A two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in southern China

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for cultivating sweet cherries in southern China, and more particularly to a two-year, three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in southern China. The method comprises selecting a high-temperature-resistant sweet cherry variety suitable for cultivation in southern China, and utilizing an intelligent artificial environment control unit to regulate the temperature, humidity, and light intensity within a cultivation greenhouse, thereby forming a two-year, three-season cultivation cycle. The specific steps comprise: controlling the temperature within the greenhouse at 2-4°C during the dormant period of each cultivation cycle, without light, to ensure that the tree enters dormancy; gradually increasing the temperature to 10-20°C during the budding period; maintaining the greenhouse temperature at 12-25°C during the flowering period; maintaining the greenhouse temperature at 15-25°C during the young fruiting period by using refrigeration equipment and supplementary lighting, and ensuring 15-18 hours of light per day; and controlling the greenhouse temperature at 18-28°C during the ripening period. The present invention can significantly improve the yield and quality of sweet cherries, adapt to the needs of off-season cultivation in southern China, and has broad application prospects.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a planting method for sweet cherries in southern China, and in particular to a two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in southern China. Background Art

[0002] Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), also known as big cherry or cherry, is a deciduous fruit tree belonging to the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus, in the Rosaceae family. Domestic sweet cherries are mainly cultivated in the north, with the ripening period concentrated in March to June. Domestic sweet cherries sold in the rest of the year are relatively rare. Due to the warm and humid climate in the south, especially the high temperature and heavy rainfall in the summer, sweet cherry has been one of the fastest-growing fruit trees in recent years. Many problems have been encountered in the cultivation process that need to be solved urgently. Chinese invention patent applications (publication numbers: CN104885841A, CN104920134A, CN104838935A) and the Chinese invention patent application applied for by the applicant (publication number: CN107182683A, publication date: 2017-09-22) disclose a method for growing sweet cherries in warm southern regions, which has enabled the cultivation of sweet cherries in the south.

[0003] The cultivation area of ​​sweet cherries has gradually expanded in southern regions such as Zhejiang, and they are mostly produced by sheltering from rain and providing shade. The fruit ripening period is generally in May, and the fruit ripening period can be advanced to April through early cultivation. For example, the Chinese invention patent application applied for by the applicant (publication number: CN114931058A, publication date: 2022-08-23) is a cultivation method for promoting the early ripening of sweet cherries in southern regions by regulating temperature and humidity. Through the facility covering and heating bud and flower promotion control technology, under the condition that the required cooling meets its own dormancy needs, reasonable temperature control is carried out during the budding period and the fruit color change period to promote early germination and early ripening, change its growth and development cycle, and promote the early listing of fruits. The same sweet cherry variety can mature in mid-to-late March, which is 30-40 days earlier than the ordinary rain shelter and shade cultivation, which greatly improves the economic benefits.

[0004] Currently, off-season sweet cherry cultivation primarily relies on "raising temperatures to promote early harvest," while research on "lowering temperatures to delay harvest" is limited. Sweet cherries ripening in July and August are not yet available in southern regions like Zhejiang. Off-season sweet cherry cultivation in southern China faces numerous challenges, particularly high summer temperatures, which not only restrict off-season sweet cherry cultivation but also negatively impact rain shelter and shade-building cultivation. In July 2024, the average temperature in Taizhou, Zhejiang, was 29.85°C, with a high of 38.90°C and a low of 25.70°C. This high temperature severely restricts off-season sweet cherry cultivation. Therefore, "external shading and internal lighting" is one effective way to address the high temperature challenges of fruit ripening in southern China. With the continuous advancement of sweet cherry cultivation technology, off-season delayed cultivation is gradually gaining attention. However, issues such as regulating environmental conditions for off-season sweet cherry cultivation remain to be further addressed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned technical issues, the present invention provides a two-year, three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries suitable for southern China. By utilizing intelligent environmental control equipment, precise temperature and humidity regulation, and an optimized lighting scheme, this method enables efficient off-season cultivation of sweet cherries in the high-temperature environments of southern China. This method not only effectively improves the photosynthetic efficiency and fruit quality of sweet cherries, but also achieves a highly efficient, two-year, three-season production model through rational growth period regulation, significantly increasing yield and market supply.

[0006] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0007] A two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in southern China comprises the following steps:

[0008] 1) Select sweet cherry varieties that are grown in southern China and suitable for cultivation in southern China and are resistant to high temperatures;

[0009] 2) Off-season cultivation greenhouses are covered with light-shielding rubber-plastic insulation cotton. Inside, intelligent artificial environment control units are used to regulate temperature and humidity in the off-season cultivation greenhouses to simulate the climatic conditions of different seasons, forming a two-year, three-season cultivation cycle, with each cycle lasting from April to July, December to March of the following year, and August to November.

