An efficient and energy-saving gas catalytic infrared heating and curing furnace

Abstract

The present invention discloses an efficient energy-saving gas catalytic infrared heating and curing furnace, which includes a curing furnace body. A curing furnace cavity is arranged inside the curing furnace body. The furnace also includes a radiation plate, which is detachably installed on the inner wall of the curing furnace cavity; and radiation tubes. The number of the radiation tubes is two and both are installed inside the curing furnace body. The two radiation tubes are symmetrically distributed up and down and are arranged around the periphery of the curing furnace cavity. The present invention belongs to the technical field of curing furnaces. By respectively arranging a radiation plate and a combustion cavity on the inner and outer sides of the radiation tubes, the infrared radiation generated by combustion inside the radiation tubes is transferred to the radiation plate in the form of heat, and then radiated to the curing furnace cavity through the radiation plate, so as to cure the surface of the components in the curing furnace cavity. The mixed gas that is not completely burned inside the radiation tubes enters the first combustion cavity and the second combustion cavity for full combustion, and the radiation heat is conducted to the radiation plate through the radiation tubes, which is beneficial to improving the actual radiation utilization rate.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of curing furnaces, and particularly relates to an efficient and energy-saving gas catalytic infrared heating curing furnace. Background Art

[0002] Curing refers to the production process of heating parts, resin curing, and drying in the electronics industry and other various industries to enhance the stress of material bonding. The container for implementing curing is the curing furnace. It is applicable to various industries, including but not limited to spraying, printing, wood industry, PCB, LCD industry, and handicraft glazing, etc.

[0003] Although the current curing furnaces play an important role in processes such as powder spraying, there are still some deficiencies:

[0004] 1. During the gas heating infrared radiation process, the heat loss of the radiation tube is relatively large, resulting in a low infrared radiation efficiency, and the actual heat preservation effect of the curing furnace is poor, thereby affecting the actual curing efficiency;

[0005] 2. When gas is introduced into the furnace cavity for combustion, the gas and oxygen do not mix in time after entering the furnace cavity, resulting in insufficient combustion of the gas, thereby reducing the thermal radiation and infrared radiation effects, and also reducing the resource utilization rate. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Therefore, the present invention provides an efficient and energy-saving gas catalytic infrared heating curing furnace to solve the above problems in the prior art.

[0007] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0008] An efficient and energy-saving gas catalytic infrared heating curing furnace, including a curing furnace body, wherein a curing furnace cavity is arranged inside the curing furnace body, and further includes:

[0009] A radiation plate, which is detachably installed on the inner wall of the curing furnace cavity;

[0010] Radiation tubes, the number of which is two and both are installed inside the curing furnace body. The two radiation tubes are symmetrically distributed up and down and are arranged around the periphery of the curing furnace cavity;

[0011] A tee pipe, which is installed on the side of the curing furnace body. The first end of the tee pipe extends to the outside of the curing furnace body, and the second end and the third end of the tee pipe are respectively connected to the inlet ends of the two radiation tubes;

[0012] An air intake and ignition mechanism, which is connected to the first end of the tee pipe and is used for mixing and igniting gas and air and injecting them into the radiation tubes for radiation heating;

[0013] A first combustion chamber and a second combustion chamber, the first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber are respectively arranged around the peripheries of two radiant tubes, and the first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber are symmetrically distributed up and down. The first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber are respectively connected to the outlet ends of the two radiant tubes. The unburned mixed gas in the radiant tubes enters the first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber for re-combustion and heat preservation.

[0014] Exhaust pipes, the number of the exhaust pipes is two and they are respectively installed on one side of the first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber away from the outlet ends of the radiant tubes. The two exhaust pipes are respectively arranged at the lower end of the side of the first combustion chamber and the upper end of the side of the second combustion chamber.

[0015] A heat preservation layer, the heat preservation layer is installed inside the curing furnace body and is arranged around the peripheries of the first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber.

