Automobile door lock self-suction system and control method

Abstract

The application relates to a self-suction system and control method of an automobile door lock. The application comprises a self-suction rocker arm, which can be driven to rotate when a door is closed; an executing mechanism, which comprises an executing plate and a slider assembly, a transmission assembly, a pull line wheel and a driving assembly arranged on the executing plate respectively, the driving assembly is used for driving the transmission assembly to move, and then driving the pull line wheel to rotate; a self-suction pull line, one end of which is connected with the self-suction rocker arm, and the other end is connected with the pull line wheel through the slider assembly; and a control mechanism, which comprises a micro switch assembly, the micro switch assembly can be triggered when the slider assembly moves, so as to generate a driving signal and control the execution of the driving assembly. The application can realize the self-suction function of the door lock, does not change the structure of the original door lock, and makes the installation more convenient and fast.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of automotive door lock technology, and in particular to an automotive door lock self-closing system and control method. Background Technology

[0002] With the improvement of living standards, cars have gradually become a common means of transportation. To make car use more convenient and efficient, electric magnetic door locks have emerged to replace traditional mechanical door locks. These locks allow the door to automatically engage fully when it is partially locked, allowing users to close the door without force. Converting a traditional mechanical door lock to a magnetic lock usually requires altering the original lock's internal structure, or even replacing the entire lock, significantly increasing costs. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Therefore, the present invention provides a self-closing system and control method for automotive door locks. This mechanism only needs to be installed between the door lock and the door sheet metal to realize the self-closing function of the door lock. It not only does not change the original structure of the door lock, but also makes the installation more convenient and quick.

[0004] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides an auto door lock self-closing system, comprising:

[0005] The self-priming rocker arm can be rotated when the car door is closed;

[0006] The actuator includes an actuator base plate and a slider assembly, a transmission assembly, a pull wheel, and a drive assembly respectively disposed on the actuator base plate. The drive assembly is used to drive the transmission assembly to move, thereby driving the pull wheel to rotate.

[0007] The self-priming pull cord has one end connected to the self-priming rocker arm and the other end connected to the pull cord wheel via the slider assembly;

[0008] The control mechanism includes a micro switch assembly that can be triggered when the slider assembly moves to generate a drive signal and control the execution of the drive assembly;

[0009] When the self-priming rocker arm rotates, it can drive the slider assembly to move and drive the pull wheel to rotate via the self-priming pull cable; at the same time, when the pull wheel rotates, it can pull the self-priming rocker arm via the self-priming pull cable.

[0010] In one embodiment of the present invention, the invention further includes a power base plate, a power locking leaf spring, and a self-priming rocker arm riveting shaft. The self-priming rocker arm is rotatably connected to the power base plate via the self-priming rocker arm riveting shaft. The two ends of the power locking leaf spring are respectively installed in the holes of the base plate and the self-priming rocker arm. The hooks of the power locking leaf spring can slide freely in the groove of the self-priming rocker arm.

[0011] In one embodiment of the present invention, the actuator base plate is equipped with a spring slide groove, the spring slide groove includes a guide rail, the slider assembly includes a slider slidably connected to the guide rail, and a slider spring installed in the spring slide groove and abutting against the slider, the slider being able to contact the micro switch assembly when sliding.

[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention, the self-priming pull wire is provided with a first die-casting joint installed on the slider.

[0013] In one embodiment of the present invention, a pull cable connector is installed on the actuator base plate, and the self-priming pull cable is snapped onto the actuator base plate through the pull cable connector.

[0014] In one embodiment of the present invention, the pull wheel is provided with arc-shaped grooves distributed circumferentially, the self-suction pull cable is provided with a second die-cast joint that slides freely in the arc-shaped grooves, and the outer peripheral end of the pull wheel is provided with a notch.

[0015] In one embodiment of the present invention, the transmission assembly includes a double gear, a gear ring, and a planetary gear. The first tooth of the double gear meshes with the planetary gear. The gear ring is mounted on the actuator base plate and its inner ring tooth meshes with the planetary gear. The actuator base plate is equipped with an actuator shaft that passes through the double gear and the pulley.

