Implicit intra mode and geometric partition mode intra / inter prediction for combined inter merge / intra prediction

Abstract

A device may obtain a reference block associated with inter prediction of a video block. The device may determine an intra prediction mode associated with the video block based on one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block. The device may decode or encode the video block based on the intra prediction mode. In an example, the device may decode or encode the video block using intra prediction and the inter prediction, and the intra prediction of the video block may be based on the intra prediction mode. For example, combined Intra Inter Prediction (CIIP) may be enabled for the video block. The CIIP for the video block may include the intra prediction of the video block and the inter prediction of the video block. The intra prediction of the video block may be based on the intra prediction mode.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the priority of European Provisional Patent Application No. 22305493.3 filed on April 8, 2022, entitled “Implicit Intra Mode for Combined InterMerge / Intra Prediction and Geometric Partitioning Mode Intra / InterPrediction”, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein. Background Art

[0003] Video coding systems may be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems may include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the invention

[0004] Systems, methods, and apparatus are disclosed for determining an intra-prediction mode associated with a video block based on one or more intra-prediction modes associated with a reference block of the video block.

[0005] The device may obtain a reference block associated with an inter prediction of a video block. The device may determine an intra prediction mode associated with the video block based on one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block. The device may decode or encode the video block based on the intra prediction mode. In an example, the device may decode or encode the video block using intra prediction and inter prediction, and the intra prediction of the video block may be based on the intra prediction mode.

[0006] For example, combined intra-frame inter-frame prediction (CIIP) may be enabled for a video block. The CIIP for a video block may include intra-frame prediction of the video block and inter-frame prediction of the video block. The intra-frame prediction of the video block may be based on an intra-frame prediction mode. The inter-frame prediction of the video block may be based on a merge mode. A motion vector candidate list may be associated with the merge mode. The device may determine a motion vector candidate based on the motion vector candidate list, and the inter-frame prediction of the video block may be based on the motion vector candidate. The motion vector candidate may be associated with another video block adjacent to the video block.

[0007] In some examples, a geometric partitioning mode (GPM) may be enabled for the video block. The GPM may include decoding or encoding a first portion of the video block using an intra prediction mode and decoding or encoding a second portion of the video block using an inter prediction mode. The first portion of the video block may be decoded or encoded using an intra prediction mode determined based on one or more intra prediction modes associated with a reference block.

[0008] One or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block may be stored in, for example, an intra prediction mode buffer. The intra prediction mode buffer may be associated with a reference picture of a reference block including a video block. The intra prediction mode buffer may include one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block, and the intra prediction mode associated with the video block may be determined using the intra prediction mode buffer. In an example, the reference block may include a reference sample. The one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block may include an intra prediction mode associated with the reference sample, and the intra prediction mode associated with the video block may be determined based on the intra prediction mode associated with the reference sample.

[0009] The device may, for example, determine an intra-frame prediction mode buffer among multiple intra-frame prediction mode buffers based on one or more of a type of intra-frame prediction mode associated with a reference picture associated with the intra-frame prediction mode buffer, a picture order count difference associated with the reference picture, and a quantization parameter associated with the reference picture, and the intra-frame prediction mode associated with the video block may be determined based on the determined intra-frame prediction mode buffer.

[0010] The reference block may be associated with a plurality of intra prediction modes. In an example, the intra prediction mode may include an intra prediction mode associated with a predefined position in the reference block. The intra prediction mode associated with the video block may be determined based on the intra prediction mode associated with the predefined position in the reference block. The intra prediction mode may include a primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block, and the intra prediction mode associated with the video block may be determined based on the primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block. The primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block may be the intra prediction mode used to predict the majority of samples associated with the reference block.

[0011] The device may receive an indication associated with intra-prediction of a video block. The indication may indicate that an intra-prediction mode associated with the video block is to be determined based on one or more intra-prediction modes associated with a reference block. The device may determine the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block based on the indication.

[0012] The reference block associated with the inter-frame prediction of the video block may be obtained based on a reference picture including the reference block associated with the inter-frame prediction of the video block. For example, the device may decode the reference picture associated with the video block, store the reference picture in a decoded picture buffer (DPB), retrieve the reference picture from the DPB, and obtain the reference block associated with the inter-frame prediction of the video block using the reference picture retrieved from the DPB. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0014] Figure 1B is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A A system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0015] Figure 1C is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0016] Figure 1D is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of yet another example RAN and yet another example CN for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0017] Figure 2 An example video encoder is illustrated.

[0018] Figure 3 An example video decoder is illustrated.

[0019] Figure 4 Examples of systems in which various aspects and examples may be implemented are illustrated.

[0020] Figure 5 Examples of top and left neighboring blocks that may be used in combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP) weight derivation are illustrated.

[0021] Figure 6 An example of position-dependent intra prediction combining weighting is illustrated.

[0022] Figure 7 Examples of reference samples and templates for template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) are illustrated.

[0023] Figure 8 An example of geometric partitioning mode (GPM) prediction is illustrated.

[0024] Fig. 9Examples of derivation of intra-mode for storage in a buffer (eg, an IPM buffer) for a block or CU coded in inter mode and / or modified CIIP mode as described in one or more examples herein are illustrated.

[0025] Fig.10 An example of intra modes (eg, all intra modes) stored in a buffer (eg, an IPM buffer) for a region associated with a current block is illustrated.

[0026] Fig.11 An example of intra mode from a buffer (eg, an IPM buffer) on a 4x4 basis for an area covered by a block is illustrated.

[0027] Fig.12 An example of the CIIP mode using the planar intra prediction mode and the inter prediction mode is illustrated.

[0028] Fig.13 An example of a decoder or decoding process that determines an intra prediction mode associated with a coding block based on intra prediction mode information of a reference picture (eg, a reference block) associated with an inter prediction mode is illustrated.

[0029] Fig.14 An example of an encoder or encoding process that determines an intra prediction mode associated with a coding block based on intra prediction mode information of a reference picture (eg, a reference block) associated with an inter prediction mode is illustrated.

[0030] Fig.15 An example of determining an intra prediction mode (eg, by an encoder or a decoder) based on an intra prediction mode associated with a reference block is illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] A more detailed understanding may be obtained from the following description given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0032] Figure 1A1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0033] like Figure 1A As shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0034] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device that is configured to interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it should be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0035] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0036] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0037] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0038] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) that may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0039] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0040] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0041] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0042] Figure 1A The base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.11) to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.15) to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a microcell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0043] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, delay requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the text, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, delay requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. Figure 1AAlthough not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0044] The CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0045] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0046] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0047] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0048] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from the base station by an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, IR, UV or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0049] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B 1 as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0050] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0051] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in a memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0052] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0053] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0054] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0055] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via signal processing performed via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0056] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0057] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0058] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0059] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as being part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0060] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0061] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-evolved Node-B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0062] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0063] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0064] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0065] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0066] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for a BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or carries traffic away from the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and leading to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a destination outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be transmitted between the source STA and the target STA (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in the STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0067] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operation mode or a similar operation mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may listen to the primary channel. If the primary channel is listened / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0068] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0069] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0070] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1 GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0071] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only a 1MHz operating mode) is sending to the AP, the entire available band may be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and may be available.

[0072] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0073] Figure 1D1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0074] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0075] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with parameter sets that may be scalable. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmit time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths over time).

[0076] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0077] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0078] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 115 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0079] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support of network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0080] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0081] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0082] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0083] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-d, base station 114a-b, evolved Node B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0084] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0085] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuits (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0086] The present application describes a number of aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in a particular manner, and at least in order to illustrate individual features, are usually described in a manner that may sound restrictive. However, this is to describe clearly and does not limit the application or scope of these aspects. In fact, all different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. In addition, these aspects can also be combined and interchanged with the aspects described in the earlier submission.

[0087] The aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figures 5 to 14 Some examples may be provided, but others are also contemplated. Figures 5 to 14 The discussion of the present invention does not limit the breadth of specific implementations. At least one of these aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to sending a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the methods.

[0088] In this application, the terms "reconstruction" and "decoding" may be used interchangeably, the terms "pixel" and "sample" may be used interchangeably, and the terms "image", "picture" and "frame" may be used interchangeably.

[0089] Various methods are described herein, and each method in the method includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or purpose of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. In addition, in various examples, terms such as "first", "second" and the like can be used to modify elements, parts, steps, operations, etc., such as "first decoding" and "second decoding". Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply the ordering of the modification operation. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding, and can, for example, occur before, during, or in overlapping time periods of the second decoding.

[0090] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify modules (e.g., decoding modules) of video encoder 200 and decoder 300. In addition, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied to, for example, any type, format, or version of video decoding (whether described in a standard or described in a recommendation), whether pre-existing or developed in the future, as well as extensions of any such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise indicated or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application can be used alone or in combination.

[0091] Various numerical values ​​are used in describing the examples of the present application, such as 0, 1, 2, 34, 62, etc. These values ​​and other specific values ​​are used for the purpose of describing the examples, and the described aspects are not limited to these specific values.

[0092] Figure 2 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example video encoder. Variations of the example encoder 200 are contemplated, but the following describes encoder 200 for clarity without describing all contemplated variations.

[0093] Before being encoded, the video sequence may undergo a pre-encoding process (201), for example, applying a color transform to an input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of input picture components to obtain a signal distribution that is more resilient to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and appended to the bitstream.

[0094] In encoder 200, a picture is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The picture to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units such as coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded, for example, using intra mode or inter mode. When a unit is encoded in intra mode, the unit performs intra prediction (260). In inter mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder decides (205) which of intra mode or inter mode to use to encode the unit, and indicates the intra / inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. The prediction residual is calculated, for example, by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0095] The prediction residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder may skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder may bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly code the residual without applying the transform or quantization process.

[0096] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining the decoded prediction residual and the predicted block (255). An in-loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (280).

[0097] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder. In the example decoder 300, a bitstream is decoded by decoder elements as described below. The video decoder 300 generally performs the same Figure 2 The encoder 200 also typically performs video decoding as part of encoding the video data. For example, the encoder 200 may perform one or more of the video decoding steps presented herein. The encoder reconstructs the decoded image, for example, to maintain synchronization with the decoder with respect to one or more of the following: reference pictures, entropy coding contexts, and other decoder-related state variables.

[0098] Specifically, the input to the decoder includes a video bitstream, which may be generated by the video encoder 200. First, the bitstream is entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other decoded information. Picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Therefore, the decoder can divide (335) the picture according to the decoded picture partition information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining (355) the decoded prediction residual and the predicted block. The predicted block can be obtained (370) from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). An in-loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380).

[0099] The decoded picture may also undergo post-decoding processing (385), such as an inverse color transform (e.g., conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or performing an inverse remapping that is the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding process (201). The post-decoding processing may use metadata derived in the pre-encoding process and signaled in the bitstream. In an example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying the in-loop filter (365) and / or after the post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) may be transmitted to a display device for presentation to a user.

[0100] Figure 4 4 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a system in which various aspects and examples described herein can be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including various components described below and configured to perform one or more aspects of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smart phones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. The elements of system 400 may be embodied in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components, either individually or in combination. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed over multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input ports and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more aspects of the aspects described in this document.

