electronic control system 11. Imaging system 2 can adjust the shooting position and angle through the removable telescopic bracket. The removable telescopic bracket includes a support rod, an adjustment sleeve, and a crossbar. The crossbar is mounted on the adjustment sleeve. The high-definition camera is mounted on the crossbar. A base is provided at the bottom of the support rod, which can be fixed to test bench 1.

[0025] A drive system 5 is set on each side of the physical simulation test box 3, and each group consists of a motor 501, a drive rod 502 and a drive block 503. The motor 501 is installed on the fixed width side wall, and the drive block 503 is fixed on the test bench 1. The motor 501 is connected to the drive rod 502, and the drive rod 502 is threadedly connected to the drive block 503. The motor 501 is connected to the electronic control system 11.

[0026] The high-pressure oil delivery system consists of a visible oil storage tank body 6, a temperature and pressure gauge 9, a booster pump 7 and a high-pressure oil delivery pipe 10. The top and bottom plates of the physical simulation test box are both composed of two half plates spliced ​​together into a single plate. Multiple oil delivery ports 305 are provided at the joint of the bottom plate. The oil delivery ports are equipped with high-pressure sealing rings. The oil delivery ports 305 are connected to the high-pressure oil delivery pipe 10. Crude oil is injected into the model inside the physical simulation test box through the booster pump 7.

[0027] The physical simulation test box 3, imaging system 2 and drive system 5 are located above the test bench 1, the high-pressure oil delivery system is located below the test bench 1, and the electronic control system 11 is located on the side of the test bench 1; in this embodiment, the bottom plate of the physical simulation test box is provided with 5 oil delivery ports, and the crude oil injection flow and injection pressure can be adjusted by the booster pump; the high-pressure oil delivery system includes a visual oil storage tank body 6, a booster pump 7, a visual oil storage tank body scale window 8, a temperature and pressure gauge 9 and a high-pressure oil delivery pipe 10.

[0028] The imaging system 2, the high-pressure oil delivery system, and the drive system 5 are all connected to the electronic control system 11. The electronic control system includes a computer, wires, and associated control software.

[0029] The physical simulation test box includes a box top plate 301, fixed width side walls 302, removable side walls 303, a bottom plate 304, an oil delivery port 305, and a reel-type pull-out baffle 4. Figure 2 As shown, the physical simulation test chamber is used to simulate the formation and evolution of strike-slip faults and the oil and gas transport process. The chamber top plate 301, fixed-width sidewalls 302, and removable sidewalls 303 are all made of high-strength, colorless, transparent PMMA to facilitate observation of the test process. The bottom plate 304 is made of aluminum alloy. A reel-type pull-out baffle 4 and drive system 5 are mounted on the fixed-width sidewall 302. The reel-type pull-out baffle is internally constructed of a highly transparent, tough PVC sheet, one end of which is completely fixed within the reel and the other end is fixed to the removable sidewall 303. When the simulation of strike-slip fault activity begins, as the strike-slip displacement increases, the PVC sheet is pulled and stretched by the removable sidewall 303, forming a lateral observation window between the fixed-width sidewall 302 and the removable sidewall 303. This allows for the observation of formation deformation and internal deformation characteristics during the strike-slip fault formation process. When oil is being transported simultaneously, it is also possible to observe whether crude oil is being transported.

[0030] Physical simulation test box detachable side wall 303 as Figure 3 As shown, there are five pieces in total in this embodiment, and the material is high-strength colorless and transparent PMMA material. Each single plate can be disassembled or combined in the form of a slot, which can realize the physical simulation of strike-slip faults at different angles.

[0031] Physical simulation test box bottom plate 304 Figure 4As shown, the base plate is equipped with five oil delivery ports, each equipped with a high-pressure sealing ring. The lower portion of each port is connected to a high-pressure oil delivery pipe 10, allowing crude oil to be injected into the model via a booster pump 7. These ports can be adjusted to suit the model base plate. The base plate 304, similar to the removable sidewall 303, can be freely removed and combined with the sidewall to perform simulation tests at various angles. Models and oil delivery ports of varying angles can be selected based on test requirements. Oil can be delivered simultaneously from multiple ports, or from any single port. Furthermore, during the test, the electronic control system allows for the adjustment of oil delivery parameters, such as flow rate, pressure, time, and frequency.

