A method for electrochemical synthesis of urea
By preparing an iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies, the problem of mismatch in the reaction rates of nitrate and CO2 in the electrocatalytic synthesis of urea was solved, and efficient and selective urea production was achieved, which has potential for industrial application.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202411299725.5
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-18
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-19
- Estimated Expiration
- 2044-09-18
AI Technical Summary
During the electrocatalytic synthesis of urea, there are problems such as mismatch in the reaction rates of nitrate and CO2 and the production of ammonia as a side reaction, resulting in low urea selectivity and yield.
Design and prepare iron-based catalysts containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies, and improve the activation ability and selectivity of the catalyst through steps such as hydrothermal method and high-temperature calcination.
The activity and selectivity of electrocatalytic urea synthesis were significantly improved, with a Faradaic efficiency of 63% and a production rate of 7.5 g h-1 gcat-1. The catalyst showed good stability during long-term operation.
Smart Images
Figure CN119162589B_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The invention belongs to the field of chemistry and chemical engineering, and particularly relates to a method for synthesizing urea by electrochemically catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide and nitrate. Background Art
[0002] With the increasing severity of global warming and environmental pollution, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have become a global issue that needs to be addressed urgently. The electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into valuable chemicals not only helps to store renewable energy, but also can alleviate the burden of anthropogenic carbon cycles to a certain extent, providing a promising solution. Urea, as an important bulk chemical, is widely used in the production of agricultural fertilizers. The optimization of its synthesis process is of great significance to improving resource utilization efficiency and reducing environmental pollution. In the field of electrocatalytic conversion, the coupling of CO2 with nitrate to form urea broadens the reaction path of electrocatalytic conversion of CO2, provides a new way to achieve efficient urea synthesis, and has a positive effect on the realization of green chemistry and circular economy.
[0003] However, there are many challenges in the electrocatalytic synthesis of urea. First, the synthesis of urea involves complex issues such as the co-activation of multiple reactants, multi-step proton-coupled electron transfer, and competitive hydrogenation of intermediates. In particular, there is a mismatch in the rate and kinetics of the electroreduction reaction of nitrate and CO2, and nitrate is generally more reactive than CO2 on the catalyst. Therefore, catalyst design needs to focus on improving the activation ability of CO2 to achieve high yield and high selectivity for urea. Secondly, during the urea production process, CO2 or nitrate is easily over-reduced, leading to the occurrence of side reactions. For example, during the nitrate reduction process, ammonia may be produced. This byproduct not only affects the selectivity of urea, but may also cause the performance of the catalyst to deteriorate. To address these problems, catalyst design needs to have the ability to promote the effective activation of CO2 and inhibit the formation of byproducts.
[0004] Defect engineering, as an effective electrocatalyst design technique, is widely used to improve the electronic structure and surface properties of electrodes. Oxygen vacancies, among others, have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to modulate reaction sites and accelerate electron transfer. However, due to their high cation symmetry, the electron distribution in oxygen vacancies is typically relatively uniform, limiting their catalytic activity. Summary of the Invention
[0005] One of the purposes of the present invention is to provide an iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies and a preparation method thereof.
[0006] The iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies provided by the present invention is prepared by a method comprising the following steps:
[0007] 1) dissolving an iron compound in a solvent, stirring to obtain a mixed solution, adding acetate, continuing to stir, and heating in a hydrothermal reactor to react to obtain an Fe2O3 catalyst;
[0008] 2) dissolving the Fe2O3 catalyst in a solvent, performing ultrasonic dispersion, adding a doping metal compound, heating and stirring in a water bath, and obtaining a metal-doped Fe2O3 catalyst;
[0009] 3) calcining the obtained metal-doped Fe2O3 catalyst at high temperature in a hydrogen and argon mixed atmosphere to obtain an iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies.
