Tracking reference signal (TRS) for joint communication and sensing

Abstract

Systems, apparatus, processes, and computer-readable media for wireless communication are disclosed. For example, an example of a process includes receiving a reflected signal from a target. In some cases, the reflected signal may include tracking reference signal (TRS) resources and radar reference signal (RS) resources. In some cases, the reflected signal may include a sidelink (SL) single sideband (SSB) resource and an SL radar RS resource. The process also includes determining a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to wireless communications. For example, aspects of the present disclosure relate to employing a Tracking Reference Signal (TRS) for joint communication and sensing. Background Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, and broadcasting. These systems may be able to support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems (such as long term evolution (LTE) systems, advanced LTE (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems) and fifth generation (5G) systems (which may be referred to as new radio (NR) systems). These systems may employ techniques such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple access communication system may include one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes, each base station or network access node simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, which may be further referred to as user equipment (UE). Some wireless communication systems may support communication between UEs, which may involve direct transmission between two or more UEs.

[0003] As larger bandwidths are allocated to wireless cellular communication systems (e.g., including 5G and beyond 5G) and more use cases are introduced into cellular communication systems, joint communication and radio frequency (RF) sensing may be essential features of existing or future wireless communication systems, such as to enhance the overall spectrum efficiency of the wireless communication network. Summary of the invention

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary of the invention related to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, the following summary of the invention should neither be considered as an exhaustive overview related to all conceived aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements related to all conceived aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Therefore, the sole purpose of the following summary of the invention is to present certain concepts related to one or more aspects of the mechanisms disclosed herein in a brief form before the detailed embodiments presented below.

[0005] Systems and techniques for employing a tracking reference signal (TRS) for joint communication and sensing are described. According to at least one example, a method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE) is provided. The method includes: receiving a reflected signal from a target at the UE, wherein the reflected signal includes a tracking reference signal (TRS) resource and a radar reference signal (RS) resource; and determining a Doppler estimate for the target at the UE based on the reflected signal.

[0006] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory and at least one processor (e.g., configured in a circuit) coupled to the at least one memory. The at least one processor is configured to: receive a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal comprises a tracking reference signal (TRS) resource and a radar reference signal (RS) resource; and determine a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal.

[0007] In another example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is provided having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: receive a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal includes a tracking reference signal (TRS) resource and a radar reference signal (RS) resource; and determine a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal.

[0008] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes: a component for receiving a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal includes a tracking reference signal (TRS) resource and a radar reference signal (RS) resource; and a component for determining a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal.

[0009] According to at least one other example, a method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE) is provided. The method includes: receiving a reflected signal from a target at the UE, wherein the reflected signal includes a sidelink (SL) single sideband (SSB) resource and a SL radar reference signal (RS) resource; and determining a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal at the UE.

[0010] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory and at least one processor (e.g., configured in a circuit) coupled to the at least one memory. The at least one processor is configured to: receive a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal comprises a sidelink (SL) single sideband (SSB) resource and an SL radar reference signal (RS) resource; and determine a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal.

[0011] In another example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is provided having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: receive a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal includes a sidelink (SL) single sideband (SSB) resource and an SL radar reference signal (RS) resource; and determine a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal.

[0012] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes: a component for receiving a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal includes a sidelink (SL) single sideband (SSB) resource and a SL radar reference signal (RS) resource; and a component for determining a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal.

[0013] In some aspects, the apparatus is, is part of, and / or includes a UE, such as a wearable device, an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device), a head mounted display (HMD) device, a wireless communication device, a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone and / or a mobile handset and / or a so-called "smart phone" or other mobile device), a camera, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a server computer, a vehicle or a computing device or a component of a vehicle, another device, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus includes one or more cameras for capturing one or more images. In some aspects, the apparatus also includes a display for displaying one or more images, notifications, and / or other displayable data. In some aspects, the apparatus may include one or more sensors (e.g., one or more inertial measurement units (IMUs), such as one or more gyroscopes, one or more gyrometers, one or more accelerometers, any combination thereof, and / or other sensors).

[0014] This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, and each claim.

[0015] The foregoing and other features and aspects will become more apparent upon reference to the following description, claims and accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in describing various aspects of the present disclosure and are provided solely for illustration and not limitation of the aspects.