[0101] The system 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, various aspects described in this document. The processor 410 may include embedded memory, input-output interfaces, and various other circuits as known in the art. The system 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). The system 400 includes a storage device 440, which may include a non-volatile memory and / or a volatile memory, including but not limited to an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a flash memory, a magnetic disk drive, and / or an optical disk drive. As non-limiting examples, the storage device 440 may include an internal storage device, an attached storage device (including a removable and non-removable storage device), and / or a network-accessible storage device.

[0102] The system 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430, which is configured to process data, for example, to provide encoded video or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module that may be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is well known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. Additionally, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of the system 400, or may be incorporated into the processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software known to those skilled in the art.

[0103] Program code to be loaded onto the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder 430 to perform various aspects described in this document may be stored in the storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto the memory 420 for execution by the processor 410. According to various examples, one or more of the processor 410, the memory 420, the storage device 440, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more of various items during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or partially decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results of processing equations, formulas, operations, and operation logic.

[0104] In some examples, memory inside the processor 410 and / or the encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device may be the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory may be a memory 420 and / or a storage device 440, such as a dynamic volatile memory and / or a non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, the external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, an operating system for a television. In at least one example, a fast external dynamic volatile memory (such as RAM) is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0105] Inputs to the elements of system 400 may be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives an RF signal, such as that transmitted over the air by a broadcaster; (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal; and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Other examples ( Figure 4 ) includes composite video.

[0106] In various examples, the input device of frame 445 has the corresponding input processing element associated as known in the art.For example, the RF part can be associated with the element suitable for the following: (i) select the required frequency (also referred to as selecting signal, or limiting the signal band to a band), (ii) down-convert the selected signal, (iii) again band-limit to narrower band to select the signal band that (for example) can be called channel in some examples, (iv) demodulate the signal through down-conversion and band-limited, (v) perform error correction, and / or (vi) demultiplex to select the required data packet stream. The RF part of various examples includes one or more elements for performing these functions, such as frequency selector, signal selector, band limiter, channel selector, filter, down-converter, demodulator, error corrector and demultiplexer. The RF part can include a tuner that performs various functions in these functions, including, for example, down-converting the received signal to a lower frequency (for example, intermediate frequency or near baseband frequency) or to baseband. In a set-top box example, the RF part and its associated input processing element receive the RF signal sent by wired (for example, cable) medium, and filter to the desired frequency band by filtering, down-conversion and again to perform frequency selection.Various examples rearrange the order of above-mentioned (and other) elements, remove some elements in these elements, and / or add other elements that perform similar or different functions.Adding element can include inserting element between existing elements, for example, inserting amplifier and analog-to-digital converter.In various examples, the RF part includes antenna.

[0107] The USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting the system 400 to other electronic devices across the USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented as needed, for example, in a separate input processing IC or in the processor 410. Similarly, various aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented as needed in a separate interface IC or in the processor 410. The demodulated, error-corrected, and demultiplexed streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, the processor 410 and the encoder / decoder 430, which operate in conjunction with the memory and storage elements to process the data stream as needed for presentation on the output device.

[0108] The various components of system 400 may be disposed within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, the various components may be interconnected and transmit data between the components using a suitable connection arrangement 425 (e.g., an internal bus known in the art, including an inter-chip (I2C) bus, wiring, and a printed circuit board).

[0109] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to send and receive data through communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or a network card, and communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0110] In various examples, data is streamed or otherwise provided to the system 400 using a wireless network, such as a Wi-Fi network, e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Wi-Fi signals of these examples are received via a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 suitable for Wi-Fi communications. The communication channel 460 of these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to allow streaming applications and other cross-top communications. Other examples provide streaming data to the system 400 using a set-top box that delivers data via an HDMI connection of an input box 445. Still other examples use an RF connection of an input box 445 to provide streaming data to the system 400. As described above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Additionally, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or network.

[0111] The system 400 may provide output signals to various output devices, including a display 475, a speaker 485, and other peripherals 495. The display 475 of various examples includes, for example, one or more of a touch screen display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and / or a foldable display. The display 475 may be used for a television, a tablet computer, a laptop, a cellular phone (mobile phone), or other devices. The display 475 may also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smart phone), or may be independent (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples, other peripherals 495 include one or more of an independent digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (DVD, for both terms), a disc player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripherals 495 that provide functions based on the output of the system 400. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing the output of the system 400.

[0112] In various examples, control signals are communicated between the system 400 and the display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral device 495 using signaling such as AV.Link, consumer electronics control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention. Output devices may be communicatively coupled to the system 400 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, the output devices may be connected to the system 400 via a communication interface 450 using a communication channel 460. The display 475 and speaker 485 may be integrated into a single unit with other components of the system 400 in an electronic device such as, for example, a television. In various examples, the display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0113] For example, if the RF portion of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box, the display 475 and speaker 485 may alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components. In various examples where the display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, the output signal may be provided via a dedicated output connection including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0114] These examples may be performed by computer software implemented by processor 410 or by hardware or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, these examples may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. Memory 420 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology, such as, as a non-limiting example, optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. Processor 410 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may include, as a non-limiting example, one or more of a microprocessor, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and a processor based on a multi-core architecture.

[0115] Various specific implementations involve decoding. As used in this application, "decoding" may cover, for example, all or part of a process performed on a received coded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such processes additionally or alternatively include processes performed by decoders of various specific implementations described in this application, such as determining that an intra-frame prediction mode and an inter-frame prediction mode will be used to decode a coded block, determining an intra-frame prediction mode associated with a coded block based on intra-frame prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with an inter-frame prediction mode, decoding a coded block using an inter-frame prediction mode and a determined intra-frame prediction mode, obtaining a reference block associated with an inter-frame prediction of a video block, determining an intra-frame prediction mode associated with a video block based on one or more intra-frame prediction modes associated with a reference block, decoding a video block using intra-frame prediction and inter-frame prediction, performing intra-frame prediction of a video block based on a determined intra-frame prediction mode, and the like.

[0116] As another example, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding, in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding, and in another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or broadly to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0117] Various specific implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above about "decoding", "encoding" as used in this application may cover, for example, all or part of the processes performed on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential encoding, transforming, quantization, and entropy encoding. In various examples, such processes additionally or alternatively include processes performed by encoders of various specific implementations described in this application, such as determining that an intra-frame prediction mode and an inter-frame prediction mode will be used to encode a decoding block, determining an intra-frame prediction mode associated with a decoding block based on intra-frame prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with an inter-frame prediction mode, encoding a decoding block using an inter-frame prediction mode and a determined intra-frame prediction mode, obtaining a reference block associated with an inter-frame prediction of a video block, determining an intra-frame prediction mode associated with a video block based on one or more intra-frame prediction modes associated with a reference block, encoding a video block using intra-frame prediction and inter-frame prediction, performing intra-frame prediction of a video block based on a determined intra-frame prediction mode, etc.

[0118] As another example, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding, in another example, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding, and in another example, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential decoding and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" specifically refers to a subset of operations or broadly refers to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0119] Note that syntax elements as used herein (e.g., with respect to CIIP in PPS or coding syntax in GPM, PH, SPS and / or block header, isIntraTop, isIntraLeft, etc.) are descriptive terms. Therefore, they do not exclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0120] When the figures are presented as flow charts, it should be understood that they also provide block diagrams of corresponding devices. Similarly, when the figures are presented as block diagrams, it should be understood that they also provide flow charts of corresponding methods / processes.

[0121] The specific implementations and aspects described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or process, a device, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of specific implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the specific implementation of the features discussed may also be implemented in other forms (e.g., a device or program). The device may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. These methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. The processor also includes communication equipment, such as, for example, a computer, a mobile phone, a portable / personal digital assistant ("PDA"), and other equipment that facilitates information communication between end users.

[0122] References to "one example" or "an example" or "one implementation" or "an implementation" and other variations thereof mean that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, etc. described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Thus, the phrases "in one example" or "in an example" or "in one implementation" or "in an implementation" and any other variations appearing in various places throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same example.

[0123] Additionally, the present application may involve "determining" various pieces of information. Determining information may include, for example, one or more of estimating information, calculating information, predicting information, or retrieving information from a memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0124] Furthermore, the present application may refer to "accessing" various information. Accessing information may include, for example, one or more of receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from a memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0125] Additionally, the present application may refer to "receiving" various information. Like "accessing," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include, for example, one or more of accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., from a memory). Furthermore, "receiving" generally involves, in one way or another, during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, sending information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0126] It should be understood that, for example, in the case of "A / B," "A and / or B," and "at least one of A and B," the use of any of the following " / ," "and / or," and "at least one of" is intended to encompass selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or both options (A and B). As a further example, in the case of "A, B, and / or C" and "at least one of A, B, and C," such phrases are intended to encompass selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first listed option and the second listed option (A and B), or only the first listed option and the third listed option (A and C), or only the second listed option and the third listed option (B and C), or all three options (A and B and C). This can be extended to as many items as listed, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts.

[0127] Moreover, as used herein, the word "signaling" refers in particular to indicating something to a corresponding decoder. The encoder signal may include, for example, a coding syntax in a PPS or a GPM, a PH, an SPS and / or a block header, an indication of whether a conventional process derived from an IPM buffer or an intra-frame mode will be used, etc. In this way, in an example, the same parameters are used at both the encoder side and the decoder side. Thus, for example, the encoder may send (explicit signaling) specific parameters to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. On the contrary, if the decoder already has specific parameters and other parameters, signaling may be used without sending (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select specific parameters. Bit savings are achieved in various examples by avoiding sending any actual function. It should be understood that signaling can be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, in various examples, one or more syntax elements, flags, etc. are used to signal information to the corresponding decoder. Although the verb form of the word "signaling" is mentioned above, the word "signal" may also be used as a noun in this article.

[0128] It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specific implementation may generate a variety of signals formatted to carry, for example, storable or transmittable information. The information may include, for example, instructions for executing a method or data generated by one of the described specific implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the example. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, an electromagnetic wave (e.g., using a radio frequency portion of a spectrum) or a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier using the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. As is well known, a signal may be sent over a variety of different wired or wireless links. The signal may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0129] Many examples are described herein. The features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across various claim categories and types. In addition, the examples may include one or more of the features, devices or aspects described herein individually or in any combination across various claim categories and types. For example, the features described herein may include a bitstream or signal of information generated as described herein to be implemented. This information may allow a decoder to decode a bitstream, an encoder, a bitstream and / or a decoder according to any of the embodiments described in the embodiments. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or sending and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a method, a process, a device, a medium storing instructions, a medium storing data or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices that perform decoding. A TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices may display (e.g., using a monitor, a screen or other type of display) a result image (e.g., an image reconstructed from the residual of a video bitstream). A TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0130] Disclosed are systems, methods, and means for determining a first prediction mode associated with a coding block based on prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with a second prediction mode. A device may be configured to determine that a coding block will be encoded or decoded using the first prediction mode and the second prediction mode. The device may be configured to determine the first prediction mode associated with the coding block based on prediction mode information of the reference picture associated with the second prediction mode. The device may be configured to encode or decode the coding block using the second prediction mode and the determined first prediction mode.

