A high-efficiency cultivation method of mung bean and Chinese cabbage in rotation

Abstract

This invention discloses an efficient cultivation method for crop rotation of mung beans and Chinese cabbage. The method includes: (1) treating spring mung beans with seed priming one week before sowing, sowing in late March, harvesting in early June, and returning the straw to the field after crushing; (2) sowing seedling Chinese cabbage in mid-June and harvesting in late July; (3) sowing summer mung beans in late July and harvesting in early October, and returning the straw to the field after crushing; (4) sowing Chinese cabbage in mid-September for seedling cultivation, transplanting in mid-October, and maturing in late December. This invention adopts a scientific and reasonable crop rotation model, which can achieve four crops and four harvests a year, significantly improving land utilization. By planting mung beans for nitrogen fixation and returning straw to the field, soil fertility is improved, and the amount of fertilizer used for vegetable cultivation is reduced. By combining the planting of miscellaneous grains with vegetable cultivation, food security and vegetable supply are ensured, achieving significant economic, social, and ecological benefits.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of crop cultivation, and in particular relates to an efficient cultivation method for rotating mung beans and Chinese cabbage. Background Technology

[0002] In my country, the issue of food security has always been a major concern. In response to the national call to comprehensively enhance the supply capacity of grain and other important agricultural products, crop rotation and multiple cropping, allowing for multiple harvests per year, are crucial for improving land use efficiency and ensuring food security while increasing farmers' income.

[0003] In Sichuan, the traditional crop rotation system is mainly based on two crops a year, such as rice-wheat, rice-rapeseed, corn-wheat, and corn-rapeseed. In some vegetable-producing areas, a three-crop rotation system of vegetable-rice-vegetable is used. This results in low land use efficiency, crop yields, and economic benefits.

[0004] Therefore, there is still a need for a highly efficient cultivation method that can improve land use efficiency, crop yield, and economic benefits. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the problems of low land use efficiency, low crop yields, and low economic benefits, this invention provides a highly efficient cultivation method for crop rotation of mung beans and Chinese cabbage. Specifically, this invention includes the following:

[0006] This invention provides an efficient cultivation method for crop rotation of mung beans and Chinese cabbage, which includes the following steps:

[0007] (1) In mid-March, one week before sowing, the mung bean seeds were treated with 12-25 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. The land was prepared and spring mung beans were sown in late March with a row spacing of 40-50 cm and a hole spacing of 20-30 cm. 3-5 seeds were sown in each hole. After 2-3 true leaves unfolded, the seedlings were fixed at 2 seedlings per hole. After the compound leaves unfolded, 2-5 kg ​​of urea per mu was applied according to the seedling condition. 3-6 kg of potassium sulfate per mu was applied at the initial flowering stage. Harvesting was completed in early June and the straw was crushed and returned to the field.

[0008] (2) In mid-June, apply 1000-1500 kg of well-rotted farmyard manure and 15-20 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. After fertilization, plow, harrow and level the soil. Make beds with a width of 1.0-2.0 m, a furrow width of 0.3-0.5 m and a furrow depth of 0.2-0.3 m. Sow seedling cabbage at a rate of 150-300 g per mu. Keep the soil moist after sowing. Thin the seedlings when they have 2-3 true leaves, keeping the seedling spacing at 8-12 cm. Apply urea or high-nitrogen fertilizer 1-2 times depending on the seedling condition, each time applying 2-5 kg ​​per mu. Harvest the seedling cabbage in late July.

[0009] (3) In late July, fertilize, prepare the land, and sow summer mung beans. Harvest in early October, crush the straw and return it to the field. All management measures for summer mung beans are the same as those for spring mung beans.

[0010] (4) In mid-September, Chinese cabbage is sown in seedbeds using 72-cell trays. After the summer mung bean harvest in early October, 1000-3000 kg of well-rotted farmyard manure and 40-60 kg of compound fertilizer are applied per mu as base fertilizer. The land is prepared and beds are made. Chinese cabbage is transplanted in mid-October with a row spacing and plant spacing of 40 cm. Good field water and fertilizer management is done. It matures in late December and can be harvested until early February of the following year according to market conditions.

