Passenger vehicle active opening and closing wheel cover device

Abstract

The application is suitable for the field of automobile aerodynamics, and provides a passenger car active opening and closing hub cover device, which comprises a base sliding groove plate, a rotating plate and a covering sliding groove plate, a plurality of closing blades are arranged in a ring on the rotating plate, a closing bolt is rotatably installed at one end of the closing blade, a closing circular arc sliding groove is arranged in a ring on the rotating plate, a closing sliding strip is arranged on each closing blade, a plurality of closing sliding grooves are arranged in a ring on the closing sliding groove plate; a plurality of counterweight blades are arranged in a ring on the other side of the rotating plate, a counterweight bolt is rotatably installed on each counterweight blade, a plurality of counterweight circular arc sliding grooves are arranged on the rotating plate, a counterweight sliding strip is arranged on the counterweight blade, a counterweight sliding groove is arranged in a ring on the base sliding groove plate, and the counterweight sliding strip is slidably installed in the counterweight sliding groove. The device has compact and stable structure, high mechanism reliability, high space utilization rate and low manufacturing cost without additional driving device and control device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of automotive aerodynamics technology, and particularly relates to an active opening and closing hub cover device for passenger vehicles. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of my country's automobile industry and related technologies, the performance of automobiles has been greatly enhanced, and the speed of automobiles has also increased significantly. The forces and torques caused by air action have an increasingly greater impact on various indicators of automobile driving. In order to ensure the safety and fuel economy of automobiles, modern automobiles have put forward higher requirements for the air resistance experienced by vehicles at high speeds.

[0003] Using enclosed wheel hubs is a common way to reduce the drag coefficient of a car. However, enclosed wheel hubs are often used in new energy vehicles that rely on electric motor energy recovery braking. The braking system of traditional fuel vehicles generates a lot of heat during braking, and enclosed wheel hubs will restrict the ventilation conditions of the wheel braking system. Therefore, traditional fuel vehicles are not suitable for enclosed wheel hubs.

[0004] To address the issue of reducing the drag coefficient of gasoline-powered vehicles while ensuring the heat dissipation efficiency of the braking system, an active opening and closing hub cover device for passenger vehicles was designed to overcome the shortcomings in current practical applications. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide an active opening and closing hubcap device for passenger vehicles, which aims to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0006] The present invention is implemented as follows: an active opening and closing hub cover device for passenger vehicles includes a base slide plate, a rotating plate and a covering slide plate, wherein the base slide plate and the covering slide plate are respectively disposed on both sides of the rotating plate, and a circular through hole is provided in the middle of the base slide plate, the rotating plate and the covering slide plate.

[0007] The base slide plate is fixedly installed on the car wheel hub by a clamping plate, and the cover slide plate is fixedly connected to the base slide plate.

[0008] A bearing is coaxially mounted on the inner wall of the rotating plate, and the rotating plate and the bearing are interference fit. The inner wall of the bearing is mounted on a central cylindrical plate set on the inner wall of the base slide plate, and the bearing and the central cylindrical plate are also interference fit.

[0009] The rotating plate has several closing blades arranged in a ring on one side near the closing slide plate. Each closing blade has a closing through hole at one end near the outer edge of the rotating plate, and a closing pin is rotatably installed in the closing through hole. The rotating plate has several closing arc slide grooves arranged in a ring to cooperate with the closing pins, and the closing pins are slidably installed on the closing arc slide grooves. Each closing blade is provided with a closing slide bar. The closing slide plate has several closing slide grooves arranged in a ring on one side near the closing blades, and each closing slide bar is slidably installed in the closing slide groove.

[0010] The rotating plate has several counterweight blades arranged in a ring on the side near the base slide plate, and each counterweight blade has a counterweight through hole. A counterweight pin is rotatably installed in the counterweight through hole. The rotating plate has several counterweight arc slide grooves arranged in a ring on the side near the counterweight blades, and the direction of the counterweight arc slide grooves is opposite to that of the closed arc slide grooves. The counterweight pin is slidably installed in the counterweight arc slide grooves. The counterweight blades have counterweight slide bars arranged on the side near the base slide plate, and the base slide plate has counterweight slide grooves arranged in a ring for matching each counterweight slide bar, and the counterweight slide bars are slidably installed in the counterweight slide grooves.