[0010] 3) During the dormant period, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 2-4°C, without light, to keep the tree in full dormancy;

[0011] 4) During the budding period, gradually increase the temperature in the greenhouse to 10-20°C and open the insulation layer to provide light;

[0012] 5) During the flowering period, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 12-25℃;

[0013] 6) During the young fruit stage, the greenhouse temperature is controlled between 15-25°C and refrigeration equipment is used to maintain the temperature. Supplementary lighting and natural light are used for photosynthesis. The supplementary lighting is supplemented by supplementary lighting with a red-blue light ratio of 1.8. A 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lighting is used. The supplementary lighting is placed 20cm to 80cm away from the leaves. During the supplementary lighting period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse is controlled within the range of 20°C to 25°C. The lighting duration is controlled to 15-18 hours per day. The supplementary lighting automatically turns on when the natural light level drops below 930Lux.

[0014] 7) During the ripening period, use refrigeration equipment to control the temperature in the greenhouse between 18-28℃;

[0015] 8) After harvesting, carry out normal management and strengthen fertilizer and water management;

[0016] 9) During the leaf-falling period, cover with shading rubber-plastic insulation cotton and gradually lower the temperature to 1-2°C.

[0017] As a preference, the cultivation management for the first season is as follows:

[0018] 1.1) During the dormant period from April to May, the plants are cooled and dormant, with the temperature in the greenhouse controlled at 2-4°C and no light.

[0019] 1.2) During the budding period in May, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the insulation cotton, and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 10-20℃;

[0020] 1.3) During the flowering period from May to June, simulate the normal temperature in spring and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 12-25℃;

[0021] 1.4) During the young fruit stage from mid-June to early July, the greenhouse temperature was controlled at 20-25°C, and supplementary lighting and natural light were used for photosynthesis. The red and blue light ratio of the supplementary lighting was 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lighting was used. The supplementary lighting was placed 20cm to 80cm away from the leaves. During the supplementary lighting period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20°C to 25°C. The lighting duration was controlled at 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lighting automatically turned on when the natural light level dropped below 930 Lux.

[0022] 1.5) During the ripening period from July to August, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28°C;

[0023] 1.6) After harvesting in September and October, do not turn on the refrigerator, open the insulation cotton, open all the greenhouse films, and manage the greenhouse normally, but strengthen the fertilizer and water management;

[0024] 1.7) November leaf fall, synchronized with the outside world;

[0025] The cultivation management for the second season is as follows:

[0026] 2.1) During the dormant period in December, the insulation blanket is put down and the greenhouse is refrigerated for 1 month, with the temperature in the greenhouse controlled at 2-4°C;

[0027] 2.2) In early to mid-January of the following year, during the budding period, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the heat insulation blanket, and control the temperature in the greenhouse to 10-20℃;

[0028] 2.3) In late January, during the flowering period, the heat insulation blanket is opened, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃ with natural light;

[0029] 2.4) In February, during the young fruit stage, the greenhouse temperature was controlled at 20-25°C, and supplementary lighting and natural light were used for photosynthesis. The red and blue light ratio of the supplementary lighting was 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lighting was used. The supplementary lighting was placed 20cm to 80cm away from the leaves. During the supplementary lighting period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20°C to 25°C. The lighting duration was controlled at 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lighting automatically turned on when the natural light level dropped below 930 Lux.

[0030] 2.5) During the ripening period from March to April, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28°C;

[0031] 2.6) After harvesting in May and June, do not turn on the refrigerator, open the insulation cotton, open all the greenhouse films, and manage the greenhouse normally, but strengthen fertilizer and water management;

[0032] 2.7) During the leaf-fall period in July, cover the greenhouse with a thermal blanket and gradually lower the temperature to 2°C.

[0033] The cultivation management for the third season is as follows:

[0034] 3.1) During the dormant period in August, the insulation blanket was put down and the greenhouse was refrigerated for 1 month, with the temperature in the greenhouse controlled at 2-4°C;

[0035] 3.2) During the budding period in September, the temperature in the greenhouse should be 10-20℃;

[0036] 3.3) During the flowering period in October, the heat insulation blanket is opened, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃ with natural light;

[0037] 3.4) During the young fruit stage in November, the greenhouse temperature was controlled at 20-25°C, and supplementary lighting and natural light were used for photosynthesis. The red and blue light ratio of the supplementary lighting was 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lighting was used. The supplementary lighting was placed 20cm to 80cm away from the leaves. During the supplementary lighting period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20°C to 25°C. The lighting duration was controlled at 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lighting automatically turned on when the natural light level dropped below 930 Lux.

[0038] 3.5) During the ripening period from December to January of the following year, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28°C;

[0039] 3.6) After harvesting in January or February, keep the plants warm and grow them normally, with enhanced fertilizer and water management.

[0040] 3.7) During the leaf-falling period in March, cover the greenhouse with a thermal blanket and gradually cool the temperature in the greenhouse to 2°C.

