Insect-proof netting and its production method

Abstract

This invention provides an insect-proof strip (20) made of a wide insect-proof net (10), which is cut in the warp direction (xnet) by a one-step ultrasonic cutting and welding process. The insect-proof strip (20) comprises warp yarns (21) and weft yarns (22) extending substantially perpendicular to each other, and at least 90% of the warp and weft yarns (21, 22) are monofilament yarns made of a thermoplastic material. After the cutting and welding process, the insect-proof strip (20) has first and second edges (24, 25) extending parallel to the warp yarns (21), each edge comprising a deformation zone (26) composed of a bonded thermoplastic material derived at least from the weft yarns (22). The width (wdz) of the deformation zone (26) in the ystrip direction is 0.5-35 times the diameter of the weft yarn. At least 90% of the gaps (23) between adjacent weft yarns (22) in the deformation zone (26) are closed by a consolidated thermoplastic material from at least the weft yarns (22), which have been melted together to form continuous or substantially continuous reinforcing strip-shaped edge portions (24, 25) of the insect-proof netting (20). The insect-proof netting is suitable for accordion-style structures in greenhouse vents. A method for producing the insect-proof netting (20) is also described.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to insect-proof net strips obtained by cutting wide insect-proof nets through a one-step ultrasonic cutting and welding process, and a method for producing said insect-proof net strips. Background Technology

[0002] In greenhouses, insect netting is sometimes needed at ventilation openings to prevent unwanted insects from entering and, in some cases, to prevent desired insects from leaving. When installing insect netting in an existing greenhouse, problems such as increased temperature or humidity, or low carbon dioxide levels may occur because the netting always somewhat reduces airflow. This is something that must be considered when designing a greenhouse.

[0003] Traditional glass greenhouses have roofs with ventilation windows that can be opened and closed. When installing insect netting in these windows, the netting must be flexible enough to fill the opening when the window is open and also fold away from the window's closing path. One traditional way to do this is to create... Figure 1 The accordion-type mesh structure shown.

[0004] To produce this structure, insect-proof netting is typically manufactured first, and then the netting is woven together into an accordion shape. The netting is easily produced using traditional weaving techniques, resulting in closed longitudinal edges that can be sewn together.

[0005] However, this method of manufacturing insect nets also has a significant drawback: the strip weaving creates double weft inserts, and the adjacent double yarns reduce airflow through the net. Without these double weft inserts, airflow typically increases by 30-50%.

[0006] To avoid this problem, a conventional full-width loom can be used to produce nets typically 2-4 meters wide. These insect nets can be made using any weaving pattern to optimize ventilation and insect repellency. The nets are then cut into sheets using a one-step ultrasonic cutting and welding process, leaving closed edges suitable for sewing. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The above-mentioned objective can be achieved by the insect-proof netting according to the present invention, which is obtained by using the one-step ultrasonic cutting and welding method of the present invention. According to the present invention, the insect-proof netting is used in the accordion-type insect-proof net. Further embodiments are described in the specification and drawings.

[0008] As described herein, a one-step ultrasonic cutting and welding method is provided for manufacturing insect-proof netting suitable for sewing machine processing. The method includes the following steps:

[0009] a) Provide woven insect-proof netting, which includes

[0010] In the warp direction (x) of the insect-proof net net The warp yarns extending on the weft yarn, and the warp yarns having a diameter of (ø) we ) and in a direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the warp direction of the insect-proof net (x net The weft direction (y) net The weft yarn extending on; and among which

[0011] At least 90% of the warp and weft yarns are monofilament yarns made of thermoplastic materials; and

[0012] b) Feeding the woven insect-proof netting into an ultrasonic cutting device, which includes an ultrasonic surface and at least two ultrasonic cutting and welding tools; and

[0013] c) The woven insect-proof netting is fed through an ultrasonic cutting device to obtain insect-proof net strips, which have...

[0014] - Lateral direction (y strip Width (w) on strip It is smaller than the width of the woven insect net (w) net );and

[0015] - The first and second edges, which are in the longitudinal direction (x) of the insect-proof mesh strip. strip The warp yarns extend on and are parallel to the insect-proof netting strips, and the first and second edges each include a deformation zone composed of a bonded thermoplastic material derived from at least the weft yarns of the insect-proof netting strips, the deformation zone having a length along the edge and a transverse direction (y) of the insect-proof netting strips. strip Width (w) on dz ), the width of the deformation zone (w) dz ) at the weft diameter (ø) we 0.5 times and weft diameter (ø) we Within the range of 35 times; and among them

[0016] In the deformation zone, at least 90% of the gaps between adjacent weft yarns are closed by weft yarns that have been melted together, thereby forming a solidified and reinforced edge portion of the insect-proof netting.

[0017] As described herein, a method for cutting and welding along the warp direction (x) of an insect-proof net is also provided using the one-step ultrasonic cutting and welding method disclosed herein. net Insect-proof netting strips are made by cutting the following insect-proof netting. These insect-proof netting strips include:

[0018] -Having a diameter and in the longitudinal direction (x) of the insect-proof mesh strip strip The warp yarns extending on the weft yarn, and the warp yarns having a diameter of (ø) we) and in the longitudinal direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the insect-proof netting strips (x strip ) in the horizontal direction (y strip The weft yarn extending from the top;

[0019] At least 90% of the warp and weft yarns of insect-proof netting are made of monofilament yarns made of thermoplastic materials, and

[0020] - First and second edges, said first and second edges in the longitudinal direction (x) of the insect-proof mesh strip strip Extending along and parallel to the warp yarns, the first and second edges each include a deformation zone composed of a bonded thermoplastic material derived from at least the weft yarns, the deformation zone having a length along the first and second edges, and in the transverse direction (y) of the insect-proof mesh strip. strip Width (w) on dz ), where the width of the deformation zone (w) dz ) at the weft diameter (ø) we 0.5 times and weft diameter (ø) we Within the range of 35 times; and

[0021] At least 90% of the gaps between adjacent weft yarns in the deformation zone are sealed by a solidified thermoplastic material, which is derived at least from the weft yarns of the continuous or substantially continuous reinforcing strip edge portions that have been melted together to form an insect-proof net.

