Low, dense and early high-yield cultivation method for oilseed rape and application

Abstract

The invention discloses a low-dense-early high-yield rape cultivation method and application, and belongs to the technical field of crop high yield. The method comprises the following steps: 1) selecting a land; 2) fine soil preparation and reasonable crop rotation; 3) applying a base fertilizer; 4) selecting an improved variety; 5) timely early sowing; (6) rational close planting; 7) thinning and final singling; (8) reasonably irrigating and fertilizing along with water; (9) chemically controlled dwarfing; 10) timely topdressing; 11, disease and pest control; and 12) timely harvesting. According to the rape planted through the method, the seedling emergence time is 7-14 days earlier than that of a conventional scheme, the harvesting time is 13-18 days earlier, the flowering period is prolonged by 7-16 days, plants are dwarfed by 10-30 cm, the number of effectively harvested plants is increased by 10,000-20,000, the yield of rape seeds is increased by 18.4-54.2% compared with that of the conventional scheme, the problems that the rape is prone to lodging, low in resource utilization rate, low in yield, prone to early maturing and senility and the like are effectively solved, and the economic benefits of the rape are improved. The yield and the economic benefit of the rape are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of high-yield crop cultivation, and in particular relates to a short, dense, early and high-yield rapeseed cultivation method and application. Background Art

[0002] my country is a major oilseed producer, consumer and trader in the world. The domestic oilseed crop planting area is second only to grain. The market demand for oil consumption is increasing, the self-sufficiency rate of oilseed products is declining, and the external dependence is high. China is the world's largest rapeseed producer, and rapeseed oil is the largest source of edible vegetable oil in China. Therefore, how to increase the yield and economic benefits of oilseeds is an urgent problem to be solved.

[0003] Rapeseed is a cold-resistant crop with a suitable planting temperature of 15-20℃. Temperature is an important factor affecting its yield. Continuous high temperatures will accelerate its development, leading to early maturity or even death. Early sowing of spring rapeseed can avoid the early maturity of rapeseed caused by extreme high temperatures in summer, which affects yield and quality. In addition, planting density is also a key factor affecting and regulating rapeseed growth and yield. Reasonable dense planting can make full use of light, temperature, water, fertilizer, gas and heat resources, and increase rapeseed yield while reducing input. At present, the main rapeseed varieties on the market are cabbage-type rapeseed, which has the characteristics of high oil content and strong stress resistance, but the plant type is generally large and the stems are high, which will consume a lot of nutrients for nutritional growth. At the same time, the high stems reduce the bending resistance, and the rapeseed is easy to lodging, affecting mechanized harvesting and yield. Therefore, controlling the height of the rapeseed stems, promoting reproductive growth and preventing lodging will be an effective way to increase yield and economic benefits. Summary of the invention

[0004] In view of this, the present invention provides a high-yield cultivation method for rapeseed with dwarfing, dense planting and early sowing, so as to solve the problems of rapeseed easy lodging, low resource utilization, low yield, easy early maturity and premature aging, so as to improve the yield and economic benefits of rapeseed.

[0005] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0006] The present invention provides a method for cultivating short, dense, early and high-yield rapeseed, comprising the following steps:

[0007] 1) Select the land;

[0008] 2) Careful land preparation and reasonable crop rotation;

[0009] 3) Application of basal fertilizer: mainly organic fertilizer, heavy application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer;

[0010] 4) Select improved varieties;

[0011] 5) Sow early at the right time: sow when the average temperature is 5℃-15℃;

[0012] 6) Reasonable density planting: According to the soil fertility, the seed sowing amount is determined to be 400-800g / mu;

[0013] 7) Thinning and finalizing seedlings: Finalizing seedlings at the three-leaf to five-leaf stage, and ensuring that the basic number of seedlings is 40,000 to 100,000 plants after finalizing;

[0014] 8) Reasonable irrigation and fertilization with water: including irrigation once at the seedling stage, bud stage, early flowering stage and full flowering stage, and dripping urea, monoammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate and organic liquid fertilizer with water during irrigation at the bud stage, early flowering stage and full flowering stage;

[0015] 9) Chemical dwarfing;

[0016] 10) Topdressing at the right time: spray boron fertilizer, quick-acting potassium fertilizer, brassinolide and organic liquid fertilizer on the leaves during the budding and bolting stages, flowering and pod-setting stages;

[0017] 11) Disease, insect and weed control;

[0018] 12) Harvest at the right time.