[0131] In an example, the first prediction mode may be an intra prediction mode. The second prediction mode may be an inter prediction mode. The prediction mode information of the reference picture associated with the second prediction mode may include intra prediction mode information of the reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with the second prediction mode. The intra prediction mode information of the reference picture may be stored in a buffer (e.g., an intra prediction mode buffer) associated with the reference picture. The buffer may be a first intra prediction mode buffer associated with a first reference picture (e.g., a first reference block). The device may be configured to further determine the intra prediction mode associated with the decoding block based on the intra prediction mode information stored in the second intra prediction mode buffer. The second intra prediction mode buffer may be associated with a second reference picture (e.g., a second reference block). The intra prediction mode information of the reference picture may include multiple intra prediction modes. The device may be configured to determine the intra prediction mode associated with the decoding block based on the intra prediction mode associated with the region of the decoding block and / or the region of the reference block of the decoding block. In some examples, the device may be configured to determine the intra prediction mode associated with the decoding block using the main intra prediction mode in the multiple intra prediction modes. The main intra prediction mode in the multiple intra prediction modes can be used to encode or decode a region of a reference block of the decoding block that is larger than other regions of the reference block. For example, each region of the reference block can be encoded or decoded using a different intra prediction mode. The intra prediction mode information of the reference picture may indicate the intra prediction mode used to decode the reference picture, and if the inter prediction mode used to encode or decode the decoding block is unidirectional, the device may be configured to determine that the intra prediction mode used to encode or decode the reference picture will be used as the intra prediction mode for encoding or decoding the decoding block. If the inter prediction mode used to encode or decode the decoding block is bidirectional, the device may be configured to further determine the intra prediction mode used to encode or decode the decoding block based on one or more parameters used to construct a reference picture list. The reference picture list may include one or more reference picture lists 0 and reference picture lists 1. In some examples, the device may be configured to receive an indication. The indication may indicate whether the intra prediction mode used to decode the coding block will be determined based on intra prediction mode information of a reference picture associated with the inter prediction mode, or the intra prediction mode used to decode the coding block will be a plane intra prediction mode.

[0132] The systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to decoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to encoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to signals (e.g., signals from encoders and / or received by decoders). A computer-readable medium may include instructions for causing one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. A computer program product may include instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause one or more processors to perform the methods described herein.

[0133] Systems, methods, and apparatus are disclosed for determining an intra-prediction mode associated with a video block based on one or more intra-prediction modes associated with a reference block of the video block.

[0134] The device may obtain a reference block associated with an inter prediction of a video block. The device may determine an intra prediction mode associated with the video block based on one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block. The device may decode or encode the video block based on the intra prediction mode. In an example, the device may decode or encode the video block using intra prediction and inter prediction, and the intra prediction of the video block may be based on the intra prediction mode.

[0135] For example, combined intra-frame inter-frame prediction (CIIP) may be enabled for a video block. The CIIP for a video block may include intra-frame prediction of the video block and inter-frame prediction of the video block. The intra-frame prediction of the video block may be based on an intra-frame prediction mode. The inter-frame prediction of the video block may be based on a merge mode. A motion vector candidate list may be associated with the merge mode. The device may determine a motion vector candidate based on the motion vector candidate list, and the inter-frame prediction of the video block may be based on the motion vector candidate. The motion vector candidate may be associated with another video block adjacent to the video block.

[0136] In some examples, a geometric partitioning mode (GPM) may be enabled for the video block. The GPM may include decoding or encoding a first portion of the video block using an intra prediction mode and decoding or encoding a second portion of the video block using an inter prediction mode. The first portion of the video block may be decoded or encoded using an intra prediction mode determined based on one or more intra prediction modes associated with a reference block.

[0137] One or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block may be stored in, for example, an intra prediction mode buffer. The intra prediction mode buffer may be associated with a reference picture of a reference block including a video block. The intra prediction mode buffer may include one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block, and the intra prediction mode associated with the video block may be determined using the intra prediction mode buffer. In an example, the reference block may include a reference sample. The one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block may include an intra prediction mode associated with the reference sample, and the intra prediction mode associated with the video block may be determined based on the intra prediction mode associated with the reference sample.

[0138] The device may, for example, determine an intra-frame prediction mode buffer among multiple intra-frame prediction mode buffers based on one or more of a type of intra-frame prediction mode associated with a reference picture associated with the intra-frame prediction mode buffer, a picture order count difference associated with the reference picture, and a quantization parameter associated with the reference picture, and the intra-frame prediction mode associated with the video block may be determined based on the determined intra-frame prediction mode buffer.

[0139] The reference block may be associated with a plurality of intra prediction modes. In an example, the intra prediction mode may include an intra prediction mode associated with a predefined position in the reference block. The intra prediction mode associated with the video block may be determined based on the intra prediction mode associated with the predefined position in the reference block. The intra prediction mode may include a primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block, and the intra prediction mode associated with the video block may be determined based on the primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block. The primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block may be the intra prediction mode used to predict the majority of samples associated with the reference block.

[0140] The device may receive an indication associated with intra-prediction of a video block. The indication may indicate that an intra-prediction mode associated with the video block is to be determined based on one or more intra-prediction modes associated with a reference block. The device may determine the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block based on the indication.

[0141] The reference block associated with the inter-frame prediction of the video block may be obtained based on a reference picture including the reference block associated with the inter-frame prediction of the video block. For example, the device may decode the reference picture associated with the video block, store the reference picture in a decoded picture buffer (DPB), retrieve the reference picture from the DPB, and obtain the reference block associated with the inter-frame prediction of the video block using the reference picture retrieved from the DPB.

[0142] A block may be coded and / or decoded using a combined inter- and intra-prediction (CIIP) mode. The block may include one or more CUs. The block may be a video block. The block may be a coded block. Whether the CIIP mode is applied to the block may be signaled, for example, in a video bitstream. For example, when a block is coded using a merge mode, if the number of luma samples in the block (e.g., determined by multiplying the block width by the block height) is equal to or higher than a threshold value (e.g., 64 luma samples), and if both the block width and the block height are less than 128 luma samples, a flag may be signaled to indicate whether the CIIP mode is applied to the block (e.g., the current block). The CIIP prediction mode may combine an inter-prediction signal with an intra-prediction signal. Fig.12 An example CIIP mode using a planar intra prediction mode and an inter prediction mode is illustrated. The inter prediction mode may be a conventional inter prediction mode or other inter prediction modes. The inter prediction signal P_inter in the CIIP mode may be derived via a similar (e.g., the same) inter prediction process as applied in the merge mode. In the merge mode, a motion vector candidate list may be used by an encoder or a decoder to determine motion vector candidates for prediction of an inter prediction signal in the CIIP mode P_inter. The motion vector candidate list may include motion vectors of blocks adjacent to the current block (e.g., blocks on the top of the current block (top neighboring blocks), blocks on the left side of the current block (left neighboring blocks), etc.). The motion vector candidate list may be constructed using motion vectors of neighboring reconstructed blocks (e.g., CUs) and / or temporal motion vectors (TMVPs). The temporal motion vector may include an MV of a block at the same position as the current block in a reference picture (e.g., an identified reference picture, such as a collocated reference picture ColPic). For inter prediction of CIIP, a block encoded or decoded using merge mode may determine coding parameters (e.g., motion vector, reference index, bidirectional prediction weight, etc.) from a coding parameter candidate list. An indication (e.g., index) may be encoded or decoded to indicate which coding parameter candidate in the coding parameter candidate list will be used to reconstruct the current block. If a similar inter prediction process as applied in merge mode is used, the MV may be inherited (e.g., the MV may have a non-integer value, such as sub-pixel). The intra prediction signal P_intra in CIIP mode may follow the same protocol as in conventional intra mode (e.g., Fig.12 The intra prediction signal and the inter prediction signal may be derived from a similar (e.g., the same) intra prediction process applied in the planar mode (e.g., the planar mode shown in FIG. 4 ) or TIMD. The intra prediction signal and the inter prediction signal may be combined, for example, using a weighted average. The weight values ​​applied during the combination may be calculated based on the coding modes of one or more neighboring blocks of a block (e.g., the current block), such as the top and left neighboring blocks of the block (e.g., the current block).

[0143] If a block (e.g., a current block) is encoded or decoded in merge mode, if the block contains at least 64 luma samples (i.e., the block width multiplied by the block height is equal to or greater than 64), and if both the block width and the block height are less than 128 luma samples, an additional flag may be signaled to indicate whether a combined inter / intra prediction (CIIP) mode is applied to the block. The CIIP prediction may combine an inter prediction signal with an intra prediction signal. The inter prediction signal P_inter in the CIIP mode may be derived, for example, using the same inter prediction process as that applied to the conventional merge mode. The intra prediction signal P_intra may be derived, for example, after a conventional intra prediction process with a predefined intra mode (e.g., planar mode). The intra and inter prediction signals may be combined using a weighted average, wherein a weight value (wt) may be calculated based on the coding modes of the top and left neighboring blocks (e.g., Figure 5 ).

[0144] Figure 5 Examples of top and left neighboring blocks that can be used in combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP) weight derivation are illustrated. Figure 5 In the example shown, the CIIP weight can be derived using the top and / or left neighboring blocks. If the top neighboring block is available and intra-coded, a flag or variable (e.g., named "isIntraTop") can be set to 1. Otherwise (e.g., if no top neighboring block is available or intra-coded), a flag or variable (e.g., "isIntraTop") can be set to 0. If the left neighbor is available and intra-coded, a flag or variable (e.g., named "isIntraLeft") can be set to 1. Otherwise (e.g., if no left neighboring block is available or intra-coded), a flag or variable (e.g., "isIntraLeft") can be set to 0. In multiple examples, if the sum of the two variables or flags (isIntraTop+isIntraLeft) is equal to 2 (e.g., if both the top and left neighbors are available and intra-coded), the CIIP weight can be set to 3. If the sum of the two variables or flags (isIntraTop+isIntraLeft) is equal to 1 (for example, if only one of the top or left neighbor is available and intra-frame decoding is performed, the CIIP weight can be set to 2. If the sum of the two variables or flags (isIntraTop+isIntraLeft) is equal to 0 (for example, if both the top and left neighbors are not available and intra-frame decoding is not performed), the CIIP weight can be set to 1.

[0145] CIIP prediction may be performed as shown in Equation 1.

[0146] P CIIP =((4-wt)*Pinter +wt*P intra +2)>>2 (1)

[0147] Where wt represents the CIIP weight described in this paper, P inter represents the inter-frame prediction signal and P intra Indicates the intra-frame prediction signal.

[0148] For example, Fig. 9 As shown, intra-mode propagation can occur.

[0149] One or more intra-modes (e.g., intra-modes for blocks) used to encode and / or decode blocks in intra-prediction may be stored in a buffer (e.g., an intra-prediction mode (IPM) buffer). The buffer associated with a frame (e.g., a current frame) may be used to decode or encode a subsequent frame. One or more intra-modes used to encode or decode a block in a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) may be stored in the buffer together with information associated with the reference picture (e.g., a reference picture index), for example, in a manner similar to the manner in which the reference picture is stored in a decoder picture buffer (DPB). The intra-modes used to encode or decode a block of a picture may be stored in the buffer, for example, in association with the position of the block in the picture. In an example, the position of the block in the picture may be collocated with the position of a current block that uses the block as a reference block. The block may be encoded or decoded using one or more intra-modes. The position of the sample may be stored in the buffer together with the intra-mode used to encode or decode the sample. One or more intra-modes that may be used to decode some or all samples in the reference picture of the current picture may be used for the current picture. In some examples, reference blocks can be associated with buffers (eg, each reference block is associated with a corresponding IPM buffer).