[0041] Preferably, the high temperature resistant sweet cherry varieties are "Qi Zao" or "Mei Zao".

[0042] As the preferred choice, "Qizao" is a 5-year-old KGB tree shape, and "Meizao" is a 4-year-old slender and tall spindle tree shape.

[0043] Preferably, during the young fruit stage, the temperature in the "Qizao" off-season cultivation greenhouse is regulated at 20°C, and the temperature in the "Meizao" off-season cultivation greenhouse is regulated at 25°C.

[0044] As a preferred option, the off-season cultivation greenhouse is a single arch shed with a length of 40m and a width of 11m, and the outside of the shed is covered with 5cm thick rubber-plastic insulation cotton.

[0045] As a preferred option, the fill light uses the Zhongke Xicai fill light with a power of 60W, a main wavelength of 699.0nm, a luminous flux of 4030.421m, and a fill light time of 6:00 to 22:00 every day.

[0046] Preferably, the installation height of the fill light is 40 cm to 120 cm, and it is arranged in a staggered manner according to the different shapes of the trees to ensure the uniformity of the photosynthesis of the sweet cherry.

[0047] Preferably, fertilization management includes applying urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and trace element fertilizers, supplementing nutrients in stages to ensure the improvement of leaf photosynthetic efficiency and fruit quality.

[0048] As a preference, remote monitoring devices are used to monitor the temperature, humidity and light intensity in the greenhouse in real time to ensure that the growing environment of sweet cherries is always in the best condition.

[0049] By adopting the above-mentioned technical solution, the present invention provides a two-year, three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in southern China. By precisely controlling environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and light within the greenhouse and combining it with an intelligent artificial environment control unit, this method achieves efficient off-season cultivation of sweet cherries in the hot and humid environment of southern China. This method has the following significant technical effects:

[0050] 1. Improve yield and efficiency: Through reasonable planning of the cultivation cycle, a two-year, three-season cultivation model is achieved, so that sweet cherries can mature three times a year, greatly increasing the yield. Compared with traditional cultivation methods, it can significantly improve planting benefits and meet the market demand for off-season fruits.

[0051] 2. Optimizing Fruit Quality: This invention utilizes supplemental lighting with a red-to-blue light ratio of 1.8, effectively increasing photosynthesis efficiency and improving sweet cherry fruit quality, particularly in terms of fruit size, single fruit weight, and soluble solids content. Furthermore, by rationally controlling greenhouse temperature and humidity, the fruit cracking rate is reduced, ensuring the consistency of the fruit's appearance and taste.

[0052] 3. Adapt to the high temperature environment in the south: This method uses an intelligent control system combined with the use of refrigeration equipment to effectively regulate the temperature in the greenhouse under the high temperature environment in the south, avoiding the impact of high temperature on the growth of sweet cherry trees, allowing sweet cherries to bloom and bear fruit normally under extreme climatic conditions and adapt to the climatic characteristics of the southern region.

[0053] 4. Energy saving and intelligent management: The present invention automatically adjusts parameters such as light, temperature and humidity through the application of intelligent environmental control units and remote monitoring systems, thereby achieving precise control of the greenhouse environment. This not only improves management efficiency, but also reduces labor costs, achieving energy-saving and environmental protection effects.

[0054] 5. Extend the market supply period: Through this off-season cultivation method, the ripening period of sweet cherries can cover three different seasons throughout the year, greatly extending the market supply period of sweet cherries, increasing the economic benefits of fruit farmers, and meeting consumers' demand for off-season high-quality sweet cherries. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0055] The following is a clear and complete description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the embodiments described are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field based on the embodiments of the present invention without making any creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0056] The present invention relates to a two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries applicable to southern regions. The method adopts intelligent control technology to adjust environmental conditions in a greenhouse and reasonably arranges the cultivation cycle to achieve efficient production of sweet cherries.

[0057] 1. Sweet cherry variety selection

[0058] When cultivating sweet cherries off-season in southern China, high-temperature-resistant sweet cherry varieties are preferred. Suitable sweet cherry varieties for this invention include "Qizao" and "Meizao." The "Qizao" variety, a five-year-old KGB tree with a strong heat tolerance, is suitable for growing at 20°C; the "Meizao" variety, a four-year-old slender, tall spindle tree, is suitable for cultivation at 25°C. These varieties are selected to maintain good growth in the hot climates of southern China and produce high-quality fruit.

[0059] 2. Off-season cultivation greenhouse structure

[0060] Off-season cultivation utilizes a single arched greenhouse, 40 meters long and 11 meters wide. To ensure thermal insulation and light-blocking, the exterior is covered with 5cm thick rubber-plastic insulation. The greenhouse is equipped with an intelligent artificial environmental control unit that automatically regulates temperature, humidity, light, and CO2 concentration, achieving precise control of the cultivation environment and ensuring optimal growing conditions for sweet cherries throughout their growth period.