[0010] In step 1) of the above method, the iron compound is selected from at least one of ferric chloride (FeCl3), ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3), ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3) and hydrates thereof, specifically FeCl3 hydrate, more specifically FeCl3·6H2O;
[0011] The solvent is selected from at least one of ethanol, ethylene glycol, acetone, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, and N,N-dimethylformamide;
[0012] The acetate may be selected from at least one of sodium acetate, potassium acetate, ammonium acetate and hydrates thereof;
[0013] The molar ratio of iron ions to acetate in the iron compound may be 1:1-100, specifically 1:1-20, more specifically 1:10;
[0014] The dissolution is carried out by magnetic stirring, and the stirring speed can be 300-800 r min -1 , specifically 600r min -1 ;
[0015] The hydrothermal reaction vessel heating temperature can be 0-280°C, specifically 180°C, and the reaction time can be 6-72h, specifically 24h;
[0016] The above method step 1) further comprises, after the reaction is completed, centrifuging the reaction system, collecting the precipitate, washing, and drying to obtain the Fe2O3 catalyst;
[0017] The centrifugal speed may be 4000-10000 rpm, and the time may be 1-60 min, specifically 6000 rpm for 5 min;
[0018] The washing solvent may be at least one of deionized water, ethanol, acetone and methanol;
[0019] The drying temperature may be 30-100° C., and the drying time may be 1-50 h, and specifically may be 60° C. and dried for 12 h.
[0020] In step 2) of the above method, the solvent is selected from at least one of ethanol, ethylene glycol, acetone, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, and N,N-dimethylformamide;
[0021] The ultrasonic dispersion time may be 0-10 hours, specifically 1 hour;
[0022] The doping metal compound is selected from at least one of a transition metal compound, an alkaline earth metal compound, and a lanthanide metal compound;
[0023] Specifically, it can be at least one of transition metal nitrates, transition metal chlorides, alkaline earth metal nitrates, alkaline earth metal chlorides, lanthanide metal nitrates, lanthanide metal chlorides and hydrates thereof, including at least one of zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), indium nitrate (In(NO3)3), indium chloride (InCl3), cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)3), cerium chloride (CeCl3) and hydrates thereof, more specifically Zn(NO3)2·6H2O;
[0024] The feed mass ratio of the doped metal compound to the Fe2O3 catalyst may be 0.01-10:10, specifically 1-3:10; more specifically 2-3:10;
[0025] The water bath heating temperature is 0-100°C, specifically 70°C;
[0026] The stirring speed of the water bath can be 300-800 r / min -1 , specifically 600r min -1 ;
[0027] The time for heating and stirring in a water bath can be 1-24 hours, specifically 8 hours.
[0028] Step 2) of the above method further includes the operations of centrifuging the reaction system, collecting the precipitate, washing, and drying to obtain the metal-doped Fe2O3 catalyst;
[0029] The centrifugal speed may be 4000-10000 rpm, and the time may be 1-60 min, specifically 5000 rpm for 5 min;
[0030] The washing solvent may be at least one of deionized water, ethanol, acetone and methanol; the drying temperature may be 30-100° C., and the drying time may be 1-50 hours, specifically 60° C. for 12 hours.
[0031] In step 3) of the above method, the volume ratio of H2 to Ar in the hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere is 1:9;
[0032] The high temperature calcination temperature may be 50-800°C, specifically 200°C, wherein the heating rate is 1-20°C / min, specifically 2°C / min;
[0033] The high-temperature calcination time may be 1-20 hours, specifically 4 hours.
[0034] The second object of the present invention is to provide an electrode material.
[0035] The electrode material provided by the present invention includes the above-mentioned iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies.
[0036] The electrode material also includes carbon fiber paper.
[0037] The above-mentioned electrode material is prepared by a method comprising the following steps:
[0038] The iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies is dispersed in an organic solvent, and Nafion D-520 dispersion is added as a binder to obtain a dispersion; the dispersion is dropwise coated on the carbon fiber paper to obtain the electrode material.