[0150] (E.g., each) reference picture may have one or more IPM buffers. For example, an IPM buffer for a reference picture may indicate an association between a location of a sample and an intra-mode used to encode or decode the sample. For example, a map (e.g., a map associating an intra-mode with each reference sample) juxtaposed with the reference sample may be included in the IPM buffer. An IPM buffer for a reference picture may be constructed while the reference picture is being encoded or decoded. An IPM buffer for a reference picture may be generated and / or may be used to encode or decode the picture after the reference picture is encoded or decoded (e.g., after encoding or decoding of the reference picture is completed). For example, an IPM buffer associated with a current picture may be generated by including an intra-mode used to encode or decode a current block of the picture or by including an intra-mode of a reference block that has been used to encode or decode the current block and stored in an IPM buffer associated with a reference picture of the current picture. In an example, an IPM buffer (e.g., an IPM buffer of a current picture) may be populated for a block, for example, during a reconstruction process (e.g., reconstruction as part of a decoding process) using one or more of: a current intra mode (e.g., if the current block is decoded (or encoded) using intra prediction, such as for CIIP or GPM); an intra mode that may be selected or read from an IPM buffer of a reference picture of the current picture (e.g., at a location corresponding to a reference sample of the block). The IPM buffer may indicate an association of intra modes and locations based on a resolution of the reference picture (e.g., a 4×4 block, an 8×8 block, etc. as a coding unit). For example, a map associating intra modes with locations may be associated with a resolution, and the resolution of the map may be reduced compared to the resolution of the reference picture. For example, some or all reference samples of a 4×4 window (e.g., a 4×4 block) may share the same IPM information. In an example, the size of the IPM buffer may be subsampled based on the size of the block or picture. (e.g., each) block of 4×4 samples may share the same IPM information.

[0151] Fig. 9 An example of determination of an intra mode (e.g., by derivation) is illustrated. The determination of the intra mode may be used to store the determined intra mode in a buffer (e.g., an IPM buffer), for example, for a block (e.g., a CU) encoded or decoded using inter prediction (e.g., in an inter mode and / or a modified CIIP mode as shown in one or more examples herein). In an example, one or more examples (e.g., including Fig. 9The intra mode for the modified CIIP mode is determined as shown in the example shown in the example shown in the figure, and the intra mode for CIIP can be a plane intra prediction mode or determined using TIMD. If the current block is decoded (e.g., encoded or decoded) in the inter-frame unidirectional mode, the intra mode associated with the reference block (e.g., available through an IPM buffer associated with the reference block) can be copied to a buffer associated with the current block (e.g., an IPM buffer). The modified CIIP mode may include a prediction mode in which an inter-frame prediction signal is combined with an intra-frame prediction signal (e.g., as combined in the CIIP mode) and in which the intra-frame prediction signal is generated based on one or more intra-frame prediction modes associated with the reference block, as described in one or more examples herein.

[0152] Fig. 9 An example selection 500 is illustrated. If the current block is coded in inter bi-prediction mode, one or more rules (510) to (570) may allow one or more intra modes to be selected from a buffer (e.g., an IPM buffer) associated with a reference frame of list 0 (e.g., ipm0 from an IPM buffer associated with ref_0) or a reference frame of list 1 (e.g., ipm1 from an IPM buffer associated with ref_1). Fig. 9 As shown, at 510, it is determined whether ref_0 is decoded in intra mode and whether ref_1 is decoded in inter mode. If ref_0 is decoded in intra mode and ref_1 is decoded in inter mode, ipm0 may be selected. Fig. 9 As shown, at 520, it is determined whether ref_0 is decoded in inter-frame mode and whether ref_1 is decoded in intra-frame mode, for example, if it is determined at 510 that ref_0 is not decoded in intra-frame mode or ref_1 is not decoded in inter-frame mode. If ref_0 is decoded in inter-frame mode and ref_1 is decoded in intra-frame mode, ipm1 may be selected. Fig. 9 As shown, at 530, it is determined whether ipm0>DC_IDX and ipm1<=DC_IDX, for example, if it is determined at 520 that ref_0 is not coded in inter-frame mode, or ref_1 is not coded in intra-frame mode. For example, ipm0>DC_IDX and ipm1<=DC_IDX may indicate that ipm0 is associated with an intra-frame mode index greater than the intra-frame mode index of the DC mode, and ipm1 is associated with an intra-frame mode index equal to or less than the intra-frame mode index of the DC mode. If ipm0>DC_IDX and ipm1<=DC_IDX, ipm0 may be selected. Fig. 9As shown, at 540, it is determined whether ipm0 <= DC_IDX and ipm1 > DC_IDX. For example, if at 530 it is determined that ipm0 > DC_IDX is not true or ipm1 <= DC_IDX is not true. If ipm0 <= DC_IDX and ipm1 > DC_IDX, then ipm1 can be selected. As Fig. 9 shown, at 550, it is determined whether pocDiff0 < pocDiff1. For example, if at 540 it is determined that ipm0 <= DC_IDX is not true or ipm1 > DC_IDX is not true. If pocDiff0 < pocDiff1 is true, then ipm0 can be selected. As Fig. 9 shown, at 560, it is determined whether pocDiff1 < pocDiff0. For example, if at 550 it is determined that pocDiff0 < pocDiff1 is not true. If pocDiff1 < pocDiff0, then ipm1 can be selected. As Fig. 9 shown, at 570, it is determined whether QP-ref0 > QP-ref1. For example, if at 560 it is determined that pocDiff1 < pocDiff0 is not true. If QP-ref0 > QP-ref1 is true, then ipm1 can be selected. If QP-ref0 > QP-ref1 is not true, then ipm0 can be selected. The picture order count (POC) difference pocDiffX can be determined using pocDiffX = pocRefX – pocCur. pocDiff0 can indicate the POC difference between the current picture and the reference picture associated with reference list 0. pocDiff1 can indicate the POC difference between the current picture and the reference picture associated with reference list 1. DC_IDX can indicate the DC intra prediction mode. QP-ref0 can indicate the quantization parameter used for encoding or decoding the reference picture associated with reference list 0. QP-ref1 can indicate the quantization parameter used for encoding or decoding the reference picture associated with reference list 1. Decoding can include encoding or decoding.

[0153] Intra mode information (e.g., Fig. 9Intra-mode information may be temporarily propagated and / or may be made available in association with some or all reconstructed blocks (e.g., CUs). For a current block coded using intra-mode (e.g., a current block to be encoded or decoded using intra-mode), intra-mode information associated with a neighboring reconstructed block (e.g., a CU) may be used to construct a list of most probable modes (MPMs) for the current block, for example, even if the neighboring reconstructed block is coded using inter-mode. Neighboring reconstructed blocks may include blocks that have been reconstructed and are adjacent to the current block (e.g., top neighbors or left neighbors). For example, if the block neighbors of the current block are coded using intra-mode, the intra-modes of the block neighbors may be used to construct an MPM list for the current block. If the block neighbors are coded using inter-mode, the intra-modes stored in an IPM buffer associated with a reference block of the block neighbor (e.g., a reference block in a reference picture of the block neighbor) may be used to construct an MPM list. In some examples, the intra-modes stored in the IPM buffers of the block neighbors may be used to construct an MPM list.

[0154] In one or more examples herein, the terms intra mode and intra prediction mode are used interchangeably. In one or more examples herein, the terms inter mode and inter prediction mode are used interchangeably. In one or more examples herein, the terms block and coding block are used interchangeably. Intra coding may refer to being decoded or encoded using intra prediction mode.

[0155] Fusion can be used for template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD).

[0156] TIMD may include testing a plurality of candidate intra prediction modes on reconstructed pixels adjacent to a current block in an MPM list, and selecting a candidate intra prediction mode from the candidate intra prediction modes based on the test. In TIMD, an intra prediction mode may be tested on a template of reconstructed pixels (e.g., reconstructed pixels adjacent to the current block). One or more candidate intra prediction modes may be selected from the tested modes (e.g., based on the test). For example, two best modes may be selected (e.g., a mode that minimizes the sum of the absolute transform differences (SATDs) between the template of the reconstructed pixels and their predictions). A prediction signal may be generated by mixing the two modes.

[0157] In some examples, the intra mode used to encode a block in CIIP mode may be planar (e.g., if a position-dependent intra prediction combining process (PDPC) is also applied and signaled) or may be derived, for example, using a TIMD process as follows. Figure 6 As illustrated, the intra samples may be weighted with reference samples. Figure 6 An example of position-dependent intra prediction combining weighting is illustrated.

[0158] For (eg, each) intra prediction mode in the MPM, the sum of absolute transform differences (SATD) between the predicted samples and the reconstructed samples of the template may be determined (eg, by calculation), e.g., as Figure 7 Described in. Figure 7 Examples of reference samples and templates for TIMD are illustrated. The first two intra prediction modes with the smallest SATD can be selected as TIMD modes. For example, after applying PDPC processing, the two TIMD modes can be merged with weights, and this weighted intra prediction can be used to decode the current block. PDPC can be used in planar mode intra prediction and / or TIMD.

[0159] For example, the cost of two selected patterns may be compared to a threshold, e.g., using a test where a cost factor of 2 may be applied as follows:

[0160] costMode2<2*costMode1 (2)

[0161] If the condition (e.g., in equation (2)) is true, fusion may be applied. If the condition (e.g., in equation (2)) is not true, fusion may not be applied. For example, model 1 (e.g., only mode 1) may be used.

[0162] The weight of the selected mode may be determined according to its SATD cost (eg, by calculation), as shown in equations (3) and (4):

[0163] weight1=costMode2 / (costMode1+costMode2) (3)

[0164] weight2=1-weight1 (4)

[0165] The division operation may be performed using an integerization scheme, such as the same lookup table (LUT) based integerization scheme used by the cross-component linear model (CCLM).

[0166] Intra mode propagation can be applied to geometry partition mode (GPM) with inter and intra prediction.

[0167] GPM may allow prediction of blocks with multiple partitions (e.g., using two non-rectangular partitions to predict a block, such as Figure 8 Partitions (eg, each partition) may be inter-predicted (eg, as shown in some examples in FIG. 1 ). Figure 3 375) or intra prediction (e.g., as shown in Figure 3 The samples of the inter partitions may be predicted using a conventional inter prediction process, for example using motion compensated reference samples picked from one (unidirectional) partition. Figure 8An example of geometric partition mode (GPM) prediction is illustrated. The samples of the intra partition can be predicted using the conventional intra prediction mode (IPM) and prediction process, where the available IPM candidates can be respectively as follows: Figure 8 (a) shows an angular mode parallel to the GPM block boundary (parallel mode), such as Figure 8 (b) shows the vertical angle pattern (vertical pattern) relative to the GPM block boundary, and Figure 8 (c) is the plane mode shown. Figure 8 As shown in (d), in the GPM, a partition may be encoded or decoded using an intra mode (e.g., parallel mode), and another partition may be encoded or decoded using another intra mode (e.g., vertical mode). The block boundary in the GPM prediction may be the boundary of a partition (e.g., each partition in a block). The maximum number of merge candidates for the GPM mode may be coded independently of the maximum number of merge candidates for conventional merging. The maximum number of merge candidates for the GPM may be determined based on an indication in a PPS, PH, and / or SPS, or the like. The indication indicating the maximum number of merge candidates for the GPM may be, for example, pic_five_minus_max_num_geo_cand or may include, for example, pic_five_minus_max_num_geo_cand.

