A consensus method based on blockchain under internet of vehicles

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of consensus mechanism methods, in particular to a consensus method based on a block chain under Internet of Vehicles, which specifically comprises the following steps: S1. constructing an Internet of Vehicles system based on a block chain, which mainly comprises three parts of vehicles, roadside units and absolute trusted agencies; S2. designing a message format and a communication process of PoRT, a vehicle obtaining a position signature from RSUs on a moving path of the vehicle, a PoRT protocol helping a TA and the RSUs to determine a vehicle credit value and a position signature of a V2I (Vehicle to Internet, vehicle to network) message sent by the vehicle to be proved; and S3. establishing a travel proof signature set of the vehicle, which is used for calculating a verifiable driving mileage of the vehicle moving along a motion track of the vehicle within a period T; the application reduces the dependence on a trusted center, significantly reduces the calculation and communication cost of the system, and improves the overall security.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application belongs to the field of blockchains, and particularly relates to a consensus method based on blockchains under Internet of Vehicles. BACKGROUND

[0002] In recent years, the consensus mechanism, as the core part of the blockchain technology, has developed rapidly. As the backbone of the blockchain network, the consensus mechanism ensures the integrity and consistency of the blockchain network, and also provides security for the blockchain protocol. The consensus mechanisms of traditional blockchains can be divided into two categories: proof-based and voting-based protocols. PoW is the most widely known protocol. Some protocols derived from it, including PoS, DPoS, etc., are also used in many scenarios.

[0003] Some of these protocols are general-purpose, while others are designed for specific network structures. The academic community has proposed many consensus mechanisms for the blockchain + Internet of Things application scenario. However, due to the special nature of Internet of Vehicles nodes, traditional consensus mechanisms suitable for other scenarios cannot meet the low latency and high throughput requirements of Internet of Vehicles. Therefore, it is of great significance to research consensus mechanisms based on blockchains under Internet of Vehicles and ensure efficient and secure transmission of information during information transmission.

[0004] Scholars have proposed different consensus mechanisms to deal with malicious attacks that may occur in Internet of Vehicles. These schemes are mainly divided into centralized and distributed schemes. Regarding traditional centralized schemes, most schemes use SDN controllers or cloud servers as terminals. Vehicles or RSUs transmit messages to the terminals, which process the messages uniformly and then return them to the RSUs or vehicles to perform corresponding operations. However, centralized message processing methods are gradually overwhelmed in today's environment of massive information growth, especially with the maturation of artificial intelligence. The use of language models such as Transformer has dramatically increased the computational requirements of cloud servers, so centralized information processing methods are gradually being abandoned by scholars.

[0005] At the same time, with the rise of blockchain technology in the global academic community, distributed schemes have gradually become the mainstream, with more and more scholars participating and proposing related schemes. For example, some scholars have proposed a consensus mechanism improved from the DPoS consensus mechanism under traditional blockchains. This mechanism combines the information stored in the system with blockchain technology, so that each entity records on the corresponding blockchain after evaluating the information, ensuring the security of the information through the tamper-proof nature of the blockchain to prevent various attack methods. However, the distributed record of the blockchain requires a certain amount of time for each node to initiate consensus and broadcast after consensus is reached, and finally the block is packaged and uploaded to the blockchain. This process requires a certain amount of time, so it also leads to high latency requirements for Internet of Vehicles systems under blockchains.

[0006] In summary, although various consensus mechanisms have been proposed to adapt to the needs of the Internet of Vehicles, especially in the application of blockchain technology, the existing mechanisms still face challenges in handling requirements such as low latency and high throughput. SUMMARY

[0007] To solve the above technical problems, the present application provides a consensus method based on blockchain under the Internet of Vehicles, which specifically includes the following steps:

[0008] S1. Construct a blockchain-based Internet of Vehicles system, which mainly consists of three parts: vehicles, Road Side Units (RSUs), and Trust Authorities (TAs);

[0009] S2. Design the message format and communication process of PoRT (Proof of Reputation Value Based on Travel Verification), which helps the TA and RSU determine the vehicle reputation value and the location signature of the V2I (Vehicle to Internet) message sent by the vehicle sharing;

[0010] S3. Establish a set of travel verification signatures for vehicles, which is used to calculate the verifiable mileage of the vehicle moving along its trajectory RSU within a period T;

[0011] S4. Construct a reputation value judgment and update algorithm to update the reputation value of vehicles participating in information exchange or energy transactions.