[0011] A further technical solution is provided, wherein a second spring hole is provided on the side wall of the counterweight slide bar, a first spring hole is provided on the side of the counterweight arc slide groove near the rotation center, a counterweight spring is fixedly installed between the second spring hole and the spring hole, a third spring hole is provided on the side wall of the closing slide bar, and a fourth spring hole is provided on the side of the closing slide groove away from the rotation center, and a closing spring is fixedly installed between the spring holes.

[0012] In a further technical solution, the counterweight blade is made of high-density material, the closing blade is made of lightweight material, and the mass of the counterweight blade is greater than the mass of the closing blade.

[0013] In a further technical solution, both the counterweight pin and the closing pin are made of wear-resistant steel.

[0014] In a further technical solution, a number of second threaded holes are arranged in a ring around the edge of the cover slide plate, and a number of first threaded holes are also arranged in a ring around the corresponding edge of the base slide plate. The cover slide plate can be fixed to the base slide plate by screws.

[0015] The present invention provides an active opening and closing hubcap device for passenger vehicles, the advantages of which are as follows:

[0016] (1) The blade moves smoothly and the mechanism is highly reliable by the cooperation between the closed blade and the covered slide plate, as well as the double slide structure that cooperates with the closed blade.

[0017] (2) Multiple sets of closed blades are synchronously driven by the rotating plate, the shape of the hub cover ventilation opening is always a regular dodecagon, the blades are subjected to uniform force, and the structure is highly stable.

[0018] (3) No additional drive device is required. The inertial force of the rotating plate is used as the power source for opening the closed blades, and the centrifugal force of the counterweight blades is used as the power source for closing the closed blades. The device has a compact structure and high space utilization.

[0019] (4) No additional control device is required. The opening and closing of the closed blades are controlled by the relative rotation of the rotating plate and the slide plate during braking, resulting in low manufacturing cost. Attached Figure Description

[0020] Figure 1 An exploded view from the left side of an active opening and closing hubcap device for a passenger vehicle provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 2 An exploded view from the right side of an active opening and closing hubcap device for a passenger vehicle provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the counterweight blades and closing blades in an active opening and closing hub cover device for a passenger vehicle provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 4 A perspective assembly view of the counterweight blades in an active opening and closing wheel hub cover device for a passenger vehicle, provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 5 This is a perspective assembly drawing of the closing blades in an active opening and closing hub cover device for a passenger vehicle, provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 6 This is an overall assembly view from the left side of the rotating plate in an active opening and closing wheel hub cover device for a passenger vehicle, provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 7 This is an overall assembly view from the right side of the rotating plate in an active opening and closing wheel hub cover device for a passenger vehicle, provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] In the attached diagram: 1. Base slide plate; 1-1. Counterweight slide; 1-2. Central cylindrical plate; 1-3. Clamping plate; 1-4. First threaded hole; 1-5. First spring hole; 2. Counterweight blade; 2-1. Counterweight through hole; 2-2. Second spring hole; 2-3. Counterweight pin; 3. Rotating plate; 4-1. Closed arc slide; 4-2. Bearing; 5. Closed blade; 6. Closed through hole; 6-1. Closed slide; 6-2. Third spring hole; 6-3. Closed pin; 7. Cover slide plate; 8. Closed slide; 8-1. Second threaded hole; 8-2. Fourth spring hole; 8-3. Counterweight spring; 9. Closed spring; 10. Detailed Implementation

[0028] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention.

[0029] The specific implementation of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0030] like Figure 1-3 As shown, an active opening and closing hub cover device for a passenger vehicle is provided in an embodiment of the present invention, including a base slide plate 1, a rotating plate 4 and a covering slide plate 8, wherein the base slide plate 1 and the covering slide plate 8 are respectively disposed on both sides of the rotating plate 4, and a circular through hole is provided in the middle of the base slide plate 1, the rotating plate 4 and the covering slide plate 8.

