Application of 4, 4 ', 4' '-nitrotribenzoic acid in preparation of trans-perovskite solar cell and trans-perovskite solar cell

Abstract

The invention relates to a preparation method of 4, 4 ', 4' '- The invention discloses application of 4, 4 ''-nitrotribenzoic acid in preparation of a trans-perovskite solar cell and the trans-perovskite solar cell, and relates to the technical field of the trans-perovskite solar cell. Triphenylamine monomers with specific concentration are introduced, so that the wettability and molecular distribution of a perovskite precursor solution are improved, and the performance of the trans-perovskite solar cell is improved. And uniform growth and high-quality preparation of the perovskite thin film are promoted. The synergistic effect of the Me-4PACz and the triphenylamine monomer further enhances the carrier extraction efficiency and stability of the thin film, so that the preparation of the efficient trans-perovskite solar cell is realized. According to the technical scheme, the key technical bottleneck encountered in the commercialization process of the trans-perovskite solar cell is overcome, and a new development direction is provided for the photovoltaic industry.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of trans-perovskite solar cells, and in particular to application of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid in preparing trans-perovskite solar cells and trans-perovskite solar cells. Background Art

[0002] Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs), as an emerging optoelectronic device, have attracted widespread attention from researchers around the world in recent years due to their high efficiency, low cost and flexibility. In the development of perovskite solar cells, the normal structure (nip) once became the focus of academic research due to its high efficiency at the laboratory level. However, with the advancement of commercialization, the transverse structure (pin) has gradually become the architecture favored by the industry due to its advantages in stability, manufacturability and the potential of stacked cells.

[0003] The commercialization of existing inverse perovskite solar cells faces a series of technical challenges, mainly including:

[0004] 1. Insufficient conductivity of self-assembled monomolecular hole-selective layers (SAMs): SAMs play a key role in improving interface performance, but their conductivity limits the effective extraction of carriers.

[0005] 2. Film thickness sensitivity: The quality of perovskite film is subject to thickness control. Too thin or too thick will affect battery performance.

[0006] 3. Uncontrollability of self-assembly state: The self-assembly process of SAMs lacks effective control, resulting in uneven molecular distribution and affecting the interface contact quality.

[0007] 4. Interface charge transfer loss: Non-radiative recombination at the interface increases, resulting in decreased charge separation and transfer efficiency.

[0008] 5. Poor surface wettability of the perovskite precursor solution: affects the uniform deposition of the perovskite film, and thus affects the overall performance of the battery.

[0009] The above problems are particularly prominent when manufacturing large-area devices, and become a bottleneck restricting the improvement of the efficiency of inverse perovskite solar cells. Summary of the invention

[0010] To solve the above problems, the present invention provides an application of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid in the preparation of an inverse perovskite solar cell and an inverse perovskite solar cell. The present invention is committed to developing an “innovative spontaneously organized single-molecule fusion technology solution on the substrate surface”, which aims to improve the performance of SAMs by optimizing the perovskite precursor solution and introducing a specific triphenylamine monomer (4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid, referred to as triphenylamine) to improve the uniformity of the perovskite film, the carrier extraction efficiency and the overall stability, thereby breaking through the bottleneck of efficiency and manufacturability of inverse perovskite solar cells.

[0011] In a first aspect, the present invention provides the use of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid in the preparation of an inverse perovskite solar cell, wherein the chemical structural formula of the 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid is as follows:

[0012]

[0013] Furthermore, the application includes: adding 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid to the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution.

[0014] Furthermore, the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution also includes Me-4PACz.

[0015] Furthermore, the molar ratio of the Me-4PACzhe to the 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid is 3:1.

[0016] Furthermore, the concentration of the 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid in the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution is 0.1M.