[0017] Figure 1is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a disaggregated base station architecture that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing a tracking reference signal (TRS) for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a frame structure that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system of an electronic device that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of utilizing RF bistatic sensing techniques with a transmitter to determine one or more characteristics of a target object that may be employed by a receiver that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of utilizing RF bistatic sensing techniques with multiple transmitters to determine one or more characteristics of a target object that may be employed by a receiver for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example geometry for bistatic sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating bistatic distances for bistatic sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of devices involved in wireless communications (eg, sidelink communications) according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Fig.10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a conventional comb-tooth structure for a reference signal.

[0027] Fig.11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a typical NR tracking reference signal (TRS) time slot configuration.

[0028] Fig.12 is an example Fig.11 Table of examples of sensing performance of NR TRS time slot configurations.

[0029] Fig.13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a time slot configuration including both TRS resources and radar reference signal (RS) resources according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0030] Fig.14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0031] Fig.15 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a process for wireless communications at a network device according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0032] Fig.16 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] For illustrative purposes, some aspects of the present disclosure are provided below. Without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, alternative aspects can be designed. In addition, well-known elements of the present disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted, so as not to make the relevant details of the present disclosure difficult to understand. Some aspects described herein can be applied independently, and some of them can be applied in combination, which is obvious to those skilled in the art. In the following description, specific details are set forth for explanation purposes to provide a thorough understanding of various aspects of the application. However, it is obvious that various aspects can be practiced without these specific details. Each drawing and description are not intended to be restrictive.

[0034] The following description provides only example aspects and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the present disclosure. Instead, the following description of the example aspects will provide a description that can be used to implement the example aspects to those skilled in the art. It should be understood that various changes may be made to the function and arrangement of the elements without departing from the scope of the present application as set forth in the appended claims.

[0035] As previously described, as larger bandwidths are allocated to wireless communication systems (e.g., including cellular communication systems such as 4G / LTE, 5G / NR, and beyond) and more use cases are introduced into wireless communication systems, joint communication and RF sensing may be essential features of wireless communication systems.

[0036] Radar sensing systems typically use RF waveforms to perform RF sensing to determine or estimate one or more characteristics of a target object, such as the distance, angle, and / or speed of the target object. The target object may include a vehicle, an obstacle, a user, a building, or other objects. A typical radar system includes at least one transmitter, at least one receiver, and at least one processor. When a receiver of a first device is positioned away from a transmitter of a second device, the radar system may perform dual-station sensing. Similarly, when multiple receivers of multiple devices are positioned away from at least one transmitter of at least one device, the radar system may perform multi-station sensing.

[0037] During operation of the radar sensing system, a transmitter transmits an electromagnetic (EM) signal in the RF domain toward a target object. The signal reflects from the target object to produce one or more reflected signals that provide information or properties about the target, such as the position and velocity of the target object. At least one receiver receives the one or more reflected signals, and at least one processor that may be associated with the at least one receiver utilizes information from the one or more reflected signals to determine information or properties of the target object. The target object may also be referred to herein as a target.

[0038] Typically, sensing involves monitoring moving targets with different motions (e.g., moving cars or pedestrians, human body motions such as breathing, and / or other micro-motions associated with the target). Doppler, which measures phase changes in the signal and indicates motion, is an important characteristic for sensing of targets.

[0039] It should be noted that these radar sensing signals, which may be referred to as radar reference signals (RS), are generally designed for and used only for sensing purposes. Radar RS do not contain any communication information. In contrast, communication RS are generally designed for and used only for communication purposes, including estimating channel parameters for communication.

[0040] Cellular communication systems are designed to send communication signals on designated communication bands (e.g., 23 gigahertz (GHz), 3.5 GHz, etc. for 5G / NR, 2.2 GHz, etc. for LTE). RF sensing systems are designed to send RF sensing signals on designated radar RF bands (e.g., 77 GHz for autonomous driving). It is likely that the spectrum used for communication and sensing will be shared in future cellular communication systems, in which case communication and sensing should be considered jointly. In RF sensing such as for Doppler estimation, phase continuity needs to be maintained on the radar transmitter side, which is not guaranteed for most of the NR reference signals (including NR PRS).