[0019] Furthermore, the land selected in step 1) is high-standard farmland or land equipped with drip irrigation facilities, with medium or above soil fertility, deep soil layer, good tillage layer structure and guaranteed water source.

[0020] Furthermore, the fine land preparation in step 2) includes deep plowing and harrowing, wherein the deep plowing depth is not less than 25 cm, and the harrowing depth is 10-15 cm, so that the soil is prepared for sowing and meets the six-character standards of "smooth, flat, loose, broken, clean, and moist".

[0021] The deep plowing depth in the present invention is preferably 35 cm, and the land is prepared by a power-driven harrow or a combined land preparation machine, and a rotary tillage harrow is not used for land preparation. The present invention does not specifically limit the method of deep plowing and raking, and conventional methods in the art can be used. Deep plowing and raking can loosen the soil, thicken the tillage layer, and improve the water, fertilizer, air, and heat conditions of the soil.

[0022] The ideal rotation crops in the present invention are wheat, potatoes, etc. Reasonable crop rotation can balance soil nutrients, reduce pests and diseases, and reduce the input of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

[0023] Furthermore, the base fertilizer applied in step 3) includes 1-2 tons of farmyard manure, 12-15 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 7-10 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 2-3 kg of potash fertilizer and 5 wt% of trace elements per mu.

[0024] The trace elements used in the present invention include B, S, Mg and the like.

[0025] Furthermore, the improved varieties in step 4) are improved varieties of Brassica napus.

[0026] The present invention has no special limitation on the varieties and sources of improved varieties, and Zhongyouza 259 is mainly used in the specific embodiments.

[0027] Furthermore, the sowing method in step 5) includes row sowing, with a sowing depth of 0.5-3 cm and a row spacing of 14-16 cm.

[0028] Furthermore, the preferred sowing depth is 0.5-1.5 cm.

[0029] The timely early sowing in the present invention refers to when the average temperature is above 5°C and the soil reaches the arable degree. Specifically, sowing can be done when the temperature is above 5°C, and the maximum temperature is not more than 15°C, and the optimal temperature is ≥10°C. Compared with the conventional planting method, this method advances the sowing time by 10-30 days, and the best is 15 days in advance, advances the emergence time by 7-14 days, and extends the flowering period by 7-16 days. Timely early sowing can avoid high temperature weather, extend the flowering period, and avoid high temperature and premature aging during the flowering period, which affects the yield.

[0030] The most suitable sowing amount in the present invention is 550g-700g / mu, the best sowing amount is 600g / mu, the most suitable number of seedlings is 50,000-80,000 plants / mu, and the best number of plants is 60,000 plants / mu. Reasonable planting density and effective number of plants help to make full use of light, temperature, water, fertilizer, gas and heat resources, and increase rapeseed yield while reducing input.

[0031] The present invention is based on the principle of removing weak and retaining strong to ensure full seedlings. The rapeseed is thinned out at the three-leaf stage and the seedlings are fixed according to the situation at the five-leaf stage, ultimately ensuring that the basic seedlings per mu are 40,000 to 100,000 plants.

[0032] Furthermore, the reasonable irrigation and fertilization with water in step 8) specifically refers to:

[0033] a. Irrigate the seedlings once during the seedling stage;

[0034] b. The second irrigation was carried out at the budding stage, and urea 5kg / mu, monoammonium phosphate 3kg / mu, potassium sulfate 2kg / mu and organic liquid fertilizer 5kg / mu were applied with water drops;

[0035] c. Water the trees for the third time during the early flowering period, and apply 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer with water drops;

[0036] d. Water for the fourth time during the flowering period, and apply 2-3kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer with water drops.

[0037] Furthermore, the chemically controlled dwarfing in step 9) refers to spraying plant growth regulators from the three-leaf stage to the bud stage of rapeseed.