[0061] 3. Application of intelligent environmental control systems

[0062] This invention uses an intelligent environmental control system to monitor and automatically adjust greenhouse parameters such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, and CO2 concentration in real time. This system precisely adjusts environmental conditions based on the needs of different growing seasons, ensuring that sweet cherries are cultivated in optimal conditions at each stage. Especially during the high temperatures of summer in southern China, the intelligent system can promptly activate refrigeration equipment to prevent damage to the fruit and leaves caused by high temperatures.

[0063] 4. Fertilization management

[0064] To ensure adequate nutrient supply for sweet cherries during off-season cultivation, the present invention implements phased fertilization management at different growth stages. This primarily involves applying urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and trace element fertilizers. In particular, the potassium content in the fertilizer is appropriately increased during the young fruit stage and fruit expansion stage to improve fruit quality and yield.

[0065] 5. Lighting control and fill light settings

[0066] In this invention, a Zhongkexicai supplementary light is used, with a power of 60W, a dominant wavelength of 699.0nm, a luminous flux of 4030.42lm, and an illumination duration of 6:00 AM to 10:00 PM daily. The supplementary lights are installed at varying heights according to the tree shape to ensure uniform illumination. For the "Qizao" variety, the supplementary light is positioned 20 to 80 cm from the leaves; for the "Meizao" variety, the distance is 40 to 120 cm. This lighting scheme effectively improves photosynthesis efficiency and enhances fruit development and quality.

[0067] 6. Temperature, humidity and light control during each growth period

[0068] The present invention forms a two-year, three-season cultivation cycle by regulating environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light in the greenhouse. Each cycle is from April to July, December to March of the following year, and August to November. The specific environmental control methods for each growth period are as follows:

[0069] The cultivation management for the first season is as follows:

[0070] 1.1) During the dormant period from April to May, the plants are cooled and dormant, with the temperature in the greenhouse controlled at 2-4°C and no light.

[0071] 1.2) During the budding period in May, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the insulation cotton, and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 10-20℃;

[0072] 1.3) During the flowering period from May to June, simulate the normal temperature in spring and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 12-25℃;

[0073] 1.4) During the young fruit stage from mid-June to early July, the greenhouse temperature was controlled at 20-25°C, and supplementary lighting and natural light were used for photosynthesis. The red and blue light ratio of the supplementary lighting was 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lighting was used. The supplementary lighting was placed 20cm to 80cm away from the leaves. During the supplementary lighting period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20°C to 25°C. The lighting duration was controlled at 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lighting automatically turned on when the natural light level dropped below 930 Lux.

[0074] 1.5) During the ripening period from July to August, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28°C;

[0075] 1.6) After harvesting in September and October, do not turn on the refrigerator, open the insulation cotton, open all the greenhouse films, and manage the greenhouse normally, but strengthen the fertilizer and water management;

[0076] 1.7) November leaf fall, synchronized with the outside world;

[0077] The cultivation management for the second season is as follows:

[0078] 2.1) During the dormant period in December, the insulation blanket is put down and the greenhouse is refrigerated for 1 month, with the temperature in the greenhouse controlled at 2-4°C;

[0079] 2.2) In early to mid-January of the following year, during the budding period, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the heat insulation blanket, and control the temperature in the greenhouse to 10-20℃;

[0080] 2.3) In late January, during the flowering period, the heat insulation blanket is opened, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃ with natural light;

[0081] 2.4) In February, during the young fruit stage, the greenhouse temperature was controlled at 20-25°C, and supplementary lighting and natural light were used for photosynthesis. The red and blue light ratio of the supplementary lighting was 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lighting was used. The supplementary lighting was placed 20cm to 80cm away from the leaves. During the supplementary lighting period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20°C to 25°C. The lighting duration was controlled at 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lighting automatically turned on when the natural light level dropped below 930 Lux.

[0082] 2.5) During the ripening period from March to April, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28°C;

[0083] 2.6) After harvesting in May and June, do not turn on the refrigerator, open the insulation cotton, open all the greenhouse films, and manage the greenhouse normally, but strengthen fertilizer and water management;

[0084] 2.7) During the leaf-fall period in July, cover the greenhouse with a thermal blanket and gradually lower the temperature to 2°C.

[0085] The cultivation management for the third season is as follows:

[0086] 3.1) During the dormant period in August, the insulation blanket was put down and the greenhouse was refrigerated for 1 month, with the temperature in the greenhouse controlled at 2-4°C;

[0087] 3.2) During the budding period in September, the temperature in the greenhouse should be 10-20℃;

[0088] 3.3) During the flowering period in October, the heat insulation blanket is opened, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃ with natural light;

[0089] 3.4) During the young fruit stage in November, the greenhouse temperature was controlled at 20-25°C, and supplementary lighting and natural light were used for photosynthesis. The red and blue light ratio of the supplementary lighting was 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lighting was used. The supplementary lighting was placed 20cm to 80cm away from the leaves. During the supplementary lighting period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20°C to 25°C. The lighting duration was controlled at 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lighting automatically turned on when the natural light level dropped below 930 Lux.