[0168] In some examples, a prediction mode (e.g., CIIP mode) may be combined with an inter prediction mode (e.g., conventional inter prediction mode) using an intra prediction mode (e.g., a predefined plane intra mode or a TIMD derived intra mode). In some examples, the plane intra mode may not be suitable for the characteristics of the coding block (e.g., the current block). In some examples, TIMD may be a complex process to perform.

[0169] For a block (e.g., a current block) encoded or decoded using inter-frame prediction (e.g., at least a portion of the block is encoded or decoded using inter-frame prediction), intra-frame mode information of a reference block associated with the block (e.g., intra-frame mode information stored in a buffer such as an IPM buffer of a reference block associated with the block) can indicate a signal characteristic of the block. The direction of the intra-frame mode used to encode or decode the reference block of the block can indicate information about the spatial dominant gradient texture direction of the block. In one or more examples herein, the term "intra-frame mode" and the term "intra-frame prediction mode" may be used interchangeably.

[0170] The intra-prediction mode information of the reference block may be used (e.g., by deriving) to determine an intra-prediction mode for encoding or decoding the block (e.g., to generate an intra-prediction signal to be combined with an inter-prediction signal in CIIP mode). The intra-prediction mode information of the reference block may indicate one or more intra-prediction modes for encoding or decoding the reference block. For example, Fig.10 As shown, the reference block 1030 associated with the reference picture 1082 (ref_0) in reference list 0 may have been encoded or decoded using the DC intra prediction mode, the intra prediction mode 2, and the intra prediction mode 34. Figure 8 In the example shown, the reference block may have been encoded or decoded using GPM, where the intra prediction mode is an angular mode parallel to the GPM block boundary.

[0171] The reference block may be obtained based on a reference picture of the block. For example, the reference block may be associated with a first picture (e.g., the first picture may include the reference block). The first picture may be a reference picture of a second picture (e.g., a current picture). The block may be associated with the second picture. The reference block of the block may be obtained based on the first picture. The first picture may have been encoded or decoded. The first picture may have been stored in, for example, a reference picture buffer (e.g., a decoded picture buffer (DPB)). To obtain the reference block of the block, the first picture may have been retrieved, and the reference block may be obtained based on the first picture.

[0172] The intra-frame prediction mode information of the reference block may be stored for encoding or decoding subsequent pictures. One or more parameters associated with the reference block may be stored for encoding or decoding subsequent pictures. One or more parameters associated with the reference block may include the intra-frame prediction mode information of the reference block and / or the inter-frame prediction mode information associated with the reference block. The inter-frame prediction mode information of the reference block may be used for inter-frame prediction of the reference block and / or for inter-frame prediction of the block. The intra-frame prediction mode information of the reference block may include parameters indicating the intra-frame prediction mode that has been used to encode or decode the reference block. The inter-frame prediction mode information associated with the reference block may include a motion vector, a reference index, and a parameter indicating a bidirectional prediction mode associated with the reference block. One or more parameters associated with the reference block may include parameters indicating IBC, a palette prediction mode, and the like.

[0173] The intra-mode to be used for encoding or decoding a block (e.g., in the case of CIIP, to generate an intra-prediction signal to be combined with an inter-prediction signal) may be determined based on information from the buffer (e.g., by derivation). For example, intra-mode information for a reference block may be stored in an IPM buffer. An IPM buffer may be associated with a picture (e.g., an encoded or decoded picture that may be used as a reference picture for a current block). An IPM buffer associated with a picture may be constructed when the picture is encoded or decoded. A picture whose entirety is yet to be encoded or decoded (e.g., a current picture) may be associated with a corresponding IPM buffer that is gradually filled as blocks of the picture are reconstructed. An IPM buffer may be used to facilitate access to intra-prediction mode information for a reference block.

[0174] For blocks encoded or decoded using inter-frame prediction and intra-frame prediction, the intra-frame prediction mode used to encode or decode the block can be determined based on the intra-frame prediction mode of the reference block. In the case of CIIP and / or modified CIIP, for example, Fig. 9 The same or similar rules described in derive the intra mode for generating the intra prediction signal of the current block from the IPM buffer of the reference block of the current block (e.g., the reference block used for inter prediction of the current block). A fixed predetermined intra mode may not be used. The intra prediction for the block may be improved. TIMD may also not be used. The complexity may be reduced.

[0175] In some examples, such as in the case of CIIP and / or GPM intra / inter modes, inter prediction samples may be used to estimate an intra mode to be used to decode or encode at least a portion of a block.

[0176] An intra-mode to be used to encode or decode a block (e.g., in the case of CIIP, to generate an intra-prediction signal to be combined with an inter-prediction signal) may be determined using information stored in one or more IPM buffers associated with one or more reference frames used to encode or decode the block using inter-prediction (e.g., in the case of CIIP, to generate an inter-prediction signal to be combined with an intra-prediction signal).

[0177] In some examples, for example, in the case of CIIP and / or modified CIIP, collocation information of an IPM buffer may be used (e.g., by exporting) to determine an intra-mode to be used to encode or decode a block. The collocation information may include a collocated IPM buffer. The collocated IPM buffer may include an IPM buffer of a reference picture marked as a "collocated reference picture". In an example, an index of a collocated reference picture may be signaled at a picture header (PH) or a slice header (SH). The collocated reference picture may be encoded or decoded using an intra-prediction mode, an IBC, or a palette prediction mode, etc.

[0178] If the inter-frame prediction to be used to encode or decode the block (e.g., to generate an inter-frame prediction signal such as P_inter) is inter-frame unidirectional, the intra-frame mode associated with the reference block (e.g., the intra-frame mode available through the IPM buffer associated with the reference block) can be used (e.g., directly used) as the intra-frame mode to be used to decode or encode the block (e.g., to generate an intra-frame prediction signal such as P_intra).

[0179] If the inter prediction to be used for encoding or decoding the block (e.g., to generate an inter prediction signal such as P_inter) is inter bidirectional, then in addition to the information stored in one or more IPM buffers associated with the reference frame used to encode or decode the block, the intra mode to be used for decoding or encoding the block (e.g., to generate an intra prediction signal such as P_intra) may be determined using, for example, decoding parameters associated with at least one reference picture list. The decoding parameters may include one or more of the following: a type of prediction mode (e.g., an inter prediction mode or an intra prediction mode) associated with a reference picture (e.g., a reference picture associated with reference picture list 0 or a reference picture associated with reference picture list 1); a type of intra prediction mode (e.g., a DC intra prediction mode, a planar intra prediction mode, or an angular intra prediction mode) associated with the reference picture; a POC difference associated with the reference picture; a quantization parameter associated with the reference picture.

[0180] For example, the first intra prediction mode associated with the reference block of the reference frame of reference picture list 0 (eg, Fig. 9 ipm0 shown) and a second intra prediction mode associated with a reference block of a reference frame of reference picture list 1 (eg, Fig. 9The intra prediction mode (e.g., ipm1) shown in FIG. 1 may be selected to select an intra mode to be used for decoding or encoding the block (e.g., to generate P_intra). The selection (e.g., by derivation) of the first intra prediction mode (e.g., ipm0) or the second intra prediction mode (e.g., ipm1) may be based on coding parameters associated with at least one reference picture list, e.g., as described herein. The coding parameters associated with at least one reference picture list (e.g., coding parameters associated with ref_0 and / or ref_1 predictions) may include Fig. 9 One or more decoding parameters in . For example, Fig. 9 One or more of the rules shown may be used to determine the intra mode to be used for decoding or encoding a block (e.g., based on the logic for propagating an IPM for an inter-coded CU, such as Fig. 9 ) as depicted in the example 500 shown.

[0181] In some examples, if the inter prediction to be used to encode or decode the block (e.g., to generate P_inter) is inter bidirectional, and if the difference between the intra modes in the IPM buffer (e.g., ipm0 and ipm1) is equal to or greater than a certain value, the block may be decoded or encoded using a predetermined intra mode (e.g., a plane intra prediction mode) (e.g., to generate P_intra). The difference between the intra modes in the IPM buffer may be determined based on a first intra prediction mode (e.g., ipm0) associated with a reference block of a reference frame of reference picture list 0 and a second intra prediction mode (e.g., ipm1) associated with a reference block of a reference frame of reference picture list 1. In an example, the difference between the intra modes in the IPM buffer may be determined using an intra mode index. For example, the difference between intra prediction mode 2 and intra prediction mode 24 may be determined to be 22.

[0182] Equation (5) is an example difference between intra modes in the IPM buffer. In equation (5), the absolute difference between intra modes (eg, ipm0 and ipm1) in the IPM buffer is equal to or greater than a threshold value th. The threshold value th may be a predetermined threshold value.

[0183] |ipm0-ipm1|>=th (5)

[0184] The value of the threshold th may be, for example, predefined and / or fixed for some or all sequences. The value of the threshold th may be signaled in a header (e.g., a sequence parameter set (SPS) header, a video parameter set (VPS) header, a picture parameter set (PPS) header, a picture header, etc.).

[0185] For example, in the case of CIIP and / or modified CIIP, multiple IPMs may be used (eg, by derivation) to determine an intra-mode to be used to encode or decode a block.

[0186] Some or all intra modes of an IPM buffer associated with a region covered by a block (e.g., a current block) may be considered. Information stored in a buffer (e.g., an IPM buffer) associated with a reference block (e.g., a reference block covering the same or collocated region as the region covered by the current block) may include different intra modes. In the case of bidirectional prediction, a block may be associated with two reference blocks (e.g., two regions of a reference block) and two reference IPM buffers, such as Fig.10 As described in Fig.10 As shown, current block 1040 may be associated with reference block 1030 and with reference block 1060. Current block 1040 may be associated with current picture 1080. Reference block 1030 may cover an area in first reference picture 1082 (ref_0) that is the same size as an area covered by a block collocated with the current block, as shown in FIG. Fig.10 The reference block 1060 may cover an area in the second reference picture 1084 (ref_1) that is the same size as the area covered by the block collocated with the current block, as shown in FIG. Fig.10 As shown. The reference block 1030 may be associated with a first buffer (e.g., a first IPM buffer). The decoding parameters associated with the reference block 1030 may be stored, for example, in the first buffer. The decoding parameters associated with the reference block 1030 may include an intra-frame prediction mode for encoding or decoding the reference block 1030. Fig.10 As shown, the intra prediction mode used to encode or decode the reference block 1030 may include the DC intra prediction mode, the intra prediction mode 34, and the intra prediction mode 2. The reference block 1060 may be associated with a second buffer (e.g., a second IPM buffer). The decoding parameters associated with the reference block 1060 may be stored in, for example, the second buffer. The decoding parameters associated with the reference block 1060 may include the intra prediction mode used to encode or decode the reference block 1060. Fig.10 As shown, the intra prediction modes used to encode or decode the reference block 1060 may include a DC intra prediction mode, an intra prediction mode 2, a plane intra prediction mode, and an intra prediction mode 62.

[0187] Different intra modes may be obtained based on the motion and / or reference frame to be used for inter prediction of block 1040. Fig.10As shown, reference block 1030 may be part of a first reference picture 1082 (ref_0) of reference picture list 0. Reference block 1030 may be associated with a first motion vector (mv0). Reference block 1060 may be part of a second reference picture 1084 (ref_1) of reference picture list 1. Reference block 1060 may be associated with a second motion vector (mv1). For example, a device (e.g., an encoder or a decoder) may determine the intra prediction mode for reconstructing block 1040 using the DC intra prediction mode, intra prediction mode 34, and intra prediction mode 2 stored in the first buffer based on ref_0 and mv0.