[0022] In another aspect of the invention, an accordion-style assembly is also provided, wherein two or more insect-proof mesh strips of the invention, produced according to the methods described herein, are sewn together to form an accordion-style insect-proof mesh structure for a vent.

[0023] In another aspect of the invention, the use of insect-proof netting as described herein and produced herein in processed accordion-style components is provided, wherein two or more insect-proof netting strips are sewn together. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is a view of an accordion-type insect-proof net structure when installed in a greenhouse vent.

[0025] Figure 2a This is a view of the insect-proof net 10 used to manufacture the insect-proof net strip 20.

[0026] Figure 2b This is a detailed view of the insect-proof net 10 used to manufacture the insect-proof net strip 20.

[0027] Figure 3a This is a view of an insect-proof net with double weft inserts.

[0028] Figure 3bThis is a view of an insect-proof net with a single weft insert.

[0029] Figure 4 The warp direction (x) of the insect net 10 is shown. net The cross-sectional area of ​​the weft yarn per unit length of the web.

[0030] Figure 5 A view of an ultrasonic cutting device 40 for cutting insect netting 10 to obtain insect netting strip 20 of the present invention is shown (the illustration shows a detailed view of the ultrasonic surface 41 with cutting and welding tools 42).

[0031] Figure 6a This is a view of the insect-proof netting strip 20 of the present invention.

[0032] Figure 6b This is a view of the edges 24, 25 of the insect-proof netting 20 cut by the method described herein, wherein the outer ends of all weft yarns 22 are completely melted together in the deformation zone 26.

[0033] Figures 7a-7d The image shows an ultrasonic cutting and welding tool for cutting insect netting, wherein (a) the ultrasonic cutting and welding tool has a V-shaped profile with an edge angle; (b) the ultrasonic cutting and welding tool has a U-shaped profile with a blade radius; (c) the ultrasonic cutting and welding tool has a U / V hybrid profile with an edge angle and a blade radius; and (d) the ultrasonic cutting and welding tool has a V-shaped profile with a first angle and a second angle.

[0034] Figure 8a This is a view of the anvil 46 placed in front of the cutting wheel. Figure 8b This is a view of the flat rectangular surface 47 of the anvil 46.

[0035] Figure 9 This is a view of the edges 24, 25 of the insect-proof mesh strip 20, which is cut and sealed using a cutting and welding tool with a flat anvil 46.

[0036] Figure 10a A detailed view of the insect-proof netting strip 20 of the present invention is shown.

[0037] Figure 10b This shows the warp direction (x) of the insect-proof net strip 20. strip The cross-sectional area of ​​the weft yarn per unit length of the web.

[0038] Figure 11 Detailed views of edges 24 and 25 are shown, in which the outermost warp 22 is contained only within the deformation zone 26.

[0039] Figure 12This is a view of the deformation zone 26, in which some gaps between adjacent weft yarns 22 (see A, B and C) are not completely closed.

[0040] Figure 13a It is a view of the longitudinally extending edges of the woven strip.

[0041] Figure 13b and 13c This is a view of the edges 24, 25 of the insect-proof netting strip 20 cut by the method described in this article.

[0042] Figure 14 This is a view of an accordion-style insect net structure 60 made of the insect net strip 20 of the present invention, which is installed in the ventilation opening of a greenhouse.

[0043] Figure 15a -c is a view of how the insect net strip 20 is made into an accordion-style component 63 and the parts used to manufacture the accordion-style insect net structure 60.

[0044] Figure 16a -d is a view of the edges cut using the method described in Example 1.

[0045] Figure 17a -d is a view of the edges cut using the method described in Example 2.

[0046] Figure 18a -d is a view of the edges cut using the method described in Example 3. Detailed Implementation

[0047] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form part of this specification, and several specific embodiments are illustrated therein by way of example. It should be understood that other embodiments are conceived and made without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, the following detailed description should not be considered limiting.

[0048] The insect-proof net strip 20 described herein is made of woven insect-proof netting cut along the warp direction with a width of (1-5.5 m). Figure 2a This is a view of the woven insect-proof net 10 used to manufacture the insect-proof net strip 20 disclosed herein. (See attached image.) Figure 2b As shown, details of the insect net 10 are illustrated. The insect net 10 includes sections in the warp direction (x... net That is, the warp yarns 11 extending longitudinally in the net, and the weft yarns with diameters (ø) we ) and in the weft direction (y net This refers to the weft yarn 12, which extends laterally from the warp yarn. The weft yarn 12 is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the warp direction (x...). netThe warp yarns 11 and 12 extend and alternately pass above and below the continuous warp yarns 11. The warp yarns 11 and 12 are spaced apart from each other, leaving air gaps or holes 13 between them, wherein the air gaps or holes 13 are in the weft direction (y... net It has a width 'a' in the warp direction (x) and a width 'a' in the warp direction (x) net ) has a length b, such as Figure 2b As shown. The insect net 10 has first and second woven selvage edges 14, 15 extending parallel to the warp yarns 11 in the longitudinal direction of the insect net. The insect net 10 is in the transverse direction (y net The total width (w) on the ) net It is advantageously suited to the width of conventional looms used for weaving insect nets, which is approximately 1-5.5 m wide.

[0049] At least 90% of the warp and weft yarns in the insect net are monofilament yarns made of thermoplastic material. The insect net can be made from monofilament yarns of any conventional thermoplastic fiber material, but advantageously, more than 80% by weight of the thermoplastic monofilament yarn is polyester or copolyester conventionally used in fiber production, with the weight percentage calculated based on the total weight of the yarn. Preferably, the polyester is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), wherein at least 80% by weight of the polyester is derived from polyethylene terephthalate monomers. Additives and other polymers constitute the remainder. Thermoplastic monofilament yarn materials typically have a melting point of 240-260°C and a density of 1.3-1.5 g / cm³. 3 The density.

[0050] High air permeability is crucial for greenhouse cooling and dehumidification, making it a very important factor in the performance of insect netting when placed at vents. However, the primary purpose of applying insect netting to greenhouse openings is to prevent harmful insects from entering and, in some cases, to prevent beneficial insects from escaping. This is only successful if each open area in the net is small enough to prevent insects from passing through. Therefore, a crucial balance must be struck when manufacturing insect netting to optimize essential air permeability while simultaneously preventing insects from passing through the net.