[0016] As a further optimized solution of the present invention, the air intake and ignition mechanism includes an air intake box and an igniter. The air intake box is installed at the outer bottom of the curing furnace body. The air intake box has two air inlets and one air outlet, and a gas pipe and a blower are respectively installed at the two air inlets. The air outlet is connected to the first end of a three-way pipe. The curing furnace body is installed outside the air intake box, and the ignition end of the igniter extends into the air intake box to ignite the mixed gas.

[0017] As a further optimized solution of the present invention, two partition plates are installed inside the air intake box. The two partition plates are arranged oppositely and divide the inner cavity of the air intake box into three cavities. The three cavities are an oxygen cavity arranged in the middle of the air intake box, a gas cavity arranged on the left side of the air intake box, and a mixing cavity arranged on the right side of the air intake box. The gas cavity is communicated with the mixing cavity through a first conduit, and the oxygen cavity is communicated with the mixing cavity through a second conduit. The outlet end of the gas pipe is connected to the gas cavity, the outlet end of the blower is connected to the oxygen cavity, and the outlet end of the mixing cavity is connected to the first end of the three-way pipe.

[0018] As a further optimized solution of the present invention, the number of the first conduits is multiple and they are uniformly arranged around the axis of the igniter. The number of the second conduits is multiple, and the multiple second conduits are uniformly arranged on the partition plate close to the mixing cavity side and are staggered with the first conduits.

[0019] As a further optimized solution of the present invention, the curing furnace cavity is a regular polygon furnace cavity and each side wall is provided with a radiation plate. A limiting block is installed at each inner corner of the curing furnace cavity, and adjacent two radiation plates are connected through the limiting block and locked by fasteners.

[0020] As a further optimized solution of the present invention, the limiting block includes a supporting portion and a limiting portion. The supporting portion is installed at the inner corner of the curing furnace cavity and is located on the diagonal line of the curing furnace cavity. Two symmetrically distributed limiting portions are installed at the free end of the supporting portion. The two limiting portions are respectively parallel to the inner walls on both sides of the inner corner to form two limiting grooves. The limiting grooves are adapted to the side portions of the radiation plate. The two sides of the radiation plate are respectively inserted into the adjacent limiting grooves and locked by fasteners.

[0021] As a further optimized solution of the present invention, the side of the limiting portion away from the limiting groove is a mirror surface.

[0022] As a further optimized solution of the present invention, slots are provided inside the curing furnace body. The number of the slots is multiple and they are respectively arranged on the periphery of each side of the curing furnace cavity. The slots are communicated with the inner cavity of the curing furnace cavity. A heat conducting plate is installed on the back surface of the radiation plate. The heat conducting plate is tightly inserted into the slots and is in contact with the surface of the radiation tube.

[0023] As a further optimized solution of the present invention, the radiation tube is a serpentine pipeline and forms two heat exchange surfaces. The two heat exchange surfaces are respectively attached to the radiation plate and the adjacent first combustion chamber or second combustion chamber.

[0024] As a further optimized solution of the present invention, the radiation plate is a ceramic infrared radiation plate. The side of the radiation plate away from the inner wall of the curing furnace cavity is a radiation surface, and the radiation surface is a corrugated surface.

[0025] The present invention has the following advantages:

[0026] (1) By respectively arranging a radiation plate and a combustion chamber on the inner and outer sides of the radiation tube, the infrared radiation generated by combustion inside the radiation tube is transferred to the radiation plate in the form of heat, and then radiated to the curing furnace cavity through the radiation plate, so as to cure the surface of the components in the curing furnace cavity. The mixed gas that is not completely burned inside the radiation tube enters the first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber for full combustion, and the radiation heat is conducted to the radiation plate through the radiation tube, which is beneficial to improving the actual radiation utilization rate, thereby improving the actual curing effect and curing efficiency;

[0027] (2) By arranging the first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber to cover the outside of the radiation tube, it can play a role in auxiliary heating and heat preservation. Combined with the setting of the heat preservation layer, the actual heat preservation effect of the curing furnace can be improved, and further the curing effect and curing efficiency can be improved;