[0031] The base slide plate 1 is fixedly installed on the car wheel hub by the clamping plates 1-3;

[0032] A bearing 5 is coaxially mounted on the inner wall of the rotating plate 4, and the rotating plate 4 and the bearing 5 are interference fit. The inner wall of the bearing 5 is mounted on the central cylindrical plate 1-2 set on the inner wall of the base slide plate 1, and the bearing 5 and the central cylindrical plate 1-2 are also interference fit.

[0033] The edge of the cover slide plate 8 is provided with a number of second threaded holes 8-2 arranged in a ring, and the edge of the base slide plate 1 is also provided with a number of first threaded holes 1-4 arranged in a ring. The cover slide plate 8 can be fixed to the base slide plate 1 by screws.

[0034] The rotating plate 4 is provided with a plurality of closing blades 6 arranged in a ring on the side near the closing slide plate 8. Each closing blade 6 is provided with a closing through hole 6-1 at the end near the outer edge of the rotating plate 4, and a closing pin 7 is rotatably installed in the closing through hole 6-1. The rotating plate 4 is provided with a plurality of closing arc slide grooves 4-2 that cooperate with the closing pins 7, and the closing pins 7 are slidably installed on the closing arc slide grooves 4-2. Each closing blade 6 is provided with a closing slide bar 6-2. The closing slide plate 8 is provided with a plurality of closing slide grooves 8-1 arranged in a ring on the side near the closing blades 6, and each closing slide bar 6-2 is slidably installed in the closing slide groove 8-1.

[0035] The rotating plate 4 has several counterweight blades 2 arranged in a ring on the side near the base slide plate 1, and each counterweight blade 2 has a counterweight through hole 2-1. A counterweight pin 3 is rotatably installed in the counterweight through hole 2-1. The rotating plate 4 has several counterweight arc slide grooves 4-1 arranged in a ring on the side near the counterweight blades 2, and the direction of the counterweight arc slide grooves 4-1 is opposite to that of the closed arc slide grooves 4-2. The counterweight pin 3 is slidably installed in the counterweight arc slide grooves 4-1. The counterweight blades 2-2 are provided with counterweight slide bars 2-2 on the side near the base slide plate 1, and the base slide plate 1 has a ring of counterweight slide grooves 1-1 for matching each counterweight slide bar 2-2, and the counterweight slide bars 2-2 are slidably installed in the counterweight slide grooves 1-1.

[0036] In this embodiment of the invention, there are twelve counterweight blades 2, and correspondingly, there are also twelve counterweight pins 3 and twelve counterweight arc grooves 4-1.

[0037] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, both the counterweight pin 3 and the closing pin 7 are made of wear-resistant steel.

[0038] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the counterweight blade 2 is made of a high-density material, the closing blade 6 is made of a lightweight material, and the mass of the counterweight blade 2 is greater than the mass of the closing blade 6.

[0039] like Figure 3-5 As shown, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a second spring hole 2-3 is provided on the side wall of the counterweight slide bar 2-2, a first spring hole 1-5 is provided on the side of the counterweight arc slide groove 4-1 near the rotation center, a counterweight spring 9 is fixedly installed between the second spring hole 2-3 and the spring hole 1-5, a third spring hole 6-3 is provided on the side wall of the closing slide bar 6-2, and a fourth spring hole 8-3 is provided on the side of the closing slide groove away from the rotation center. A closing spring 10 is fixedly installed between the spring hole 6-3 and the spring hole 8-3.

[0040] Combination Figure 4-7 The working principle of this device is described as follows:

[0041] When the car is stationary, the elastic force of the counterweight spring 9 will cause the counterweight blade 2 to move away from the rotation center of the rotating plate 4, and the elastic force of the closing spring 10 will cause the closing blade 6 to move closer to the rotation center of the rotating plate 4, so that the closing blades 6 fit together and block the circular through hole in the middle of the rotating plate 4, so that the whole device is in a closed state.