[0038] Furthermore, the present invention mainly selects to spray 15% paclobutrazol to dwarf plants, and the spraying time is from the three-leaf stage to the bud stage of rapeseed, and the specific spraying treatment is as follows: 1. Spray once in the three-leaf stage, 2. Spray once in the three-leaf stage and the five-leaf stage, 3. Spray once in the five-leaf stage, 4. Spray once in the five-leaf stage and the bud stage, 5. Spray once in the three-leaf stage, the five-leaf stage, and the bud stage, 6. Spray once in the bud stage. The plant is dwarfed by about 10-35cm, and the dwarfing by 25cm has the best lodging resistance and yield effect, that is, the best effect is achieved by spraying once in the three-leaf stage to the five-leaf stage.

[0039] Dwarfing plants can prevent lodging, and at the same time allocate more nutrients to reproductive growth, reduce fertilizer input, and also help flowering and fruiting, ultimately increasing yield composition and reducing costs.

[0040] The specific operation of topdressing in time is as follows: when buds appear at the budding stage, 60-100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide and 60g of liquid boron are used per mu, the mixture is evenly added with 30kg of water and sprayed on the leaves; when the buds appear at the budding stage, the second topdressing is performed, 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide and 60g of liquid boron fertilizer are sprayed per mu, the mixture is evenly added with 30kg of water and sprayed on the leaves; during the flowering stage, the third topdressing is performed, 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 100g of organic liquid fertilizer are sprayed per mu; during the pod-setting stage, the fourth topdressing is performed, and 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 100g of organic liquid fertilizer are sprayed per mu.

[0041] The organic liquid fertilizer used in the present invention has an organic matter content of ≥220 g / L, a pH value of 4.2-6.2, is acidic, has nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of ≥10 g / L, and a total sugar content of ≥80 g / L.

[0042] Foliar topdressing is an often overlooked but crucial fertilization measure. Compared with conventional fertilization, foliar topdressing has a high utilization rate, a specific site of action, a quick effect, and can be sprayed immediately during the critical growth period if it is not applied in time. The timely topdressing of rapeseed during the budding, bolting, flowering, and podding stages of the present invention can promote flower bud differentiation, avoid flowering without fruit, increase grain yield and quality, and thus ensure high yield of rapeseed.

[0043] Furthermore, the pest and disease control in step 11) refers to seed dressing, chemical weeding and prevention of flea beetles in the seedling stage, prevention of sclerotinia in the early flowering stage, and control of aphids in the mature stage.

[0044] The pest control method described in the present invention is not particularly limited, and conventional methods in the art may be used for control.

[0045] The timely harvest in the present invention refers to the suitable harvest period of rapeseed when 60-75% of the siliques in the whole field are yellow-green, the siliques in the middle of the main axis are loquat-colored, and 25%-35% of the siliques in the whole plant are still green. The time should be selected to harvest in the morning with dew on a sunny day to prevent the siliques from cracking and grains.

[0046] The present invention also provides an application of the short, dense, early and high-yield rapeseed cultivation method in rapeseed planting.

[0047] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0048] The present invention selects high-standard farmland to provide a good growth environment for rapeseed; fine land preparation and reasonable crop rotation can ensure the rapeseed emergence rate and eliminate the obstacles of continuous cropping; timely early sowing can avoid the extremely high temperature weather in summer during the flowering period, prevent the rapeseed from premature maturity and early aging, and extend the flowering period; reasonable dense planting can maximize the use of light, temperature and water vapor resources to ensure the effective number of harvested plants; chemical dwarfing can promote the reproductive growth of rapeseed and prevent the rapeseed from lodging to ensure the yield; timely topdressing can ensure the timely intake of nutrients during the critical growth period of rapeseed, promote flower bud differentiation and prevent flowering without fruit; timely harvesting can prevent pod cracking and grain falling, improve the harvest rate and ensure the harvest yield. The above steps are all necessary conditions for ensuring that the rapeseed finally obtains a high yield. The experimental results show that, when rapeseed is planted in different areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region using the method of the present invention, the emergence time is advanced by 7-14 days, the flowering period is extended by 7-16 days, the plants are dwarfed by about 10-35 cm, the number of effective harvested plants is increased by 10,000 to 20,000 plants, and the rapeseed yield is increased by 18.4-54.2%, which significantly increases the output value of rapeseed and farmers' income. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] The following examples are used to illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and essence of the present invention, modifications or substitutions made to the methods, steps or conditions of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention. Unless otherwise specified, the products, reagents, equipment, etc. used in the following examples are all commercially available, and the methods used are consistent with conventional methods unless otherwise specified.