[0188] Fig.10 An example of intra modes (e.g., all intra modes) stored in a buffer (e.g., an IPM buffer) for an area associated with a current block is illustrated. For example, if the area of ​​the block is large enough, the corresponding area covered in the IPM buffer may include several intra modes (e.g., Fig.11 As shown in Fig.10 As shown, DC refers to DC intra mode. 2, 34 and 62 are indexes indicating different intra modes. P refers to planar intra mode.

[0189] The intra prediction mode associated with the block may be determined based on an intra prediction mode associated with a predefined position in a reference block of the current block. In an example, an IPM intra mode stored at a predefined area (e.g., a position such as an upper left position) associated with the block and / or the reference block of the block may be selected. Fig.10 As shown, the DC intra prediction mode may be associated with the upper left position of the reference block 1030, the intra prediction mode 34 may be associated with the lower left position of the reference block 1030, and the intra prediction mode 2 may be associated with the upper right position of the reference block 1030. The DC intra prediction mode may be associated with the upper left position of the reference block 1060, the intra prediction mode 2 may be associated with the upper right position of the reference block 1060, the plane intra prediction mode may be associated with the lower right position of the reference block 1060, and the intra prediction mode 62 may be associated with the lower right position of the reference block 1060. If the upper left position (e.g., of the current block 1040 and / or the reference block 1030) is selected as the predefined position, and Fig. 9 If ipm0 in is determined as the intra prediction mode for intra prediction of the current block 1040, the DC intra prediction mode may be determined as the intra prediction mode for intra prediction of the current block 1040. If the upper left position (for example, of the current block 1040 and / or the reference block 1030) is selected as the predefined position, and Fig. 9If ipm1 in is determined as the intra prediction mode for intra prediction of the current block 1040 , the DC intra prediction mode may be determined as the intra prediction mode for intra prediction of the current block 1040 .

[0190] The reference block may be associated with a plurality of intra prediction modes including an intra prediction mode associated with a predefined position in the reference block. The intra prediction mode associated with the block may be determined based on the intra prediction mode associated with the predefined position in the reference block of the block.

[0191] The intra prediction mode associated with the block may be determined based on the intra prediction mode associated with the primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block.

[0192] In an example, the intra-frame mode to be used for encoding or decoding a block (e.g., a current block) may be a primary intra-frame prediction mode. The primary intra-frame prediction mode may include an intra-frame prediction mode associated with the following region of the decoding block: the size (area) of the region 主要IPM ) is greater than a certain value or greater than the size (area) of other areas of the decoding block 每个其他IPM ). The primary intra prediction mode can be observed on the surface of the block projected into the reference frame and the reference IPM buffer. The primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block may be the intra prediction mode used to predict most samples associated with the reference block. The primary intra prediction mode may be the mode that covers the largest area of ​​the block under a condition (e.g., a weighted threshold "th" condition). An example of the condition is shown in equation (6).

[0193] area 主要IPM >=th*area 每个其他IPM (6)

[0194] The value of the threshold th may be, for example, predefined and / or fixed for some or all sequences. The value of the threshold th may be signaled in a header (e.g., a sequence parameter set (SPS) header, a video parameter set (VPS) header, a picture parameter set (PPS) header, a picture header, etc.). The "th" in equation (6) may be used, for example, as a weighting factor for the sum of areas associated with IPMs that are not primary intra prediction modes. For example, the sum of areas associated with IPMs may be the total area covered by samples encoded or decoded using an IPM that is different from the primary intra prediction mode. For example, in Fig.10 In block 1030, the primary intra prediction mode may be determined to be the DC intra prediction mode. Fig.11 In the example, if block 1106 is encoded or decoded using intra-prediction mode 2, the primary intra-prediction mode associated with block 1108 may be determined to be intra-prediction mode 2.

[0195] exist Fig.10 In the example shown, if ipm 1 is determined as the intra prediction mode to be used for encoding or decoding the current block, the primary intra prediction mode may be set to the DC intra mode.

[0196] In some examples, if a primary intra-prediction mode is not determined or cannot be determined, a default intra-mode (eg, plane intra-mode) may be used as the intra-prediction mode.

[0197] In some examples, intra prediction may be performed on a 4×4 basis using different intra prediction modes (e.g., in the case of CIIP and / or modified CIIP). Intra prediction modes may be stored (e.g., in an IPM buffer) on a 4×4 basis. Fig. 9 One or more rules for the intra prediction mode in Fig.11 In some examples, for a 4×4 sub-portion, if a first intra-frame prediction mode (e.g., ipm0) associated with a reference block of a reference frame of reference picture list 0 is the same as a second intra-frame prediction mode (e.g., ipm1) associated with a reference block of a reference frame of reference picture list 1, then, for example, in the case of CIIP and / or modified CIIP, the first intra-frame prediction mode or the second intra-frame prediction mode may be used as the intra-frame prediction mode. For a 4×4 sub-portion, if a first intra-frame prediction mode (e.g., ipm0) associated with a reference block of a reference frame of reference picture list 0 is different from a second intra-frame prediction mode (e.g., ipm1) associated with a reference block of a reference frame of reference picture list 1, then an intra-frame mode (e.g., planar mode) may be used by default, for example, as Fig.11 As shown above. Fig.11 An example of intra mode from a buffer (eg, an IPM buffer) on a 4×4 basis for an area covered by a block is illustrated. Fig.11 As shown, the 4×4 block 1104 may be encoded or decoded using the plane intra prediction mode. For the block 1104, the first intra prediction mode may be different from the second intra prediction mode.

[0198] For example, in the case of CIIP and / or modified CIIP, an indication (eg, a flag) may be used to select an intra-mode to be used for encoding or decoding a block.

[0199] In an example, an indication (e.g., a flag) may be coded with a block coded (e.g., encoded or decoded) in CIIP mode to indicate whether the intra-prediction mode associated with the block is a conventional process (e.g., a predetermined intra-frame mode such as a planar mode) or whether the intra-prediction mode associated with the block is determined based on intra-prediction mode information associated with a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) of the block, as shown in one or more examples herein. For example, the indication may indicate that the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block is to be determined based on an intra-prediction mode buffer.

[0200] In some examples, the indication may be inherited from a block adjacent to the current block (eg, a neighboring candidate of the current block, if available, such as a neighboring candidate used in association with merge mode).

[0201] For example, in the case of CIIP and / or modified CIIP, inter-prediction samples may be used to select an intra-mode to be used for encoding or decoding a block.

[0202] In some examples, an intra-mode to be used for encoding or decoding a block (e.g., a current block) may be determined based on reconstructed inter-prediction samples (e.g., inter-prediction samples used as a reference template). For example, a set of intra-mode candidates may be evaluated by calculating a cost of comparing (e.g., each) intra-mode of the set of intra-mode candidates with the inter-prediction samples. The cost may be calculated, for example, using SATD as a cost function. In an example, the cost may be calculated on a sub-portion of the block. In an example, the intra-mode candidates may be reordered based on the corresponding cost, and the index may be decoded (e.g., encoded or decoded) to indicate which intra-mode candidate to use. In some examples, the intra-mode candidate associated with the minimum cost may be selected (e.g., the index may not be decoded).

[0203] For example, in the case of GPM intra / inter, the inter prediction samples may be used to select an intra mode to be used for encoding or decoding a portion of a block (e.g., a first partition). In some examples, the intra mode to be used for encoding or decoding a portion of a block (e.g., a current block) (e.g., a first partition) may be determined based on reconstructed inter prediction samples (e.g., inter prediction samples used as a reference template). For example, a set of intra mode candidates may be evaluated by calculating the cost of comparing (e.g., each) intra mode of the set of intra mode candidates with the inter prediction samples. The cost may be calculated, for example, using SATD as a cost function. The inter prediction samples may be determined based on the entirety of the block. The cost function may be performed on a portion to be encoded or decoded using intra prediction (e.g., only a portion to be encoded or decoded using intra prediction). In an example, the cost may be calculated on a sub-portion of the block. The sub-portion of the block may be from a portion to be encoded or decoded using intra prediction, or from a portion to be encoded or decoded using inter prediction, or from a portion to be encoded or decoded using intra prediction and a portion to be encoded or decoded using inter prediction. In an example, the intra-mode candidates may be reordered based on the corresponding costs, and the index may be coded (e.g., encoded or decoded) to indicate which intra-mode candidate to use. In some examples, the intra-mode candidate associated with the minimum cost may be selected (e.g., the index may not be coded).

[0204] A decoder (e.g., example decoder 300) may determine a first prediction mode associated with a coding block based on prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with a second prediction mode. The decoder may be configured to determine that the coding block will be decoded using the first prediction mode and the second prediction mode. The decoder may be configured to determine the first prediction mode associated with the coding block based on prediction mode information of a reference picture associated with the second prediction mode. The decoder may be configured to decode the coding block using the second prediction mode and the determined first prediction mode. In an example, the decoder may obtain a reference block associated with an inter-frame prediction of a video block. The decoder may determine an intra-frame prediction mode associated with a video block based on one or more intra-frame prediction modes associated with the reference block. The decoder may decode or encode a video block based on an intra-frame prediction mode. In an example, the decoder may decode a video block using intra-frame prediction and inter-frame prediction, and the intra-frame prediction of the video block may be based on an intra-frame prediction mode.

[0205] In an example, the first prediction mode may be an intra prediction mode. The second prediction mode may be an inter prediction mode. The prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with the second prediction mode may include intra prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with the second prediction mode. The intra prediction mode information of a reference picture associated with the second prediction mode may include decoding parameters associated with at least one reference picture list. The intra prediction mode information of the reference picture may be stored in a buffer (e.g., an intra prediction mode buffer) associated with the reference picture. The buffer may be a first intra prediction mode buffer associated with a first reference picture (e.g., a first reference block). The decoder may be configured to further determine the intra prediction mode associated with the decoding block based on the intra prediction mode information stored in the second intra prediction mode buffer. The second intra prediction mode buffer may be associated with a second reference picture (e.g., a second reference block). The intra prediction mode information of the reference picture may include a plurality of intra prediction modes. The decoder may be configured to determine the intra prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the intra prediction mode associated with the region of the coding block and / or the region of the reference block of the coding block. In some examples, the decoder may be configured to determine the intra prediction mode associated with the coding block using the main intra prediction mode in the multiple intra prediction modes. The main intra prediction mode in the multiple intra prediction modes can be used to decode the region of the reference block of the coding block that is larger than other regions of the reference block. For example, different intra prediction modes can be used to decode each region of the reference block. The intra prediction mode information of the reference picture may indicate the intra prediction mode used to decode the reference picture, and if the inter prediction mode used to decode the coding block is unidirectional, the decoder may be configured to determine that the intra prediction mode used to decode the reference picture will be used as the intra prediction mode for decoding the coding block. If the inter prediction mode used to decode the coding block is bidirectional, the decoder may be configured to further determine the intra prediction mode used to decode the coding block based on one or more parameters used to construct a reference picture list (e.g., a type of intra prediction mode associated with the reference picture, a picture order count difference associated with the reference picture, and a quantization parameter associated with the reference picture). The reference picture list may include one or more reference picture lists 0 and 1. In some examples, the decoder may be configured to receive an indication. The indication may indicate whether the intra prediction mode used to decode the coding block will be determined based on the intra prediction mode information of the reference picture associated with the inter prediction mode, or whether the intra prediction mode used to decode the coding block will be a plane intra prediction mode.