[0042] When the car is moving at a constant speed, all components in the device rotate at a constant speed with the wheels. The rotating plate 4 and the base slide plate 1 do not rotate relative to each other. Under the action of centrifugal force, the counterweight blade 2 moves along the counterweight slide 1-1 away from the rotation center of the rotating plate 4. The counterweight blade 2 presses the counterweight arc slide 4-1 through the counterweight pin 3, thereby applying a clockwise torque to the rotating plate 4. Since the closed arc slide 4-2 is in the opposite direction to the counterweight arc slide 4-1, and the centrifugal force on the counterweight blade 2 is much greater than the centrifugal force on the closed blade 6, this torque presses on the closing pin 7 through the closed arc slide 4-2, forcing the closed blade 6 to move along the closed slide 8-1 towards the rotation center of the device until the end of the closed slide 6-2 contacts the closed slide 8-1, thereby keeping the closed blade 6 in a closed state.

[0043] When the car begins to brake, and the car's acceleration 'a' is less than the critical opening acceleration 'a1' (taking the car's direction of travel as the positive direction), the base slide plate 1 and its contact accessories (cover slide plate 8, counterweight pin 3, counterweight blade 2, closing pin 7, and closing blade 6, etc.) rotate with the wheel as it decelerates. Under the action of inertial force, the rotating plate 4 and the base slide plate 1 rotate relative to each other. The counterweight arc slide 4-1 on the back of the rotating plate 4 presses against the counterweight pin 3, and the counterweight pin 3 pushes the counterweight blade 2, causing it to move in a straight line along the counterweight slide 1-1 towards the center of rotation of the device. At the same time, the counterweight blade 2 presses against the counterweight spring 9. Meanwhile, the closed arc slide 4-2 on the front of the rotating plate 4 presses against the closing pin 7, and the closing pin 7 pushes the closing blade 6, causing it to move in a straight line along the closed slide 8-1 away from the center of rotation of the device. At the same time, the closing blade 6 presses against the closing spring 10, thereby opening the closing blade 6. At this time, the airflow inside and outside the wheel spokes flows freely, and the airflow through the brake increases, thereby dissipating heat from the braking system.

[0044] When the car stops braking and its acceleration *a* is greater than the critical closing acceleration *a2* (taking the car's direction of travel as positive), if the car's acceleration *a* satisfies *a2* < *a* < 0, then the relative rotational tendency between the rotating plate 4 and the base slide plate 1 is small, and the centrifugal force on the counterweight blade 2 dominates the mechanism's motion. In this state, the closing principle of the device is similar to that in the uniform motion state, and will not be elaborated further here. If the car's acceleration *a* satisfies *a* > 0, the base slide plate 1 and its contact accessories (cover slide plate 8, counterweight pin 3, counterweight blade 2, closing pin 7, and closing blade 6, etc.) accelerate with the wheels, and the rotating plate 4 is subjected to inertial force. The rotating plate 4 rotates relative to the base slide plate 1. The counterweight arc slide 4-1 on the back of the rotating plate 4 presses the counterweight pin 3. The counterweight pin 3 and the counterweight spring 9 push the counterweight blade 2, causing it to move in a straight line along the counterweight slide 1-1 away from the rotation center of the device. At the same time, the closed arc slide 4-2 on the front of the rotating plate 4 presses the closing pin 7. The closing pin 7 and the closing spring 10 push the closing blade 6, causing it to move in a straight line along the closing slide 8-1 towards the rotation center of the device. This achieves the closing of the closing blade 6. At this time, the hub cover isolates the momentum exchange of the airflow inside and outside the wheel spokes, and the aerodynamic drag of the whole vehicle is reduced.

[0045] When the car brakes, if the closing vane is in the closed state, the rotating plate rotates relative to the base slide plate under the action of inertial force. The closed arc slide presses against the closing pin, thereby pushing the closing vane to open. At this time, the car's braking acceleration meets the critical condition:

[0046] M1+n1(F1cosα1+F k1 +F f1 sinα1L1=n2(F2cosα2-F k2 -F f2 sinα2L2

[0047]