[0090] 3.5) During the ripening period from December to January of the following year, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28°C;

[0091] 3.6) After harvesting in January or February, keep the plants warm and grow them normally, with enhanced fertilizer and water management.

[0092] 3.7) During the leaf-falling period in March, cover the greenhouse with a thermal blanket and gradually cool the temperature in the greenhouse to 2°C.

[0093] Test example

[0094] In order to verify the effectiveness of the off-season delayed cultivation method of sweet cherries in the southern region of the present invention, the applicant conducted the following experiments.

[0095] 1. Materials and Methods

[0096] 1.1 Test materials

[0097] This study was conducted in an off-season greenhouse at the Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, where artificial intelligence controls temperature and light levels. The sweet cherry varieties "Qizao" and "Meizao" were used as test materials. Qizao was a five-year-old KGB-shaped tree, while Meizao was a four-year-old tall, slender, spindle-shaped tree. The trees maintained consistent vigor and conventional management, as described in Chinese invention patent CN201710524755.5. The off-season greenhouse consisted of a single arched structure, 40 meters long and 11 meters wide, covered with a 5-cm-thick rubber-plastic insulation blanket. Temperature and humidity were controlled within the greenhouse using two 10kW intelligent artificial environment control units for sweet cherries (Zhengjin Environmental Technology Co., Ltd.). Lighting experiments were conducted using three different types of supplemental lighting: standard supplemental lighting, Zhongke Xicai supplemental lighting, and full-spectrum plant supplemental lighting. Both the intelligent artificial environment control unit and the supplemental lighting were automatically controlled by setting temperature and light thresholds.

[0098] Standard fill light: 60W, white light. Zhongke Xicai fill light: 60W, dominant wavelength: 699.0nm, luminous flux: 4030.421m, red-to-blue ratio (R / B): 1.8. Full-spectrum plant fill light: 60W, dominant wavelength: 699.4nm, luminous flux: 3042.681m, red-to-blue ratio (R / B): 2.5. During the photosynthesis measurement, the greenhouse's external rubber-plastic insulation was not activated, and the interior was devoid of natural light, relying solely on fill lights for artificial illumination. Fill light treatment period: From mid-June to early July, a 1m×1.5m low-density fill light or a 1m×0.75m high-density fill light was applied. The fill light was applied from 6:00 AM to 10:00 PM. During this period, the fill light automatically activated if the external natural light level fell below 930 Lux. The insulation was manually turned on at 7:00 AM and off at 5:00 PM, with a total effective daylight duration of 16 hours. A Pengyun remote monitoring device S21A was used to collect data on the greenhouse's air temperature, soil temperature, and light intensity every 5 minutes.

[0099] 1.2 Test methods

[0100] 1.2.1 Effect of different temperatures on the synthetic efficiency of sweet cherry supplementary lighting

[0101] Four treatments, T1-T4 (with set temperature thresholds of 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C, respectively), were set up. The LI-6400X portable photosynthesis meter was used to measure the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) of "Qizao" and "Meizao" under different temperature treatment conditions. Three plants were randomly selected for each treatment, and three mature leaves from the middle of the new shoots of each plant were selected from different directions for measurement. The leaf photosynthesis was measured at a distance of 80 cm from the light source (light intensity of 2595.93 Lux). The supplementary lights were installed at a density of 1m×0.75m. The T1-T4 measurement times were around 9:20, 11:00, 13:00, and 14:00, respectively. During this period, the rubber and plastic insulation cotton of the greenhouse was not turned on, and the temperature naturally rose slowly.

[0102] 1.2.2 Effects of different light quality supplementary lights on sweet cherry photosynthesis

[0103] Three treatments (M1-M3) were set up (standard supplementary lighting, Zhongke Rare Light supplementary lighting, and full-spectrum plant supplementary lighting, respectively). A LI-6400X portable photosynthetic instrument was used to measure sweet cherry parameters, including net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr), under variable light intensity conditions. Three plants were randomly selected from each treatment, and three mature leaves from the middle of a new shoot were selected from each plant in different orientations. Leaf photosynthesis was measured at a distance of 80 cm from the light source. During the photosynthesis measurement, the rubber-plastic insulation was not activated, and the greenhouse was devoid of natural light, relying solely on supplementary lighting for artificial illumination. The ambient temperature in the greenhouse was maintained at 20°C during the measurement period. The supplementary lighting was installed at a density of 1 m × 0.75 m.