[0016] In one embodiment of the present invention, the drive assembly includes an actuator motor and a motor worm gear connected to the output end of the actuator motor and meshing with the second tooth of the double gear.

[0017] In one embodiment of the present invention, the control mechanism includes a PCBA board, and the micro switch assembly includes a fully open signal micro switch, a half-lock signal micro switch and a zero-position signal micro switch soldered to the PCBA board. The zero-position signal micro switch can be compressed or reset when the pull wheel rotates.

[0018] The present invention also provides a method for controlling the self-closing of automotive door locks, utilizing an automotive door lock self-closing system, the method comprising:

[0019] When the car door is closed, the latch on the car door causes the self-closing rocker arm to rotate, which in turn causes the slider assembly to move and the pull wheel to rotate, triggering the half-lock signal micro switch and sending a signal.

[0020] The PCBA board receives the signal and determines whether the signal lasts for 200ms. If so, it drives the pull wheel to rotate through the drive component, which in turn pulls the self-closing pull cable to rotate the self-closing rocker arm, causing the door lock to enter the fully locked state. If not, no action is performed.

[0021] After the door lock is fully locked, the actuator motor in the drive assembly starts to stall. The stall time of the actuator motor is determined by the PCBA board. If the stall time exceeds 100ms, the actuator motor starts to brake for 300ms. After the actuator motor brakes, it first drives the actuator motor to reset for 20ms with a 100% duty cycle, and then drives the actuator motor to reset with 9V voltage.

[0022] If the stall time is determined to be less than 100ms or there is no stall, then it is determined whether the drive actuator motor rotation time exceeds 2s; if so, the actuator motor starts braking for 300ms, and after the actuator motor brakes, it first drives the actuator motor to reset for 20ms with a 100% duty cycle, and then drives the actuator motor to reset with 9V voltage; otherwise, it continues to output voltage to drive the actuator motor.

[0023] When the actuator motor resets, it checks whether the zero-position signal has been triggered. If so, the actuator motor starts braking and releases the brake after 300ms. Otherwise, it checks whether the actuator motor reset time exceeds 1.5s. If so, the actuator motor starts braking and releases the brake after 300ms. Otherwise, it continues to drive the actuator motor to reset. The entire self-priming process ends after the actuator motor brake is released.

[0024] The technical solution of the present invention has the following advantages compared with the prior art:

[0025] The self-closing system and control method for automotive door locks described in this invention can be easily installed between the door lock and the door sheet metal, avoiding changes to the original door lock structure, greatly reducing the difficulty of modification, and facilitating rapid adaptation and installation for different vehicle models. The control method ensures that the door lock locks correctly at the appropriate time, and the self-closing action of the door lock is reliably executed, increasing security. Attached Figure Description

[0026] To make the content of this invention easier to understand, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and accompanying drawings.

[0027] Figure 1This is a schematic diagram of the installation structure of the self-priming rocker arm of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 2 This is an exploded structural diagram of the actuator of the present invention.

[0029] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the actuator of the present invention.

[0030] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the self-priming pull cord installation structure of the present invention.

[0031] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the self-priming system of the present invention in its initial position.

[0032] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the position of the self-priming mechanism of the present invention when the car door is closed.

[0033] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the self-priming mechanism of the present invention in the fully locked state.

[0034] Figure 8 This is a control flowchart of the self-closing automotive door lock system of the present invention.

[0035] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the microcontroller unit on the PCBA board.

[0036] Explanation of reference numerals on the accompanying drawings:

[0037] 1. Power base plate; 2. Power lock leaf spring; 3. Self-priming rocker arm; 4. Self-priming rocker arm riveting shaft; 5. Self-priming pull cable; 6. Actuator cover plate; 7. Actuator shaft; 8. Pull cable reel; 9. Gear ring; 10. Planetary gear; 11. Double gear; 12. Motor worm gear; 13. Actuator base plate; 14. Actuator motor; 15. Spring groove; 16. Slider; 17. Slider spring; 18. PCBA board; 19. Full-open signal micro switch; 20. Half-lock signal micro switch; 21. Zero-position signal micro switch; 22. Pull cable connector; 23. First die-casting connector; 24. Second die-casting connector; 25. Locking buckle;