[0206] Decoding tools and techniques including, for example, one or more of entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding (e.g., Figure 3exemplified) can be used to enable one or more of the examples described herein in a decoder. For example, these decoding tools and techniques can be used to implement one or more of the following: determine an intra-prediction mode associated with a video block based on one or more intra-prediction modes associated with a reference block of the video block; obtain a reference block associated with an inter-prediction of the video block; determine an intra-prediction mode associated with the video block based on one or more intra-prediction modes associated with the reference block; decode the video block based on the intra-prediction mode; decode the video block using intra-prediction and inter-prediction, and the intra-prediction of the video block can be based on the intra-prediction mode; determine to enable CIIP for the video block; determine a motion vector candidate based on a motion vector candidate list, and the inter-prediction of the video block can be Based on the motion vector candidate; determining to enable GPM for the video block; storing the one or more intra-prediction modes associated with the reference block in, for example, an intra-prediction mode buffer; determining the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block using the intra-prediction mode buffer; determining the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block based on the intra-prediction mode associated with the reference sample of the reference block; determining an intra-prediction mode buffer in a plurality of intra-prediction mode buffers, for example based on one or more of a type of intra-prediction mode associated with a reference picture associated with the intra-prediction mode buffer, a picture order count difference associated with the reference picture, and a quantization parameter associated with the reference picture; based The method comprises the steps of: determining an intra-prediction mode associated with a predefined position in the reference block; obtaining a reference block associated with inter-prediction of the video block based on a reference picture including a reference block associated with inter-prediction of the video block; decoding the reference picture associated with the video block; storing the reference picture in a DPB; retrieving the reference picture from the DPB; obtaining a reference block associated with inter-prediction of the video block using the reference picture retrieved from the DPB; obtaining a coded block; determining that a first prediction mode (e.g., an intra-prediction mode, an inter-prediction mode, or another mode) will be used to decode the coded block; determining that a second prediction mode (e.g., an intra-prediction mode, an inter-prediction mode, or another mode) will be used to decode the coded block; mode or other modes) to decode a coding block; determine that the coding block will be decoded using the first prediction mode and the second prediction mode; determine the first prediction mode associated with the coding block based on prediction mode information (e.g., intra-frame prediction mode information) of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with the second prediction mode; decode the coding block using the determined first prediction mode; decode the coding block using the second prediction mode; decode the coding block using the second prediction mode and the determined first prediction mode; obtain prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) stored in a buffer (e.g., an intra-frame prediction mode buffer) associated with the reference picture;The method further comprises determining a first prediction mode associated with the decoding block based on prediction mode information stored in another buffer (e.g., another intra-prediction mode buffer); determining the first prediction mode associated with the decoding block based on the intra-prediction mode associated with a region of the decoding block and / or a region of a reference block of the decoding block; determining the first prediction mode associated with the decoding block using a primary intra-prediction mode among the plurality of intra-prediction modes; if the second prediction mode for decoding the decoding block is unidirectional, determining that the prediction mode for decoding the reference picture will be used as the first prediction mode for decoding the decoding block; if the second prediction mode for decoding the decoding block is bidirectional, further determining the prediction mode for decoding the reference picture based on the prediction mode for decoding the decoding block Determine a prediction mode for decoding a coding block based on one or more parameters for constructing a reference picture list; receive an indication indicating whether a first prediction mode for decoding the coding block is to be determined based on prediction mode information of a reference picture associated with a second prediction mode, or whether the first prediction mode for decoding the coding block is predefined or predetermined; generate a signal using the first prediction mode to decode at least a portion of the block; generate a signal using the second prediction mode to decode at least a portion of the block; combine the signal generated using the first prediction mode to decode at least a portion of the block with the signal generated using the second prediction mode to decode at least a portion of the block. ;

[0207] Fig.13 An example of a decoder or decoding process 1300 is illustrated for determining an intra prediction mode associated with a coding block based on intra prediction mode information of a reference block associated with an inter prediction mode. 1300 may be implemented by a device including a decoder (such as the example decoder 300) as described herein, and the examples disclosed herein may be implemented according to Fig.13 1300 may include 1302, 1304, and 1306. At 1302, it is determined that an intra-prediction mode will be used (e.g., Figure 2 260 and Figure 3 ) and inter-frame prediction mode (e.g., in Figure 2 270 or 275 and Figure 3 At 1304, an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block is determined based on intra-prediction mode information of a reference block associated with the inter-prediction mode. At 1306, the coding block is decoded using the inter-prediction mode and the determined intra-prediction mode. Decoding tools and techniques including one or more of entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transformation, and differential decoding are implemented in the decoder as shown in FIG. Fig.13 The 1300.

[0208] An encoder (e.g., example encoder 200) may determine a first prediction mode associated with a coding block based on prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with a second prediction mode. The encoder may be configured to determine that the coding block will be encoded using the first prediction mode and the second prediction mode. The encoder may be configured to determine the first prediction mode associated with the coding block based on prediction mode information of a reference picture associated with the second prediction mode. The encoder may be configured to encode the coding block using the second prediction mode and the determined first prediction mode.

[0209] In an example, the first prediction mode may be an intra prediction mode. The second prediction mode may be an inter prediction mode. The prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with the second prediction mode may include intra prediction mode information of the reference picture associated with the second prediction mode. The intra prediction mode information of the reference picture associated with the second prediction mode may include decoding parameters associated with at least one reference picture list. The intra prediction mode information of the reference picture may be stored in a buffer (e.g., an intra prediction mode buffer) associated with the reference picture. The buffer may be a first intra prediction mode buffer associated with a first reference picture (e.g., a first reference block). The encoder may be configured to further determine the intra prediction mode associated with the decoding block based on the intra prediction mode information stored in the second intra prediction mode buffer. The second intra prediction mode buffer may be associated with a second reference picture (e.g., a second reference block). The intra prediction mode information of the reference picture may include a plurality of intra prediction modes. The encoder may be configured to determine the intra prediction mode associated with the decoding block based on the intra prediction mode associated with a region of the decoding block and / or a region of a reference block of the decoding block. In some examples, the encoder may be configured to determine the intra prediction mode associated with the decoding block using the main intra prediction mode in the multiple intra prediction modes. The main intra prediction mode in the multiple intra prediction modes may be used to encode a region of a reference block of the decoding block that is larger than other regions of the reference block. For example, each region of the reference block may be encoded using a different intra prediction mode. The intra prediction mode information of the reference picture may indicate the intra prediction mode used to encode the reference picture, and if the inter prediction mode used to encode the decoding block is unidirectional, the encoder may be configured to determine that the intra prediction mode used to encode the reference picture will be used as the intra prediction mode for encoding the decoding block. If the inter prediction mode used to encode the decoding block is bidirectional, the encoder may be configured to further determine the intra prediction mode used to encode the decoding block based on one or more parameters used to construct a reference picture list (e.g., the type of intra prediction mode associated with the reference picture, the picture order count difference associated with the reference picture, and the quantization parameter associated with the reference picture). The reference picture list may include one or more reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1. In some examples, the encoder may be configured to transmit an indication. The indication may indicate whether the intra-frame prediction mode used to decode the decoding block will be determined based on the intra-frame prediction mode information of the reference picture associated with the inter-frame prediction mode, or the intra-frame prediction mode used to decode the decoding block will be a plane intra-frame prediction mode.

[0210] Coding tools and techniques including one or more of quantization, entropy coding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential coding (e.g., Figure 2exemplified) can be used to enable one or more examples described herein in an encoder. For example, these encoding tools and techniques can be used to implement one or more of the following: determine an intra-prediction mode associated with a video block based on one or more intra-prediction modes associated with a reference block of the video block; obtain a reference block associated with an inter-prediction of the video block; determine an intra-prediction mode associated with the video block based on one or more intra-prediction modes associated with the reference block; encode the video block based on the intra-prediction mode; encode the video block using intra-prediction and inter-prediction, and the intra-prediction of the video block can be based on the intra-prediction mode; determine to enable CIIP for the video block; determine a motion vector candidate based on a motion vector candidate list, and the inter-prediction of the video block can be based on the motion vector candidate; determining to enable GPM for a video block; storing the one or more intra-prediction modes associated with the reference block in, for example, an intra-prediction mode buffer; determining the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block using the intra-prediction mode buffer; determining the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block based on the intra-prediction mode associated with a reference sample of the reference block; determining an intra-prediction mode in a plurality of intra-prediction mode buffers, for example based on one or more of a type of intra-prediction mode associated with a reference picture associated with the intra-prediction mode buffer, a picture order count difference associated with the reference picture, and a quantization parameter associated with the reference picture; determining an intra-prediction mode buffer in a plurality of intra-prediction mode buffers based on a predefined position in the reference block The method comprises the steps of: determining an intra-prediction mode associated with the video block based on an intra-prediction mode associated with the video block; obtaining a reference block associated with inter-prediction of the video block based on a reference picture including a reference block associated with inter-prediction of the video block; obtaining a coded block; determining to encode the coded block using a first prediction mode (e.g., an intra-prediction mode, an inter-prediction mode, or another mode); determining to encode the coded block using a second prediction mode (e.g., an intra-prediction mode, an inter-prediction mode, or another mode); determining to encode the coded block using the first prediction mode and the second prediction mode; determining based on prediction mode information (e.g., intra-prediction mode information) of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with the second prediction mode the first prediction mode associated with the coding block; encoding the coding block using the determined first prediction mode; encoding the coding block using the second prediction mode; encoding the coding block using the second prediction mode and the determined first prediction mode; obtaining prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) stored in a buffer (e.g., an intra-prediction mode buffer) associated with the reference picture; further determining the first prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the prediction mode information stored in another buffer (e.g., another intra-prediction mode buffer); determining the first prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the intra-prediction mode associated with a region of the coding block and / or a region of a reference block of the coding block;Determine the first prediction mode associated with the coding block using the primary intra prediction mode of the plurality of intra prediction modes; if the second prediction mode for encoding the coding block is unidirectional, determine that the prediction mode for encoding the reference picture will be used as the first prediction mode for encoding the coding block; if the second prediction mode for encoding the coding block is bidirectional, further determine the prediction mode for encoding the coding block based on one or more parameters for constructing a reference picture list; transmit an indication indicating whether the first prediction mode for encoding the coding block will be determined based on prediction mode information of the reference picture associated with the second prediction mode or whether the first prediction mode for encoding the coding block is predefined or predetermined; generate a signal using the first prediction mode to encode at least a portion of the block; generate a signal using the second prediction mode to encode at least a portion of the block; combine the signal generated using the first prediction mode to encode at least a portion of the block with the signal generated using the second prediction mode to encode at least a portion of the block.;

[0211] Fig.14 An example of an encoder or encoding process for determining an intra-prediction mode associated with a coding block based on intra-prediction mode information of a reference block associated with an inter-prediction mode is illustrated. 1400 may be implemented by a device including an encoder (such as the example encoder 200) as described herein, and the examples disclosed herein may be implemented according to Fig.14 1400 may include 1402, 1404, and 1406. At 1402, it is determined that an intra-prediction mode will be used (e.g., Figure 2 260 and Figure 3 ) and inter-frame prediction mode (e.g., in Figure 2 270 or 275 and Figure 3 At 1404, an intra prediction mode associated with the coding block is determined based on intra prediction mode information of a reference block associated with the inter prediction mode. At 1406, the coding block is encoded using the inter prediction mode and the determined intra prediction mode. The coding tools and techniques including one or more of quantization, entropy coding, inverse quantization, inverse transformation, and differential coding may be used to implement the above in the encoder. Fig.14 The 1400.