[0051] To optimize airflow, i.e., increase airflow, the insect-proof net disclosed herein has a weave pattern, wherein at least 40%, preferably at least 60%, and more preferably at least 80% of the weft inserts are single-weft inserts. Weaving with single-weft inserts is advantageous because it allows for a variety of different weave patterns that can optimize insect control. Single-weft inserts are advantageous compared to double-weft inserts, which typically reduce air permeability, as will be explained below.

[0052] Another factor affecting the breathability of insect-proof netting is its relative pore area (A). hThe larger the pore area of ​​the insect-proof net, the better its air permeability. The insect-proof nets used here to manufacture the strips have a relative pore area of ​​15-50% in a two-dimensional projection (A). h However, the relative aperture area of ​​insect netting is typically 20-48% to prevent some common insects from passing through (see below). The relative aperture area in a two-dimensional projection is defined as the ratio of the aperture area in a given area of ​​insect netting to the area covered by the yarn, calculated as follows:

[0053] (Formula 1)

[0054] Among them, such as Figure 2b and 10a As shown

[0055] 'a' is the width of the hole in the latitude direction.

[0056] b is the length of the hole in the meridian direction.

[0057] ø we It is the diameter of the weft yarn.

[0058] ø wa It is the diameter of the warp yarn.

[0059] For example, in insect netting, where

[0060] a (i.e., the width of the hole in the weft direction) is 0.70 mm; and

[0061] b (i.e., the length of the hole in the meridian direction) is 0.40 mm; and

[0062] ø we (i.e., the diameter of the weft yarn) is 0.23 mm; and

[0063] ø wa The diameter of the warp yarn is 0.23 mm.

[0064] Relative aperture area (A) h )for

[0065]

[0066] This means that 48% of the total net area is covered by holes, and the remaining portion (i.e., 52%) is covered by yarn.

[0067] This should be compared to an insect-proof net with double weft inserts, where the hole size is the same, i.e., 0.70mm × 0.40mm, and the warp diameter (ø) wa The diameter of the weft yarn is 0.23 mm, and the diameter of the weft yarn is (ø). we The value is 0.20mm.

[0068] The relative aperture area (A) of this insect-proof net h )for

[0069]

[0070] For double-weft inserts commonly used in conventional strip weaving, the air permeability is low at 40%, compared to 48% for single-weft inserts. Wide-width weaving allows the fabric to be optimized for insect control and high airflow, meaning it is more likely to cool and dehumidify greenhouses while still preventing unwanted insect passage. Figure 3a and 3b The difference between single-weft inserts and double-weft inserts is shown, in which Figure 3a The strip-woven insect-proof net with double weft inserts can be used with Figure 3b Compared to insect-proof nets with single weft yarn inserts.

[0071] The insect-proof net disclosed herein has an aperture size of 0.10-0.70 mm in a two-dimensional projection, i.e., in the warp and weft directions of the insect-proof net 10. Preferably, the aperture size in the two-dimensional projection of the insect-proof net 10 is 0.10-0.60 mm, more preferably 0.10-0.50 mm, and most preferably 0.15-0.40 mm. This means that the extension of the aperture in the warp and / or weft directions of the insect-proof net should be 0.10-0.70 mm, i.e., the extension a in the weft direction is 0.10-0.70 mm, and the extension b in the warp direction is between 0.10-0.70 mm. The aperture size of the insect-proof net restricts the possibility of insects entering / leaving the greenhouse and should be adjusted according to the type of insects that the net is intended to block. Whiteflies (Amydae) are blocked by apertures of approximately 0.28 × 0.38 mm, while thrips require apertures of 0.15 × 0.15 mm or smaller to prevent passage.

[0072] The insect-proof net disclosed in this article has a warp diameter of 20-80 mm. 2 Cross-sectional weft area per mesh length (A') we / x). Advantageously, in the warp direction, the cross-sectional area of ​​the weft yarn per web length (A' we / x) is 25-70 mm 2 / m. The cross-sectional area of ​​the weft yarn per unit length represents the area of ​​material accumulated by the weft yarn per unit length in the warp direction, and is subject to the weft yarn diameter (ø). we The influence of the number of weft yarns per centimeter.

[0073] The cross-sectional area of ​​the weft yarn per unit length of the insect-proof net in the warp direction (A') we / x) is the cross-sectional area (A') of the weft yarn 12 used to weave the insect-proof net 10. we ) and the number of weft yarns per meter in the warp direction (x net ) determines. Each weft yarn has 12 mm2 Measured cross-sectional area A' we =π˖r 2 The number of weft yarns in the weft direction is indicated in the warp direction (x... net The number of weft yarns 12 inserted per meter between warp yarns 11 depends on the distance between two adjacent weft yarns, i.e., the length (b) of the hole 13 and the diameter (ø) of the weft yarn. we Both are measured in mm (see) Figure 4 Therefore, the cross-sectional area of ​​the weft yarn per unit length of the insect-proof net (A') we / x) can be calculated as follows:

[0074] Formula II

[0075] in

[0076] A' we / x = warp direction (x) net Cross-sectional area of ​​weft yarn per unit length of web

[0077] ø we =Diameter of weft yarn

[0078] b = the hole in the warp direction (x) net ) length

[0079] The method of manufacturing insect-proof net strips 20 from the insect-proof net 10 as described above will now be described. Insect-proof net strips 20 are advantageously used to form accordion-style insect-proof net assembly 63 (see...). Figure 15a This accordion-like component can be used in openings to allow ventilation while preventing insects from passing through. Advantageously, the same accordion-like component is further processed into an accordion-like mesh structure 60 for use in greenhouse roof vents, such as... Figure 11 As shown.