[0038] 111. Microcontroller Unit (MCU); 112. Switch Signal Acquisition Unit; 113. ADC Signal Acquisition Unit; 114. PWM Signal Output Unit; 115. Power Input Unit; 116. H-bridge Motor Drive Circuit; 117. Motor Current Filtering and Amplification Circuit; 118. Power Supply Reverse Connection Protection Circuit; 119. TVS and ESD Power Input Protection Circuit; 120. Power Supply Voltage Sampling and Filtering Circuit; 121. 12V Power Supply; 122. Signal Acquisition Isolation and Filtering Circuit; 123. ESD Interface Input Protection Circuit; 124. Microswitch Assembly. Detailed Implementation

[0039] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, so that those skilled in the art can better understand and implement the present invention. However, the embodiments described are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0040] In this invention, when directions (up, down, left, right, front, and back) are described, it is only for the convenience of describing the technical solution of this invention, and does not indicate or imply that the technical features referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, it should not be construed as a limitation of this invention.

[0041] In this invention, "several" means one or more, "multiple" means two or more, "greater than," "less than," "exceeding," etc., are understood to exclude the stated number; "above," "below," "within," etc., are understood to include the stated number. In the description of this invention, the terms "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish technical features and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance, or implicitly indicating the number of indicated technical features, or implicitly indicating the order of the indicated technical features.

[0042] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly defined, the terms "setting," "installing," and "connecting" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integrally formed connection; a mechanical connection, an electrical connection, or a connection capable of mutual communication; or the internal connection of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can reasonably determine the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific content of the technical solution.

[0043] Reference Figure 1 As shown, a car door lock self-closing system includes:

[0044] The self-priming rocker arm 3 can be driven to rotate when the car door is closed;

[0045] The actuator includes an actuator base plate 13 and a slider assembly, a transmission assembly, a pull wheel 8 and a drive assembly respectively disposed on the actuator base plate 13. The drive assembly is used to drive the transmission assembly to move, thereby driving the pull wheel 8 to rotate.

[0046] The self-priming pull cord 5 has one end connected to the self-priming rocker arm 3 and the other end connected to the pull cord wheel 8 via the slider assembly;

[0047] The control mechanism includes a micro switch assembly 124, which can be triggered when the slider assembly moves to generate a drive signal and control the execution of the drive assembly.

[0048] When the self-priming rocker arm 3 rotates, it can drive the slider assembly to move and drive the pull wheel 8 to rotate via the self-priming pull cable 5; at the same time, when the pull wheel 8 rotates, it can pull the self-priming rocker arm 3 via the self-priming pull cable 5.

[0049] In some embodiments, refer to Figure 1 As shown, it also includes a power base plate 1, a power locking leaf spring 2, and a self-priming rocker arm rivet shaft 4. The self-priming rocker arm 3 is rotatably connected to the power base plate 1 through the self-priming rocker arm rivet shaft 4. The two ends of the power locking leaf spring 2 are respectively installed in the holes of the base plate and the self-priming rocker arm 3. The hooks of the power locking leaf spring 2 can slide freely in the groove of the self-priming rocker arm 3.

[0050] In some embodiments, refer to Figure 2 , Figure 3 As shown, the actuator base plate 13 is equipped with a spring groove 15, which includes a guide rail. The slider assembly includes a slider 16 slidably connected to the guide rail and a slider spring 17 installed in the spring groove 15 and abutting against the slider 16. The slider 16 can contact the micro switch assembly 124 when sliding. The sliding of the pull cord in the self-closing pull cord 5 can drive the slider 16 to move, and the slider spring 17 can be compressed by the displacement of the slider 16.

[0051] In some embodiments, refer to Figure 4 As shown, the self-priming pull cable 5 is provided with a first die-casting joint 23 installed on the slider 16; a pull cable joint 22 is installed on the actuator base plate 13, and the self-priming pull cable 5 is snapped onto the actuator base plate 13 through the pull cable joint 22.

