Preparation method and application of a Y-shaped small molecule fluorinated surfactant

Abstract

The present invention discloses a preparation method and application of a Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant. The present invention rapidly synthesizes a small molecule surfactant with a short-chain carbon fluoride through a simple atom transfer radical addition reaction. The prepared Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant has a low surface tension, resulting in a spreading coefficient greater than zero, and can thus spread rapidly on an oily surface. The foam fire extinguishing agent obtained by compounding the Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant with different hydrocarbon surfactants has the advantages of a high foaming multiple, a liquid separation time of up to 1400s, rapid fire extinguishing, and strong anti-reignition ability; it is particularly suitable for extinguishing various oil fires.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of foam fire extinguishing agents, and in particular to a preparation method and application of a Y-shaped small molecule fluorine-containing surfactant. Background Art

[0002] Traditional foam fire extinguishing agents, with fluorocarbon surfactants as their core ingredients, are characterized by their ability to spread rapidly on burning oil surfaces and suppress the volatilization of flammable liquids. This allows them to quickly extinguish oil fires and is widely used in the petrochemical industry. In particular, aqueous film-forming foam fire extinguishing agents (AFFF) are recognized as the best-performing Class B fire extinguishing agents currently available, enjoying a high market share. However, recent studies have shown that perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and its salts used in AFFF are difficult to degrade. These substances are extremely stable and difficult to hydrolyze and biodegrade. As they accumulate in nature, they pose significant risks to plants and animals. Furthermore, the 2009 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (PFOS) was adopted internationally, strictly prohibiting the use of fluorocarbon surfactants containing PFOS and PFOA in foam fire extinguishing agents.

[0003] To address the environmental issues associated with fluorocarbon surfactants in traditional foam fire extinguishing agents, many researchers at home and abroad have begun to work on the development of new green and environmentally friendly foam fire extinguishing agents. There are two main development directions: one is to use short-chain (C4-C6) fluorocarbon surfactants with better environmental performance to replace PFOS in the foam fire extinguishing agent formulation; the other is to use a variety of non-toxic and environmentally friendly non-fluorinated surfactants to develop a completely fluorine-free foam fire extinguishing agent. However, the fluorine-free foam fire extinguishing agents currently developed still cannot reach the level of fluorine-containing foam fire extinguishing agents in terms of fire extinguishing performance and spreading performance. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention aims to provide a Y-shaped fluorinated surfactant. This Y-shaped design allows for the incorporation of more carbon-fluorine chains into the surfactant. This surfactant exhibits low surface tension and can spread at relatively low temperatures. Its application in environmentally friendly foam fire extinguishing agents has significant practical significance and promising prospects.

[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the first object of the present invention is to provide a Y-shaped small molecule fluorinated surfactant, the structural formula of which is as follows:

[0006]

[0007] Wherein, x is selected from any integer from 0 to 6, and x is preferably 4 to 6; y=4 to 6, and y is preferably 6; M is -SO3Na, -COOH or -H, and M is preferably -SO3Na.

[0008] The second object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a Y-shaped small molecule fluorinated surfactant, comprising the following steps:

[0009] S1, preparing a terminal olefin halide into a Grignard reagent, and reacting the Grignard reagent with a carboxylic acid ester to generate an α,ω-non-conjugated diene containing a hydroxyl group;

[0010] S2, reacting an α,ω-non-conjugated diene containing a hydroxyl group with a sulfonate to obtain an α,ω-non-conjugated diene sulfonate;

[0011] S3. Dissolving the α,ω-non-conjugated diene sulfonate and perfluoroalkyl iodide in an organic solvent, and subjecting them to light-induced reaction to obtain the Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant.

[0012] Furthermore, in S1, the terminal olefin halide is 8-bromo-1-octene and / or 6-bromo-1-hexene.

[0013] Furthermore, in S1, the Grignard reagent can be prepared by reacting a terminal alkene halide with active metal magnesium and iodine under an inert environment.