[0080] The insect-proof netting 20 is manufactured using a one-step ultrasonic cutting and sealing process, wherein the method includes the following steps:

[0081] a) Provide 10 woven insect-proof nets (see Figure 2a and 2b ), which includes the warp direction (x) of the weaving insect-proof net 10. net The warp yarn 11 extends on the weft yarn and has a weft diameter (ø) we ) and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the warp direction of the woven insect-proof net 10 (x net The weft direction (y) net The weft yarn 12 extends from the warp yarn 11, wherein at least 90% of the warp yarn 11 and the weft yarn 12 are monofilament yarns made of thermoplastic material; and

[0082] b) Feed the woven insect-proof net 10 into the ultrasonic cutting device 40 (see...) Figure 5(The large arrow in the image) The device includes an ultrasonic surface 41 and at least two ultrasonic cutting and welding tools 42 (see...) Figure 5 (detailed view); and

[0083] c) Feed the woven insect-proof netting 10 through the ultrasonic cutting device 40 (see...) Figure 5 ), to obtain insect-proof netting strip 20 (see Figure 6a ), which has

[0084] - A 20 in the horizontal direction (y strip Width (w) on strip It is smaller than the width of the woven insect netting 10 (w) net );and

[0085] - The first and second edges 24, 25, which are in the longitudinal direction (x) of the insect-proof mesh strip 20 strip The warp yarns 21 extending on and parallel to the insect-proof netting 20, and the first and second edges 24, 25 each include a deformation zone 26, which is composed of a bonded thermoplastic material derived at least from the weft yarns 22 of the insect-proof netting 20 (see...). Figure 6b The deformation zone 26 has a length along the edges 24 and 25, and a transverse direction (y) of the insect-proof mesh strip 20. strip Width (w) on dz ), the width of deformation zone 26 (w dz ) at the weft diameter (ø) we The range is 0.5 to 35 times that of ); and among them

[0086] At least 90% of the gap 23 between adjacent weft yarns 22 in the deformation zone 26 is closed by weft yarns that are at least melted together, thereby forming the solidified and reinforced edge portions 24 and 25 of the insect-proof net strip 20.

[0087] The ultrasonic cutting and welding tool 42 is advantageously a cutting wheel (see...) Figure 5 (Details). The cutting wheel used in the ultrasonic cutting and sealing process is selected in such a way that it both cuts the fabric and seals the edges in one step. It is also optimized to leave a very narrow deformation zone 26, facilitating the subsequent processing of the insect-proof mesh strip 20.

[0088] Advantageously, an ultrasonic device 40 is used, wherein the cutting and welding tool 42 is a rotating blunt U-shaped, V-shaped, or mixed U / V-shaped cutting edge. The advantage of the rotating wheel is that the edge dulls more slowly. The machine operates more smoothly with less friction.

[0089] When ultrasonic cutting and welding tools have a V-shaped profile, they advantageously have a cutting angle α of 80°-175°, preferably 100°-175°, or more preferably 120°-170° (see...). Figure 7a ).

[0090] When ultrasonic cutting and welding tools are U-shaped, they advantageously have a cutting radius r of 0.25-3.00 mm, preferably 0.50-2.00 mm (see [link to documentation]). Figure 7b ).

[0091] When ultrasonic cutting and welding tools have a U / V hybrid profile, they advantageously have a cutting angle α of 80°-175°, preferably 100°-175°, or more preferably 120°-170°, and a cutting radius r of 0.25-3.00 mm, preferably 0.50-2.00 mm (see...). Figure 7c ).

[0092] Ultrasonic cutting and welding tools can also have a V-shaped profile with more than one angle, where the first angle α1 is 80°-130° and the second angle α2 is 120°-175° (see...). Figure 7d ).

[0093] Ultrasonic energy is transmitted through an ultrasonic welding electrode 41 (see) opposite the cutting and welding tool 42. Figure 5 (Details of the process are omitted). When sufficiently high power is applied to the blunt edge of the cutting and welding tool, the weft yarns will melt together to form a mechanically sealed edge. The ultrasonic surface (ultrasonic welding electrode) provides a frequency of 20-50 kHz and an electrical power of 300-500 W per cutting / welding tool. This power can be expressed as the electrical power input to the ultrasonic controller, which is related to the feed speed of the cloth / net through the cutting machine. The woven insect net 10 passes through the ultrasonic cutting device 40 at a speed of 6.5 m / min-12 m / min.

[0094] The ultrasonic cutting and sealing device must apply sufficient energy relative to the speed at which the insect screen 10 is fed through the ultrasonic cutting device 40 to properly melt the weft yarns together, thereby forming a sealed edge. The cutting edge of the cutting and welding tool 42 must have a sufficiently large angle to not only cut but also melt adjacent material. Cutting alone can be done with sharper tools and is easier than the combined sealing / melting process described herein.

[0095] like Figure 6b As shown, the shape of the cutting tool 42 and the applied power will result in a deformed (melted) zone 26 at a certain distance from the edge. This can be seen and measured under a microscope. If appropriate power, speed, and tool shape are used, the width (w) of the deformed zone 26 will be... dz Within a certain range.

[0096] In another embodiment, the ultrasonic cutting and welding tool 42 may be provided with a flat anvil 46 placed in front of the cutting wheel (see...). Figure 8aThe anvil 46 ensures that the insect net 10 to be cut remains close to the ultrasonic welding electrode 41, i.e., the corresponding part of the cutting and welding tool 42, through which ultrasonic energy is applied. The anvil 46 is advantageously provided with a flat rectangular surface 47 that contacts the insect net 10 fed into the ultrasonic cutting apparatus 40. The area of ​​the flat rectangular surface is 1.0-3.0 mm × 5.0-15 mm, preferably 1.5-2.5 mm × 7.5-12.5 mm (see...). Figure 8b This shows the flat rectangular surface 47 adjacent to the insect-proof net. The cutting wheel is the same type as described above. Furthermore, the ultrasonic effect, frequency, and speed are the same as those of the cutting and welding tool 42 without the flat anvil 46.

[0097] The flat anvil 46 ensures that at least one warp 22 is contained in the deformation zone 26, thereby providing a reliable edge for the insect-proof net strip 20 without the risk of the warp 22 coming undone from the edges 24, 25. Figure 9 This is a view of the edge of the insect-proof mesh strip produced by a cutting and welding tool 42 with a flat anvil 46.

[0098] If the weft yarns are joined (melted together) in most cases, the resulting edges 24, 25 are suitable for further processing of the insect netting system. An edge is considered suitable if 90% or more of the gap between adjacent weft yarns in the deformation zone 26 is mechanically connected by the fused weft yarns. The deformation zone 26 along the insect netting strip is visible under a microscope and can be measured on the final product.