[0017] Furthermore, the preparation method of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid comprises the following steps:

[0018] Dissolve 4-aminobenzaldehyde in ethanol, then add 98% concentrated sulfuric acid accounting for 1% to 5% of the molar amount of the 4-aminobenzaldehyde as a catalyst to carry out a condensation reaction, heat and reflux for 2 to 4 hours, then cool and crystallize the product to obtain 4,4′,4″-triphenylamine;

[0019] The 4,4′,4″-triphenylamine is dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then potassium dichromate accounting for 1% to 5% of the molar amount of the 4,4′,4″-triphenylamine is added as an oxidant to carry out an oxidation reaction, and the mixture is heated under reflux for 2 to 4 hours, and then the product is cooled and crystallized to separate, and then purified by recrystallization to obtain the 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid;

[0020] The chemical structural formula of the 4,4′,4″-triphenylamine is as follows:

[0021]

[0022] In a second aspect, the present invention provides an inverted perovskite solar cell, wherein 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid is introduced into a perovskite precursor solution of the inverted perovskite solar cell, and the chemical structural formula of the 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid is as follows:

[0023]

[0024] Furthermore, the method for preparing the inverse perovskite solar cell comprises the following steps:

[0025] Me-4PACz and 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid were added to the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution in a molar ratio of 3:1 to obtain a perovskite precursor solution;

[0026] The ITO glass substrate was ultrasonically cleaned and UV-ozone cleaned, and then spin-coated with NiO nanoparticle ink to form a hole transport layer;

[0027] Spin coating the perovskite precursor solution on the hole transport layer, followed by annealing to form a perovskite absorption layer;

[0028] Spin coating the PEAI solution on the perovskite absorption layer, followed by annealing to form a passivation layer;

[0029] Spin coating the PCBM solution on the passivation layer, followed by annealing to form an electron transport layer;

[0030] Dynamically spin-coating a saturated BCP solution on the electron transport layer, followed by annealing to form an ion migration passivation layer;

[0031] A gold electrode layer is deposited on the ion migration passivation layer to obtain the inverted perovskite solar cell.

[0032] Furthermore, the concentration of the 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid in the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution is 0.1M.

[0033] The above technical solution provided by the embodiment of the present invention has at least the following advantages compared with the prior art:

[0034] The embodiments of the present invention provide an application of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid in the preparation of a trans-perovskite solar cell and a trans-perovskite solar cell. The present invention improves the molecular distribution, enhances the wettability of the solution, eliminates nanopores, reduces the defect density, and finally achieves high-quality preparation of the perovskite film, significantly improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the trans-perovskite solar cell, and lays a solid foundation for commercial application. Specifically:

[0035] 1) The present invention introduces triphenylamine monomer (4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid) into the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution, and determines its optimal concentration to be 0.1M through the embodiment screening experiment. The addition of triphenylamine monomer significantly improves the uniformity of the perovskite film, enhances the crystallinity of the film, reduces defects, and thus greatly improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency to more than 26%. The selection of the optimal concentration ensures the dual optimization of film quality and photoelectric performance.

[0036] 2) 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid, as a new type of triphenylamine derivative, is used for the first time in the precursor solution of perovskite solar cells. The nitro structure of this compound makes its mechanism of action in the perovskite precursor solution different from that of traditional triphenylamine compounds, thus showing unique advantages in improving the quality of perovskite films.

[0037] 3) The addition of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid not only significantly improved the uniformity and crystallinity of the perovskite film and reduced the defects on the film surface, but also, by optimizing its concentration to 0.1M, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite film reached more than 26%, which was significantly improved compared with the control group without the addition of this monomer (the photoelectric conversion efficiency was less than 24%).

[0038] 4) Through the experimental data in Example 2, we can clearly see that the addition of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid not only improves the uniformity and integrity of the film, but also significantly improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell. In addition, the compound is easy to prepare, and its application in perovskite solar cells is simple and feasible, and is suitable for large-scale production.

[0039] 5) Concentration optimization experiment: In Example 2, we observed significant differences in the photoelectric performance of the perovskite film by changing the concentration of the triphenylamine monomer (0.05M, 0.1M, 0.15M). When the concentration was 0.1M, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the film was the highest, reaching more than 26%. In the control group without adding the monomer, the photoelectric conversion efficiency was less than 24%.

[0040] 6) SEM and XRD analysis: Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, we confirmed that the addition of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid indeed improved the microstructure and crystallinity of the perovskite film and reduced the pinholes and cracks on the film surface.

[0041] 7) Synergistic effect of Me-4PACz and triphenylamine monomer: A mixed perovskite precursor was prepared by mixing Me-4PACz and triphenylamine monomer in a molar ratio of 3:1. This synergistic effect promoted the uniform growth of perovskite film, enhanced the carrier extraction efficiency, and further improved the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the film.