[0028] (3) Inject gas into the gas chamber through the gas pipe, and inject oxygen into the oxygen chamber through the blower. The gas is transmitted to the mixing chamber through multiple first conduits, while the oxygen is transmitted to the mixing chamber through multiple second conduits. Such a design enables the gas and oxygen to be fully mixed, thereby improving the gas combustion efficiency, enhancing the combustion sufficiency, further improving the thermal radiation and infrared radiation effects, and also improving the resource utilization rate, which is beneficial to the production efficiency of the enterprise. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0029] Figure 1 It is a schematic structural diagram of an efficient energy-saving gas catalytic infrared heating and curing furnace provided by the present invention;

[0030] Figure 2 It is a schematic structural diagram of the air intake and ignition mechanism of an efficient energy-saving gas catalytic infrared heating and curing furnace provided by the present invention;

[0031] Figure 3 An efficient energy-saving gas catalytic infrared heating and curing furnace provided by the present invention Figure 1 It is an enlarged schematic structural diagram at position A in the furnace.

[0032] In the figure: 1, curing furnace body; 2, curing furnace chamber; 3, radiation plate; 4, radiation tube; 5, three-way pipe; 6, first combustion chamber; 7, second combustion chamber; 8, exhaust pipe; 9, heat insulation layer; 10, heat conducting plate; 11, air intake box; 12, gas pipe; 13, blower; 14, igniter; 15, partition plate; 16, first conduit; 17, second conduit; 18, limit block. Detailed Embodiment

[0033] The following specific embodiments illustrate the implementation manners of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the content disclosed in this specification. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0034] As Figure 1 shown, an efficient energy-saving gas catalytic infrared heating and curing furnace includes a curing furnace body 1. A curing furnace chamber 2 is arranged inside the curing furnace body 1, and further includes:

[0035] A radiation plate 3, which is detachably installed on the inner wall of the curing furnace chamber 2;

[0036] Radiation tubes 4, the number of the radiation tubes 4 is two and both are installed inside the curing furnace body 1. The two radiation tubes 4 are symmetrically distributed up and down and are arranged around the periphery of the curing furnace chamber 2;

[0037] Three-way pipe 5 is installed on the side of the curing furnace body 1. The first end of the three-way pipe 5 extends to the outside of the curing furnace body 1. The second end and the third end of the three-way pipe 5 are respectively connected to the inlet ends of two radiant tubes 4;

[0038] An air intake and ignition mechanism is connected to the first end of the three-way pipe 5 and is used to mix and ignite gas and air and inject it into the radiant tube 4 for radiant heating. The mixed gas is divided into two parts through the three-way pipe 5 and injected into the two radiant tubes 4 respectively, so as to heat the upper and lower parts of the curing furnace cavity 2 respectively and improve the actual heat radiation effect;

[0039] The first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7 are respectively arranged around the two radiant tubes 4 in a wrapped manner, and the first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7 are symmetrically distributed up and down. The first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7 are respectively connected to the outlet ends of the two radiant tubes 4. The unburned mixed gas in the radiant tube 4 enters the first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7 for re-combustion and heat preservation, which is beneficial to improving the gas utilization rate and can also improve the heat preservation effect;

[0040] The exhaust pipes 8, the number of the exhaust pipes 8 is two and they are respectively installed on one side of the first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7 away from the outlet ends of the radiant tubes 4. The two exhaust pipes 8 are respectively arranged at the lower end of the side of the first combustion chamber 6 and the upper end of the side of the second combustion chamber 7. Such a design enables the flue gas to fill the first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7, while improving the combustion efficiency, it can also use the residual temperature of the flue gas for heat preservation and auxiliary heating, and improve the resource utilization rate and radiation efficiency;

[0041] The heat preservation layer 9 is installed inside the curing furnace body 1 and is arranged around the first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7 in a wrapped manner. The heat preservation layer 9 can be aluminum silicate fiber, rock wool, ceramic fiber, etc. in the prior art. The two heat preservation layers 9 are both U-shaped and the openings are respectively wrapped around the first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7, which can insulate the outside of the first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7, prevent heat from escaping outward, reduce energy loss, thereby improving the actual radiation efficiency and resource utilization rate.