[0050] The farmyard manure used in the present invention was purchased from Shihezi Yihe Fertilizer Co., Ltd.; the phosphate fertilizer was diammonium phosphate, the nitrogen fertilizer was urea, and the potash fertilizer was potassium dihydrogen phosphate, which and trace elements were all purchased from Yuntianhua Group; the organic liquid fertilizer was purchased from Jiangsu Guoxin Xielian Biotechnology (Group) Co., Ltd.

[0051] The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with embodiments.

[0052] Example 1

[0053] Rapeseed cultivation was carried out in Shawan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The selected land was plowed to a depth of 35 cm and harrowed to a depth of 15 cm. The previous crop was wheat. 2 tons of farmyard manure, 12 kg of phosphate fertilizer (diammonium phosphate), 8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (urea), 2 kg of potash fertilizer, and 5% of medium and trace elements such as B, S, and Mg were applied per mu. The selected rapeseed variety is Zhongyouza 259, with a sowing depth of 1cm and sowing when the temperature is ≥10℃. The sowing time is April 15, 2023, and the sowing amount is 600g per mu. The effective number of plants after thinning and finalization is about 60,000. The seedlings are irrigated once during the seedling stage and the second time during the bud stage. Each time, 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 2kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops; the third time of irrigation is carried out in the initial flowering stage, and 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops; the fourth time of irrigation is carried out in the peak flowering stage, and 2kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. Spray 15% paclobutrazol once at the three-leaf stage and the five-leaf stage for dwarfing; apply foliar topdressing at the budding stage, bolting, flowering stage, and pod-setting stage, specifically, at the budding stage, use 60-100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron per mu, mix them evenly with 30kg of water and spray them on the leaves; apply topdressing for the second time at bolting, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron fertilizer per mu, mix them evenly, and spray them on the leaves with 30kg of water; apply topdressing for the third time at the flowering stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu; apply foliar topdressing for the fourth time at the pod-setting stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu. Diseases, insects and weeds are controlled according to conventional methods in the field, and 70% of the whole field's yellow-green siliques are harvested, and 30% of the siliques of a single plant are harvested green.

[0054] The final emergence time is April 22, the flowering period is about 35 days, the harvest time is August 14, the growth period is 114 days, the number of plants planted is about 60,000, the number of effective harvested plants is about 46,000, the average height of rapeseed is about 159cm, and the rapeseed grain yield is 287.9kg / mu.

[0055] Comparative Example 1

[0056] Rapeseed was planted in Shawan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (adjacent plots in the same area as in Example 1). Deep plowing of 25 cm and harrowing depth of 10 cm were carried out on the selected land. The previous crop was wheat. 1 ton of farmyard manure, 12 kg of phosphate fertilizer (diammonium phosphate), 7 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (urea), 2 kg of potash fertilizer, and 5% of trace elements such as B, S, and Mg were applied per mu. The selected rapeseed variety is Zhongyouza 259, with a sowing depth of 2cm and sowing at a temperature ≥15℃. The sowing time is May 1, 2023, and the sowing amount is 400g per mu. The effective number of plants after thinning and finalization is about 40,000. The seedlings are irrigated once during the seedling stage and the second time during the bud stage. Each time, 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, and 2kg / mu of potassium sulfate are applied with water drops; the third time of irrigation is carried out in the initial flowering stage, and 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, and 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate are applied with water drops; the fourth time of irrigation is carried out in the peak flowering stage, and 2kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, and 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate are applied with water drops. The plants were not dwarfed; during the budding stage, 60-100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron were used per mu, mixed evenly with 30kg of water and sprayed on the leaves; during the bolting stage, the second topdressing was carried out, 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron fertilizer were sprayed evenly with 30kg of water and sprayed on the leaves; during the flowering stage, the third topdressing was carried out, 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed per mu; during the pod-setting stage, the fourth foliar fertilizer was applied, 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed per mu. Diseases, insects and weeds were controlled according to conventional methods in the field, and 75% of the yellow-green siliques in the whole field were controlled, and 25% of the siliques of a single plant were harvested green.