[0048] F1=m1w 2 r1F2=m2w 2 r2

[0049] F k1 =k1Δx1F k2 =k2Δx2

[0050] F f1 =m1w 2 r1sinα1f1F f2 =m2w 2 r2sinα2f2

[0051] Where M1 is the torque generated by the rotating plate due to inertia in this state, J is the moment of inertia of the rotating plate, d is the wheel diameter, a1 is the critical acceleration for opening the closed blades (with the direction of vehicle travel as positive), w is the angular velocity of the rotating plate; n1 is the number of counterweight blades, F1 is the centrifugal force on the counterweight blades, α1 is the angle between the line connecting the counterweight pin and the center of rotation and the slide, and F k1 F is the pressure of the spring on the counterweight blade slider. f1 Let L1 be the friction force between the counterweight blade slider and the groove, L1 be the distance from the lower tangent point of the counterweight pin and the counterweight arc groove to the center of rotation, m1 be the mass of the counterweight blade, r1 be the distance from the center of gravity of the counterweight blade to the center of rotation, k1 be the elastic coefficient of the counterweight spring, Δx1 be the deformation of the counterweight spring, f1 be the friction coefficient between the counterweight blade slider and the counterweight groove; n2 be the number of closed blades, F2 be the centrifugal force on the closed blades, α2 be the angle between the line connecting the closed pin and the center of rotation and the groove, and F k2 F is the pressure of the spring on the closed blade slider. f2 Let L2 be the frictional force between the closed blade slider and the groove, m2 be the mass of the closed blade, r2 be the distance from the lower tangent point of the closed pin and the closed arc groove of the rotating plate to the center of rotation, k2 be the spring constant of the closed blade, Δx2 be the deformation of the closed spring, and f2 be the coefficient of friction between the closed blade slider and the closed groove. Since the multiple counterweight blades are all centrally symmetrically distributed around the center of rotation, the torque caused by the weight of the blades can cancel each other out, and the frictional force of the slider caused by the weight of the blades can be ignored.

[0052] When the vehicle's braking acceleration exceeds the critical acceleration a1 (with the vehicle's direction of travel as positive and a1 as negative), if the closing blade is in the open state, the rotating plate rotates relative to the base slide plate under the action of inertial force. The closed arc slide presses against the closing pin, thereby pushing the closing blade to close. At this time, the vehicle acceleration satisfies the critical condition:

[0053] M2+n1(F1cosα1+F k1 -F f1 sinα1L1=n2(F2cosα2-F k2 +F f2 sinα2L2

[0054]

[0055] Where M2 is the torque generated by the rotating plate due to inertia in this state, a2 is the critical acceleration for closing the closed blade (with the direction of the car's travel as the positive direction), and the other symbols are the same as those in the previous symbol description.

[0056] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A device for actively opening and closing wheel hub covers for passenger vehicles, characterized in that, It includes a base slide plate, a rotating plate and a cover slide plate, wherein the base slide plate and the cover slide plate are respectively disposed on both sides of the rotating plate, and a circular through hole is provided in the middle of the base slide plate, the rotating plate and the cover slide plate, and the base slide plate, the rotating plate and the cover slide plate are coaxially arranged. The base slide plate is fixedly installed on the car wheel hub by a clamping plate, and the cover slide plate is fixedly connected to the base slide plate. The rotating plate is rotatably installed on the base slide plate. The rotating plate has several closed blades arranged in a ring on the side near the covering slide plate. Each closed blade has a closed through hole at the end near the outer edge of the rotating plate, and a closed pin is rotatably installed in the closed through hole. The rotating plate has several closed arc slide grooves arranged in a ring to cooperate with the closed pins, and the closed pins are slidably installed in the closed arc slide grooves. Each closed blade is provided with a closed slide bar. The covering slide plate has several closed slide grooves arranged in a ring on the side near the closed blades, and each closed slide bar is slidably installed in the closed slide groove. The rotating plate has several counterweight blades arranged in a ring on the side near the base slide plate, and each counterweight blade has a counterweight through hole. A counterweight pin is rotatably installed in the counterweight through hole. The rotating plate has several counterweight arc slide grooves arranged in a ring on the side near the counterweight blades, and the direction of the counterweight arc slide grooves is opposite to that of the closed arc slide grooves. The counterweight pin is slidably installed in the counterweight arc slide grooves. The counterweight blades have counterweight slide bars arranged on the side near the base slide plate, and the base slide plate has counterweight slide grooves arranged in a ring for matching each counterweight slide bar, and the counterweight slide bars are slidably installed in the counterweight slide grooves.