[0011] (5) After the Chinese cabbage is harvested, clean the field in time, plow and dry the soil.

[0012] In some embodiments, the efficient cultivation method of mung bean and Chinese cabbage rotation according to the present invention is applicable to plains and hilly areas of Sichuan Province with an altitude below 800 m and the required temperature and heat conditions.

[0013] In some embodiments, according to the efficient cultivation method of mung bean and Chinese cabbage rotation according to the present invention, both spring mung bean and summer mung bean varieties are upright-growing, early-maturing mung bean varieties.

[0014] In some embodiments, according to the efficient cultivation method of mung bean and Chinese cabbage rotation according to the present invention, the initiation treatment includes soaking spring mung bean seeds in a 15-25% polyethylene glycol solution and then drying them.

[0015] In some embodiments, according to the efficient cultivation method of mung bean and cabbage rotation according to the present invention, after the mung bean harvest, the spring mung bean and summer mung bean straw are crushed and returned to the field using a stubble shredder, and the soil is plowed so that the straw is buried 10 cm below the soil layer.

[0016] In some embodiments, according to the efficient cultivation method of mung bean and Chinese cabbage rotation according to the present invention, the Chinese cabbage variety used for seedlings is a fast-growing, heat-resistant non-heading Chinese cabbage or a seedling-type Chinese cabbage variety.

[0017] In some embodiments, the efficient cultivation method of mung bean and Chinese cabbage rotation according to the present invention is wherein the Chinese cabbage variety is a disease-resistant variety with a long field storage time.

[0018] In some embodiments, according to the efficient cultivation method of mung bean and Chinese cabbage rotation according to the present invention, the field water and fertilizer management includes watering thoroughly after transplanting, applying urea at 2-6 kg / mu after seedling establishment, applying high-nitrogen fertigation fertilizer at 6-12 kg / mu during the rosette stage, and applying high-potassium fertigation fertilizer at 7-15 kg / mu during the heading stage.

[0019] In some embodiments, the efficient cultivation method for crop rotation of mung beans and Chinese cabbage according to the present invention further includes a step of pest and disease control.

[0020] In some embodiments, according to the efficient cultivation method of mung bean and Chinese cabbage rotation according to the present invention, the diseases of mung beans include viral diseases and anthracnose, and the pests include aphids and spider mites; the diseases of seedling Chinese cabbage include downy mildew and soft rot, and the pests include cabbage caterpillars, aphids, flea beetles and snails; the diseases of Chinese cabbage include soft rot, downy mildew and black spot, and the pests include cabbage caterpillars and aphids.

[0021] The mung beans used in this invention have high protein content and possess antibacterial, antitumor, blood pressure-lowering, and detoxifying effects. They also have a short growth cycle, flexible sowing time, and ecological advantages such as symbiotic nitrogen fixation and soil improvement.

[0022] The Chinese cabbage used in this invention is consumed for its tender head and rosette leaves. It has a delicious and nutritious taste and is known as the "King of Vegetables". It has diverse ecological types, wide distribution, high yield, good storage and transportation properties, long supply period, and various ways of consumption. It is easy to grow, labor-saving, and low cost. It plays a crucial role in balancing market supply and stabilizing vegetable prices.

[0023] This invention fully utilizes the climatic advantages of the plains and hilly areas of Sichuan Province, rationally selects suitable crop varieties and arranges crop rotation, and supports advanced and applicable cultivation techniques to achieve four harvests a year, significantly improving land utilization. At the same time, the rotation of coarse grains and vegetables increases crop yields, achieving good economic benefits while ensuring food security. In addition, by planting mung beans for nitrogen fixation and returning straw to the field, soil fertility is improved, reducing nitrogen fertilizer application in vegetable cultivation. By combining coarse grains and vegetables, food security and vegetable supply are ensured, farmers' income is increased, and significant economic, social, and ecological benefits are achieved. Detailed Implementation

[0024] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention, but rather as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention.