[0057] The final emergence time was May 10, the flowering period was about 22 days, the harvest time was August 20, the growth period was 102 days, the number of rapeseed plants planted was 40,000, the number of effective harvested plants was 28,000, the average height of rapeseed was about 181.5cm, and the rapeseed grain yield was 186.7kg / mu.

[0058] Example 2

[0059] Rapeseed cultivation was carried out in Shihezi Shizong Farm in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The selected land was plowed to a depth of 35 cm and harrowed to a depth of 15 cm. The previous crop was wheat. 2 tons of farmyard manure, 12 kg of phosphate fertilizer (diammonium phosphate), 8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (urea), 2 kg of potash fertilizer, and 5% of medium and trace elements such as B, S, and Mg were applied per mu. The selected rapeseed variety is Zhongyouza 259, with a sowing depth of 1cm and sowing at a temperature ≥10℃. The sowing time is April 8, 2023, and the sowing amount is 600g per mu. The effective number of plants after thinning and finalizing is about 60,000. The seedlings are irrigated once during the seedling stage and the second time during the bud stage. Each time, 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 2kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. The third time of irrigation is carried out during the initial flowering stage, and 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. The fourth time of irrigation is carried out during the peak flowering stage, and 2kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. Spray 15% paclobutrazol once at the three-leaf stage and the five-leaf stage for dwarfing; apply foliar topdressing at the budding stage, bolting, flowering stage, and pod-setting stage, specifically, at the budding stage, use 60-100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron per mu, mix them evenly with 30kg of water and spray them on the leaves; apply topdressing for the second time at bolting, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron fertilizer per mu, mix them evenly, and spray them on the leaves with 30kg of water; apply topdressing for the third time at the flowering stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu; apply foliar topdressing for the fourth time at the pod-setting stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu. Diseases, insects and weeds are controlled according to conventional methods in the field, and 70% of the whole field's yellow-green siliques are harvested, and 30% of the siliques of a single plant are harvested green.

[0060] The final emergence time is April 13, the flowering period is about 31 days, the harvest time is August 9, the growth period is 118 days, the planting density is about 60,000 plants, the effective harvested number of plants is about 40,000 plants, the average height of rapeseed is about 150cm, and the rapeseed grain yield is 267.8kg / mu.

[0061] Comparative Example 2

[0062] Rapeseed was planted in Shihezi Shizong Farm in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (adjacent plots in the same area as Example 2). Deep plowing of 35 cm and harrowing depth of 15 cm were carried out on the selected land. The previous crop was wheat. 2 tons of farmyard manure, 12 kg of phosphate fertilizer (diammonium phosphate), 8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (urea), 2 kg of potash fertilizer, and 5% of trace elements such as B, S, and Mg were applied per mu. The selected rapeseed variety is Zhongyouza 259, with a sowing depth of 1cm and sowing at a temperature ≥15℃. The sowing time is April 23, 2023, and the sowing amount is 600g per mu. The effective number of plants after thinning and finalizing is about 60,000. The seedlings are irrigated once during the seedling stage and the second time during the bud stage. Each time, 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 2kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops; the third time of irrigation is carried out in the initial flowering stage, and 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops; the fourth time of irrigation is carried out in the peak flowering stage, and 2kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. Spray 15% paclobutrazol once at the three-leaf stage and the five-leaf stage for dwarfing; apply foliar topdressing at the budding stage, bolting, flowering stage, and pod-setting stage, specifically, at the budding stage, use 60-100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron per mu, mix them evenly with 30kg of water and spray them on the leaves; apply topdressing for the second time at bolting, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron fertilizer per mu, mix them evenly, and spray them on the leaves with 30kg of water; apply topdressing for the third time at the flowering stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu; apply foliar topdressing for the fourth time at the pod-setting stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu. Diseases, insects and weeds are controlled according to conventional methods in the field, and 70% of the whole field's yellow-green siliques are harvested, and 30% of the siliques of a single plant are harvested green.

[0063] The final emergence time is April 30, the flowering period is about 22 days, the harvest time is August 11, the growth period is 103 days, the number of plants planted is about 60,000, the number of effective harvested plants is about 38,000, the average height of rapeseed is about 159cm, and the rapeseed grain yield is 210.3kg / mu.