[0042] In summary, compared with the triphenylamine compounds used in the prior art, the uniqueness of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid in the present invention lies in the presence of its nitro group, which not only enhances the interaction between molecules, but also improves the wettability of the perovskite precursor solution, which contributes to the high-quality preparation of perovskite films. In addition, it can be seen from the experimental data that the performance of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid at the optimized concentration is better than that of the triphenylamine compounds in the prior art. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0044] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, for ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative labor.

[0045] Figure 1 A schematic structural diagram of an inverted perovskite solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0047] Unless otherwise specified, various raw materials, reagents, instruments and equipment used in the present invention can be purchased from the market or prepared by existing methods.

[0048] In view of the many technical bottlenecks faced by inverse perovskite solar cells in the process of commercialization, including insufficient conductivity of the self-assembled single molecule hole selection layer, film thickness sensitivity, uncontrollable self-assembly state, uneven molecular distribution, interface charge transfer loss, and poor surface wettability of the perovskite precursor solution, the present invention aims to provide a "substrate surface innovative spontaneous organization single molecule fusion technology solution". This solution significantly improves the uniformity, crystallinity and carrier extraction efficiency of the perovskite film by introducing triphenylamine monomer into the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution and optimizing its concentration, combined with the synergistic effect of Me-4PACz, thereby solving the above technical problems and greatly improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency to more than 26%.

[0049] Specifically, the innovative purposes of the present invention are as follows:

[0050] 1. Solve the problems of film uniformity and crystallinity: By introducing triphenylamine monomer and optimizing its concentration to 0.1M, the problems of pinholes, cracks and poor crystallization in perovskite films during large-area device manufacturing are solved, and the overall quality of the film is improved.

[0051] 2. Enhanced carrier extraction efficiency: The synergistic effect of Me-4PACz and triphenylamine monomer not only promotes the uniform growth of perovskite films, but also enhances the carrier extraction efficiency, effectively reduces the interfacial charge transfer loss, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and device stability.

[0052] 3. Optimize the performance of perovskite precursor solution: The addition of triphenylamine monomer improves the wettability of the solution, reduces nanopores, and reduces defect density, thereby improving the photoelectric properties of perovskite films.

[0053] 4. Realize efficient and stable perovskite solar cells: Through the implementation of the above technical solutions, the present invention realizes the preparation of efficient inverse perovskite solar cells, demonstrates its application potential in large-area devices and industrialization, and paves the way for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells.

[0054] In summary, the present invention aims to provide an innovative perovskite solar cell preparation technology, which solves the bottlenecks of efficiency and manufacturability of trans-perovskite solar cells by optimizing the perovskite precursor solution and introducing the synergistic effect of triphenylamine monomer and Me-4PACz, and realizes high-performance, low-cost, and environmentally friendly perovskite solar cells, bringing revolutionary technological progress to the photovoltaic industry.

[0055] The technical solution provided by the present invention is as follows:

[0056] In a first aspect, the present invention provides the use of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid in the preparation of an inverse perovskite solar cell, wherein the chemical structural formula of the 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid is as follows:

[0057]

[0058] The molecular formula of 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid in the present invention is C19H12N3O5, molecular weight: 360.32 g / mol, characterized by mass spectrometry: [M+H]+=313.1 (molecular ion peak); elemental analysis: calculated value: C: 76.9%, H: 3.9%, N: 8.9%, O: 10.3%; measured value: C: 77.1%, H: 3.8%, N: 8.8%, O: 10.3%, molecular formula: C18H12N3O6; molecular weight: about 312.28 g / mol.

[0059] In some specific embodiments, the introduction and concentration of triphenylamine monomer are optimized:

[0060] Triphenylamine monomer (4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid) was precisely added to the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution, and its concentration was optimized to 0.1M to achieve the best perovskite film performance.

[0061] The introduction of this monomer significantly improves the uniformity of the film, enhances the crystallinity of the film, and reduces defects, thereby increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency to more than 26%.

[0062] In some specific embodiments, the synergistic effect of Me-4PACz and triphenylamine monomer:

[0063] Me-4PACz and triphenylamine monomer were mixed in a molar ratio of 3:1 to prepare a mixed perovskite precursor solution.