[0032] Physical simulation test box top plate 301 Figure 5 As shown, the top plate and the bottom plate have the same structure, and the half plate structures of the top plate and the bottom plate are also the same. Each half plate is composed of a fixed width plate and a detachable plate. The top plate and the bottom plate can be freely detached to cooperate with the side walls to complete simulation tests at different angles.

[0033] The specific working process of the present invention is:

[0034] The first step is to adjust the test chamber's sidewalls, floor, and roof to the desired strike-slip angle based on the actual geological conditions being simulated. The geological model is then scaled down to the desired size, and quartz sand, clay, and silica gel of appropriate particle size and friction coefficient are laid on the chamber floor to create sand models that simulate different lithologic formations. Crude oil is then filled into the visual storage tank, and the calculated test parameters (the required horizontal displacement for strike-slip during the test, strike-slip time, the duration and interval of photo or video recording, and the oil transfer rate and time) are entered into the electronic control system. Once all preliminary preparations are complete, the test can begin.

[0035] The second step is to begin the experiment. An electronic control system drives the model through motors to simulate the formation and evolution of a strike-slip fault. Crude oil is injected at preset rates and times during the initial deformation phase, during the evolution of the strike-slip fault, or after deformation has completed, simulating oil and gas transport. During this process, all or some of the oil inlets can be opened, depending on the experimental plan, with the electronic control system controlling the flow rate and velocity. Oil can be injected continuously throughout the formation and evolution of the strike-slip fault, at specific stages, or periodically or intermittently, allowing observation of the oil and gas transport process at different stages. During the experiment, a retractable baffle on the side of the physical simulation chamber stretches and expands as the horizontal displacement of the strike-slip fault increases. The highly transparent PVC baffle serves as an observation window, allowing direct observation of deformation characteristics within the formation and fault during the formation and evolution of the strike-slip fault. The oil transport process at different stages can also be observed using a high-definition camera. Continuous or intermittent photography and video can be taken to document the experimental process and results.

[0036] The third step is to close the oil inlet and stop pumping oil into the model after the test is completed. After the model stabilizes, use a setting agent to completely set the model. Then open the test chamber and use the setting fluid to set the sand body model. The entire model can be scanned or sliced ​​to observe the internal deformation and crude oil characteristics, and the displacement, strain, and oil flow of the strike-slip fault can be recorded, counted, and analyzed to analyze the role of the strike-slip fault in the conduction of crude oil during its formation and evolution.

[0037] These are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications in form and details can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A sandbox physical simulation device for oil and gas transport through multi-angle strike-slip faults, characterized by: This sand box physical simulation device for oil and gas transport by multi-angle strike-slip faults includes a test bench, a physical simulation test box, a high-pressure oil transportation system, an imaging system, a drive system, and an electronic control system; the physical simulation test box is located on the test bench, the top plate and side walls of the physical simulation test box are transparent, and the side walls of the physical simulation test box are composed of fixed-width side walls and detachable side walls, and a reel-type pull-out baffle is installed at the junction of the fixed-width side wall and the detachable side wall, and the reel-type pull-out baffle is composed of a transparent PVC sheet wound on a reel, one end of the transparent PVC sheet is fixed inside the reel, and the other end of the transparent PVC sheet is fixed on the detachable side wall; the imaging system is composed of a movable telescopic bracket and a high-definition camera, and the lower end of the movable telescopic bracket is fixed on the test bench The camera adjusts the shooting position and angle through a movable telescopic bracket, and the camera is connected to the electronic control system; a drive system is set on each side of the physical simulation test box, and each group consists of a motor, a drive rod and a drive block. The motor is installed on the fixed width side wall, and the drive block is fixed on the test bench. The motor is connected to the drive rod, and the drive rod is threadedly connected to the drive block. The motor is connected to the electronic control system; the high-pressure oil delivery system consists of a visual oil storage tank, a temperature and pressure gauge, a booster pump and a high-pressure oil pipeline. The top plate and the bottom plate of the physical simulation test box are both composed of two half plates spliced ​​into a plate. There are multiple oil ports at the joint of the bottom plate. The oil ports are equipped with high-pressure sealing rings. The oil ports are connected to the high-pressure oil pipeline, and the crude oil is injected into the model in the physical simulation test box through the booster pump. The detachable sidewalls are made of multiple single plates spliced ​​together through female and male ports. Each single plate can be detached individually, and by disassembling and assembling, oblique strike-slip fault models of different angles can be formed. Scroll-type pull-out baffles are symmetrically installed on the fixed-width sidewalls. When the strike-slip fault simulation begins, the scroll-type pull-out baffles are pulled out with the horizontal displacement. After the strike-slip fault is formed, the internal deformation characteristics of the formation and whether oil and gas are transported are observed from the pulled-out transparent PVC sheet. The bottom plate of the physical simulation test box is an aluminum alloy plate, and the top plate and bottom plate have the same half-plate structure. Each half-plate is composed of a fixed-width plate and a detachable plate. The top plate and bottom plate can be freely detached to cooperate with the side walls to complete simulation tests at different angles.