[0064] Example 3

[0065] Rapeseed cultivation was carried out in the 75th Regiment of Zhaosu County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The selected land was plowed to a depth of 35 cm and harrowed to a depth of 15 cm. The previous crop was potato. 2 tons of farmyard manure, 12 kg of phosphate fertilizer (diammonium phosphate), 8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (urea), 2 kg of potash fertilizer, and 5% of medium and trace elements such as B, S, and Mg were applied per mu. The selected rapeseed variety is Zhongyouza 259, with a sowing depth of 1cm and sowing at a temperature ≥10℃. The sowing time is April 18, 2023, and the sowing amount is 600g per mu. The effective number of plants after thinning and finalization is about 60,000. The seedlings are irrigated once during the seedling stage and the second time during the bud stage. Each time, 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 2kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. The third time of irrigation is carried out during the initial flowering stage, and 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. The fourth time of irrigation is carried out during the peak flowering stage, and 2kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. Spray 15% paclobutrazol once at the three-leaf stage and the five-leaf stage for dwarfing; apply foliar topdressing at the budding stage, bolting, flowering stage, and pod-setting stage, specifically, at the budding stage, use 60-100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron per mu, mix them evenly with 30kg of water and spray them on the leaves; apply topdressing for the second time at bolting, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron fertilizer per mu, mix them evenly, and spray them on the leaves with 30kg of water; apply topdressing for the third time at the flowering stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu; apply foliar topdressing for the fourth time at the pod-setting stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu. Diseases, insects and weeds are controlled according to conventional methods in the field, and 70% of the whole field's yellow-green siliques are harvested, and 30% of the siliques of a single plant are harvested green.

[0066] The final emergence time was April 27, the flowering period was about 41 days, the harvest time was September 12, the growth period was 138 days, the number of plants planted was about 60,000, the number of effective harvested plants was 46,000, the average height of rapeseed was about 158cm, and the rapeseed grain yield was 320.8kg / mu.

[0067] Comparative Example 3

[0068] Rapeseed cultivation was carried out in the 75th Regiment of Zhaosu County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (different plots in the same area as Example 3). Deep ploughing of 35 cm was carried out on the selected land, and the harrowing depth was 15 cm. The previous crop was potato, and 2 tons of farmyard manure, 12 kg of phosphate fertilizer (diammonium phosphate), 8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (urea), 2 kg of potash fertilizer, and 5% of trace elements such as B, S, and Mg were applied per mu. The selected rapeseed variety is Zhongyouza 259, with a sowing depth of 1cm and sowing at a temperature ≥10℃. The sowing time is April 18, 2023, and the sowing amount is 600g per mu. The effective number of plants after thinning and finalization is about 60,000. The seedlings are irrigated once during the seedling stage and the second time during the bud stage. Each time, 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 2kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. The third time of irrigation is carried out during the initial flowering stage, and 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. The fourth time of irrigation is carried out during the peak flowering stage, and 2kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. No dwarfing was performed; foliar topdressing was performed during the budding, bolting, flowering, and pod-setting stages, specifically, 60-100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron were used per mu during the budding stage, and the mixture was evenly mixed with 30kg of water for foliar spraying; the second topdressing was performed during bolting, and 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron fertilizer were sprayed per mu, mixed evenly, and 30kg of water was added for foliar spraying; the third topdressing was performed during the flowering stage, and 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer were sprayed per mu; the fourth topdressing was performed during the pod-setting stage, and 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer were sprayed per mu. Diseases, insects, and weeds were controlled according to conventional methods in the field, and 70% of the whole field had yellow-green siliques, and 30% of the siliques of a single plant were harvested green.

[0069] The final emergence time is April 27, the flowering period is about 35 days, the harvest time is August 31, the growth period is 126 days, the number of plants planted is about 60,000, the number of effective harvested plants is 35,000, the average height of rapeseed is about 184.5cm, and the rapeseed grain yield is 270.8kg / mu.