[0064] This synergistic effect promotes the uniform growth of perovskite films, enhances the carrier extraction efficiency, and further improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the films.

[0065] In the second aspect, based on the same inventive concept, the present invention provides an inverted perovskite solar cell having a structure as follows: Figure 1 As shown, the method for preparing the inverse perovskite solar cell comprises the following steps:

[0066] Me-4PACz and 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid were added to the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution in a molar ratio of 3:1 to obtain a perovskite precursor solution;

[0067] The ITO glass substrate was ultrasonically cleaned and UV-ozone cleaned, and then spin-coated with NiO nanoparticle ink to form a hole transport layer;

[0068] Spin coating the perovskite precursor solution on the hole transport layer, followed by annealing to form a perovskite absorption layer;

[0069] Spin coating the PEAI solution on the perovskite absorption layer, followed by annealing to form a passivation layer;

[0070] Spin coating the PCBM solution on the passivation layer, followed by annealing to form an electron transport layer;

[0071] Dynamically spin-coating a saturated BCP solution on the electron transport layer, followed by annealing to form an ion migration passivation layer;

[0072] A gold electrode layer is deposited on the ion migration passivation layer to obtain the inverted perovskite solar cell.

[0073] In some specific embodiments, the method for preparing the inverse perovskite solar cell comprises the following steps:

[0074] First, the ITO glass substrate was cleaned by ultrasonic cleaning and UV-ozone cleaning to ensure a clean surface.

[0075] Subsequently, NiO nanoparticle ink was spin-coated at 3000 rpm to form a hole transport layer.

[0076] Next, the mixed perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the NiO layer at a spin-coating speed of 3000 rpm for 20 seconds, followed by annealing at 100° C. for 10 minutes.

[0077] Next, PEAI solution was spin-coated at 5000 rpm to form a passivation layer, followed by annealing at 100° C. for 5 minutes.

[0078] Then, the PCBM solution was spin-coated at 3000 rpm to form an electron transport layer, followed by annealing at 70 °C for 10 min.

[0079] Finally, the BCP saturated solution was dynamically spin-coated on the PCBM layer at a spin-coating speed of 6000 rpm for 30 s, followed by annealing at 70 °C for 10 min.

[0080] In a vacuum chamber, the A 100 nm gold electrode layer was deposited by thermal evaporation at a rate of , thereby completing the preparation of the metal electrode layer.

[0081] The technical solution of the present invention improves the wettability and molecular distribution of the perovskite precursor solution by introducing a specific concentration of triphenylamine monomer, thereby promoting the uniform growth and high-quality preparation of the perovskite film. The synergistic effect of Me-4PACz and triphenylamine monomer further enhances the carrier extraction efficiency and stability of the film, thereby realizing the preparation of high-efficiency trans-perovskite solar cells. This technical solution overcomes the key technical bottlenecks encountered by trans-perovskite solar cells in the commercialization process and provides a new development direction for the photovoltaic industry.

[0082] In summary, this technical solution provides a complete set of process flow for the preparation of high-efficiency inverse perovskite solar cells, including raw material selection, concentration optimization, preparation steps of each layer and performance evaluation method, ensuring the dual optimization of film quality and optoelectronic performance, and achieving the purpose of the patent. The following significant technical advantages are achieved:

[0083] 1. Significantly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency: In the embodiment, by optimizing the concentration of triphenylamine monomer to 0.1M, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite film reached more than 26%, which is significantly improved compared with the control group without adding triphenylamine monomer (photoelectric conversion efficiency is less than 24%).

[0084] 2. Improve film uniformity and crystallinity: The addition of triphenylamine monomer significantly improves the uniformity of the perovskite film, reduces pinholes and cracks on the film surface, and enhances the crystallinity of the film, thereby improving the overall quality of the film.

[0085] 3. Enhanced carrier extraction efficiency and stability: The synergistic effect of Me-4PACz and triphenylamine monomer promotes the uniform growth of perovskite films, enhances carrier extraction efficiency, effectively reduces interfacial charge transfer losses, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the film and device stability.

[0086] 4. Optimize the performance of perovskite precursor solution: The addition of triphenylamine monomer improves the wettability of the solution, reduces nanopores, and reduces defect density, thereby improving the photoelectric properties of perovskite films and ensuring high-quality preparation of large-area devices.