[0025] It should be understood that the terminology used in this invention is merely for describing particular embodiments and is not intended to limit the invention. Furthermore, with respect to numerical ranges in this invention, it should be understood that the upper and lower limits of the range and each intermediate value between them are specifically disclosed. Any stated value or intermediate value within a stated range, as well as each smaller range between any other stated value or intermediate value within said range, are also included in this invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included or excluded from the range.

[0026] Unless otherwise stated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. While only preferred methods and materials have been described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the implementation or testing of this invention. All references to this specification are incorporated by way of citation to disclose and describe methods and / or materials associated with those references. In the event of any conflict with any incorporated reference, the content of this specification shall prevail.

[0027] Cultivation methods

[0028] One aspect of the present invention provides an efficient cultivation method for rotating mung beans and Chinese cabbage, specifically a rotation of spring mung beans—seedling Chinese cabbage—summer mung beans—Chinese cabbage, which includes the following steps:

[0029] (1) In mid-March, one week before sowing, the mung bean seeds were treated with a priming agent. 12-25 kg of compound fertilizer was applied per mu, preferably 15-20 kg. The land was prepared and spring mung beans were sown in late March. The row spacing was 40-50 cm, preferably 44-46 cm, and the hole spacing was 20-30 cm, preferably 24-26 cm. 3-5 seeds (e.g., 3, 4, 5 seeds) were sown per hole. After 2-3 true leaves unfolded, the seedlings were fixed at 2 seedlings per hole. After the compound leaves unfolded, 2-5 kg ​​of urea was applied per mu according to the seedling condition, for example 2, 3, 4, 5 kg. At the initial flowering stage, 3-6 kg of potassium sulfate was applied per mu, for example 3, 4, 5, 6 kg. Harvesting was completed in early June. The straw was crushed and returned to the field.

[0030] (2) In mid-June, apply 1000-1500 kg of well-rotted farmyard manure and 15-20 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. After fertilization, plow, harrow and level the soil. Make beds with a width of 1.0-2.0 m, a furrow width of 0.3-0.5 m and a furrow depth of 0.2-0.3 m. Sow seedling cabbage at a rate of 150-300 g per mu. Keep the soil moist after sowing. Thin the seedlings when they have 2-3 true leaves (e.g., 2 or 3 leaves) and maintain a seedling spacing of 8-12 cm, preferably 9-11 cm. Apply urea or high-nitrogen fertilizer 1-2 times depending on the seedling condition, 2-5 kg ​​per mu each time. Harvest the seedling cabbage in late July.

[0031] (3) In late July, fertilize, prepare the land, and sow summer mung beans. Harvest in early October, crush the straw and return it to the field. All management measures for summer mung beans are the same as those for spring mung beans.

[0032] (4) In mid-September, Chinese cabbage is sown in seedbeds using 72-cell trays. After the summer mung bean harvest in early October, 1000-3000 kg of well-rotted farmyard manure and 40-60 kg of compound fertilizer are applied per mu as base fertilizer. The land is prepared and beds are made. Chinese cabbage is transplanted in mid-October with a row spacing and plant spacing of 40 cm. Good field water and fertilizer management is done. It matures in late December and can be harvested until early February of the following year according to market conditions.

[0033] (5) After the Chinese cabbage is harvested, clean the field in time, plow and dry the soil.

[0034] In this invention, the initiation treatment includes soaking spring mung bean seeds in a 15-25% polyethylene glycol solution and then drying them.

[0035] In this invention, after the mung bean harvest, the spring mung bean and summer mung bean straw are crushed and returned to the field. The soil is then plowed so that the straw is buried 10 cm below the soil layer.

[0036] In this invention, the field water and fertilizer management of Chinese cabbage includes watering thoroughly after transplanting, applying 2-6 kg / mu of urea after the seedlings have recovered, applying 6-12 kg / mu of high-nitrogen fertigation fertilizer during the rosette stage, and applying 7-15 kg / mu of high-potassium fertigation fertilizer during the heading stage.

[0037] In this invention, pest and disease control can be carried out during the growth periods of spring mung beans, seedling cabbage, summer mung beans, and Chinese cabbage.