[0212] Fig.15 An example of determining an intra-prediction mode based on an intra-prediction mode associated with a reference block (eg, by an encoder or decoder) is illustrated. A current frame 1504 may include a block 1510 (eg, Fig.10 As shown, the current picture 1080 may include the current block 1040). Fig.15The gray area 1506 in FIG. 1 may refer to reference samples associated with block 1510 (eg, reconstructed reference samples). Current frame 1504 may be associated with reference frame 1502 (eg, Fig.10 As shown, current picture 1080 may be associated with reference picture 1082). Block 1510 may be associated with reference block 1508 (e.g., as shown in FIG. Fig.10 As shown, current block 1040 may be associated with reference block 1030). Reference block 1508 may be used for inter-frame prediction of block 1510 (e.g., motion estimation and / or motion compensation of block 1510). Reference block 1508 may be associated with reference frame 1502 (e.g., as shown in FIG. Fig.10 As shown, reference picture 1082 may include reference block 1030).

[0213] IPM buffer 1512 may be used, for example, to store decoding parameters associated with reference frame 1502. IPM buffer 1512 may be associated with reference frame 1502. IPM buffer 1512 may be associated with resolution (e.g., Fig.11 For example, a specific intra prediction mode (e.g., plane intra prediction mode, intra prediction mode 2, etc.) may be used. Fig.11 1508). Region 1516 (e.g., block 1516 associated with IPM buffer 1512) may correspond to reference block 1508. Region 1516 may cover some 4×4 blocks or portions of some blocks associated with the IPM buffer. For example, region 1516 may cover a portion of block or sub-portion 1514. The intra-prediction mode that has been used to encode or decode block or sub-portion 1514 may be determined as the intra-prediction mode to be used to encode or decode block 1510, for example, if the left corner of reference block 1508 or the left corner of block 1510 is a predefined position associated with the determination of the intra-prediction mode to be used to encode or decode block 1510.

[0214] For example, a syntax element may be inserted into the signaling to enable a decoder to identify an indication associated with performing 1300. For example, the syntax element may include an indication of whether an intra prediction mode for decoding a coding block is to be determined based on intra prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with an inter prediction mode, or an indication that the intra prediction mode for decoding a coding block is to be a plane intra prediction mode.

[0215] The syntax elements may be applied at the decoder. For example, the decoder may receive an indication indicating whether an intra-prediction mode for decoding a coding block is to be determined based on intra-prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with an inter-prediction mode, or an indication that the intra-prediction mode for decoding the coding block is to be a plane intra-prediction mode. If the indication is to determine the intra-prediction mode for decoding the coding block based on intra-prediction mode information of a reference picture associated with an inter-prediction mode, the decoder may perform 1300.

[0216] The encoder may adjust the prediction residual based on one or more examples herein. For example, the residual may be obtained by subtracting the predicted video block from the original image block. For example, the encoder may predict the coding block using the intra-frame prediction mode and the inter-frame prediction mode determined in one or more examples herein. The encoder may obtain the original image block and subtract the predicted coding block from the original image block to generate the prediction residual.

[0217] The bitstream or signal may include one or more of the syntax elements or variations thereof. For example, the bitstream or signal may include a syntax element indicating whether an intra-prediction mode for decoding a coding block is to be determined based on intra-prediction mode information of a reference picture (e.g., a reference block) associated with an inter-prediction mode, or an intra-prediction mode for decoding a coding block is to be a plane intra-prediction mode and / or an indication of parameters for a decoder to perform one or more examples herein.

[0218] A bitstream or signal may include syntax that conveys information generated according to one or more examples herein. For example, in executing Fig.14 The example shown is to generate information or data. The generated information or data can be conveyed in a syntax included in a bit stream or signal.

[0219] Syntax elements that enable the decoder to adapt the residual in a manner corresponding to that used by the encoder may be inserted into the signal.

[0220] According to one or more of the examples described herein, a method, a process, an apparatus, a TV, a set-top box, a cellular phone, a graphics tablet, a medium storing instructions, a medium storing data, a syntax element, a bit stream or a signal may be used to encode, decode, store, display, send and / or receive one or more of data. Although the features and elements are described above in a specific combination, it will be understood by a person skilled in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (sent via a wired connection or a wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC or any host computer.

Claims

1. A device for video decoding, the device comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: Obtaining a reference block associated with an inter-frame prediction of a video block; determining an intra prediction mode associated with the video block based on one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block; as well as The video block is decoded using intra prediction and the inter prediction, wherein the intra prediction of the video block is based on the intra prediction mode.

2. A device for video encoding, the device comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: Obtaining a reference block associated with an inter-frame prediction of a video block; determining an intra prediction mode associated with the video block based on one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block; as well as The video block is encoded using intra prediction and the inter prediction, wherein the intra prediction of the video block is based on the intra prediction mode.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein combined intra-frame inter-frame prediction (CIIP) is enabled for the video block, the CIIP for the video block includes the inter-frame prediction of the video block and the intra-frame prediction of the video block, and the inter-frame prediction is based on a merge mode.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the video block is a first video block and a motion vector candidate list is associated with the merge mode, and the processor is configured to: A motion vector candidate is determined based on the motion vector candidate list, wherein the motion vector candidate is associated with a second video block adjacent to the first video block, and wherein the inter prediction of the first video block is based on the motion vector candidate.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the reference block is associated with a reference picture, and the processor is configured to: An intra-prediction mode buffer among a plurality of intra-prediction mode buffers is determined based on a type of intra-prediction mode associated with the reference picture, a picture order count difference associated with the reference picture, and a quantization parameter associated with the reference picture, and wherein the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block is determined based on the intra-prediction mode buffer.

6. An apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to determine an intra-frame prediction mode buffer associated with a reference picture, and wherein the reference picture includes the reference block, the intra-frame prediction mode buffer includes the one or more intra-frame prediction modes associated with the reference block, and the intra-frame prediction mode associated with the video block is determined using the intra-frame prediction mode buffer.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the reference block comprises a reference sample, and wherein the one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block comprises an intra prediction mode associated with the reference sample.

8. An apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the reference block is associated with multiple intra-frame prediction modes, and the multiple intra-frame prediction modes include an intra-frame prediction mode associated with a predefined position in the reference block, and wherein the intra-frame prediction mode associated with the video block is determined based on the intra-frame prediction mode associated with the predefined position in the reference block.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the reference block is associated with a plurality of intra prediction modes, the plurality of intra prediction modes comprising a primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block, the primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block being an intra prediction mode used to predict a majority of samples associated with the reference block, and the intra prediction mode associated with the video block is determined based on the primary intra prediction mode associated with the reference block.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to receive an indication associated with the intra-prediction of the video block, wherein the indication indicates that the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block is to be determined based on the one or more intra-prediction modes associated with the reference block, and wherein the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block is determined based on the indication.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a geometry partition mode (GPM) is enabled for the video block, and wherein a first portion of the video block is decoded using the intra-prediction mode and a second portion of the video block is decoded using an inter-prediction mode.

12. A method for video decoding, the method comprising: Obtaining a reference block associated with an inter-frame prediction of a video block; determining an intra prediction mode associated with the video block based on one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block; as well as The video block is decoded using intra prediction and the inter prediction, wherein the intra prediction of the video block is based on the intra prediction mode.

13. A method for video decoding, the method comprising: Obtaining a reference block associated with an inter-frame prediction of a video block; determining an intra prediction mode associated with the video block based on one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block; as well as The video block is encoded using intra prediction and the inter prediction, wherein the intra prediction of the video block is based on the intra prediction mode.

14. The method of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein combined intra-frame inter-frame prediction (CIIP) is enabled for the video block, the CIIP for the video block includes the inter-frame prediction of the video block and the intra-frame prediction of the video block, and the inter-frame prediction is based on a merge mode.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the video block is a first video block and a motion vector candidate list is associated with the merge mode, and the method comprises determining a motion vector candidate based on the motion vector candidate list, wherein the motion vector candidate is associated with a second video block adjacent to the first video block, and wherein the inter-frame prediction of the first video block is based on the motion vector candidate.

16. The method of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the reference block is associated with a reference picture, and the method comprises: An intra-prediction mode buffer among a plurality of intra-prediction mode buffers is determined based on a type of intra-prediction mode associated with the reference picture, a picture order count difference associated with the reference picture, and a quantization parameter associated with the reference picture, and wherein the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block is determined based on the intra-prediction mode buffer.

17. A method according to claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the method includes determining an intra-frame prediction mode buffer associated with a reference picture, and wherein the reference picture includes the reference block, the intra-frame prediction mode buffer includes the one or more intra-frame prediction modes associated with the reference block, and the intra-frame prediction mode associated with the video block is determined using the intra-frame prediction mode buffer.

18. The method of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the reference block comprises a reference sample, and wherein the one or more intra prediction modes associated with the reference block comprises an intra prediction mode associated with the reference sample.

19. A method according to claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the reference block is associated with multiple intra-frame prediction modes, and the multiple intra-frame prediction modes include intra-frame prediction modes associated with predefined positions in the reference block, and wherein the intra-frame prediction mode associated with the video block is determined based on the intra-frame prediction mode associated with the predefined position in the reference block.

20. The method of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the reference block is associated with multiple intra-prediction modes, the multiple intra-prediction modes include a primary intra-prediction mode associated with the reference block, the primary intra-prediction mode associated with the reference block is an intra-prediction mode used to predict most samples associated with the reference block, and the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block is determined based on the primary intra-prediction mode associated with the reference block.

21. The method of claim 12, wherein a geometry partition mode (GPM) is enabled for the video block, and wherein a first portion of the video block is decoded using the intra-prediction mode and a second portion of the video block is decoded using an inter-prediction mode.

22. The method of claim 12, wherein the method comprises receiving an indication associated with the intra-prediction of the video block, wherein the indication indicates that the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block is to be determined based on the one or more intra-prediction modes associated with the reference block, and wherein the intra-prediction mode associated with the video block is determined based on the indication.

23. A signal comprising the indication in the method according to claim 22.

24. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising data content generated by the method of any one of claims 12 to 22.

25. A computer readable medium comprising instructions for causing one or more processors to perform the method of any one of claims 12 to 22.

26. A computer program product comprising instructions for performing the method according to any one of claims 12 to 22 when executed by one or more processors.

27. A bitstream comprising information representing an encoded output generated by a method according to any one of claims 13 to 20.

28. An apparatus, comprising: The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 11; and At least one of: (i) an antenna configured to receive a signal, the signal comprising data representing an image; (ii) a frequency band limiter configured to limit the received signal to a frequency band comprising the data representing the image; or (iii) a display configured to display the image.

29. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 11, comprising: TV, mobile phone, tablet or set-top box (STB).

30. An apparatus, comprising: an access unit configured to access data including a residual generated by the apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 9 based on the video block; and A transmitter is configured to transmit the data including the residual.

31. A method comprising: Accessing data comprising a residual generated based on the video block by the method of any one of claims 13 to 20; as well as The method according to any one of claims 13 to 20 sends the data including the residual generated based on the video block.

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