[0012] Advantages of the present application:

[0013] The PoRT consensus mechanism proposed in the present application combines the characteristics of blockchain technology to handle the security issues of V2V and V2I information transmission or energy transactions under the blockchain. By storing the verifiable mileage and location signature of the vehicle in the blockchain, the security, consistency, and traceability of the information between different regional RSUs are ensured, and a certain degree of attack resistance is provided in the face of various attacks. This storage method prevents external attackers from tampering with information and protects data integrity. At the same time, all nodes can verify the authenticity of the information to ensure the legality of the transaction. Compared with traditional solutions, the present application reduces the dependence on trusted centers and significantly reduces the computational and communication overhead of the system, improving overall security. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0014] Figure 1 The step flowchart of the embodiment of the present application;

[0015] Figure 2 This is a model diagram of a blockchain-based vehicle networking system in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0016] Figure 3 This is a diagram of the PoRT consensus model for vehicle networking in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0017] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0018] like Figure 1 As shown, a blockchain-based consensus method for the Internet of Vehicles includes the following steps:

[0019] S1: Construct a blockchain-based vehicle-to-everything (V2X) system, which mainly consists of three parts: vehicles, roadside units (RSUs), and a trust authority (TA).

[0020] like Figure 2 As shown, the system mainly consists of three parts: vehicles, Roadside Units (RSUs), and Trust Authorities (TAs). This invention constructs a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) energy trading network based on proof-of-travel within a blockchain. In this blockchain network, each vehicle needs to be authenticated and registered through an RSU. The authentication and registration results are sent by the RSU to the TA and recorded in a dedicated database. Each vehicle receives a unique authentication certificate and registration code based on its serial number to ensure its unique identity.

[0021] Communication between the RSU and TA is conducted via wired communication. Communication between vehicles and between vehicles and the RSU is conducted wirelessly. At the same time, asymmetric encryption technology from blockchain is used. Asymmetric encryption technology is an existing technology used to ensure the authenticity and reliability of V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) or V2I (Vehicle to Internet) information exchange.

[0022] When the vehicle transmits data or applies for energy transaction, a consensus request containing transaction information is sent to the nearest RSU. After receiving the request, the RSU evaluates the reputation value of the vehicle according to the reputation value updating algorithm. After the process ends, the evaluation result is packaged into a block and recorded on the blockchain, and the behavior is recorded and uploaded to the TA.

[0023] When the vehicle transmits data or applies for energy transaction, a consensus request containing transaction information is sent to the nearest RSU. After receiving the request, the RSU evaluates the reputation value of the vehicle according to the reputation value updating algorithm. After the process ends, the evaluation result is packaged into a block and recorded on the blockchain, and the behavior is recorded and uploaded to the TA.

[0024] Further, the application constructs a blockchain-based Internet of Vehicles energy transaction network system model, involving vehicles, roadside units (RSUs) and absolute trusted agencies (TAs). The vehicle is authenticated and registered through the RSU, and identity verification is adopted to ensure its identity uniqueness, and wireless communication is used to exchange information with the RSU, and the exchanged information includes the identity information, location signature, data transmission request and energy transaction request of the vehicle.

[0025] The vehicle is authenticated and registered through the RSU, and identity verification is adopted to ensure its identity uniqueness, and wireless communication is used to exchange information with the RSU. The exchanged information content includes the identity information, location signature, data transmission request and energy transaction request of the vehicle. All information is ensured to be safe through asymmetric encryption technology, and is recorded through blockchain. The vehicle behavior such as data transmission or energy transaction needs to be evaluated by the RSU and uploaded to the TA.

[0026] Preferably, by designing the PoRT protocol, it is defined how the vehicle obtains the location signature through the RSU to prove its driving track and reputation value. At the same time, the location signature verified by the RSU helps to confirm the position and time of the vehicle, ensuring the authenticity and security of V2I and V2V communication.