[0038] Example

[0039] This embodiment exemplifies an efficient cultivation method for rotating mung beans and cabbage to achieve four harvests a year.

[0040] 1. Cultivation methods for spring mung beans

[0041] 1.1 Variety selection: Based on market demand and local climate conditions, select mung bean varieties with upright plant type and early maturity, such as Chuanyu Lv No. 1 and Chuanyu Lv No. 2, which also have characteristics such as disease resistance and high yield.

[0042] 1.2 Seed treatment: One week before sowing, select mung bean seeds are soaked in a 20% polyethylene glycol solution and then dried for later use. This initiation treatment can enhance seed vigor, improve germination potential and stress resistance.

[0043] 1.3 Land preparation and fertilization: Before sowing, apply 20 kg of compound fertilizer per mu, deep plow and harrow to mix the fertilizer with the soil, and then open up the beds.

[0044] 1.4 Sowing: Mung beans are sown in holes with a row spacing of 45 cm and a hole spacing of 25 cm, with 4 seeds sown in each hole.

[0045] 1.5 Field management: After the second true leaf unfolds, thin the seedlings to 2 seedlings per hole. After the compound leaves unfold, apply 3 kg of urea per mu according to the seedling condition. At the initial flowering stage, apply 4 kg of potassium sulfate per mu. Irrigate in a timely manner according to the soil moisture.

[0046] 1.6 Pest and Disease Control: Major diseases affecting mung beans include viral diseases and anthracnose, while major pests include aphids and spider mites. For viral diseases, spray with a 1500-fold dilution of 5% amino oligosaccharide or a 1200-fold dilution of 2% lentinan. For anthracnose, spray with an 800-fold dilution of 75% chlorothalonil or a 1000-fold dilution of 32.5% benzoyl azoxystrobin. For aphids, use a 1500-fold dilution of 1.5% matrine or a 1000-fold dilution of 10% imidacloprid. For spider mites, spray with a 1000-fold dilution of 5% abamectin-pyridaben emulsifiable concentrate.

[0047] 1.7 Harvesting: Harvest when most of the pods on the plants in the field turn dark brown. Harvesting is best done in the morning or evening.

[0048] 1.8 Returning straw to the field: After the mung beans are harvested, a stubble crusher is used to crush the mung bean straw and return it to the field. The soil is then plowed to bury the straw 10 cm below the soil surface.

[0049] 2. Cultivation methods for seedling Chinese cabbage

[0050] 2.1 Variety selection: For seedling cabbage, choose fast-growing, heat-resistant non-heading cabbage or seedling-type Chinese cabbage varieties, such as Chuanqing 2009 and Xiashangwei.

[0051] 2.2 Fertilization and land preparation: Apply 1000-1500 kg of well-rotted farmyard manure and 15-20 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. After fertilization, plow, harrow and level the land. Make beds with a width of 1.0-2.0 m, a ditch width of 0.3-0.5 m and a ditch depth of 0.2-0.3 m.

[0052] 2.3 Sowing: Water the soil thoroughly before sowing. Sow the seeds after the water has seeped in and the surface of the soil has dried slightly. For direct sowing, the sowing rate is 150-300 g per mu. After sowing, cover with fine soil to a thickness of about 1 cm.

[0053] 2.4 Field management: Keep the soil moist after sowing. Thin the seedlings when they have 2-3 true leaves, keeping the seedling spacing at 10 cm. Apply urea or high-nitrogen fertigation fertilizer 1-2 times depending on the seedling condition, with 3 kg per mu each time.