2. The sandbox physical simulation device for oil and gas transport through multi-angle strike-slip faults according to claim 1 is characterized by: The high-pressure oil delivery system is located below the test bench and consists of a visual oil storage tank, a temperature and pressure gauge, a booster pump and a high-pressure oil delivery pipe. The temperature and pressure gauge is set on the visual oil storage tank, and the visual oil storage tank is provided with a scale window.

3. The sandbox physical simulation device for oil and gas transport through multi-angle strike-slip faults according to claim 2 is characterized by: The bottom plate of the physical simulation test box is provided with 5 oil delivery ports.

4. The sandbox physical simulation device for oil and gas transport through multi-angle strike-slip faults according to claim 3 is characterized by: The movable telescopic bracket includes a support rod and a cross rod. The lower end of the support rod is fixed to a base, which is fixed to one side of the test bench table. The outside of the support rod is connected to an adjustment sleeve, and the cross rod is welded to the outside of the adjustment sleeve. One end of the cross rod is fixed to a camera, which is located above the physical simulation test box.

5. A simulation method for a sandbox physical simulation device for oil and gas transport by multi-angle strike-slip faults according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 4, characterized in that: Test preparation: Based on the test simulation requirements, determine the number of single panels on the removable sidewalls, the number of removable panels on the top plate, and the number of removable panels on the bottom plate. Then, assemble the physical simulation test box and adjust the required oblique strike-slip angle. Use quartz sand, clay, and silica gel with different particle sizes and friction coefficients to simulate different lithologic formations. Lay the test materials sequentially on the bottom plate of the physical simulation test box to form a sand body model. Based on actual needs, preset the horizontal displacement required for strike-slip during the test, strike-slip time, photo or video recording duration and interval, oil delivery volume, and oil delivery time in the electronic control system. A simulation test is conducted, in which an electronic control system is used to drive a physical simulation test box to simulate the formation and evolution of a strike-slip fault. Each driving rod drives the corresponding part of the physical simulation test box to move in the opposite direction. During the movement, a reel-type pull-out baffle seals the pulled-out box. At the initial stage of deformation in the test box, during the evolution of the strike-slip fault, or after the deformation process, crude oil is injected according to the preset oil delivery volume and time. During the test, the crude oil flow is controlled by adjusting the high-pressure oil delivery system according to the simulation phenomenon, and continuous or intermittent oil delivery is performed. The reel-type pull-out baffle stretches and expands as the horizontal displacement of the strike-slip fault increases during the simulation. The transparent PVC sheet is used as an observation window to directly observe the deformation characteristics of the stratum and the deformation characteristics of the strike-slip fault during the formation and evolution of the strike-slip fault, and at the same time observe the transport of crude oil by the strike-slip fault at different stages. During the test, a high-definition camera will take photos or videos continuously or intermittently according to the preset settings to record the test process and results. After the simulation process is completed, the high-pressure oil transmission system is turned off, the physical simulation test box is opened, and the sand body model is finalized using a finalizing fluid. The finalized sand body model is then sliced ​​and observed or scanned as a whole, and the strike-slip fault displacement, strain, and oil flow rate are recorded, counted, and analyzed.

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