[0070] Example 4

[0071] Rapeseed cultivation was carried out in the 74th Regiment of Zhaosu County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The selected land was plowed to a depth of 35 cm and harrowed to a depth of 15 cm. The previous crop was wheat. 2 tons of farmyard manure, 12 kg of phosphate fertilizer (diammonium phosphate), 8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (urea), 2 kg of potassium fertilizer, and 5% of medium and trace elements such as B, S, and Mg were applied per mu. The selected rapeseed variety is Zhongyouza 259, with a sowing depth of 1cm and sowing at a temperature ≥10℃. The sowing time is April 12, 2023, and the sowing amount is 600g per mu. The effective number of plants after thinning and finalization is about 60,000. The seedlings are irrigated once during the seedling stage and the second time during the bud stage. Each time, 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 2kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. The third time of irrigation is carried out in the initial flowering stage, and 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. The fourth time of irrigation is carried out in the peak flowering stage, and 2kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. Spray 15% paclobutrazol once at the three-leaf stage and the five-leaf stage for dwarfing; apply foliar topdressing at the budding stage, bolting, flowering stage, and pod-setting stage, specifically, at the budding stage, use 60-100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron per mu, mix them evenly with 30kg of water and spray them on the leaves; apply topdressing for the second time at bolting, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron fertilizer per mu, mix them evenly, and spray them on the leaves with 30kg of water; apply topdressing for the third time at the flowering stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu; apply foliar topdressing for the fourth time at the pod-setting stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu. Diseases, insects and weeds are controlled according to conventional methods in the field, and 70% of the whole field's yellow-green siliques are harvested, and 30% of the siliques of a single plant are harvested green.

[0072] The final emergence time is April 20, the flowering period is about 45 days, the harvest time is September 25, the growth period is 158 days, the number of plants planted is about 60,000, the number of effective harvested plants is about 45,000, the average height of rapeseed is about 148cm, and the rapeseed grain yield is 333.1kg / mu.

[0073] Comparative Example 4

[0074] Rapeseed cultivation was carried out in the 74th Regiment of Zhaosu County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (different plots in the same area as Example 4). Deep ploughing of 35 cm and harrowing depth of 15 cm were carried out on the selected land. The previous crop was wheat. 2 tons of farmyard manure, 12 kg of phosphate fertilizer (diammonium phosphate), 8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (urea), 2 kg of potash fertilizer, and 5% of trace elements such as B, S, and Mg were applied per mu. The selected rapeseed variety is Zhongyouza 259, with a sowing depth of 1cm and sowing at a temperature ≥10℃. The sowing time is April 12, 2023, and the sowing amount is 500g per mu. The effective number of plants after thinning and finalization is about 50,000; water the seedlings once during the seedling stage and the second time during the bud stage, each time applying 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 2kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer with water drops; the third time of irrigation is carried out in the initial flowering stage, and 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops; the fourth time of irrigation is carried out in the peak flowering stage, and 2kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer are applied with water drops. Spray 15% paclobutrazol once at the three-leaf stage and the five-leaf stage for dwarfing; apply foliar topdressing at the budding stage, bolting, flowering stage, and pod-setting stage, specifically, at the budding stage, use 60-100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron per mu, mix them evenly with 30kg of water and spray them on the leaves; apply topdressing for the second time at bolting, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10g of brassinolide, and 60g of liquid boron fertilizer per mu, mix them evenly, and spray them on the leaves with 30kg of water; apply topdressing for the third time at the flowering stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu; apply foliar topdressing for the fourth time at the pod-setting stage, spray 100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and organic liquid fertilizer per mu. Diseases, insects and weeds are controlled according to conventional methods in the field, and 70% of the whole field's yellow-green siliques are harvested, and 30% of the siliques of a single plant are harvested green.

[0075] The final emergence time is April 22, the flowering period is about 40 days, the harvest time is September 10, the growth period is 141 days, the number of plants planted is about 50,000, the number of effective harvested plants is about 30,000, the average height of rapeseed is about 156cm, and the rapeseed grain yield is 259.5kg / mu.

[0076] It can be seen from the experimental results of Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-4 that the method of the present invention can be used to regulate the early sowing, high-density planting, and dwarfing plant type of rapeseed, and at the same time, reasonable water and fertilizer management and pest and disease control can achieve high yield effects. Compared with conventional planting, the method of the present invention can advance the emergence time of rapeseed by 7-14 days, extend the flowering period by 7-16 days, dwarf the plant by about 10-35 cm, and increase the yield of rapeseed by 18.4-54.2%, which can significantly increase the output value of rapeseed and farmers' income.