[0054] 2.5 Pest and Disease Control: Major diseases include downy mildew and soft rot; major pests include cabbage caterpillars, aphids, flea beetles, and snails. For downy mildew, spray with 78 mL / mu of 45% mancozeb or 130-150 g / mu of 75% chlorothalonil. For soft rot, spray with 50-80 g / mu of 100 billion CFU / g Bacillus subtilis. For cabbage caterpillars, spray with 30-40 mL / mu of 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin, 50-100 mL / mu of 1.8% abamectin·pyraclostrobin, or 20-40 g / mu of 2.5% deltamethrin. For aphids, spray with 35-50 mL / mu of 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin, 6-8 g / mu of 26% chlorpyrifos·acetamiprid, or 5-7 g / mu of 36% abamectin·imidacloprid. For flea beetles, spray with 10% cyantraniliprole at 24-28 mL / mu, 30% chlorantraniliprole·thiamethoxam at 27.8-33.3 mL / mu, or 40% biphenyl·thiamethoxam at 25-30 mL / mu. For snails, apply 6% metaldehyde at 500-650 g / mu, 6% polyaldehyde·carbamate at 600-750 g / mu, or 5% metaldehyde·molilavir at 500-600 g / mu.

[0055] 2.6 Harvesting: Harvest and market the plants in a timely manner according to their growth and market demand. After harvesting, remove yellow and old leaves and discard plants with disease and insect spots.

[0056] 3. Cultivation methods for summer mung beans

[0057] The cultivation method for summer mung beans is the same as that for spring mung beans, eliminating the need for seed treatment.

[0058] 4. Cultivation methods for Chinese cabbage

[0059] 4.1 Variety selection: Select Chinese cabbage varieties that are high-yielding, of high quality, cold-resistant, have a long field storage time, are resistant to clubroot disease, and have good overall resistance, such as TI-145.

[0060] 4.2 Sowing at the appropriate time: In mid-September, Chinese cabbage is sown and raised using 72-cell trays.

[0061] 4.3 Fertilization and land preparation: Apply 2000 kg of well-rotted farmyard manure and 50 kg of compound fertilizer (15-15-15) per mu as base fertilizer, then plow to a depth of 20 cm to mix the soil and fertilizer evenly and rake it finely, and then prepare the land by making beds.

[0062] 4.4 Transplanting: Chinese cabbage seedlings should be transplanted when they are 28 days old and have 4-5 leaves. Harden off the seedlings before transplanting. The row spacing and plant spacing should both be 40 cm, with a density of about 3300 plants per mu. Water thoroughly after transplanting.

[0063] 4.5 Water and fertilizer management: The water management of Chinese cabbage follows the principle of "promoting growth during the seedling stage, slowing down growth during the mid-stage, applying heavy fertilizer and water during the rosette stage, and not watering before harvest"; the field fertilization management of Chinese cabbage is to apply 5 kg / mu of urea after transplanting and seedling recovery, apply 10 kg / mu of high nitrogen fertigation fertilizer during the rosette stage, and apply 10 kg / mu of high potassium fertigation fertilizer during the heading stage.

[0064] 4.6 Pest and Disease Control: The main diseases affecting Chinese cabbage include soft rot, downy mildew, and black spot. The main pests include cabbage caterpillars and aphids. For soft rot, spray with 100-135 mL / mu of 30% thiamethoxam or 50-60 g / mu of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid. For downy mildew, spray with 150-214 g / mu of 70% propineb or 40-50 mL / mu of 20% prothioconazole. For black spot, spray with 35-50 g / mu of 10% difenoconazole or 15-18 mL / mu of 43% tebuconazole. For cabbage caterpillars, spray with 8-11 g / mu of 10% high-efficiency cyhalothrin, 30-40 mL / mu of 2.5% deltamethrin, or 60-90 mL / mu of 0.5% matrine. For aphid control, spray with 5-7 mL / mu of 15% acetamiprid and 20-30 g / mu of 2.5% high-efficiency cyhalothrin.

[0065] 4.7 Harvesting: The heads can be harvested in late December when they have fully expanded and become firm. Harvesting can continue until early February of the following year, depending on market conditions.

[0066] The technical solution of this invention was applied in production in Qingbaijiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province from 2021 to 2023. The experimental area was 2.4 mu, and the yield per mu is shown in Table 1. The results show that the method of this invention effectively improves land utilization and has significant effects on stabilizing grain production and increasing income.