[0014] Furthermore, in S1, the carboxylate is selected from one or more of ethyl formate, propyl formate and butyl formate; preferably ethyl formate.

[0015] Furthermore, in S2, the reaction is carried out in an ice bath and an inert environment, and the reaction time is 1-10 h, preferably 5 h.

[0016] Furthermore, in S2, the sulfonate is a halogenated sulfonate; preferably chlorosulfonic acid.

[0017] Furthermore, in S2, after the reaction is completed, the pH of the solution is adjusted to alkaline using an alkaline solution and then the solvent is evaporated to obtain α,ω-non-conjugated diene sulfonate; preferably, the pH is 9-11.

[0018] Furthermore, in S3, an amine accelerator is added to the organic solution to act as a catalyst, wherein the amine accelerator is N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine.

[0019] Furthermore, in S3, the light source of the illumination reaction is a light source with a violet wavelength, and the wavelength range is 390-413 nm, more preferably 403 nm.

[0020] Furthermore, in S3, the light irradiation reaction is carried out under deoxygenated and sealed conditions.

[0021] Furthermore, in S3, the organic solvent is selected from one or more of chloroform, dichloromethane and dimethyl sulfoxide; preferably chloroform.

[0022] The third object of the present invention is to provide a foam fire extinguishing agent, which is composed of the following components in parts by weight:

[0023]

[0024] The structural formula of the Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant is as follows:

[0025]

[0026] Wherein, x is selected from any integer from 0 to 6, y=6; and M is —SO3Na, —COOH or —H.

[0027] Furthermore, x is preferably 4-6; M is preferably -SO3Na.

[0028] Furthermore, the hydrocarbon surfactant is selected from anionic hydrocarbon surfactants; preferably one or more of sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, sodium lauryl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium 1-octyl sulfonate and sodium 1-hexyl sulfonate; more preferably one or more of sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, sodium lauryl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate or sodium dodecyl sulfonate.

[0029] Furthermore, the foam stabilizer is selected from one or more of xanthan gum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate; preferably xanthan gum and / or sodium alginate.

[0030] Furthermore, the cosolvent is selected from one or more of ethanol, n-butanol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol and triethylene glycol; preferably ethylene glycol.

[0031] Furthermore, the Y-type fluorine-containing surfactant, hydrocarbon surfactant, foam stabilizer and co-solvent are dissolved in water and mixed evenly to obtain a foam fire extinguishing agent.

[0032] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0033] The present invention uses a simple atom transfer radical addition reaction to structurally design α,ω-non-conjugated diene sulfonates, producing small-molecule surfactants with varying carbon-hydrogen to carbon-fluorine chain length ratios. The carbon-fluorine chain length of the Y-shaped small-molecule fluorinated surfactants shows a negative correlation with their surface tension, while the carbon-hydrogen chain length shows a positive correlation with its surface tension. When the carbon-fluorine chain length is adjusted to 6, the resulting Y-shaped surfactant exhibits low surface tension and good spreading capacity.

[0034] The present invention compounds a Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant with an anionic hydrocarbon surfactant to obtain a foam fire extinguishing agent with superior performance. The compounded foam fire extinguishing agent has a simple preparation method, a high foaming multiple, a liquid separation time of up to 1400 seconds, rapid fire extinguishing, and strong anti-reignition ability. The foam fire extinguishing agent is particularly suitable for extinguishing various oil fires. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] Figure 1 Graph showing the spreading performance of the Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 in cyclohexane solution;

[0036] Figure 2 This is the fire extinguishing performance of the foam fire extinguishing agent compounded in Example 3 on cyclohexane oil fires. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments so that those skilled in the art can better understand the present invention and implement it. However, the embodiments are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0038] In the following examples, the method for verifying the foaming multiple is as follows: 5 mL of the prepared fire extinguishing agent solution is added to a 50 mL graduated cylinder, shaken thoroughly, and when the foam reaches a maximum, the volume at this time is recorded and the timing is started. The timing is stopped when the foam precipitates 25% of the mass of the fire extinguisher solution; the volume at the maximum foam is the foaming multiple, and the time for the foam to precipitate 25% of the mass of the fire extinguisher solution is the 25% precipitation time.