[0099] Figure 6 shows the insect-proof netting strip 20 of the present invention, which is constructed along the warp direction (x... net It is made by cutting the above-mentioned insect-proof net 10. For example... Figure 10a As shown, the insect-proof netting strips include those in the longitudinal direction (x... strip That is, the warp yarns 21 extending in the warp direction of the insect-proof netting strip 20, and the weft yarn diameter (ø) we ) and in the horizontal direction (y strip This refers to the weft yarn 22 extending in the weft direction of the insect-proof netting strip 20. The weft yarn 22 is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (x...). strip The warp yarns 21 and 22 extend and alternately pass above and below the continuous warp yarns 21. The warp yarns 21 and 22 are spaced apart from each other, leaving air gaps or holes 23 between them. These air gaps or holes 23 are in the warp direction (x... strip The length of the yarn in the direction of the weft yarn is b, and the length of the yarn in the direction of the weft yarn is strip The width of ) is a.

[0100] At least 90% of the warp yarns 21 and weft yarns 22 of the insect-proof netting 20 are monofilament yarns made of thermoplastic material. The insect-proof netting 20 can be made from monofilament yarns of any conventional thermoplastic fiber material, but advantageously, more than 80% by weight of the thermoplastic monofilament yarn is polyester or copolyester conventionally used in fiber production. The percentage by weight is calculated based on the total weight of the yarn. Preferably, the polyester is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), wherein at least 80% by weight of the material is derived from polyethylene terephthalate monomers, and the remaining 20% ​​by weight is additives and / or other polymers. This material typically has a melting point of 240-260°C and a density of 1.3-1.5 g / cm³. 3 The density.

[0101] The insect-proof netting 20 has a woven pattern, wherein at least 40%, preferably at least 60%, and more preferably at least 80% of the weft inserts 22 are single-yarn inserts. As explained above regarding the insect-proof netting, weaving with single-yarn inserts provides advantageous breathability to the insect-proof netting.

[0102] Advantageously, the insect-proof mesh strip 20 has a relative pore area of ​​15-50% in a two-dimensional projection (A h However, to better prevent insects from passing through, the relative aperture area (A) of the insect-proof netting strips... h The relative aperture area in a two-dimensional projection (A) is advantageously 20-48%. h The ratio of the area of ​​the holes to the area of ​​the yarn in a given area of ​​insect-proof netting strip is defined and calculated as shown in Formula I above for insect-proof netting.

[0103] The insect-proof netting 20 disclosed herein has a hole size of 0.10-0.70 mm in a two-dimensional projection, that is, in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the insect-proof netting 20. Preferably, the hole size in the two-dimensional projection of the insect-proof netting 20 is 0.10-0.60 mm, more preferably 0.10-0.50 mm, and most preferably 0.15-0.40 mm.

[0104] The insect-proof netting 20 disclosed in this article is in the longitudinal direction (x strip ) with 20-80 mm 2 Cross-sectional weft area per mesh length (A') we / x). Advantageously, in the longitudinal direction (x) strip The cross-sectional area of ​​the weft yarn per mesh length (A') we / x) is 25-70 mm 2 / m. Cross-sectional weft area per mesh length (A') we / x) represents the increase in material area per unit length of weft yarn 22 in the longitudinal direction (see...). Figure 10b It consists of a diameter (ø) of 22mm weft yarn. weThe number of weft yarns per meter (m) is determined by the number of weft yarns and is calculated as given in Formula II above for insect netting.

[0105] Insect-proof netting strip 20 is applied by the above-mentioned insect-proof netting 10 along the warp direction (x net Cut into horizontal directions (y strip It has a width of 0.030-0.110 meters (w) strip The width of the strip 20 is preferably 0.050-0.090 meters.

[0106] After cutting the insect-proof netting 10 using the method described herein, the resulting insect-proof netting strips 20 will have a first edge 24 and a second edge 25, which are in the longitudinal direction (i.e., in the warp direction) of the insect-proof netting strips 20. strip The first and second edges 24 and 25 each include a deformation zone 26, which is composed of a solidified thermoplastic material derived from at least the weft yarn 22, which has been melted together to form the deformation zone 26.

[0107] The deformation zone 26 is defined as the average distance between the outer edges 24, 25 and the visual deformation, which has affected the roundness of the outermost end of the weft yarn and can be measured under a calibrated microscope.

[0108] The deformation zone 26 will have a length along the first and second edges 24, 25, and a length in the lateral direction (y strip Width (w) on dz ), where the width of the deformation zone 26 (w dz ) is the weft diameter (ø) we 0.5-35 times that of ), such as Figure 6b As shown.

[0109] This means that when the weft diameter is 0.15 mm, the width of the deformation zone 26 (w) dz The width of the deformable zone 26 is between 0.115 mm and 8.05 mm when the weft yarn diameter is 0.23 mm and the weft yarn diameter is between 0.075 mm and 5.25 mm. Preferably, the width of the deformable zone 26 is between 0.115 mm and 8.05 mm. dz ) is the weft diameter (ø) we 0.6-25 times that of the weft yarn diameter (ø) we The width of the deformation zone 26 is 0.7-20 times that of the deformation zone 26, or more preferably, the width of the deformation zone 26 is 0.7-20 times that of the deformation zone 26. dz ) is the weft diameter (ø) we 0.8-15 times that of ).

[0110] To form robust first and second edges 24, 25 that are well-formed and prevent fraying, at least 90% of the gaps 23 between adjacent weft yarns 22 in the deformation zone 26 must be closed by a solidified thermoplastic material, which is derived at least from the weft yarns 22 that have been melted together. This means that no more than one of the ten gaps 23 between two adjacent weft yarns 22 in the deformation zone 26 remains unclosed along the cut edges 24, 25. Preferably, at least 92%, for example at least 94%, for example at least 96%, of the gaps 23 between adjacent weft yarns 22 are advantageously closed by a solidified thermoplastic material from the weft yarns 22 that have been melted together in the deformation zone 26.

[0111] When used herein, the expression "closed by a solidified thermoplastic material" means that adjacent weft yarns 22, together with preferably no more than two warp yarns 21a, 21b, are melted together with each individual weft yarn 22 in the deformation zone 26 to form continuous or substantially continuous reinforced strip-shaped edge portions 24, 25 of the insect-repellent mesh 20. Ideally, at most one warp yarn 21a is melted together with each individual weft yarn 22 in the deformation zone 26 to form continuous or substantially continuous reinforced strip-shaped edge portions 24, 25 of the insect-repellent mesh 20.