[0041] In some aspects of the present disclosure, systems, devices, methods (also referred to as processes), and computer-readable media (collectively referred to herein as "systems and techniques") that employ a tracking reference signal (TRS) for joint communication and sensing are described herein. For example, the systems and techniques of the present disclosure can enhance RF sensing using TRS by associating the TRS with the radar RS for Doppler estimation. In some cases, as described herein, the association can be based on phase continuity between the TRS and the radar RS (e.g., based on the need to maintain phase continuity for RF sensing (such as for Doppler estimation) on the radar transmitter side). These systems and techniques also consider enhancements to communication performance through fine Doppler estimation supported by the radar RS.

[0042] As noted above, in RF sensing (e.g., for obtaining accurate Doppler estimates), it is necessary to maintain phase continuity on the radar transmitter (Tx) side, which may be in the form of a base station or user equipment (UE). For most NR reference signals (e.g., radar RS), such as NR positioning reference signals (PRS), phase continuity cannot be guaranteed. However, a radar receiver (Rx), which may be in the form of a UE or other device, may assume that the radar Tx maintains phase coherence for up to, for example, two time slots transmitted by the NR TRS from the radar Tx. In one or more examples, TRS resources and radar RS resources are multiplexed together in one time slot (e.g., a time slot structure) or two consecutive time slots with the same or similar bandwidth (BW) to associate TRS (e.g., TRS resources) and radar RS (e.g., radar RS sensing resources) for Doppler estimation. The association implicitly indicates to the radar Rx that phase coherence is maintained for both TRS and radar RS. Then, TRS and radar RS can be utilized to provide accurate Doppler estimates.

[0043] In some examples, the TRS and the radar RS are explicitly associated for Doppler estimation via signaling to the radar Rx. For these examples, the radar Tx may explicitly indicate via signaling to the radar Rx that the TRS and the radar RS may be associated together to provide phase coherence for Doppler estimation. The radar Rx may then obtain a Doppler estimate (e.g., a Doppler measurement) from the TRS. Furthermore, the radar Rx may generate a Doppler measurement report including a Doppler estimate based on the TRS, and transmit the Doppler measurement report to a radar server in the network for further processing.

[0044] In one or more examples, the radar Rx may be involved in high mobility communications (e.g., communications with another device such as a UE and / or the radar Rx moving at high speed), and thus may require high-precision Doppler estimation to be able to maintain high mobility communications. For these cases, the radar Rx may obtain high-precision Doppler estimation from the radar RS. The TRS may provide a coarse measurement of Doppler when the phase is continuous, while the radar RS may provide a fine measurement of Doppler when the phase is continuous.

[0045] As previously described, associating the TRS and the radar RS together in one time slot or two consecutive time slots with the same or similar BW implicitly indicates to the radar Rx that phase coherence is maintained for the associated radar RS. However, in some cases, the radar Rx may not be scheduled for a sensing session, and thus the radar RS may be transparent to the radar Rx by default. For these cases, auxiliary signaling may be provided to the radar Rx to indicate the configuration of the radar RS with the TRS, so as to allow the radar Rx to recognize that the radar RS is phase continuous and thus can provide high-precision Doppler measurements. The radar Rx can then obtain a high-precision Doppler estimate (e.g., Doppler measurement) from the radar RS, and generate a Doppler measurement report based on the high-precision Doppler estimate based on the radar RS. The radar Rx can then transmit the Doppler measurement report to the radar server based on the associated radar RS.

[0046] Additional aspects of the disclosure are described in more detail below.

[0047] As used herein, the terms "user equipment" (UE) and "network entity" are not intended to be dedicated to or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise specified. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, and / or a tracking device, etc.), a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses, a wearable ring, and / or an extended reality (XR) device (such as a virtual reality (VR) headset, an augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses, or a mixed reality (MR) headset)), a vehicle (e.g., a car, a motorcycle, a bicycle, etc.), and / or an Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc., for a user to communicate on a wireless communication network. A UE can be mobile or can be stationary (e.g., at certain times) and can communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" may be interchangeably referred to as an "access terminal" or "AT," "client device," "wireless device," "subscriber equipment," "subscriber terminal," "subscriber station," "user terminal" or "UT," "mobile device," "mobile terminal," "mobile station," or variations thereof. Generally speaking, a UE may communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network, the UE may connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through a wired access network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) network (e.g., based on IEEE 802.11 communication standards, etc.), and the like.