[0039] Example 1

[0040] This embodiment relates to a method for preparing a Y-shaped small molecule fluorinated surfactant; the specific synthesis process is as follows:

[0041]

[0042] (1) Add 1.53 g of magnesium chips and one iodine grain to a 250 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer; add 8.5 mL of 6-bromo-1-hexene to 50 mL of tetrahydrofuran solution to form a mixed solution. Transfer 10 mL of the mixed solution to a three-necked round-bottom flask, fill the round-bottom flask with argon, heat to 80°C, reflux under condensation, and allow to stand until the solution changes from yellow to turbid grayish white. Then, begin adding the remaining solution dropwise at a rate of 2 s / drop. After the addition is complete, continue the reaction at 80°C for 30 min. After returning to room temperature, add a solution prepared by dissolving 2.2 mL of ethyl formate in 50 mL of tetrahydrofuran dropwise at a rate of 2 s / drop to the three-necked round-bottom flask. Allow the reaction to proceed overnight at room temperature. Add 20 mL of water to quench the mixture. A white colloid is generated. Stirring is continued for 20 min. The resulting product is dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed three times with water. Collect the organic layer and dry it by adding anhydrous sodium sulfate. Remove the ethyl acetate by suction filtration and rotary evaporation. Compound I was obtained by purification by column chromatography.

[0043] (2) Add 25 ml of chloroform and 0.2 g of compound I to a 100 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, place in an ice-water bath under an argon atmosphere, slowly add 0.2 ml of chlorosulfonic acid, and react in an ice-bath for 5 h after the addition of chlorosulfonic acid. After the reaction is completed, adjust the pH to 10 with methanolic sodium hydroxide solution, and evaporate the solvent. Dissolve the resulting solid in hot methanol, filter, and evaporate the solvent from the filtrate. The resulting product is dissolved in deionized water, washed 2-3 times with hexane, and then freeze-dried to obtain compound II.

[0044] (3) 0.06 g of compound II (1.0 eq) synthesized in step (2), 0.45 mL of perfluorohexyl iodide (6.0 eq) and 15 uL of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (0.5 eq) were added to an ampoule equipped with a clean magnet. 4 mL of chloroform was then added. The oxygen in the ampoule was removed by three freeze-vacuum and thaw cycles. The ampoule was then immediately flame-sealed. The sealed ampoule was placed on a magnetic stirrer and illuminated with a purple LED light source (λmax = 403 nm, 29.7 mW / cm 2 ) irradiated with the reaction temperature controlled at 25°C. After 24 hours of reaction, the ampoule was broken open and the chloroform was removed by rotary evaporation. The mixture was then dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Dialysis was performed using a 500 Da dialysis bag, initially with dimethyl sulfoxide for one day and one night, followed by two days of dialysis with deionized water. The dialysate was changed every 12 hours. The resulting aqueous solution was freeze-dried to yield Compound III, designated (CH)6(CF)6.

[0045] The chemical shift of (CH)6(CF)6 is 1H NMR (300MHz, DMSO-d6): δ4.97(s,1H),4.33(s,2H),2.03(dd,J=15.1,7.9Hz,4H),1.77(s,4H),1.24(s,12H).MS(ESI):m / z=1166.8975(M-Na++H+), indicating that the Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant of (CH)6(CF)6 was successfully prepared.

[0046] Example 2

[0047] This example relates to a method for preparing a Y-shaped small molecule fluorinated surfactant. The difference between this example and Example 1 is that 8.5 mL of 6-bromo-1-hexene in step (1) is replaced with 11 mL of 8-bromo-1-octene. The final synthesized product is named (CH)8(CF)6 and has the chemical formula:

[0048]

[0049] Its chemical shift is 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 4.67 (s, 1H), 3.83 (s, 2H), 2.05 (dd, J = 15.1, 7.9 Hz, 4H), 1.77 (s, 4H), 1.24 (s, 16H).