[0104] 1.2.3 Effects of fill lights at different distances on photosynthesis of sweet cherry

[0105] Four treatments, N1-N4 (20 cm, 40 cm, 80 cm, and 120 cm from the light source, respectively), were set up. Using an LI-6400X portable photosynthetic instrument, parameters such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) of sweet cherry leaves were measured at different distances from the supplemental light at 20°C using variable light intensity. The supplemental lights were from Zhongke Xicai, installed at a density of 1 m × 1.5 m. Three plants were randomly selected from each treatment, and three mature leaves from the middle of each new shoot were selected from different directions for measurement. Three replicates were performed, and the average value was taken. During the photosynthesis measurement, the rubber-plastic insulation was not activated, and the greenhouse was devoid of natural light, relying solely on the supplemental light for artificial light. The ambient temperature in the greenhouse was 20°C during the measurement period.

[0106] 1.2.4 Effects of different fill light densities on sweet cherry photosynthesis

[0107] Two treatments, S1 and S2, were set up, with supplementary lights installed at densities of 1m×1.5m and 1m×0.75m, respectively. An LI-6400X portable photosynthetic instrument was used under variable light intensity conditions to measure the effects of supplementary lights at different densities on sweet cherry parameters, including net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr). The supplementary lights were 60W from Zhongke Xicai, and the measurement temperature was 20°C. Three plants were randomly selected from each treatment, and three mature leaves from the middle of the new shoot were selected from each plant in different directions for measurement. Three replicates were performed, and the average value was taken. During the photosynthesis measurement, the rubber-plastic insulation was not turned on, and there was no natural light inside the greenhouse, with only supplementary lights providing artificial light.

[0108] 1.2.5 Effects of different lighting treatments on sweet cherry fruit quality

[0109] Three different treatments were set up: P1-P3 standard fill lights, Zhongke Rare Lights fill lights, and full-spectrum fill lights. Thirty to forty fully ripe sweet cherry fruits were randomly picked and their weight, soluble solids content, and other key indicators were measured. The fruits were randomly weighed using a 1 / 1000th electronic balance. Fruit firmness was measured directly on the peel using a GY-1 hardness tester. Total soluble solids, total acid, and solid-acid ratio were measured using a Japanese Aituo Fruit Sugar-Acid Tester. The flavor and taste of the fruits were evaluated, with reference to the "Cherry Germplasm Resource Description Specifications and Data Standards," to visually assess the sweetness and sourness of the fruits.

[0110] 1.3 Statistical analysis

[0111] The data were statistically processed using Microsoft Office Excel 2007, and STST software was used for variance analysis of the results of the one-way randomized block experiment.

[0112] 2. Results and Analysis

[0113] 2.1 Effects of different temperatures on the synthetic efficiency of sweet cherry supplementary lighting

[0114] Table 1 shows that the greenhouse air temperature did not differ significantly from the set temperature thresholds for each treatment, indicating that the greenhouse air temperature could be maintained at the desired test temperature during the experiment. Analysis of the photosynthetic instrument sample chamber air temperature, leaf temperature, and calculated leaf temperature parameters revealed that under the 10°C low-temperature treatment, the leaf temperatures of both "Qizao" and "Meizao" exceeded 15°C. As the temperature rose, the leaf temperatures of both "Qizao" and "Meizao" gradually increased, with "Meizao" showing a slightly higher leaf temperature than "Qizao." Both conventional supplemental lighting and Zhongke Rare Light supplemental lighting exhibited the same pattern. In summary, leaf temperature gradually increased with rising outside temperature and remained above ambient temperature. When the outside temperature fell below 15°C, leaf temperature did not decrease with decreasing ambient temperature to maintain normal tree growth.

[0115] Table 1 Effects of different temperature treatments on sweet cherry leaf temperature

[0116]

[0117] Table 2 shows that temperature significantly affects sweet cherry photosynthesis. The net photosynthetic rate of Qi Zao reached its maximum at 20°C, while that of Mei Zao reached its maximum at 25°C. Both the standard supplemental lighting and the Zhongke Xicai supplemental lighting showed the same pattern. As leaf temperature increased from T2 to T4, the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of Qi Zao and Mei Zao gradually increased. Both stomatal conductance and transpiration rate reached their maximum at 25°C, a pattern similar to that observed in both standard supplemental lighting and the Zhongke Xicai supplemental lighting. In summary, temperature significantly influences sweet cherry photosynthesis. Sweet cherry leaves require certain temperature conditions for photosynthesis. When air temperatures fall below 15°C, some leaves may not photosynthesize effectively. Qi Zao reached its maximum photosynthesis at 20°C, while Mei Zao reached its maximum photosynthesis at 25°C.