[0042] Specifically, as Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown, the air intake and ignition mechanism includes an air intake box 11 and an igniter 14. The air intake box 11 is installed at the outer bottom of the curing furnace body 1. The air intake box 11 has two air inlets and one air outlet, and a gas pipe 12 and a blower 13 are respectively installed at the two air inlets. The air outlet is connected to the first end of the three-way pipe 5. The curing furnace body 1 is installed outside the air intake box 11, and the ignition end of the igniter 14 extends into the air intake box 11 to ignite the mixed gas;

[0043] Furthermore, two partitions 15 are installed inside the intake box 11. The two partitions 15 are arranged oppositely and divide the inner cavity of the intake box 11 into three cavities, namely an oxygen cavity disposed in the middle of the intake box 11, a gas cavity disposed on the left side of the intake box 11, and a mixing cavity on the right side of the intake box 11. The gas cavity is connected to the mixing cavity through a first conduit 16, and the oxygen cavity is connected to the mixing cavity through a second conduit 17. The outlet end of the gas pipe 12 is connected to the gas cavity, and the outlet end of the blower 13 is connected to the oxygen cavity. The outlet end of the mixing cavity is connected to the first end of the tee 5. With such a design, gas and oxygen can be pre-mixed in the mixing cavity and then ignited by the igniter 14, so that the gas is ignited in the mixing cavity, and the mixed gas introduced into the tee 5 is ignited, thereby igniting the gas in the two radiation tubes 4, and then curing through gas catalytic infrared radiation;

[0044] Furthermore, the number of the first conduits 16 is multiple and they are evenly arranged around the axis of the igniter 14. The number of the second conduits 17 is multiple. The multiple second conduits 17 are evenly arranged on the partition 15 close to the mixing cavity side and are staggered with the first conduits 16. Both the first conduits 16 and the second conduits 17 are of multi-point distributed design, which can improve the mixing effect of oxygen and gas in the mixing cavity, thereby improving the subsequent ignition and combustion efficiency.

[0045] Specifically, as Figure 1 and Figure 3 shown, the curing furnace cavity 2 is a regular polygon furnace cavity and a radiation plate 3 is provided on each side wall. A limiting block 18 is installed at each inner angle of the curing furnace cavity 2. Adjacent two radiation plates 3 are connected by the limiting block 18 and locked by fasteners, which is convenient for the disassembly, installation and maintenance of the radiation plate 3;

[0046] Furthermore, the limiting block 18 includes a supporting part and a limiting part. The supporting part is installed at the inner angle of the curing furnace cavity 2 and is located on the diagonal line of the curing furnace cavity 2. Two symmetrically distributed limiting parts are installed at the free end of the supporting part. The two limiting parts are respectively parallel to the inner walls on both sides of the inner angle to form two limiting grooves. The limiting grooves are adapted to the side parts of the radiation plate 3. The two sides of the radiation plate 3 are respectively inserted into the adjacent limiting grooves and locked by fasteners, so as to facilitate the quick insertion of the radiation plate 3;

[0047] Furthermore, the side of the limiting part away from the limiting groove is a mirror surface, which can reflect and reuse the dissipated infrared rays, increase the amount of radiant heat absorbed by the target object, realize concentrated heating, can significantly improve the radiation efficiency, and thus improve the actual radiation curing effect;

[0048] Furthermore, slots are provided inside the curing furnace body 1. The number of slots is multiple and they are respectively arranged around each side of the curing furnace cavity 2. The slots communicate with the inner cavity of the curing furnace cavity 2. A heat conducting plate 10 is installed on the back of the radiation plate 3. The heat conducting plate 10 is tightly inserted into the slots and contacts the surface of the radiation pipe 4. While facilitating the disassembly and assembly of the radiation plate 3, the heat conducting plate 10 can also connect the radiation plate 3 and the radiation pipe 4 together, optimizing the heat exchange process and improving the actual heat conduction efficiency.

[0049] Furthermore, the radiation pipe 4 is a serpentine pipeline and forms two heat exchange surfaces. The two heat exchange surfaces are respectively in contact with the radiation plate 3 and the adjacent first combustion chamber 6 or second combustion chamber 7, which can increase the actual heat exchange area and thus improve the energy utilization rate.