[0050] Example 3

[0051] This embodiment relates to a method for preparing a foam fire extinguishing agent, and the specific steps are as follows:

[0052] At room temperature, 0.01 g of (CH)6(CF)6, 18 g of sodium dodecylsulfonate, 1 g of sodium alginate and 13 g of ethylene glycol were dissolved in 67.99 g of water and stirred to obtain a compound foam fire extinguishing agent.

[0053] Testing of the compounded foam fire extinguishing agent's foaming performance revealed a foam expansion ratio of 4 and a 25% liquid extraction time of 155 seconds. To verify the firefighting performance of the compounded foam fire extinguishing agent, a well-shaken compounded foam fire extinguishing agent was poured onto a stable cyclohexane flame. The flame extinguished within 60 seconds and did not reignite.

[0054] Example 4

[0055] This embodiment relates to a method for preparing a foam fire extinguishing agent, and the specific steps are as follows:

[0056] At room temperature, 0.1 g of (CH)6(CF)6 prepared in Example 1, 5 g of sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (molecular weight 330.5 g / mol), 0.3 g of xanthan gum and 3 g of ethylene glycol were dissolved in 91.6 g of water and stirred to obtain a fire extinguishing agent solution.

[0057] Testing of the compounded foam fire extinguishing agent's foaming performance revealed a foam expansion ratio of 5.6 and a 25% liquid extraction time of 1400 seconds. To verify the firefighting performance of the compounded foam fire extinguishing agent, a well-shaken compounded foam fire extinguishing agent was poured onto a stable cyclohexane flame. The flame extinguished within 18 seconds and did not reignite.

[0058] Example 5

[0059] This embodiment relates to a method for preparing a foam fire extinguishing agent, and the specific steps are as follows:

[0060] At room temperature, 0.04 g (CH)6 (CF)6, 18 g sodium lauryl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (molecular weight 328.38 g / mol), 1 g xanthan gum and 3 g ethylene glycol were dissolved in 77.96 g water and stirred to obtain a fire extinguishing agent solution.

[0061] Testing of the compounded foam fire extinguishing agent's foaming performance revealed a foam expansion ratio of 2 and a 25% liquid extraction time of 240 seconds. To verify the firefighting performance of the compounded foam fire extinguishing agent, a well-shaken compounded foam fire extinguishing agent was poured onto a stable cyclohexane flame. The flame extinguished within 40 seconds and did not reignite.

[0062] Comparative Example 1

[0063] This comparative example relates to a method for preparing a Y-type sulfonate surfactant. The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the perfluorohexyl iodide (6.0 eq) in step (3) is replaced with an equal molar amount of perfluorobutyl iodide (6.0 eq). The final synthesized product is named (CH)6(CF)4 and has the chemical formula:

[0064]

[0065] Its chemical shift is 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ4.97 (s, 1H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 2.03 (dd, J = 15.1, 7.9 Hz, 4H), 1.77 (s, 4H), 1.40-1.24 (s, 12H).

[0066] When (CH)6(CF)4 at the critical micelle concentration was dropped onto the surface of cyclohexane, it was found that it could not spread on the surface of cyclohexane. This is because the reduction in the chain length of the fluorocarbon chain has less effect on reducing the surface tension between the cyclohexane liquid and the fluorinated small molecule surfactant.