[0112] Figure 6b This is a view of the edges 24, 25 of the insect-proof mesh strip 20, cut and sealed using the method described herein. It can be seen that the outer ends of all weft yarns 22 are completely melted together with the outermost warp yarns 21a along the edges 24, 25, forming a deformation zone 26 with a consolidated thermoplastic material as described herein. Ideally, only the outermost warp yarns 21a, i.e., the warp yarns closest to the cut edges 24, 25, participate in the consolidation of the thermoplastic material, as... Figure 6b As shown. However, it is acceptable that the second warp yarn 21b immediately following the cut edges 24, 25 is also melted together with each individual weft yarn 22 to be included in the consolidation of the thermoplastic material in the deformation zone 26. However, to provide narrow edges 24, 25, it is preferable that the consolidated thermoplastic material in the deformation zone does not contain warp yarns (see...). Figure 11 It is acceptable as long as at least 90% of the gaps 23 between adjacent weft yarns 22 in the deformation zone 26 are closed. Figure 12 This is a view of the deformation zone 26, in which some gaps 23 (see A, B and C) between adjacent weft yarns 22 are not completely closed.

[0113] As mentioned above, the width of the deformation zone (w) dz The specific deformation depends on the thickness of the weft yarn. Finer yarns can produce a narrower deformation zone, but if the weft material area per unit web length (A') is higher... weA sufficiently large / x can still produce a well-sealed edge. Wider deformation zones require more power to produce, therefore there is a practical / economical upper limit to the width of the deformation zone.

[0114] A deformation zone that is too wide or too hard also has disadvantages, as it is difficult for the needle to penetrate during processing. A very wide deformation zone can also easily contaminate the molten plastic, resulting in uneven edges, which is also detrimental to processing.

[0115] Manufacturing insect-proof netting strips 20 using the method disclosed herein has several advantages compared to conventional strip weaving for producing netting sheets. The most significant advantage is the ability to use many different weave patterns and the avoidance of any double weft inserts. Double weft inserts are frequently used in traditional strip weaving, which reduces the air permeability of the insect-proof netting. With wide-width weaving, the fabric can be optimized for insect control and high airflow, thereby increasing the likelihood of greenhouse cooling and dehumidification.

[0116] Careful selection of the weft yarns and the number of weft yarns per centimeter will give the insect-proof netting strips 10 high stiffness in the weft direction, making the finished accordion structure robust and more self-supporting, thus reducing the need for additional mechanical supports to hold the structure in place within the greenhouse. The shape of the holes in the net can be modified so that they have the longest extension in the weft direction. In this way, more material can be used for the one-step ultrasonic cutting and sealing process, which will also increase the stiffness in the weft direction, making the subsequent accordion construction more rigid, thereby further reducing the need for additional supports in the final product.

[0117] Since the choice of warp yarn is not very important in this method, it can be used to optimize nets for insect control and high airflow.

[0118] Another advantage is the ability to create narrow edges on each side of the insect-proof netting using the method disclosed here. Traditional strip weaving produces netting with large woven edges. This can be achieved... Figure 13a As seen in the middle, Figure 13a This is a view of the longitudinally extending edge of the strip-woven mesh. A significant amount of material is added in this area because each of the double-inserted weft yarns forms a loop around the outermost warp yarn. This should be compared to an edge formed using the method disclosed herein (see, for example, [link to other documentation]). Figure 13b and 13c ).

[0119] The ultrasonic cutting and sealing technology used in this method provides an insect-proof mesh strip with a smooth edge and a deformation zone of finite width. The weft yarns and the number of weft yarns per centimeter can be selected to give a cross-sectional weft area per mesh length that is high enough to seal along the edge of the insect-proof mesh strip without including any warp yarns, or at most one warp yarn. However, one or at most two warp yarns can be included in the deformation zone with bonded weft yarns and warp yarns. The edge is suitable for processing as long as at least 90% of the gap between adjacent weft yarns is closed.

[0120] Narrow deformation zones are advantageous because wide areas with molten plastic are more difficult for a needle on a sewing machine to penetrate. When the mesh is sewn together later in the process to form an accordion-like assembly, using insect-proof mesh strips produced by the methods disclosed herein, the overall thickness of the structure becomes considerably low (>25%). In greenhouses, the smaller any object in the ceiling, the less shade and the more light reaches the plants.

[0121] Weaving wider nets and then cutting them into narrow strips using the one-step cutting and sealing method described here provides a significant advantage for the final product.

[0122] The insect-proof net strip 20 produced by the disclosed method is advantageously used in the production of accordion-style insect-proof net assembly 63 (see...). Figure 15a Compared to a flat mesh covering the same opening, this accordion-style component 63 can be used for vents to increase the total ventilation area through the opening. The accordion-style component 63 can be advantageously used in the manufacture of... Figure 1 and 14 The accordion-style ventilation screen 60 is shown. This accordion-style ventilation screen 60 is typically made of two accordion-style component side screens 61 connected to the central screen 62 of the accordion-style component.

[0123] In the production of the insect-proof accordion-style component 63, two insect-proof strips 20a and 20b are placed flat on top of each other and sewn together along one edge 24 and 25 at a distance of up to 10 mm from the outer edge 24 and 25. An additional insect-proof strip 20c is placed on top of the first two and sewn together with the uppermost insect-proof strip 20b in the same manner along the opposite longitudinal edges 24 and 25. This can be repeated with a desired number of insect-proof strips 20 to form the accordion-style component 63, as... Figure 15a As shown.

[0124] Because the insect net strips 20 are made of a sufficiently rigid material, no unwanted creases or folds will form, and when the accordion-style assembly 63 is folded closed, the individual insect net strips 20 will lie flat against each other.

[0125] For the side screen 61, a triangular groove 64 is cut from the accordion-style component 63, such as... Figure 15b As shown. The longitudinal edges 65a and 65b of the groove 64 are connected as indicated by the arrows, thus forming a shape as shown. Figure 15c The side screen portion 61 shown can be connected to the middle screen 62 to form as shown. Figure 14 The accordion-style screen 60 shown.

[0126] The folded screen structure 60 can be used for all greenhouse vents to prevent harmful insects from entering the greenhouse. The accordion-style processing offers a larger total mesh area than flat mesh, typically allowing 20-40% more airflow through the vents. It is also a flexible structure that is easily fixed to greenhouse ventilation windows and can be opened and closed. An example of an accordion-style structure is described in NL1007720 (C2).