[0052] In some embodiments, refer to Figure 4 As shown, the pull wheel 8 has arc-shaped grooves distributed around its circumference, and the self-priming pull cable 5 is provided with a second die-cast joint 24 that slides freely within the arc-shaped grooves. The rotation of the pull wheel 8 can drive the self-priming pull cable 5 to move.

[0053] In some embodiments, refer to Figure 2 As shown, the transmission assembly includes a planetary gear system 10, which includes a double gear 11, a gear ring 9, and a planetary gear 10. The first tooth of the double gear 11 meshes with the planetary gear 10. The gear ring 9 is mounted on the actuator base plate 13 and its inner ring tooth meshes with the planetary gear 10. The actuator base plate 13 is equipped with an actuator shaft 7 that passes through the double gear 11 and the pulley 8. The drive assembly includes an actuator motor 14 and a motor worm gear 12 that is connected to the output end of the actuator motor 14 and meshes with the second tooth of the double gear 11.

[0054] In some embodiments, refer to Figure 3 As shown, the control mechanism includes a PCBA board 18, which is mounted on the actuator base plate 13 by screws; the actuator cover plate 6 is mounted on the actuator base plate 13 by screws; the micro switch assembly 124 includes a fully open signal micro switch 19, a half-lock signal micro switch 20, and a zero-position signal micro switch 21 connected to the PCBA board 18 by soldering; the fully open signal micro switch 19, the half-lock signal micro switch 20, and the zero-position signal micro switch 21 are arranged sequentially along the direction of the slider 16 compressing the slider spring 17; the outer peripheral end of the pull wheel 8 is provided with a notch; the zero-position signal micro switch 21 can be compressed or reset when the pull wheel 8 rotates; in the initial position, the pull wheel 8 compresses the zero-position signal switch, while the slider 16 triggers the fully open signal micro switch 19.

[0055] In some embodiments, refer to Figure 9 As shown, the PCBA board 18 is electrically connected to the actuator motor 14 and can make the actuator motor 14 move according to the preset control logic. It integrates a microcontroller unit MCU 111, a switch signal acquisition unit 112, an ADC (analog-to-digital converter) signal acquisition unit 113, a PWM (pulse width modulation) signal output unit 114, and a power input unit 115. Among them, the PWM signal output unit 114 is connected to the actuator motor 14 through the H-bridge motor drive circuit 116; the ADC signal acquisition unit 113 is connected to the actuator motor 14 through the motor current filtering and amplification circuit 117; the power input unit 115 is connected to the 12V power supply 121 in sequence through the power reverse connection protection circuit 118, TVS (transient voltage suppression) and ESD (electrostatic discharge protection) power input protection circuit 119; the ADC signal acquisition unit 113 is connected to the power reverse connection protection circuit 118 through the power voltage sampling and filtering circuit 120; the switch signal acquisition unit 112 is connected to the micro switch assembly 124 in sequence through the signal acquisition isolation filtering circuit 122 and the ESD interface input protection circuit 123. All of the above circuits use existing circuit structures.

[0056] The microcontroller unit MCU111 performs complex control tasks through its various built-in functional subunits. The switch signal acquisition unit 112 acquires the switch status signal from the microswitch assembly 124 and sends it to the MCU111, allowing the MCU111 to determine the current state of the door lock (e.g., whether it is fully open, half-locked, or in the zero position). The ADC signal acquisition unit 113 converts the analog signal generated by the actuator motor 14 current into a digital signal for processing by the MCU111. Before the ADC signal acquisition unit 113, the motor current filtering and amplification circuit 117 amplifies and filters the analog current signal from the actuator motor 14. The PWM signal output unit 114 controls the motor speed and direction. This unit provides the PWM signal to the actuator motor 14 through an H-bridge drive circuit, which in turn controls the motor's forward and reverse rotation. The power input unit 115 uses a reverse connection protection circuit to ensure the correct connection direction of the external power supply to avoid circuit damage. Then, the entire power input is protected by TVS and ESD circuits, safely obtaining power from the 12V power supply 121. The power supply voltage sampling and filtering circuit 120 is connected to the power supply reverse connection protection circuit 118. It is responsible for sampling the power supply voltage and then filtering it to ensure the stability of the voltage signal transmitted to the MCU. The signal acquisition isolation and filtering circuit 122 and the ESD interface input protection circuit 123 can protect the microcontroller unit MCU 111 from damage caused by high voltage or electrostatic discharge. The signal acquisition isolation and filtering circuit 122 ensures that the signal is transmitted cleanly and without noise, while the ESD interface input protection circuit 123 is protected from the effects of accidental electrostatic discharge.