[0067] Comparative Example 2

[0068] This comparative example relates to a method for preparing a Y-type sulfonate surfactant; the difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that 8.5 ml of 6-bromo-1-hexene in step (1) is replaced with 11 ml of 8-bromo-1-octene; and perfluorohexyl iodide (6.0 eq) in step (3) is replaced with an equal molar amount of perfluorobutyl iodide (6.0 eq); the final synthesized product is named (CH)8(CF)4, and its chemical structural formula is:

[0069]

[0070] Its chemical shift is 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 5.23 (s, 2H), 4.67 (s, 1H), 2.05 (dd, J = 15.1, 7.9 Hz, 4H), 1.77 (s, 4H), 1.24 (s, 16H).

[0071] When (CH)8(CF)4 at the critical micelle concentration was dropped onto the surface of cyclohexane, it was found that it could not spread on the surface of cyclohexane.

[0072] Comparative Example 3

[0073] This comparative example relates to a method for preparing a Y-type sulfonate surfactant. The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the perfluorohexyl iodide (6.0 eq) in step (3) is replaced with an equal molar amount of perfluorooctyl iodide (6.0 eq). The final synthesized product is named (CH)6(CF)8 and has the chemical formula:

[0074]

[0075] Its chemical shift is 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ4.97 (s, 1H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 2.03 (dd, J = 15.1, 7.9 Hz, 4H), 1.77 (s, 4H), 1.40-1.24 (s, 12H).

[0076] The surface tension of (CH)6(CF)8 at the critical micelle concentration is 11.9 mN / m. When (CH)6(CF)8 at the critical micelle concentration was added dropwise to cyclohexane, it was found that it could spread rapidly; however, the synthesized Y-shaped small molecule fluorinated surfactant is difficult to degrade and has poor environmental protection.

[0077] Comparative Example 4

[0078] This comparative example relates to a method for preparing a Y-type sulfonate surfactant. The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that 8.5 ml of 6-bromo-1-hexene in step (1) is replaced with 11 ml of 8-bromo-1-octene; and perfluorohexyl iodide (6.0 eq) in step (3) is replaced with an equal molar amount of perfluorooctyl iodide (6.0 eq). The final synthesized product is named (CH)8(CF)8 and has the chemical formula:

[0079]

[0080] Its chemical shift is 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 5.23 (s, 2H), 4.67 (s, 1H), 2.05 (dd, J = 15.1, 7.9 Hz, 4H), 1.77 (s, 4H), 1.24 (s, 16H).

[0081] The surface tension of (CH)8(CF)8 at the critical micelle concentration is 11.9 mN / m. When (CH)8(CF)8 at the critical micelle concentration was added dropwise to cyclohexane, it was found that it could spread rapidly; however, the synthesized Y-shaped small molecule fluorinated surfactant is difficult to degrade and has poor environmental protection.

[0082] Comparative Example 5

[0083] This comparative example relates to a method for preparing a Y-type surfactant polymer, the structural formula of the Y-type surfactant polymer is as follows:

[0084]

[0085] Named F6EG 13 F6-I, the specific synthesis process is shown in patent number CN115057779A. Figure 2 As shown, the critical micelle concentration of the synthesized Y-type surfactant polymer cannot spread on the cyclohexane surface, while the small molecule (CH)6(CF)6 surfactant prepared in Example 1 can spread on the cyclohexane surface; this indicates that the presence of the polymer reduces the effect of the carbon fluorine chain on the surface tension of cyclohexane on the one hand, and on the other hand, the Y-type polymer contains a large number of hydrophilic group ether bonds. The increase in hydrophilic groups will increase the surface tension between the polymer surfactant and cyclohexane, thereby making the spreading coefficient less than 0.

[0086] Comparative Example 6

[0087] This comparative example relates to a method for preparing a foam fire extinguishing agent; the only difference between this comparative example and Example 3 is that (CH)6(CF)6 is replaced with an equal mass of perfluorohexanoic acid.

[0088] In order to test the fire extinguishing performance of the compound foam fire extinguishing agent, the foam of the fully shaken compound foam fire extinguishing agent was poured onto the stable burning cyclohexane flame. It was found that the flame had no fire extinguishing trend after 60 seconds, indicating that the foam fire extinguishing agent prepared by Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant is better than the foam fire extinguishing agent prepared by linear perfluorohexanoic acid.