[0127] Example

[0128] The following examples disclose insect-proof netting cut using the one-step cutting and sealing method described herein.

[0129] Example 1

[0130] Figure 16a -d is the view of the edges cut using the method described here. Figure 16a The ideal edge formed in the insect-proof net strip is shown, which has a diameter of 67mm. 2 / m represents the cross-sectional area of ​​the weft yarn per unit web length. It can be seen that the outermost warp yarns are contained within the deformation zone, and the outer ends of all weft yarns, together with the outermost warp yarns, form a solid bond of thermoplastic material. Figure 16b This is a view of an insect-proof net strip, which is 25 mm thick. 2 / m is the cross-sectional area of ​​the weft yarn per unit web length. Although the outermost warp yarns are not fully included in the consolidation of the thermoplastic material, the resulting edge is still acceptable because the gaps between adjacent weft yarns are closed. Figure 16c and 16d The insect-proof net strips are shown, with a cross-sectional weft area of ​​18 mm² per unit length of net. 2 / m (16c) and 20 mm 2 / m (16d). It can be seen here that these insect-proof netting strips do not have a cross-sectional weft area per unit net length to achieve an edge with an acceptable deformation zone. The weft yarns cannot melt together to form a sufficiently thick thermoplastic solid to close the gaps between adjacent weft yarns.

[0131] Example 2

[0132] Figure 17a-d discloses yarn thickness of 0.23 mm and 67 mm 2 Insect-proof netting with a weft material area of ​​ / m per mesh length is cut using different cutting tools at a frequency of 25kHz, a power of 500W, and a cutting speed of 9 m / min. Figure 17a The deformation zone formed using a V-shaped cutting tool with a cutting angle α of 120° is shown. As can be seen from the figure, the deformation zone is acceptable. Although the consolidated thermoplastic material does not contain warp yarns, the gaps between adjacent weft yarns are closed. Figure 17b The same mesh is shown being cut using a hybrid V / U-shaped head with a cutting angle α of 170° at the center and a radius r of 1.5 mm, and 120° on the outer side. This limits the size of the deformation zone but still leaves a good weld with uniform edges. Figure 17c A method for cutting a mesh using a V-shaped tool with a 90° blade angle has been disclosed. This cutting tool is too sharp for this type of mesh, as the warp yarns are easily pulled out. Figure 17d In the process, a V-shaped tool with a 60° cutting angle was used. This tool was too sharp, because the outermost warp yarn did not stay in place.

[0133] Example 3

[0134] Figure 18a - d discloses a yarn thickness of 0.23 mm and 0.67 mm 2 Insect-proof netting strips with a weft yarn area of ​​ / m per mesh length are cut using different cutting tools and different machine settings. Figure 18a Insect-proof netting strips cut using a V-shaped cutting tool at a speed of 12 m / min (500 watts) are disclosed. The cutting tool has a blade angle α of 120°. As shown in the figure, the deformation zone is ideal, with the outermost warp yarns enclosed in a consolidated thermoplastic material. The edges are uniform and narrow, yet still strong.

[0135] Figure 18b The cutting of the edge of an insect-proof netting strip using a V-shaped cutting tool at a speed of 25 m / min (400 W) with a blade angle α of 120° is disclosed. It can be seen that the cutting speed is too high, leaving uneven edges that are difficult to handle in subsequent processing steps.

[0136] Figure 18c The image shows an insect-proof net strip being cut at a speed of 20 m / min (400 W) using a V-shaped tool with a cutting angle α of 120°. The cutting speed is too high because the yarn has not yet melted sufficiently to form a deformable zone with the solidified thermoplastic material, where the gaps between adjacent weft yarns are closed.

[0137] This also applies to Figure 18dThe insect-proof net strip shown was cut using a V-shaped cutting tool with a 170° blade angle α at a speed of 15 m / min (500 W). Due to the high speed, the weft yarn has not yet melted sufficiently to form a solid deformation zone.

Claims

1. A method of manufacturing an insect screen strip, characterized by, The method comprises the steps of a) providing a woven insect screen comprising - warp threads extending in a warp thread direction (x net ) of the woven insect screen, and weft threads having a weft thread diameter (ø we ) and extending in a weft thread direction (y net ) of the woven insect screen perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the warp thread direction (x net ) of the woven insect screen; and wherein - at least 90% of the warp and weft yarns are monofilament yarns made of thermoplastic material; and b) feeding the woven insect screen into an ultrasonic cutting device comprising an ultrasonic welding electrode and at least two ultrasonic cutting and welding tools; and c) feeding the woven insect screen through the ultrasonic cutting device to obtain an insect screen strip having - a width (w strip ) in the transverse direction (y strip ) that is less than the width (w net ) of the woven insect screen; and - a first and a second edge extending in a longitudinal direction (x strip ) of the screen strip and parallel to the warp yarns of said screen strip, each comprising a deformation zone consisting of consolidated thermoplastic material originating at least from the weft yarns of said screen strip, said deformation zone having a length along the first and second edge and a width (w strip ) in a transversal direction (y dz ) of the screen strip, said width (w dz ) of the deformation zone being in the range between 0.5 and 35 times the diameter (ø we ) of the weft yarns; and wherein - at least 90% of the gaps between adjacent weft yarns in the deformed zone are closed by at least the weft yarns having melted together in the deformed zone, thereby forming the consolidated reinforced first and second edges of the insect screen strip.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein, In steps b) and c) the ultrasonic cutting and welding tools are cutting wheels.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein, The ultrasonic cutting and welding tools have a V-shaped profile with a blade angle (a) of 80°-175°.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein, The blade angle (a) is 100°-175°.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein, The blade angle (a) is 120°-170°.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein, The ultrasonic cutting and welding tools are U-shaped with a blade radius (r) of 0.25-3.00 mm.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein, The blade radius (r) is 0.50-2.00 mm.

8. The method of claim 2, wherein, The ultrasonic cutting and welding tools have a U / V hybrid profile with a blade angle of 80°-175° and a blade radius (r) of 0.25-3.00 mm.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein, The blade angle is 100°-175°.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein, The blade angle is 120°-170°.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein, The blade radius (r) is 0.50-2.00 mm.