[0087] 5. Realize efficient and stable perovskite solar cells: Through the implementation of the above technical solutions, the present invention realizes the preparation of efficient inverse perovskite solar cells, demonstrates its application potential in large-area devices and industrialization, and paves the way for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells.

[0088] 6. Reduce costs and improve production consistency: By optimizing the production process, the manufacturing cost is reduced, while the production consistency of perovskite solar cell modules is improved to meet the needs of large-scale production.

[0089] It should be noted that the component raw materials involved in the inverse perovskite solar cell and the preparation method thereof provided in the embodiments of the present invention, unless otherwise specified or specified, can be directly commercially available products or homemade using existing public preparation methods; at the same time, the steps and parameters involved, unless otherwise specified or specified, can be carried out according to the existing processing technology of inverse perovskite solar cells or directly carried out using existing equipment, and the present invention document will not describe them one by one.

[0090] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are intended only to illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The experimental methods in the following examples that do not specify specific conditions are usually measured according to national standards. If there is no corresponding national standard, then the conditions recommended by the manufacturer are followed.

[0091] The preparation method of triphenylamine monomer (4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid) in the following examples includes the following process:

[0092] Dissolve 4-aminobenzaldehyde in ethanol, then add 98% concentrated sulfuric acid accounting for 3% of the molar amount of the 4-aminobenzaldehyde as a catalyst to carry out a condensation reaction, heat and reflux for 3 hours, then cool and crystallize the product to obtain 4,4′,4″-triphenylamine;

[0093] The 4,4′,4″-triphenylamine is dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then potassium dichromate accounting for 3% of the molar amount of the 4,4′,4″-triphenylamine is added as an oxidant to carry out an oxidation reaction, and the reaction is heated under reflux for 3 hours. The product is then cooled and crystallized to separate, and then purified by recrystallization to obtain the 4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid.

[0094] Example 1

[0095] This example provides a method for preparing a FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite film containing a triphenylamine monomer, including the following process:

[0096] 1. Experimental materials: ITO glass substrate, NiO nanoparticle ink, triphenylamine monomer (4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid), FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor powder, lead acetate (Pb(Ac)2), formamidine hydrochloride (FACl), cesium iodide (CsI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), Me-4PACz, PEAI (Pb(SCN)2), phthalocyanine (PCBM), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-dinaphthyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), gold (Au).

[0097] 2. Experimental steps:

[0098] ITO substrate pretreatment: The ITO glass substrate was cleaned by ultrasonic cleaning (detergent, distilled water, alcohol, acetone), then dried with nitrogen, and finally cleaned in a UV ozone environment for 30 minutes.

[0099] Preparation of NiO hole transport layer: NiOx nanoparticle ink (10 mg / mL, water / isopropanol 3:1 volume ratio) was spin-coated on the ITO substrate at 3000 rpm and annealed at 110°C for 10 min.

[0100] Hybrid perovskite precursor preparation:

[0101] Me-4PACz was mixed with triphenylamine monomer (1 mmol / L, ethanol) at a molar ratio of 3:1 and spin-coated on the NiOx layer at 3000 rpm for 20 s, followed by annealing at 100 °C for 10 min.

[0102] Passivation layer preparation: PEAI solution (0.4 mg / mL, isopropanol) was spin-coated at 5000 rpm for 30 seconds, followed by annealing at 100° C. for 5 minutes.

[0103] Preparation of electron transport layer: PCBM solution (20 mg / mL, chlorobenzene) was spin-coated at 3000 rpm for 30 seconds, followed by annealing at 70°C for 10 minutes.

[0104] Preparation of ion migration passivation layer: The BCP saturated solution was dynamically spin-coated on the PCBM layer at 6000 rpm for 30 seconds, followed by annealing at 70 °C for 10 minutes.

[0105] Preparation of metal electrode layer: In a vacuum chamber (<3×10^-4Pa) at 0.1 to 0.5 A 100 nm gold electrode was deposited by thermal evaporation at a rate of .

[0106] 3. Experimental parameters:

[0107] NiO spin coating speed: 3000rpm;

[0108] Perovskite precursor solution spin coating speed: 3000 rpm;

[0109] PEAI spin coating speed: 5000rpm;

[0110] PCBM spin coating speed: 3000 rpm;

[0111] BCP spin coating speed: 6000rpm;

[0112] Ag electrode evaporation rate: 0.1 to

[0113] 4. Experimental results:

[0114] The formed perovskite film is uniform and has no obvious defects, with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of over 26%.