[0048] The network entity may be implemented in a converged or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a disaggregated base station architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC. A base station (e.g., having a converged / monolithic base station architecture or a disaggregated base station architecture) may operate according to one of several RATs communicating with a UE (depending on the network in which it is deployed), and may alternatively be referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB (NB), an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a new radio (NR) NodeB (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be primarily used to support wireless access for UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems, a base station may provide edge node signaling functionality, while in other systems, a base station may provide additional control and / or network management functionality. The communication link by which a UE can transmit signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). The communication link by which a base station can transmit signals to a UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) may refer to an uplink, a reverse or downlink, and / or a forward traffic channel.

[0049] The term "network entity" or "base station" (e.g., having an aggregated / monolithic base station architecture or a disaggregated base station architecture) may refer to a single physical transmit-receive point (TRP) or multiple physical transmit-receive points (TRPs), which may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be a base station antenna corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, these physical TRPs may be an array of antennas of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming). Where the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transmission medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRP may be a serving base station receiving measurement reports from a UE and a neighboring base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signal (or "reference signal" for short) the UE is measuring. As used herein, since a TRP is a point at which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, references to transmitting from or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of a base station.

[0050] In some specific implementations of supporting UE positioning, a network entity or base station may not support wireless access for the UE (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections with respect to the UE), but may instead send a reference signal to be measured by the UE to the UE, and / or may receive and measure a signal sent by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning tower (e.g., in the case of sending a signal to the UE) and / or as a position measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring a signal from the UE).

[0051] RF signals include electromagnetic waves of a given frequency that transmit information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between a transmitter and a receiver may be referred to as a "multipath" RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a "wireless signal" or simply a "signal" where it is clear from the context that the term "signal" refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0052] According to various aspects, Figure 1An exemplary wireless communication system 100 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing tracking reference signals (TRS) for joint communication and sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104. In some aspects, the base stations 102 may also be referred to as "network entities" or "network nodes". One or more of the base stations 102 may be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the base stations 102 may be implemented in a decomposed base station architecture and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC. The base stations 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). On the one hand, the macro cell base station may include an eNB and / or an ng-eNB (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to a long term evolution (LTE) network), or a gNB (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of both, and the small cell base station may include a femto cell, a pico cell, a micro cell, etc.

[0053] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through a backhaul link 122, and interface to one or more location servers 172 (which may be part of the core network 170 or may be external to the core network 170) through the core network 170. Among other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions related to one or more of the following: delivering user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC or 5GC) through a backhaul link 134 (which may be wired and / or wireless).

[0054] Base station 102 can communicate wirelessly with UE 104. Each of base stations 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, base station 102 in each coverage area 110 can support one or more cells. A "cell" is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., on a certain frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.), and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI)) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) or other protocol types) that can provide access to different types of UEs. Since a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term "cell" can refer to either or both of a logical communication entity and a base station supporting the logical communication entity, depending on the context. In addition, since a TRP is typically a physical transmission point of a cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" may also refer to a geographic coverage area (eg, a sector) of a base station, as long as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communications within some portion of the geographic coverage area 110.

[0055] Although the geographic coverage areas 110 of neighboring macrocell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover area), some areas of the geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with the larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage areas 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macrocell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a Home eNB (HeNB) that may provide services to a restricted group referred to as a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG).

[0056] The communication link 120 between the base station 102 and the UE 104 may include uplink (also known as reverse link) transmissions from the UE 104 to the base station 102 and / or downlink (also known as forward link) transmissions from the base station 102 to the UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may be over one or more carrier frequencies. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink than to the uplink).

[0057] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a WLAN AP 150 in communication with a WLAN station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 gigahertz (GHz)). When communicating in the unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before communicating to determine whether a channel is available. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may include a device (e.g., UE, etc.) that communicates with one or more UEs 104, base stations 102, APs 150, etc. using an ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum. The UWB spectrum may range from 3.1 GHz to 10.5 GHz.

[0058] The small cell base station 102' can operate in a licensed spectrum and / or an unlicensed spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed spectrum, the small cell base station 102' can adopt LTE or NR technology and use the same 5GHz unlicensed spectrum used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102' adopting LTE and / or 5G in the unlicensed spectrum can boost the coverage of the access network and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in the unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as NR-U. LTE in the unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) or MulteFire.