[0039] In the method, the organic solvent is selected from at least one of acetone, ethanol, isopropanol and methanol;
[0040] The ratio of the Nafion D-520 dispersion to the iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies can be 1-20 μL:1 mg, specifically 10 μL:1 mg;
[0041] On the carbon fiber paper layer, the amount of the catalyst can be 0.01 to 10 mg·cm -2 , specifically 0.1 mg·cm -2 .
[0042] The third object of the present invention is to provide an electrochemical catalytic system for preparing urea by reducing CO2 and nitrate.
[0043] The electrochemical catalytic system for preparing urea by reducing CO2 and nitrate provided by the present invention comprises the above-mentioned electrode materials, a reaction electrolyte and a reaction device;
[0044] The reaction electrolyte is selected from at least one of the following: KNO3 aqueous solution, KHCO3 + KNO3 aqueous solution, KNO2 aqueous solution, KNO2 + KHCO3 aqueous solution, NaNO3 aqueous solution, NaNO3 + NaHCO3 aqueous solution, NaNO2 aqueous solution, NaNO2 + NaHCO3 aqueous solution;
[0045] The concentration of the reaction electrolyte may be 0.01-10M;
[0046] Preferably 0.2M KHCO3 + 0.1M KNO3 aqueous solution;
[0047] The reaction device can be a flow-type electrolytic cell or an H-type electrolytic cell, preferably an H-type electrolytic cell.
[0048] The application of the above-mentioned iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies, electrode materials, and electrochemical catalytic systems in the electrochemical catalytic conversion of CO2 and nitrate reduction to synthesize urea also falls within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0049] The present invention also provides a method for synthesizing urea by electrochemical catalytic conversion of CO2 and nitrate.
[0050] The method for synthesizing urea by electrochemical catalytic conversion of CO2 and nitrate provided by the present invention comprises the following steps: using the above-mentioned electrochemical catalytic system, CO2 and nitrate as raw materials, and performing a constant potential electrolysis reaction in an electrolytic cell reaction device through the action of electrode materials and electrolyte to obtain urea.
[0051] In the above method, the reaction potential in the H-type electrolytic cell system can be -0.1 to -1.4 V versus RHE, preferably -0.7 V; the reaction time can be 0.1-100 hours, preferably 0.1-10 hours; and the main product of the reaction is urea.
[0052] The present invention designs and prepares a metal-doped catalyst with an asymmetric oxygen vacancy structure. The asymmetric oxygen vacancy can make the adsorbed molecules more polarized, reduce the adsorption energy barrier, promote the co-activation of CO2 and nitrate and the coupling of carbon-nitrogen bonds, and significantly improve the activity of electrocatalytic synthesis of urea.
[0053] The present invention proposes an electrochemical catalytic conversion of CO2 and nitrate into urea using CO2 and nitrate as raw materials. The reaction can be carried out efficiently in an H-type electrolytic cell using an Fe2O3 catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies as the electrode material. The Faradaic efficiency of the main product urea can reach 63%, and the urea production rate can reach 7.5gh. -1 g cat -1 . In addition, the catalyst of the present invention has good stability under long-term operation conditions and has the potential for industrial application. The method adopts a simple and scalable synthesis route to improve the efficiency of large-scale reuse of CO2 and nitrate resources. The catalyst of the present invention has an excellent urea production rate, laying a solid foundation for its industrial development and having far-reaching significance in solving energy crises and environmental problems. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0054] Figure 1 20% Zn-Fe2O3 / O prepared in Example 1 of the present invention V Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of
[0055] Figure 2 20% Zn-Fe2O3 / O prepared in Example 1 of the present invention V X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) pattern;
[0056] Figure 3 20% Zn-Fe2O3 / O prepared in Example 1 of the present invention V Element distribution map (EDS Mapping);
[0057] Figure 4 Fe2O3 / O with different Zn contents V Electrochemical reduction of CO2 and NO3 - is the Faraday efficiency diagram of urea;
[0058] Figure 5 20% Zn-Fe2O3 / O V Electrochemical reduction of CO2 and NO3 - is the Faraday efficiency diagram of urea;
[0059] Figure 6 20% Zn-Fe2O3 / O V urea production rate diagram. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0060] The present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments. The examples provided are only for illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The examples provided below can serve as a guide for further improvements by those skilled in the art and are not intended to limit the present invention in any way.