[0118] Table 2 Effects of different temperature treatments on photosynthesis of sweet cherry

[0119]

[0120] 2.2 Effects of different lighting treatments on photosynthesis of sweet cherry in greenhouse

[0121] As can be seen from Table 3, there are certain differences in the light intensity measured by different supplementary lights. The light intensity measured by the Pengyun remote monitoring instrument S21A is the highest for the Zhongke Xicai supplementary light, and the weakest for the full-spectrum supplementary light. The internal and external light intensities of the leaf chamber measured by the LI-6400X portable photosynthesis meter also show that the Zhongke Xicai supplementary light has the highest light intensity. "Qizao" and "Meizao" both showed the highest net photosynthetic rate under the Zhongke Xicai supplementary light, and the lowest intercellular CO2 concentration. Under the same power conditions, the light quality of ordinary supplementary lights appears as white light, the Zhongke Xicai supplementary light appears as red and blue light, and the full-spectrum plant supplementary light appears as white light. In summary, different supplementary lights have a great influence on the photosynthesis of sweet cherry. Comprehensive evaluation shows that the Zhongke Xicai supplementary light has the best supplementary lighting effect.

[0122] Table 3 Effects of different supplementary lighting on photosynthesis of sweet cherry

[0123]

[0124] 2.3 Effects of fill lights at different distances on photosynthesis of sweet cherries in greenhouses

[0125] Table 4 shows that different distances of supplementary light have a significant impact on the photosynthesis of sweet cherry. Among them, the light intensity inside the leaf chamber of "Meizao" is the highest at a distance of 15 cm from the supplementary light, which is 423.66 μmol m -2 s -1 At this point, the net photosynthetic rate is at its highest. At 120 cm from the supplemental light, the light intensity is only 5.42% of that at 15 cm, and the net photosynthetic rate gradually decreases as the distance increases. "Qi Zao" exhibits the same pattern: at 20 cm, the light intensity within the leaf chamber is maximum, and the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate are all at their highest. At 120 cm, the light intensity within the leaf chamber is weakest, the net photosynthetic rate is lowest, and the intercellular CO2 concentration is highest. In summary, different distances of supplemental light have a significant impact on sweet cherry photosynthesis. The closer the distance to the supplemental light, the greater the light intensity, the higher the net photosynthetic rate, and the better the supplemental light effect. However, if the distance is too close, the high temperature of the supplemental light can burn the leaves. Therefore, the optimal distance between the supplemental light and the leaves is 20 cm to 80 cm.

[0126] Table 4 Effects of different supplementary lighting on the photosynthetic rate of sweet cherry

[0127]

[0128]

[0129] 2.4 Effects of different fill light densities on photosynthesis of sweet cherries in greenhouses

[0130] Table 5 shows that different fill light densities significantly affect greenhouse light intensity and sweet cherry photosynthesis. At the same distance, a 1m x 1.5m fill light provides only about 50% of the light intensity of a 1m x 0.75m fill light. Under low-density fill light, the net photosynthetic rate of "Qizao" and "Meizao" varieties is almost zero. Increasing fill light density significantly increases the net photosynthetic rate of sweet cherry. Under low-density fill light, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate are relatively high, and leaf temperature is higher than under high-density conditions. In summary, fill light density affects sweet cherry photosynthesis, and increasing fill light density effectively enhances photosynthesis. The KGB-shaped "Qizao" tree achieves the highest fill light efficiency when using fill light at a density of 1m x 0.75m.

[0131] Table 5 Effects of different supplementary lighting densities on the photosynthetic rate of sweet cherry

[0132]

[0133] 2.5 Effects of different lighting treatments on sweet cherry fruit quality in greenhouses

[0134] Table 6 shows that different lighting treatments significantly impacted sweet cherry fruit quality. The Zhongke Xicai lighting produced the highest single-fruit weight for both "Qizao" and "Meizao" varieties. Soluble solids content was also highest under the rare earth lighting, with Qizao reaching 20.05%. Compared to the control, the rare earth lighting treatment reduced total acid content and increased the solid-to-acid ratio. In summary, the Zhongke Xicai lighting achieved the best overall effect, resulting in fruit quality superior to both the control and the full-spectrum lighting treatments.

[0135] Table 6 Effects of different supplementary lighting on sweet cherry fruit quality

[0136]

[0137]

[0138] The above is a description of the embodiments of the present invention. The above description of the disclosed embodiments will enable professionals in the field to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be apparent to professionals in the field. The general principles defined herein can be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but should conform to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in southern China, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: 1) Select high-temperature-resistant sweet cherry varieties suitable for cultivation in southern China; 2) Off-season cultivation greenhouses are covered with light-shielding rubber-plastic insulation cotton. Inside, intelligent artificial environment control units are used to regulate temperature and humidity in the off-season cultivation greenhouses, simulating the climatic conditions of different seasons to form a two-year, three-season cultivation cycle; The cultivation management for the first season is as follows: 1.1) During the dormant period from April to May, the plants are cooled and dormant, with the temperature in the greenhouse controlled at 2-4°C and no light. 1.2) During the budding period in May, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the insulation cotton, and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 10-20℃; 1.3) During the flowering period from May to June, simulate the normal temperature in spring and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 12-25℃; 1.4) During the young fruiting period from mid-June to early July, the greenhouse temperature was controlled at 20-25°C, and supplemental lighting and natural light were used for photosynthesis. The supplemental light had a dominant wavelength of 699.0 nm, a luminous flux of 4030.42 lm / m, and a red-to-blue ratio of 1.