[0077] The embodiments described above are only descriptions of the preferred modes of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the design spirit of the present invention, various modifications and improvements made to the technical solutions of the present invention by ordinary technicians in this field should all fall within the protection scope determined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating short, dense, early and high-yield rapeseed, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: 1) Select the land; 2) Careful land preparation and reasonable crop rotation; 3) Application of basal fertilizer: mainly organic fertilizer, heavy application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer; 4) Select improved varieties; 5) Sow early at the right time: sow when the average temperature is 5℃-15℃; 6) Reasonable density planting: According to the soil fertility, the seed sowing amount is determined to be 400-800g / mu; 7) Thinning and finalizing seedlings: Finalizing seedlings at the three-leaf to five-leaf stage, and ensuring that the basic number of seedlings is 40,000 to 100,000 plants after finalizing; 8) Reasonable irrigation and fertilization with water: including irrigation once at the seedling stage, bud stage, early flowering stage and full flowering stage, and dripping urea, monoammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate and organic liquid fertilizer with water during irrigation at the bud stage, early flowering stage and full flowering stage; 9) Chemical dwarfing; 10) Topdressing at the right time: spray boron fertilizer, quick-acting potassium fertilizer, brassinolide and organic liquid fertilizer on the leaves during the budding and bolting stages, flowering and pod-setting stages; 11) Disease, insect and weed control; 12) Harvest at the right time.

2. The method for cultivating rapeseed with short density and high yield according to claim 1, characterized in that: The land selected in step 1) is high-standard farmland with medium or above soil fertility, deep soil layer, good tillage layer structure, and guaranteed water source, or a plot equipped with drip irrigation facilities.

3. The method for cultivating rapeseed with short density and high yield according to claim 2, characterized in that: The fine land preparation in step 2) includes deep plowing and harrowing, wherein the deep plowing depth is not less than 25 cm, and the harrowing depth is 10-15 cm, so that the soil is prepared for sowing and meets the six-character standards of "even, flat, loose, broken, clean, and moist".

4. The method for cultivating rapeseed with short density and high yield according to claim 3, characterized in that: The base fertilizer applied in step 3) includes 1-2 tons of farmyard manure, 12-15 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 7-10 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 2-3 kg of potash fertilizer and 5 wt% of trace elements per mu.

5. The method for cultivating short, dense, early and high-yield rapeseed according to claim 4, characterized in that: The improved varieties in step 4) are improved varieties of Brassica napus.

6. The method for cultivating short, dense, early and high-yield rapeseed according to claim 5, characterized in that: The sowing method in step 5) includes row sowing, with a sowing depth of 0.5-3 cm and a row spacing of 14-16 cm.

7. The method for cultivating rapeseed with short density and high yield according to claim 6, characterized in that: The reasonable irrigation and fertilization with water in step 8) specifically refers to: a. Irrigate the seedlings once during the seedling stage; b. The second irrigation was carried out at the budding stage, and urea 5kg / mu, monoammonium phosphate 3kg / mu, potassium sulfate 2kg / mu and organic liquid fertilizer 5kg / mu were applied with water drops; c. Water the trees for the third time during the early flowering period, and apply 5kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate, and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer with water drops; d. Water for the fourth time during the flowering period, and apply 2-3kg / mu of urea, 3kg / mu of monoammonium phosphate, 3kg / mu of potassium sulfate and 5kg / mu of organic liquid fertilizer with water drops.

8. The method for cultivating short, dense, early and high-yield rapeseed according to claim 7, characterized in that: The chemical controlled dwarfing in step 9) refers to spraying plant growth regulators from the three-leaf stage to the bud stage of rapeseed.

9. The method for cultivating short, dense, early and high-yield rapeseed according to claim 8, characterized in that: The pest and disease control in step 11) refers to seed dressing, chemical weeding and prevention of flea beetles in the seedling stage, prevention of sclerotinia disease in the early flowering stage, and control of aphids in the mature stage.

10. Use of the short, dense, early and high-yield rapeseed cultivation method according to any one of claims 1 to 9 in rapeseed planting.