[0061] Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods in the following examples are conventional methods and were performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the field or according to the product instructions. The materials and reagents used in the following examples, unless otherwise specified, were all commercially available.
[0062] Example 1. Preparation and characterization of catalyst
[0063] Zn-O containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies V -Fe structured Zn-doped iron oxide (Zn-Fe2O3 / O V ) catalyst preparation as an example.
[0064] First, 5 mmol of FeCl3·6H2O and 2.8 mL of H2O were magnetically stirred (600 r min -1) was dissolved in 40 mL of ethanol solution until completely dissolved. 50 mmol of CH3COONa was then added to the solution and stirring continued for 30 minutes. The resulting mixed solution was placed in a 100 mL hydrothermal kettle, which was then placed in an oven at 180°C for 24 hours. After cooling naturally to room temperature, the precipitate was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 5 minutes. After washing with deionized water and ethanol, the precipitate was dried in a vacuum drying oven at 60°C for 12 hours to obtain the Fe2O3 catalyst.
[0065] Then, 50 mg of the prepared Fe2O3 catalyst was dissolved in 50 mL of ethanol and ultrasonicated for 1 h to make the solution uniformly dispersed. 500, 1000, and 1500 μL of 10 mg mL -1 The Zn(NO3)2 solution with different contents was then stirred continuously in a 70℃ water bath (600 r min -1 ) for 8 hours, the reaction system was centrifuged, the precipitate was collected, the mixture was washed with deionized water and ethanol, and dried in a vacuum drying oven at 60°C for 12 hours. Finally, the prepared Zn-Fe2O3 was placed in a tube furnace, and a H2 / Ar (10% / 90%, v / v) mixed gas was introduced, and heated at 200°C (heating rate of 2°C / min) for 4 hours to obtain Zn-Fe2O3 / O with a feed mass ratio of Zn(NO3)2 and Fe2O3 of 10%, 20%, and 30%. V catalysts, respectively named 10% Zn-Fe2O3 / O V , 20% Zn-Fe2O3 / O V , 30% Zn-Fe2O3 / O V .
[0066] Based on the above method, Mn-Fe2O3 / O3 containing asymmetric oxygen vacancy structure was prepared using Mn(NO3)2, Co(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2, Pd(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3, Ga(NO3)3, In(NO3)3, Sn(NO3)4, Pb(NO3)2, Ce(NO3)3, and Ti(CH3CH2O)4. V 、Co-Fe2O3 / O V 、Ni-Fe2O3 / O V 、Pd-Fe2O3 / O V 、Cu-Fe2O3 / O V 、Al-Fe2O3 / O V 、Ga-Fe2O3 / O V 、In-Fe2O3 / O V 、Sn-Fe2O3 / O V、Pb-Fe2O3 / O V 、Ce-Fe2O3 / O V 、Ti-Fe2O3 / O V catalyst.
[0067] For comparison, the prepared Fe2O3 catalyst was placed in a tube furnace, introduced with H2 / Ar (10% / 90%, v / v) mixed gas, and heated at 200℃ for 4 hours to synthesize Fe2O3 / O V catalyst.
[0068] For 20% Zn-Fe2O3 / O V The catalyst was systematically characterized. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the synthesized 20% Zn-Fe2O3 / O V With hexagonal nanosheet morphology ( Figure 1 ). X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that Zn-Fe2O3 / O V The catalyst phase structure is iron oxide ( Figure 2 ). Element distribution map (EDS Mapping) research shows that Zn, Fe, and O elements are evenly distributed on the catalyst surface ( Figure 3 ).