[0050] Specifically, the radiation plate 3 is a ceramic infrared radiation plate. The side of the radiation plate 3 away from the inner wall of the curing furnace cavity 2 is the radiation surface, and the radiation surface is a corrugated surface, which can be set as a square wave type or a sine wave type. It can effectively increase the radiation area, which can be more than 30% larger than a flat surface, and the thermal efficiency can be increased by more than 4%. It can also be designed as a multi-dimensional space with high and low undulations or a porous ceramic radiator.

[0051] In summary, in the present invention, radiation plates 3 and combustion chambers are respectively arranged on the inner and outer sides of the radiation pipe 4. The infrared radiation generated by combustion inside the radiation pipe 4 is transferred to the radiation plate 3 in the form of heat, and then radiated into the curing furnace cavity 2 through the radiation plate 3 to cure the surfaces of the components inside the curing furnace cavity 2. The mixed gas that is not completely burned inside the radiation pipe 4 enters the first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7 for full combustion, and the radiation heat is conducted to the radiation plate 3 through the radiation pipe 4, which is beneficial to improving the actual radiation utilization rate, thereby improving the actual curing effect and curing efficiency; by arranging the first combustion chamber 6 and the second combustion chamber 7 outside the radiation pipe 4, it can play a role in auxiliary heating and heat preservation. Combined with the setting of the heat preservation layer 9, it can improve the actual heat preservation effect of the curing furnace, and further improve the curing effect and curing efficiency; by injecting gas into the gas chamber through the gas pipe 12 and injecting oxygen into the oxygen chamber through the blower 13, the gas is transmitted to the mixing chamber through multiple first conduits 16, while the oxygen is transmitted to the mixing chamber through multiple second conduits 17. Such a design enables the gas and oxygen to be fully mixed, thereby improving the gas combustion efficiency, improving the combustion sufficiency, further improving the thermal radiation and infrared radiation effects, and at the same time improving the resource utilization rate, which is beneficial to the production efficiency of the enterprise.

Claims

1. A high-efficiency and energy-saving gas catalytic infrared heating curing furnace, comprising a curing furnace body (1), wherein a curing furnace chamber (2) is arranged inside the curing furnace body (1), characterized in that: Also included are: A radiation plate (3), wherein the radiation plate (3) is detachably mounted on the inner wall of the curing furnace chamber (2); Radiant tubes (4), the number of the radiant tubes (4) being two and both being installed inside the curing furnace body (1), the two radiant tubes (4) being symmetrically distributed up and down and arranged around the periphery of the curing furnace chamber (2); a three-way pipe (5), the three-way pipe (5) being installed on the side of the curing furnace body (1), the first end of the three-way pipe (5) extending to the outside of the curing furnace body (1), the second end and the third end of the three-way pipe (5) being respectively connected to the inlet ends of the two radiation tubes (4); An air intake ignition mechanism, the air intake ignition mechanism being connected to the first end of the three-way pipe (5) and being used to mix the fuel gas and air, ignite the mixture and inject the mixture into the radiation tube (4) for radiation heating; The air intake ignition mechanism comprises an air intake box (11) and an igniter (14); the air intake box (11) is mounted on the outer bottom of the curing furnace body (1); the air intake box (11) has two air intakes and one air outlet, and a gas pipe (12) and a blower (13) are respectively mounted at the two air intakes; the air outlet is connected to the first end of the three-way pipe (5); the curing furnace body (1) is mounted outside the air intake box (11), and the ignition end of the igniter (14) extends into the air intake box (11) to ignite the mixed gas; A first combustion chamber (6) and a second combustion chamber (7), wherein the first combustion chamber (6) and the second combustion chamber (7) are respectively arranged to cover the peripheries of the two radiation tubes (4), and the first combustion chamber (6) and the second combustion chamber (7) are symmetrically distributed up and down, and the first combustion chamber (6) and the second combustion chamber (7) are respectively connected to the outlet ends of the two radiation tubes (4), and the mixed gas that is not completely burned in the radiation tubes (4) enters the first combustion chamber (6) and the second combustion chamber (7) to be burned again for heat preservation; Smoke exhaust pipes (8), the number of the smoke exhaust pipes (8) being two and being respectively installed on a side of the first combustion chamber (6) and the second combustion chamber (7) away from an outlet end of the radiation tube (4), the two smoke exhaust pipes (8) being respectively arranged at a side lower end of the first combustion chamber (6) and a side upper end of the second combustion chamber (7); A heat-insulating layer (9) is installed inside the curing furnace body (1) and covers the periphery of the first combustion chamber (6) and the second combustion chamber (7).