[0027] Preferably, the driving mileage verification of the vehicle is managed through a three-stage process. First, the vehicle obtains an initial location signature from the first RSU after joining the network; then, it continues to collect location signatures from various RSUs during driving, forming a complete proof chain; finally, the system verifies the driving mileage of the vehicle using this proof chain, ensuring its legality and reputation when exchanging information or conducting energy transactions. The entire process realizes the security and non-tamperability of data through blockchain technology, thereby improving the overall trustworthiness and efficiency of the system.

[0028] The PoRX reward and punishment mechanism in the blockchain is preferably introduced in detail, and the importance of the management of the node reputation value and the dynamic difficulty adjustment is emphasized. By defining the node reputation value, the maximum reputation value, the global difficulty, and the conversion factor affecting the current difficulty, the mechanism adjusts the operation difficulty of the node, thereby controlling the block generation speed and security. Specifically, the node with a high reputation value will face a lower operation difficulty, thereby speeding up the block generation, while the node with a low reputation value will face a higher operation difficulty, thereby slowing down the block generation, thereby ensuring the security of the system. The reward and punishment system adjusts the reputation value according to the behavior of the node: the node that successfully generates a block will be rewarded with a reputation value, and the node that fails to generate a block within a specified time will be reduced in reputation value. The adjustment of the node reputation value is based on its performance within a certain period, and the node with a high reputation value will have a greater advantage in future block generation. In addition, the behaviors of all nodes are recorded and stored in the corresponding database to support the transparency and traceability of transactions.

[0029] S2: design the message format and communication process of PoRT (Proof of Reputation Value Based on Travel Verification, reputation value based on travel verification) to facilitate the vehicle to obtain the location signature from the RSU on its moving path, and the PoRT protocol helps the TA and the RSU to determine the vehicle reputation value and the vehicle to share the location signature of the V2I (Vehicle to Internet, vehicle to network) message sent by the vehicle.

[0030] As shown in Figure 3 , during the driving of the vehicle, the location signature held by the vehicle provides proof for the trajectory of the vehicle, which is used for the promotion and reduction of the reputation value in the following.

[0031] At time t=t k , the vehicle v i reports the location signature to the RSU j , and the present application defines it as follows:

[0032]

[0033] Wherein is the public key held by the RSU j , is the public and private key pair held by the vehicle v i , e is the hash value of the information reported by the vehicle v i , is the digital signature of the corresponding information, and pre is the hash value of the information reported by the vehicle v iThe hash value obtained from the previous RSU along its moving path. The hash value obtained from the previous RSU is included in the position signature of the next moment, in order to prevent trajectory forgery.

[0034] In order to construct this position signature, the RSU j Based on the above, the corresponding digital signature is generated That is:

[0035]

[0036] And send this content to v i And TA, Prove that the vehicle appeared at a specific location at a given time.

[0037] S3: Establish a set of travel proof signatures of the vehicle, which is used to calculate the verifiable mileage of the vehicle moving along its trajectory RSU within a period T.

[0038] In order to facilitate the TA to process the position signature when an emergency occurs, the present application defines a set of travel proof signatures of the vehicle For calculating the verifiable mileage of the vehicle v i Passing through each RSU along its trajectory within a period T. Here, Indicates the position signature generated by the vehicle v i Passing through RSU j At time t0, and so on, Indicates the position signature generated by the vehicle passing through RSU j+1 At time t1, until the end of the period T. These signature sets are used to track and verify the driving trajectory of the vehicle passing through different RSUs at different time points.

[0039] The verifiable mileage of the vehicle mainly includes three stages:

[0040] First stage: initial proof generation stage

[0041] From the first RSU (denoted as rsu1) encountered by the vehicle (denoted as v1) after joining the Internet of Vehicles, the vehicle sends a position signature request to it, denoted as:

[0042]

[0043] Among them, The position signature request contains the time when the vehicle passes through rsu1, its own identity authentication information, and the surrounding environmental flow information at time t1 Digitally sign the information σ, its real-time position information And public key

[0044] The above information is subjected to rationality detection by rsul, and if rsul considers the information to be valid and true, rsul generates a location signature and returns it to the vehicle.

[0045] Second stage: trajectory encoding collection stage

[0046] When the vehicle continues to travel and encounters the next RSU (denoted as rsu2) along the way, the vehicle vl sends the location signature request and the location signature generated by rsul to rsu2.