[0069] The catalyst prepared above: Mn-Fe2O3 / O V 、Co-Fe2O3 / O V 、Ni-Fe2O3 / O V 、Pd-Fe2O3 / O V 、Cu-Fe2O3 / O V 、Al-Fe2O3 / O V 、Ga-Fe2O3 / O V 、In-Fe2O3 / O V 、Sn-Fe2O3 / O V 、Pb-Fe2O3 / O V 、Ce-Fe2O3 / O V 、Ti-Fe2O3 / O V The structure of Zn-Fe2O3 / O V The catalysts are similar.
[0070] The Fe2O3 / O prepared above V The structure of the catalyst and the Zn-Fe2O3 / O V The catalysts are similar, but only Fe and O elements are evenly distributed on the catalyst surface.
[0071] Example 2: Electrocatalytic synthesis of urea
[0072] Preparation of working electrode: First, 1 mg Zn-Fe2O3 / OV The catalyst (prepared in Example 1 of the present invention) was dispersed in 1 mL of isopropanol along with 10 μL of Nafion D-520 dispersion (5 wt%) and ultrasonicated for 1 h to achieve uniform dispersion. The dispersion was evenly drop-coated on the surface of the carbon fiber paper and dried at room temperature to form a thin catalyst layer. The catalyst loading on each electrode was 0.1 mg cm -2 .
[0073] All electrochemical experiments were performed on an electrochemical workstation (CHI 660E, Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co., Ltd.). Electrolysis experiments were conducted at 25°C using a three-electrode H-type electrolytic cell system consisting of the aforementioned working electrode, a platinum counter electrode, and an Ag / AgCl reference electrode. A Nafion 117 membrane served as the proton exchange membrane, separating the cathode and anode. Both the cathode and anode compartments contained 30 mL of a 0.2 M KHCO₃ + 0.1 M KNO₃ aqueous solution. Prior to the electrochemical tests, the catholyte was purged with CO₂ at a flow rate of 30 mL / min for 30 minutes, and the CO₂ flow rate was maintained constant during the test. The voltage range was -0.5 to -0.9 V versus RHE, and the electrolysis time was 0.5 h.
[0074] Product analysis: The gaseous products were collected using a gas bag and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC, HP 4890D). Urea was analyzed by urease decomposition and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR, Bruker Avance III 400HD) was used for analysis, and other liquid products were detected by UV-visible spectrophotometer.
[0075] Electrocatalysis of CO2 and NO3 by catalysts with different Zn doping contents - The test results of the reaction are as follows Figure 4 As shown, 20% Zn-Fe2O3 / O V Electrocatalytic CO2 and NO3 under different catalytic conditions - The test results of the reaction are as follows Figure 5 、 Figure 6 As can be seen from the figure, the catalytic system of the present invention can achieve excellent selectivity for urea (Faraday efficiency greater than 60%) and high urea production rate (close to 7.5gh -1 g cat -1 ).
[0076] Example 3: Study on Catalyst Stability
[0077] Ten cycles of stability testing were conducted at -0.7 V versus RHE to evaluate the 20% Zn-Fe2O3 / O VThe results show that the Faradaic efficiency and urea formation rate of urea did not change significantly (the results are shown in Table 1), indicating that the catalyst has excellent electrochemical stability and potential industrial value.
[0078] Table 1 Zn-Fe2O3 / O V The changes of urea Faraday efficiency and generation rate with the number of cycles in the stability test
[0079] Cyclic stability test times Urea Faradaic efficiency (%) <![CDATA[Urea production rate (g h -1 g cat -1 )]]> 1 63.3 5.67 2 61.5 5.37 3 62.8 5.41 4 60.1 5.22 5 61.9 5.28 6 61.1 5.30 7 63.2 5.52 8 62.5 5.42 9 61.4 5.30 10 61.6 5.23
[0080] The present invention has been described in detail above. For those skilled in the art, without departing from the purpose and scope of the present invention, and without the need to carry out unnecessary experimental conditions, the present invention can be implemented in a wide range under equivalent parameters, concentrations and conditions. Although the present invention provides specific embodiments, it should be understood that further improvements can be made to the present invention. In short, according to the principles of the present invention, this application is intended to include any changes, uses or improvements to the present invention, including changes that depart from the disclosed scope in this application and are made using conventional techniques known in the art.