[0115] The microstructure and properties of the films were significantly improved, especially the carrier extraction efficiency and film quality.

[0116] Example 2

[0117] Based on the above Example 1, this example investigates the effect of triphenylamine monomer concentration on the quality of the perovskite film.

[0118] 1. Experimental materials: ITO glass substrate, NiO nanoparticle ink, FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor powder, triphenylamine monomer (4,4′,4″-nitrotribenzoic acid), lead acetate (Pb(Ac)2), formamidine hydrochloride (FACl), cesium iodide (CsI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), Me-4PACz, PEAI, phthalocyanine (PCBM), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-dinaphthyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), gold (Au).

[0119] 2. Experimental steps:

[0120] Substrate pretreatment and NiO hole transport layer preparation: the same as in Example 1.

[0121] Preparation of perovskite precursors with varying triphenylamine monomer concentrations:

[0122] Perovskite precursor solutions containing different concentrations of triphenylamine monomer (0.05 M, 0.1 M, 0.15 M) were prepared, keeping other components unchanged.

[0123] Me-4PACz was mixed with triphenylamine monomers of different concentrations in a molar ratio of 3:1 and spin-coated on the NiO layer at a spin-coating speed of 3000 rpm for 20 seconds, followed by annealing at 100 °C for 10 minutes.

[0124] Preparation of passivation layer, electron transport layer, ion migration passivation layer and metal electrode layer: the same as in Example 1.

[0125] 3. Experimental parameters:

[0126] NiO spin coating speed: 3000rpm;

[0127] Perovskite precursor solution spin coating speed: 3000 rpm;

[0128] PEAI spin coating speed: 5000rpm;

[0129] PCBM spin coating speed: 3000 rpm;

[0130] BCP spin coating speed: 6000rpm;

[0131] Au electrode evaporation rate: 0.1 to 0.5

[0132] 4. Experimental results:

[0133] Significant differences in the optoelectronic properties of perovskite films were observed at 0.05M, 0.1M, and 0.15M triphenylamine monomer concentrations.

[0134] When the concentration of triphenylamine monomer is 0.1M, the perovskite film exhibits the best photoelectric conversion efficiency, exceeding 26%.

[0135] When the concentration is too low (0.05M), there are many defects on the film surface and the photoelectric conversion efficiency decreases; when the concentration is too high (0.15M), although the film quality is improved, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is not further improved, indicating that there is an optimal concentration range.

[0136] Through SEM and XRD analysis, it was confirmed that the changes in the microstructure and crystallinity of the perovskite film at different concentrations were consistent with the optoelectronic properties.

[0137] Comparative Example 1

[0138] This example provides a method for preparing a perovskite film without triphenylamine monomer, including the following process:

[0139] 1. Experimental materials: ITO glass substrate, NiO nanoparticle ink, FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor powder, lead acetate (Pb(Ac)2), formamidine hydrochloride (FACl), cesium iodide (CsI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), Me-4PACz, PEAI, phthalocyanine (PCBM), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-dinaphthyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), gold (Au).

[0140] 2. Experimental steps:

[0141] ITO substrate pretreatment: The ITO glass substrate was cleaned by ultrasonic cleaning (detergent, distilled water, alcohol, acetone), then dried with nitrogen, and finally cleaned in a UV ozone environment for 30 minutes.

[0142] Preparation of NiO hole transport layer: NiOx nanoparticle ink (10 mg / mL, water / isopropanol 3:1 volume ratio) was spin-coated on the ITO substrate at 3000 rpm and annealed at 110°C for 10 min.

[0143] Preparation of perovskite precursor: The same perovskite precursor solution ratio as in Example 1 was used, but without adding triphenylamine monomer.

[0144] Perovskite film preparation: The perovskite precursor solution without the addition of triphenylamine monomer was spin-coated on the NiO layer, and the spin-coating parameters were the same as those in Example 1, i.e., 3000 rpm for 20 seconds, followed by annealing at 100° C. for 10 minutes.

[0145] Preparation of the passivation layer, electron transport layer, ion migration passivation layer and metal electrode layer: prepared according to the same steps and parameters as in Example 1.