[0057] Reference Figure 8 As shown, this embodiment also provides a method for controlling the automatic locking of a car door lock. Utilizing the aforementioned automatic locking system, the method includes:

[0058] S1. Reference Figure 5 As shown, in the initial position, slider 16 is in contact with the fully open signal micro switch 19; when the door is closed, the latch 25 on the door drives the self-closing rocker arm 3 to rotate around the self-closing rocker arm rivet shaft 4, and at the same time, the die-cast joint on the self-closing pull cable 5 drives slider 16 to move on the spring groove 15 to the position shown. Figure 6 At the position shown, the die-cast joint on the self-priming pull wire 5 is displaced in the arc groove of the pull wire wheel 8. At this time, the slider 16 triggers the half-lock signal micro switch 20 on the PCBA board 18.

[0059] After receiving the signal, S2 and PCBA board 18 determine whether the signal lasts for 200ms. If the determination is no, no action is performed. If the determination is yes, the 12V voltage drives the actuator motor 14 to rotate the motor worm gear 12. The motor worm gear 12 drives the planetary gear 10 system, which consists of a double gear 11, a planetary gear 10, a pull sheave 8, and a gear ring 9, to rotate. Finally, the rotation of the pull sheave 8 causes the die-cast joint on the self-priming pull sheave 5 to move, thereby pulling the self-priming pull sheave 5. The self-priming pull sheave 5 drives the self-priming rocker arm 3 to rotate around the self-priming rocker arm riveting shaft 4. Figure 7 The door locks are fully locked at the indicated position.

[0060] S3. When the door lock is fully locked, the actuator motor 14 starts to stall. The PCBA board 18 determines the stall time of the actuator motor 14. If the stall time exceeds 100ms, the actuator motor 14 brakes for 300ms. After braking, the actuator motor 14 is driven to reset for 20ms with a 100% duty cycle, and then driven to reset with 9V voltage. If the stall time is less than 100ms or there is no stall, the actuator motor 14 is driven to rotate for more than 2s. If it is, the actuator motor 14 brakes for 300ms. After braking, the actuator motor 14 is driven to reset for 20ms with a 100% duty cycle, and then driven to reset with 9V voltage. If the actuator motor 14 is driven to rotate for less than 2s, the voltage is output to drive the motor.

[0061] S4. After the actuator motor 14 performs the reset action, in the initial position, the pulley 8 compresses the zero-position signal switch, ensuring a constant zero-position signal. When the self-priming action is performed, the pulley 8 displaces, causing it to no longer compress the zero-position signal switch, and the zero-position signal disappears. When the actuator motor 14 resets, if the pulley 8 compresses the zero-position signal switch again to trigger the zero-position signal, the actuator motor 14 will begin braking for 300ms before releasing the brake. If no zero-position signal is detected, it is determined whether the reset time of the actuator motor 14 exceeds 1.5s. If so, the actuator motor 14 will begin braking for 300ms before releasing the brake; otherwise, the actuator motor 14 will continue to reset. The entire self-priming process ends after the brake is released.