12. The method of claim 2, wherein, The ultrasonic cutting and welding tools have a V-shaped profile with a first angle (ai) of 80°-130° and a second angle (a2) of 120°-175°.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein, In steps b) and c) the ultrasonic cutting and welding tools are provided with a flat anvil.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein, In steps b) and c) the ultrasonic welding electrode provides a frequency of 20-50 kHz and an electrical power of 300-500 W per cutting and welding tool.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein, In steps b) and c) the woven insect screen is fed through the ultrasonic cutting device at a speed of 6.5 m / min to 12 m / min.

16. An insect screen strip comprising: - warp yarns extending in a longitudinal direction (x strip ) of the insect screen strip, and weft yarns having a weft yarn diameter (ø we ) and extending in a transverse direction (y strip ) of the insect screen strip perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (x strip ), characterized in that - at least 90% of the warp and weft yarns of the insect screen strip are monofilament yarns made of thermoplastic material; and wherein the insect screen strip has - The first and second edges, which are in the longitudinal direction (x) of the insect-proof mesh strip. strip Extending along and parallel to the warp yarns, the first and second edges each include a deformation zone composed of a bonded thermoplastic material derived from at least the weft yarns, the deformation zone having a length along the first and second edges, and in the transverse direction (y) of the insect-proof mesh strip. strip Width (w) on dz ), where the width of the deformation zone (w) dz ) at the weft diameter (ø) we The range is between 0.5 and 35 times; and - at least 90% of the gaps between adjacent weft yarns in the deformed zone are closed by consolidated thermoplastic material from at least the weft yarns having melted together and forming the continuous or substantially continuous reinforced band-like first and second edges of the insect screen strip.

17. The insect screen strip of claim 16, wherein, More than 80% by weight of the monofilament yarns are polyester or copolyester, calculated on the total weight of the yarns in the insect screen strip.

18. The insect screen strip of claim 17, wherein, The polyester is polyethylene terephthalate.

19. The insect screen strip of claim 16, wherein, The monofilament yarn has a melting point of 240-260°C and a density of 1.3-1.5 g / cm 3 .

20. The insect screen strip of claim 16, wherein, The insect screen strip has a weave pattern wherein at least 40% of the weft yarn insertions are single yarn insertions.

21. The insect screen strip of claim 20, wherein, At least 60% of the weft yarn insertions are single yarn insertions.

22. The insect screen strip of claim 20, wherein, At least 80% of the weft yarn insertions are single yarn insertions.

23. The screen of claim 16, wherein, The relative hole area (A h ) in the two-dimensional projection is 15-50%.

24. The insect screen strip of claim 23, wherein, The relative hole area (A h ) in the two-dimensional projection is 20-48%.

25. The screen strip of claim 16, wherein, The hole size in two-dimensional projection and in warp and weft direction is 0.10-0.70 mm.

26. The insect screen strip of claim 25, wherein, The hole size in two-dimensional projection and in warp and weft directions is 0.10-0.60 mm.

27. The screen of claim 25, wherein, The hole size in two-dimensional projection and in warp and weft directions is 0.10-0.50 mm.

28. The screen of claim 25, wherein, The hole size in two-dimensional projection and in warp and weft directions is 0.15-0.40 mm.

29. The screen of claim 16, wherein, In the longitudinal direction (x strip ) of the insect screen strip, the cross-sectional weft yarn area (A' we / x) per unit screen length is 20-80 mm 2 / m.

30. The screen of claim 16, wherein, In the longitudinal direction (x strip ) of the insect screen strip, the cross-sectional weft yarn area (A' we / x) per unit screen length is 25-70 mm 2 / m.

31. The screen of claim 16 wherein, The width of the insect screen strip in the transverse direction (y strip ) is 0.030-0.110 m.

32. The screen of claim 16 wherein, The width of the insect screen strip in the transverse direction (y strip ) is 0.050-0.090 m.

33. The screen of claim 16, wherein, The deformation zone has a width (w dz ) in the transverse direction (y strip ) of the screen strip, which is 0.6-25 times the diameter (ø we ) of the weft yarn.

34. The screen of claim 33, wherein, The width (w dz ) of the deformation zone is 0.7-20 times the weft yarn diameter (ø we ).

35. The screen of claim 33, wherein, The width (w dz ) of the deformation zone is 0.8-15 times the weft yarn diameter (ø we ).

36. The screen of claim 16 wherein, At least 92% of the gap between adjacent weft yarns in the deformation zone is closed by consolidated thermoplastic material from said weft yarns.

37. The screen of claim 16 wherein, At least 94% of the gap between adjacent weft yarns in the deformation zone is closed by consolidated thermoplastic material from said weft yarns.

38. The screen of claim 16 wherein, At least 96% of the gap between adjacent weft yarns in the deformation zone is closed by consolidated thermoplastic material from said weft yarns.

39. The screen of claim 16 wherein, Not more than two warp yarns are fused together with each individual weft yarn and included in said deformation zone to form said first and second edges of said continuous or substantially continuous reinforced band of the insect screen strip.

40. The screen of claim 16, wherein, Not more than one warp yarn is fused together with each individual weft yarn and included in said deformation zone to form said first and second edges of said continuous or substantially continuous reinforced band of the insect screen strip.

41. An accordion insect screen comprising one or more accordion assemblies in which two or more insect screen strips (20) according to any one of claims 16-40 are stitched together and said insect screen strips are produced according to the method of any one of claims 1-15.

42. The accordion-style insect screen of claim 41, wherein, The accordion assembly comprises 8-36 insect screen strips stitched together.

43. The accordion-style insect screen of claim 41, wherein, The accordion assembly comprises 12-30 insect screen strips stitched together.

44. Use of the insect screen strip according to any one of claims 16-40 in the processing of an accordion assembly in which two or more insect screen strips are stitched together.

45. The use of claim 44, wherein, The processed accordion assembly is used for manufacturing an accordion insect screen structure configured as a ventilation opening for a greenhouse.

46. The use of claim 44 or 45, wherein, The accordion assembly comprises 8-36 insect screen strips stitched together.

47. The use of claim 44 or 45, wherein, The accordion assembly comprises 12-30 insect screen strips stitched together.

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