Claims
1. Application of an iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies in the electrochemical catalytic conversion of CO2 and nitrate reduction to synthesize urea, wherein the iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies is prepared by a method comprising the following steps: 1) dissolving an iron compound in a solvent, stirring to obtain a mixed solution, adding acetate, continuing to stir, and heating in a hydrothermal reactor to react to obtain an Fe2O3 catalyst; 2) dissolving the Fe2O3 catalyst in a solvent, performing ultrasonic dispersion, adding a doping metal compound, heating and stirring in a water bath, and obtaining a metal-doped Fe2O3 catalyst; 3) calcining the obtained metal-doped Fe2O3 catalyst at a high temperature in a hydrogen and argon mixed atmosphere to obtain an iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies; The doping metal compound is a transition metal compound.
2. The use according to claim 1, characterized in that In step 1), the iron compound is selected from at least one of ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ferric nitrate and hydrates thereof; The acetate is selected from at least one of sodium acetate, potassium acetate, ammonium acetate and hydrates thereof; The molar ratio of iron ions to acetate in the iron compound is 1:1-100; The hydrothermal reaction kettle is heated at a temperature of 180° C. to 280° C. for a time of 6 to 72 hours.
3. The use according to claim 1, characterized in that In step 2), The mass ratio of the doped metal compound to the Fe2O3 catalyst is 0.01-10:10; The water bath is heated at a temperature of 70°C-100°C; The stirring speed of the water bath is 300-800 r / min -1 ; The time of heating in the water bath with stirring is 1-24 hours.
4. The use according to claim 1, characterized in that In step 3), the volume ratio of H2 to Ar in the hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere is 1:9; The high temperature calcination temperature is 200-800°C, wherein the heating rate is 1-20°C / min; The high-temperature calcination time is 1-20 hours.
5. Use of an electrode material comprising the iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies as claimed in claim 1 in electrochemical catalytic conversion of CO2 and nitrate reduction to synthesize urea.
6. The use according to claim 5, characterized in that The electrode material is prepared by a method comprising the following steps: dispersing the iron-based catalyst containing asymmetric oxygen vacancies in an organic solvent, and adding a Nafion D-520 dispersion as a binder to obtain a dispersion; and drop-coating the dispersion onto carbon fiber paper to obtain the electrode material; Wherein, the amount of the catalyst on the carbon fiber paper layer is 0.01 to 10 mg cm -2 .
7. An electrochemical catalytic system for preparing urea by reducing CO2 and nitrate, comprising the electrode material, reaction electrolyte and reaction apparatus as claimed in claim 5; in, The reaction electrolyte is selected from at least one of the following: KNO3 aqueous solution, KHCO3 + KNO3 aqueous solution, KNO2 aqueous solution, KNO2 + KHCO3 aqueous solution, NaNO3 aqueous solution, NaNO3 + NaHCO3 aqueous solution, NaNO2 aqueous solution, NaNO2 + NaHCO3 aqueous solution; The concentration of the reaction electrolyte is 0.01-10M; The reaction device is a flow-type electrolytic cell or an H-type electrolytic cell.
8. A method for synthesizing urea by electrochemical catalytic conversion of CO2 and nitrate, comprising the following steps: using the electrochemical catalytic system according to claim 7, CO2 and nitrate as raw materials, and performing a constant potential electrolysis reaction in an electrolytic cell reaction device through the action of electrode materials and electrolyte to obtain urea.
9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that The reaction potential in the electrolytic cell system is -0.1 to -1.4 V versus RHE; and the reaction time is 0.1 to 100 hours.