[0062] Finally, it should be noted that the above specific embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to examples, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, and all such modifications or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. An automotive door lock self-suction system, characterized by, The self-suction rocker arm (3) can be driven to rotate when the door is closed. The actuator bottom plate (13) is provided with a spring sliding groove (15), the spring sliding groove (15) comprises a guide rail, the sliding block assembly comprises a sliding block (16) slidingly connected to the guide rail, and a sliding block spring (17) is installed in the spring sliding groove (15) and abuts against the sliding block (16); the sliding block (16) can contact the micro switch assembly when sliding. The self-suction pull wire (5) is provided with a first die-casting joint (23) installed on the sliding block (16). The actuator bottom plate (13) is provided with a pull wire joint (22), and the self-suction pull wire (5) is clamped on the actuator bottom plate (13) through the pull wire joint (22). The pull wire wheel (8) is circumferentially provided with an arc-shaped groove, the self-suction pull wire (5) is provided with a second die-casting joint (24) freely sliding in the arc-shaped groove, and the pull wire wheel (8) is provided with a notch at an outer circumferential end. The transmission assembly comprises a double gear (11), a gear ring (9) and a planetary gear (10), the first teeth in the double gear (11) are engaged with the planetary gear (10), the gear ring (9) is installed on the actuator bottom plate (13) and the inner ring teeth thereof are engaged with the planetary gear (10), and the actuator bottom plate (13) is provided with an actuator shaft (7) penetrating through the double gear (11) and the pull wire wheel (8).

2. The self-suction system of an automobile door lock according to claim 1, wherein The drive assembly comprises an actuator motor (14) and a motor worm (12) connected to the output end of the actuator motor (14) and engaged with the second teeth in the double gear (11).

3. The self-suction system of a door lock of an automobile according to claim 1, wherein ​ 4. The self-suction system of a door lock of a vehicle according to claim 3, wherein ​ 5. The self-suction system of a door lock of an automobile according to claim 1, wherein ​ 6. The self-priming system for a door latch of a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein ​ 7. The self-priming system for a door latch of a vehicle as defined in claim 1, wherein ​ 8. The self-priming system for a door lock of a vehicle according to claim 7, characterized by ​ 9. The self-priming system for a door latch of a vehicle as defined in claim 1, wherein The control mechanism comprises a PCBA board (18), the micro switch assembly comprises a full opening signal micro switch (19), a half locking signal micro switch (20) and a zero position signal micro switch (21) welded to the PCBA board (18), and the zero position signal micro switch (21) can be compressed or reset when the pull line wheel (8) rotates.

10. A method of controlling self-suction of an automobile door lock, characterized by comprising: The method comprises the following steps: When the door is closed, the self-sucking rocker arm (3) is rotated through the lock catch (25) on the door, the sliding block assembly is moved through the self-sucking pull line (5), and the pull line wheel (8) is rotated, triggering the half locking signal micro switch (20) and sending a signal; The PCBA board (18) receives the signal and determines whether the signal lasts for 200 ms, if yes, the pull line wheel (8) is rotated through the driving assembly, and then the self-sucking pull line (5) is pulled to rotate the self-sucking rocker arm (3), so that the door lock enters the full locking state, if not, no action is performed; After the door lock enters the full locking state, the actuator motor (14) in the driving assembly starts to stall, the PCBA board (18) determines the stall time of the actuator motor (14), if the stall time is determined to be more than 100 ms, the actuator motor (14) starts to brake for 300 ms, and after the actuator motor (14) brakes, the actuator motor (14) is first reset for 20 ms at 100% duty ratio, and then the actuator motor (14) is reset at 9V voltage; If the stall time is determined to be less than 100 ms or there is no stall, it is determined whether the rotation time of the driving actuator motor (14) is more than 2 s, if yes, the actuator motor (14) starts to brake for 300 ms, and after the actuator motor (14) brakes, the actuator motor (14) is first reset for 20 ms at 100% duty ratio, and then the actuator motor (14) is reset at 9V voltage; otherwise, the actuator motor (14) is continuously driven by output voltage; When the actuator motor (14) is reset, it is determined whether the zero position signal is triggered, if yes, the actuator motor (14) starts to brake for 300 ms and then releases the brake; otherwise, it is determined whether the reset time of the driving actuator motor (14) is more than 1.5 s, if yes, the actuator motor (14) starts to brake for 300 ms and then releases the brake, otherwise, the actuator motor (14) is continuously reset; after the actuator motor (14) releases the brake, the whole self-sucking process is completed.

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