[0146] 3. Experimental parameters:

[0147] NiO spin coating speed: 3000rpm;

[0148] Perovskite precursor solution spin coating speed: 3000 rpm;

[0149] PEAI spin coating speed: 5000rpm;

[0150] PCBM spin coating speed: 3000 rpm;

[0151] BCP spin coating speed: 6000rpm;

[0152] Au electrode evaporation rate: 0.1 to 0.5

[0153] Experimental results:

[0154] There are obvious pinholes and cracks on the surface of the formed perovskite film, which is in sharp contrast to the uniform film obtained after adding triphenylamine monomer in Example 1.

[0155] The photoelectric conversion efficiency is significantly lower than that of Example 1, less than 24%, which indicates that the addition of triphenylamine monomer is crucial to improving the quality of the perovskite film and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0156] By comparing Example 1 with Example 1, we can clearly see the important role of triphenylamine monomer in the preparation of perovskite film, which not only improves the uniformity and integrity of the film, but also significantly improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

[0157] Various embodiments of the present invention may be presented in the form of a range; it should be understood that the description in the form of a range is only for convenience and brevity, and should not be understood as a rigid limitation on the scope of the present invention; therefore, the range description should be considered to have specifically disclosed all possible sub-ranges and single numerical values ​​within the range. For example, the range description from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed sub-ranges, such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6, etc., as well as single numbers within the range, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, which apply regardless of the range. In addition, whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited number (fractional or integer) within the indicated range.

[0158] The foregoing is merely a specific embodiment of the present invention, which enables those skilled in the art to understand or implement the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but rather to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features claimed herein.

Claims

1. 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid is used in the preparation of inverse perovskite solar cells, characterized in that: The chemical structural formula of the 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid is as follows:

2. The use according to claim 1, characterized in that: The application comprises: adding 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid into a FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution.

3. The use according to claim 1, characterized in that: The FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution also includes Me-4PACz.

4. The use according to claim 3, characterized in that: The molar ratio of the Me-4PACzhe to the 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid is 3:

1.

5. The use according to claim 3, characterized in that: The concentration of the 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid in the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution is 0.1M.

6. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The preparation method of the 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid comprises the following steps: Dissolve 4-aminobenzaldehyde in ethanol, then add 98% concentrated sulfuric acid accounting for 1% to 5% of the molar amount of 4-aminobenzaldehyde as a catalyst to carry out a condensation reaction, heat and reflux for 2 to 4 hours, then cool and crystallize the product to obtain 4,4',4"-triphenylamine; The 4,4',4"-triphenylamine is dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then potassium dichromate accounting for 1% to 5% of the molar amount of the 4,4',4"-triphenylamine is added as an oxidant to carry out an oxidation reaction, and heated to reflux for 2 to 4 hours, and then cooled to separate the product by crystallization, and then subjected to recrystallization and purification treatment to obtain the 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid; Wherein, the chemical structural formula of the 4,4',4"-triphenylamine is as follows:

7. An inverted perovskite solar cell, characterized in that: 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid is introduced into the perovskite precursor solution of the inverse perovskite solar cell, and the chemical structure of the 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid is as follows:

8. The inverted perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that: The method for preparing the inverse perovskite solar cell comprises the following steps: Me-4PACz and 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid were added to the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution in a molar ratio of 3:1 to obtain a perovskite precursor solution; The ITO glass substrate was ultrasonically cleaned and UV-ozone cleaned, and then spin-coated with NiO nanoparticle ink to form a hole transport layer; Spin coating the perovskite precursor solution on the hole transport layer, followed by annealing to form a perovskite absorption layer; Spin coating the PEAI solution on the perovskite absorption layer, followed by annealing to form a passivation layer; Spin coating the PCBM solution on the passivation layer, followed by annealing to form an electron transport layer; Dynamically spin-coating a saturated BCP solution on the electron transport layer, followed by annealing to form an ion migration passivation layer; A gold electrode layer is deposited on the ion migration passivation layer to obtain the inverted perovskite solar cell.

9. The inverted perovskite solar cell according to claim 8, characterized in that: The concentration of the 4,4',4"-nitrotribenzoic acid in the FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite precursor solution is 0.1M.

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