[0047] rsu2 first judges and verifies the information, and the verification standards include verifying the authenticity of the signature, the validity of the timestamp, the rationality of the geographic location information, and the integrity of the signature information provided by the previous RSU. After the verification is passed, a is generated and sent to the vehicle vl.

[0048] This process will be repeated until the vehicle collects enough location signatures to form a proof chain, which contains the geographic location information, time information, and signature information provided by the RSU along the way.

[0049] Third stage: verifiable mileage verification stage

[0050] From t=t k to t=t k+1 , the vehicle v i The verifiable driving mileage is defined as:

[0051]

[0052] Wherein represents the verifiable driving mileage of the vehicle in the time interval t k to t k+1 , and d represents the distance function between two location signatures. Through the proof chain generated in the second stage, the system verifies the correctness of the proof chain held by the vehicle to ensure the legality of the transaction when the vehicle participates in information exchange or energy transaction. For the first time participating in information exchange or energy transaction, the system calculates the reputation value of the vehicle according to the location signature, and sends the reputation value to the vehicle and uploads it to the reputation value distributed database of the TA. According to the reputation value judgment and updating algorithm designed in S4, the reputation value of the vehicle is changed.

[0053] S4: Construct a reputation value judgment and updating algorithm to update the reputation value of the vehicle participating in information exchange or energy transaction.

[0054] The present application assumes that the node reputation value, the maximum reputation value and the global difficulty are denoted as R, R​m and D, and the current difficulty of the node after the reputation is affected is D l , the conversion factor between the reputation value and the difficulty is R c .

[0055] If R≤R m , the difficulty of the node is calculated as:

[0056]

[0057] If R≥R m , the reputation value of the node is calculated as:

[0058]

[0059] The reward and punishment mechanism of PoRX consists of the following rules:

[0060] (1) When a node wins the right to generate a block and successfully generates a block, adds the block to the block chain, and verifies the legality of all past transactions, the node will be rewarded with reputation value. For example, if node A successfully generates a block and all transactions contained in the block are legal, node A will be rewarded with 10 points of reputation value.

[0061] (2) When a node wins the right to generate a block, but fails to generate a block within the given time, its reputation value will be reduced by the corresponding formula. For example, node B wins the right to generate a block, but fails to complete the generation of the block within the specified 10 minutes, and its reputation value will be reduced by 5 points.

[0062] (3) If a node's current reputation value is greater than or equal to R m , and the node has generated at least one block in the last period, if the node wins the right to generate a block but fails to generate a block the first time in the next period, it can be exempted from a reputation value reduction. For example, node C's reputation value is 50 points (greater than R m ), and it successfully generated two blocks in the last period. In this period, node C failed to successfully generate a block the first time, but according to the rules, it can be exempted from a reputation value reduction.

[0063] Assuming that the reward period and the competition period are represented by C r and C c , B is the number of blocks generated by a node in the reward period, and the maximum number of blocks generated by the node with the maximum reputation in the competition period is B max . Then the reward for good behavior is:

[0064]

[0065] E r The reward score that a node receives for good behavior, if E r If ≥1, then:

[0066]

[0067] Where d is used for optimization, it can be changed according to requirements.

[0068] Nodes exhibiting misbehavior will be penalized during the penalty cycle. Let a node be penalized during penalty cycle C. p The number of blocks generated and the minimum number of blocks generated by the node with the highest reputation are respectively represented by B. p and B min express.

[0069] Node penalty E p The calculation is as follows:

[0070]

[0071] E p The penalty score that a node receives for misconduct, if E p If ≥1, then:

[0072]

[0073] Ultimately, whether a vehicle makes a successful or unsuccessful energy transaction, both the TA and RSU will record the transaction, and the record will be stored in the corresponding database.