[0089] Test Example 1

[0090] The properties of the prepared Y-type sulfonate surfactant are shown in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the synthesized (CH)6(CF)6 surfactant exhibits significant advantages in both surface tension and spreading capacity. In Y-type small molecule surfactants, the length of the carbon-fluorine and hydrocarbon chains significantly influences surface tension and spreading properties. A greater number of carbon-fluorine bonds in the carbon-fluorine chain reduces the surfactant's surface tension, making it easier to spread on the surface. The spreading capacity of Y-type surfactants may be related to the molecular weight of the surfactant and the ratio of hydrocarbon to carbon-fluorine chains.

[0091] Table 1

[0092]

[0093]

[0094] like Figure 1 As shown, the Y-type surfactant polymer F6EG prepared in Comparative Example 5 13 F6-I cannot spread on the cyclohexane surface, while (CH)6(CF)6 prepared in Example 1 of the present invention can spread well; this is because the molecular weight of the polymer macromolecule is too large, and it is difficult to form a stable structure on the surface that is easy to reduce the surface tension when it is prepared into an aqueous solution, and the effect of water film formation cannot be achieved. Figure 2 As shown, the fire extinguishing performance of the fire extinguishing agent compounded in Example 4 is that after the fire extinguishing agent is shaken evenly, it is poured onto the flame burning in the beaker. The fire intensity decreases after 3 seconds and the flame is extinguished after 18 seconds, showing good foaming performance and fire extinguishing performance.

[0095] The above embodiments are merely preferred embodiments for the purpose of fully illustrating the present invention, and the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Equivalent substitutions or modifications made by those skilled in the art based on the present invention are within the scope of protection of the present invention. The scope of protection of the present invention shall be subject to the claims.

Claims

1. A Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant, characterized in that: The structural formula is as follows: ， Wherein, x is selected from any integer from 4 to 6, y=6; and M is -SO3Na.

2. A method for preparing the Y-shaped small molecule fluorinated surfactant according to claim 1, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1, preparing a terminal olefin halide into a Grignard reagent, and reacting the Grignard reagent with a carboxylic acid ester to generate an α,ω-non-conjugated diene containing a hydroxyl group; S2, reacting the α,ω-non-conjugated diene containing a hydroxyl group with a sulfonate to obtain an α,ω-non-conjugated diene sulfonate; S3, dissolving the α,ω-non-conjugated diene sulfonate and perfluoroalkyl iodide in an organic solvent, and reacting them under light to obtain a Y-shaped small molecule fluorinated surfactant; Wherein, the terminal olefin halide is 8-bromo-1-octene or 6-bromo-1-hexene; the carboxylic acid ester is ethyl formate; the perfluoroalkyl iodide is C6F 13 I.

3. A foam fire extinguishing agent, characterized in that: By weight, it is composed of the following ingredients: Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant 0.01-0.1 parts, 5-18 parts of hydrocarbon surfactant, 0.3-1 part of foam stabilizer, 3-13 parts of cosolvent, 67.99-91.6 parts of water, The structural formula of the Y-type small molecule fluorinated surfactant is as follows: ， Wherein, x is selected from any integer between 4 and 6, y=6; M is -SO3Na; The hydrocarbon surfactant is selected from anionic hydrocarbon surfactants; The foam stabilizer is selected from one or more of xanthan gum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate.

4. The foam fire extinguishing agent according to claim 3, characterized in that: The cosolvent is selected from one or more of ethanol, n-butanol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol and triethylene glycol.

5. The foam fire extinguishing agent according to claim 3, characterized in that: The preparation method of the foam fire extinguishing agent is as follows: The foam fire extinguishing agent is obtained by dissolving a Y-type small molecule fluorine-containing surfactant, a hydrocarbon surfactant, a foam stabilizer and a cosolvent in water and mixing them evenly.

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