[0067] Table 1. Yield Statistics of Crop Rotation Patterns from 2021 to 2023

[0068]

[0069] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. These modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high-efficiency cultivation method of mung bean and Chinese cabbage in a crop rotation, characterized by, The method is suitable for the plain and hilly areas of Sichuan Province with an altitude of less than 800 m and required warm conditions, and comprises the following steps: (1) In mid-March, the mung bean seeds are treated by priming one week before sowing, 12-25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer is applied per mu, the land is prepared, and spring mung beans are sowed in late March, with a row spacing of 40-50 cm and a hole spacing of 20-30 cm, 3-5 seeds are sowed in each hole, and after 2-3 true leaves are unfolded, 2 seedlings are selected per hole, and after the compound leaves are unfolded, 2-5 kg of urea is applied per mu according to the seedling condition, 3-6 kg of potassium sulfate is applied per mu during the initial flowering period, and the harvesting is completed in early June, and the straw is crushed and returned to the field, wherein the priming treatment comprises soaking the spring mung bean seeds in a 15-25% polyethylene glycol solution and then drying the seeds; (2) In mid-June, 1000-1500 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 15-20 kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied per mu, the soil is ploughed and raked after the application of the fertilizer, a compartment with a width of 1.0-2.0 m is opened, a ditch with a width of 0.3-0.5 m and a depth of 0.2-0.3 m is formed, and seedling white cabbage is sowed, with a sowing amount of 150-300 g per mu, the soil is kept moist after sowing, the seedlings are thinned when 2-3 true leaves are unfolded, and the seedlings are kept at a distance of 8-12 cm, urea or high-nitrogen flush fertilizer is applied 1-2 times according to the seedling condition, 2-5 kg of urea is applied per mu each time, and the seedling white cabbage is harvested in late July, wherein the seedling white cabbage is a non-heading Chinese cabbage with fast growth and heat resistance; (3) In late July, the land is prepared and fertilized, summer mung beans are sowed, and the harvesting is completed in early October, the straw is crushed and returned to the field, and the management measures for the summer mung beans are the same as those for the spring mung beans; (4) In mid-September, the Chinese cabbage is sowed in a seedbed with 72-hole plug trays, and after the summer mung beans are harvested in early October, 1000-3000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 40-60 kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer per mu, the land is prepared and a compartment is opened, the Chinese cabbage is planted in mid-October, the row spacing and the plant spacing are both 40 cm, and field water and fertilizer management is performed, the Chinese cabbage is matured in late December, and the Chinese cabbage is harvested according to the requirement until early February of the next year, wherein the field water and fertilizer management comprises pouring root-fixing water after planting, applying 2-6 kg of urea per mu after the seedlings recover, applying 6-12 kg of high-nitrogen flush fertilizer per mu during the rosette stage, and applying 7-15 kg of high-potassium flush fertilizer per mu during the heading stage; (5) After the Chinese cabbage is harvested, the field is cleaned, the soil is ploughed, and the soil is dried.

2. The efficient cultivation method of mungbean and Chinese cabbage in a crop rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The spring mung bean and the summer mung bean are both upright, early-maturing mung bean varieties.

3. The efficient cultivation method of mungbean and Chinese cabbage in a crop rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The straw of the spring mung bean and the summer mung bean is crushed and returned to the field after the mung beans are harvested, the mung bean straw is crushed by using a stubble cleaner, and the soil is ploughed so that the straw is buried in the soil layer 10 cm below the surface.

4. The efficient cultivation method of mungbean and Chinese cabbage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The Chinese cabbage is a variety with strong disease resistance and a long field placement time.

5. The efficient cultivation method of mungbean and Chinese cabbage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method further comprises the step of preventing and treating diseases and pests.

6. The efficient cultivation method of mungbean and Chinese cabbage according to claim 5, characterized in that, The diseases of the mung bean include virus disease and anthracnose, and the pests include aphids and red spiders; the diseases of the seedling white cabbage include downy mildew and soft rot, and the pests include cabbage worms, aphids, yellow-striped flea beetles and snails; and the diseases of the Chinese cabbage include soft rot, downy mildew and black spot, and the pests include cabbage worms and aphids.

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