8. A 1 m × 0.75 m high-density supplemental light was used, positioned 20 to 80 cm from the leaves. During this supplemental lighting period, the greenhouse temperature was controlled between 20 and 25°C. The light duration was controlled at 15 to 18 hours per day, and the supplemental light automatically turned on when the natural light level fell below 930 Lux. 1.5) During the ripening period from July to August, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28°C; 1.6) After harvesting in September and October, do not turn on the refrigerator, open the insulation cotton, open all the greenhouse films, and manage the greenhouse normally, but strengthen fertilizer and water management; 1.7) November leaf fall, synchronized with the outside world; The cultivation management for the second season is as follows: 2.1) During the dormant period in December, the insulation blanket is put down and the greenhouse is refrigerated for 1 month, with the temperature in the greenhouse controlled at 2-4°C; 2.2) In early to mid-January of the following year, during the budding period, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the heat insulation blanket, and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 10-20℃; 2.3) In late January, during the flowering period, the heat insulation blanket is opened, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃ with natural light; 2.4) In February, during the young fruit stage, the greenhouse temperature was controlled at 20-25°C, and supplementary lighting and natural light were used for photosynthesis. The supplementary light had a dominant wavelength of 699.0 nm, a luminous flux of 4030.42 lm / m, and a red-to-blue ratio of 1.

8. A 1 m × 0.75 m high-density supplementary light was used, positioned 20 to 80 cm from the leaves. During the supplementary lighting period, the greenhouse temperature was controlled between 20 and 25°C. The light duration was controlled at 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary light automatically turned on when the natural light level fell below 930 lux. 2.5) During the ripening period from March to April, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28°C; 2.6) After harvesting in May and June, do not turn on the refrigerator, open the insulation cotton, open all the greenhouse films, and manage the greenhouse normally, but strengthen fertilizer and water management; 2.7) During the leaf-fall period in July, cover the greenhouse with a thermal blanket and gradually lower the temperature to 2°C. The cultivation management for the third season is as follows: 3.1) During the dormant period in August, take out the insulation blanket and refrigerate for one month, controlling the temperature in the greenhouse at 2-4°C; 3.2) During the budding period in September, the temperature in the greenhouse should be 10-20℃; 3.3) During the flowering period in October, the heat insulation blanket is opened, the natural light is used, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃; 3.4) During the young fruit stage in November, the greenhouse temperature was controlled at 20-25°C, and supplementary lighting and natural light were used for photosynthesis. The supplementary light had a dominant wavelength of 699.0 nm, a luminous flux of 4030.42 lm / m, and a red-to-blue ratio of 1.

8. A 1 m × 0.75 m high-density supplementary light was used, positioned 20 to 80 cm from the leaves. During the supplementary lighting period, the temperature in the off-season greenhouse was controlled between 20 and 25°C. The light duration was controlled at 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary light automatically turned on when the natural light level fell below 930 Lux. 3.5) During the ripening period from December to January of the following year, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28°C; 3.6) After harvesting in January and February, keep the plants warm and grow them normally, with enhanced fertilizer and water management; 3.7) During the leaf-fall period in March, cover the greenhouse with a thermal blanket and gradually cool the temperature in the greenhouse to 2°C.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The heat-resistant sweet cherry varieties are "Qizao" or "Meizao".

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that "Qizao" is a 5-year-old KGB tree shape, and "Meizao" is a 4-year-old slender and tall spindle tree shape.

4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that During the young fruit stage, the temperature in the "Qizao" off-season cultivation greenhouse is controlled at 20℃, and the temperature in the "Meizao" off-season cultivation greenhouse is controlled at 25℃.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein The method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the off-season cultivation greenhouse is a single arch shed with a length of 40 m and a width of 11 m, and the outside of the shed is covered with 5 cm thick rubber-plastic insulation cotton.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that Fill light power: 60 W, fill light time is from 6:00 to 22:00 every day.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The installation height of the supplementary lights is 40 cm to 120 cm, and they are arranged in different heights according to the different tree shapes to ensure the uniformity of sweet cherry photosynthesis.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that Fertilization management includes applying urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and trace element fertilizers, supplementing nutrients in stages to ensure the improvement of leaf photosynthetic efficiency and fruit quality.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The temperature, humidity and light intensity in the greenhouse are monitored in real time through remote monitoring instruments to ensure that the growing environment of sweet cherries is always in the best condition.

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