2. The active opening and closing wheel hub cover device for passenger vehicles according to claim 1, characterized in that, A bearing is coaxially mounted on the inner wall of the rotating plate, and the rotating plate and the bearing are interference fit. The inner wall of the bearing is mounted on a central cylindrical plate located on the inner wall of the base slide plate, and the bearing and the central cylindrical plate are also interference fit.

3. The active opening and closing wheel hub cover device for passenger vehicles according to claim 2, characterized in that, A second spring hole is provided on the side wall of the counterweight slide bar, a first spring hole is provided on the side of the counterweight arc slide groove near the rotation center, a counterweight spring is fixedly installed between the second spring hole and the spring hole, a third spring hole is provided on the side wall of the closing slide bar, and a fourth spring hole is provided on the side of the closing slide groove away from the rotation center. A closing spring is fixedly installed between the spring holes.

4. The active opening and closing wheel hub cover device for passenger vehicles according to claim 1, characterized in that, The counterweight blade is made of high-density material, the closing blade is made of lightweight material, and the mass of the counterweight blade is greater than the mass of the closing blade.

5. The active opening and closing wheel hub cover device for passenger vehicles according to claim 1, characterized in that, Both the counterweight pin and the closing pin are made of wear-resistant steel.

6. The active opening and closing wheel hub cover device for passenger vehicles according to claim 1, characterized in that, The edges of the cover slide plate and the base slide plate are connected to each other by screws.

7. The active opening and closing wheel hub cover device for passenger vehicles according to claim 3, characterized in that, When the car brakes, if the closing vane is in the closed state, the rotating plate rotates relative to the base slide plate under the action of inertial force. The closed arc slide presses against the closing pin, thereby pushing the closing vane to open. At this time, the car's braking acceleration meets the critical condition: ； ； ； ； ； ； ； ； in, This refers to the torque generated by the rotating plate due to inertia in this state. Let the moment of inertia of the rotating plate be... The diameter of the wheel. The critical acceleration for the closed blades to open is, and Less than 0, The angular velocity of the rotating plate; The number of counterweight blades, The centrifugal force on the counterweight blades, The angle between the line connecting the counterweight pin and the center of rotation and the slide groove. The pressure of the spring on the counterweight blade slider. To counteract the friction between the counterweight blade slider and the groove, The distance from the lower tangent point of the counterweight pin and the counterweight arc groove of the rotating plate to the center of rotation. To counterweight the blade mass, The distance from the center of gravity of the counterweight blade to the center of rotation. The spring constant of the counterweight spring, The deformation of the counterweight spring. The coefficient of friction between the counterweight blade slide bar and the counterweight groove; This refers to the number of closed blades. The centrifugal force acting on the closed blades, The angle between the line connecting the closing pin and the center of rotation and the slide groove. The pressure of the spring on the closed blade slider. The friction between the closed blade slider and the groove is the force. The distance from the lower tangent point of the closed circular arc groove of the closing pin and the rotating plate to the center of rotation. For the mass of the closed blade, The distance from the center of gravity of the closed blade to the center of rotation. The spring constant of the closed spring. For the deformation of a closed spring, The friction coefficient between the closed blade slide bar and the closed slide groove is given. Since multiple counterweight blades are centrally symmetrically distributed around the rotation center, the torque caused by the weight of the blades cancels each other out, while the friction force of the slide bar caused by the weight of the blades is ignored. When the car's braking acceleration is greater than the critical release acceleration If the closing blade is in the open state at this time, the rotating plate rotates relative to the base slide plate under the action of inertial force. The closed arc slide presses against the closing pin, thereby pushing the closing blade to close. At this time, the vehicle acceleration meets the critical condition: ； ； in, This refers to the torque generated by the rotating plate due to inertia in this state. The critical acceleration for closing the closed blades is specified. All other symbols, unless otherwise specified, are the same as those described above.

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