[0074] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1.A consensus method based on a blockchain under Internet of Vehicles, characterized in that, Comprise: S1. Constructing a blockchain-based vehicle networking system, which is composed of three parts: vehicles, RSUs, and TA, wherein RSU represents road side unit, and TA represents absolute trusted authority; S2. Designing the message format and communication process of PoRT, wherein vehicles obtain location signatures from RSUs on their moving paths, and PoRT protocol helps TA and RSU determine the credibility value of vehicles and the location signatures of V2I messages shared by vehicles for proof; S3. Establishing a set of travel proof signatures of vehicles, which are used for the calculation of verifiable mileage of vehicles along their moving trajectories within a period T; Vehicle v i The set of travel proof signatures is For vehicle v i Calculation of verifiable mileage of RSU moving along its motion trajectory RSU within a period T; The verifiable mileage of vehicles mainly includes three stages: Initial proof generation stage: From the first RSU encountered by the vehicle (denoted as v1) after joining the vehicle networking, denoted as rsu1, the vehicle sends a location signature request to rsu1, denoted as: Wherein, The position signature request contains the time when the vehicle passes through the rsu1 and the identity authentication information of itself, the surrounding environment flow information at the time t1 The information is digitally signed σ, the real-time position information of itself And the public key The above information will be reasonably detected by rsu1, and if rsu1 considers that the information is valid and true, rsu1 will generate a location signature and return it to the vehicle; Trajectory coding collection stage: When the vehicle continues to travel, upon encountering the next RSU along the way, denoted as rsu2, the vehicle vi sends a location signature request to rsu2 along with the location signature generated by rsul together with the location signature generated by rsul rsu2 first The process involves judgment and verification, with verification criteria including verifying the authenticity of the signature, the validity of the timestamp, the reasonableness of the geographical location information, and the completeness of the signature information provided by the previous RSU. Upon successful verification, a [process / details] is generated. And send it to vehicle v1; This process will be repeated until the vehicle collects enough location signatures to form a proof chain, which contains the geographical position information, time information, and signature information given by RSUs along the way of the vehicle; Verifiable mileage verification stage: From t = t k to t = t k+1 moment, the vehicle v i Verifiable driving range is defined as: wherein, represents the verifiable distance traveled by the vehicle in the time interval t k to t k+1 , d represents the distance function between two position signatures, the proof chain generated by the second stage, when the vehicle participates in information exchange or energy transaction, the system verifies the correctness of the proof chain held by the vehicle to ensure the legality of the transaction, the vehicle participating in information exchange or energy transaction for the first time, the system calculates the reputation value of the vehicle according to the position signature, and sends the reputation value to the vehicle and uploads it to the reputation value distributed database of the TA, and then changes the reputation value according to the reputation value judgment and updating algorithm. S4. Constructing a credibility value judgment and updating algorithm to update the credibility value of vehicles participating in information exchange or energy transaction. 2.The consensus method based on blockchain for Internet of Vehicles according to claim 1, wherein, In the blockchain-based vehicle networking system, the vehicles are authenticated and registered through RSUs, each vehicle obtains different authentication certificates and registration codes according to its serial number to ensure its identity uniqueness, and exchanges information with RSUs using wireless communication mode, and all information is encrypted through asymmetric encryption technology, and the results of authentication and registration will be sent by RSU to TA for recording in the blockchain; at the same time, the behavior of vehicles needs to be evaluated by RSU and uploaded to TA; wherein the communication between RSU and TA adopts wired communication mode, and the communication between vehicles and vehicles, and between vehicles and RSUs adopts wireless communication mode; The behavior of vehicles includes data transmission and application for energy transaction. 3.The consensus method based on blockchain for Internet of Vehicles according to claim 1, characterized in that, The location signatures held by vehicles provide proof for the trajectory of vehicles, which are used for the promotion and reduction of credibility value in the following; At time t = t k the vehicle v i reports to the RSU j the position signature, defined as follows: wherein is the RSU j holds a public key, is the vehicle v i holds a pair of public and private keys, h e is the vehicle v i a hash value of the reported information, is the vehicle v pre is the vehicle v i a hash value obtained from the previous RSU along its moving path; RSU j generating a corresponding digital signature based on the above and send this content to v i and TA, Proves that the vehicle was at a certain location at a given time. 4.The consensus method based on blockchain for Internet of Vehicles according to claim 1, characterized in that, Constructing a credibility value judgment and updating algorithm, including: The node reputation value, the maximum reputation value and the global difficulty are respectively denoted as R, R m and D, the current difficulty of the node after being affected by the reputation is D l , and the conversion factor between the reputation value and the difficulty is R c ; If RvR m then the difficulty of the node is calculated as: If R ≥ R m then the difficulty of the reputation value of the node is:

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