2. A high-efficiency and energy-saving gas-fired catalytic infrared heating curing furnace according to claim 1, characterized in that: Two partitions (15) are installed inside the air intake box (11). The two partitions (15) are arranged opposite to each other and divide the inner cavity of the air intake box (11) into three cavities. The three cavities are respectively an oxygen cavity arranged in the middle of the air intake box (11), a gas cavity arranged on the left side of the air intake box (11), and a mixing cavity on the right side of the air intake box (11). The gas cavity and the mixing cavity are connected through a first conduit (16), and the oxygen cavity and the mixing cavity are connected through a second conduit (17). The outlet end of the gas pipe (12) is connected to the gas cavity, the outlet end of the blower (13) is connected to the oxygen cavity, and the outlet end of the mixing cavity is connected to the first end of the three-way pipe (5).

3. A high-efficiency and energy-saving gas-fired catalytic infrared heating curing furnace according to claim 2, characterized in that: The number of the first conduits (16) is multiple and they are evenly arranged around the axis of the igniter (14); the number of the second conduits (17) is multiple and the multiple second conduits (17) are evenly arranged on the partition (15) close to one side of the mixing chamber and are staggered with the first conduits (16).

4. The high-efficiency and energy-saving gas-fired catalytic infrared heating curing furnace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The curing furnace chamber (2) is a regular polygonal furnace chamber and each side wall is provided with a radiation plate (3), each inner corner of the curing furnace chamber (2) is installed with a limit block (18), and two adjacent radiation plates (3) are connected by the limit blocks (18) and locked in combination with fasteners.

5. A high-efficiency and energy-saving gas-fired catalytic infrared heating curing furnace according to claim 4, characterized in that: The limit block (18) comprises a support portion and a limit portion, the support portion being mounted at an inner corner of the curing furnace chamber (2) and located on a diagonal of the curing furnace chamber (2), the free end of the support portion being mounted with two symmetrically distributed limit portions, the two limit portions being respectively parallel to the inner walls on both sides of the inner corner to form two limit grooves, the limit grooves being adapted to the side portions of the radiation plate (3), the two sides of the radiation plate (3) being respectively plugged into adjacent limit grooves and locked by fasteners.

6. A high-efficiency and energy-saving gas-fired catalytic infrared heating curing furnace according to claim 5, characterized in that: The side of the limiting portion away from the limiting groove is a mirror surface.

7. The high-efficiency and energy-saving gas-fired catalytic infrared heating curing furnace according to claim 5, characterized in that: The curing furnace body (1) is provided with a slot inside, the slot being in plurality and respectively arranged at the periphery of each side of the curing furnace chamber (2), the slot being communicated with the inner cavity of the curing furnace chamber (2), a heat conducting plate (10) being installed on the back of the radiation plate (3), the heat conducting plate (10) being tightly plugged into the slot and in contact with the surface of the radiation tube (4).

8. The high-efficiency and energy-saving gas-fired catalytic infrared heating curing furnace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The radiation tube (4) is a serpentine pipeline and forms two heat exchange surfaces, and the two heat exchange surfaces are respectively in contact with the radiation plate (3) and the adjacent first combustion chamber (6) or second combustion chamber (7).

9. A high-efficiency and energy-saving gas-fired catalytic infrared heating curing furnace according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The radiation plate (3) is a ceramic infrared radiation plate, and the side of the radiation plate (3) away from the inner wall of the curing furnace chamber (2) is a radiation surface, and the radiation surface is a corrugated surface.

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