[0059] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that can operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies to communicate with UE 182. The mmW base station 180 can be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a decomposed base station architecture (e.g., including one or more of CU, DU, RU, near RT RIC, or non-RT RIC). Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, with a wavelength between 1 mm and 10 mm. The radio waves in this band may be referred to as millimeter waves. Near mmW can be extended down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 mm. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, which is also referred to as centimeter waves. Communications using mmW and / or near mmW radio frequency bands have high path loss and relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) on the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. In addition, it should be understood that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near-mmW and beamforming. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0060] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal to the receiving device. In order to change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that broadcast the RF signal. For example, a network node can use an array of antennas (referred to as a "phased array" or "antenna array") that produce RF beams that can be "steered" to point in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas in the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas are added together in the desired direction to increase the radiation, and canceled in the undesired direction to suppress the radiation.

[0061] The transmit beams can be quasi-co-located, which means that they appear to the receiver (e.g., UE) to have the same parameters, regardless of whether the transmit antennas of the network nodes themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters about the second reference RF signal on the second beam can be derived based on information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. Therefore, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay and delay spread of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type D, the receiver may use the source reference RF signal to estimate spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0062] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, a receiver may increase the gain setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., increase its gain level) the RF signal received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to be beamforming in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain of other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), etc.) for the RF signal received from that direction.

[0063] The receive beams may be spatially correlated. The spatial relationship means that the parameters of the transmit beam for the second reference signal may be derived from information about the receive beam for the first reference signal. For example, the UE may receive one or more reference downlink reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signal (PRS), tracking reference signal (TRS), phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), cell-specific reference signal (CRS), channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), synchronization signal block (SSB), etc.) from a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) using a specific receive beam. The UE may then form a transmit beam based on the parameters of the receive beam for transmitting one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., uplink positioning reference signal (UL-PRS), sounding reference signal (SRS), demodulation reference signal (DMRS), PTRS, etc.) to the network node or entity (e.g., a base station).

[0064] Note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) is forming a downlink beam to send a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the downlink beam is a receive beam that receives a downlink reference signal. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, and if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0065] In 5G, the spectrum in which a wireless network node or entity (e.g., base station 102 / 180, UE 104 / 182) operates is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (from 450 megahertz (MHz) to 6000 MHz), FR2 (from 24250 MHz to 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). In a multi-carrier system (such as 5G), one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as a "primary carrier" or "anchor carrier" or "primary serving cell" or "PCell", and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers" or "secondary serving cells" or "SCells". In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is a carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by the UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 performs an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection reestablishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured once an RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier, and can be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, since the primary uplink carrier and the primary downlink carrier are usually UE-specific, those signaling information and signals specific to the UE may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. This is also true for the uplink primary carrier. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency or component carrier that some base stations are using to communicate, the terms "cell", "serving cell", "component carrier", "carrier frequency", etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0066] For example, still refer to Figure 1, one of the frequencies used by the macrocell base station 102 may be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies used by the macrocell base station 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ("SCells"). In carrier aggregation, the base station 102 and / or the UE 104 may use a spectrum of up to Y MHz (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz) bandwidth per carrier for transmission in each direction, totaling up to Yx MHz (x component carriers). The component carriers may be adjacent to each other or may not be adjacent to each other in the spectrum. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rate. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (e.g., 40 MHz) compared to the data rate obtained with a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0067] In order to operate on multiple carrier frequencies, the base station 102 and / or the UE 104 are equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, the UE 104 may have two receivers, namely "receiver 1" and "receiver 2", where "receiver 1" is a multi-band receiver that can be tuned to a frequency band (e.g., carrier frequency) "X" or a frequency band "Y", and "receiver 2" is a single-band receiver that can be tuned to only a frequency band "Z". In this example, if the UE 104 is being served in frequency band "X", the frequency band "X" will be referred to as the PCell or active carrier frequency, and "receiver 1" will need to tune from frequency band "X" to frequency band "Y" (SCell) to measure frequency band "Y" (and vice versa). In contrast, regardless of whether the UE 104 is being served in frequency band "X" or frequency band "Y", due to the separate "receiver 2", the UE 104 can measure frequency band "Z" without interrupting the service on frequency band "X" or frequency band "Y".

[0068] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a UE 164, which may communicate with the macrocell base station 102 over the communication link 120 and / or communicate with the mmW base station 180 over the mmW communication link 184. For example, the macrocell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0069] The wireless communication system 100 may further include one or more UEs (such as UE 190) that are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “side links”). Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 1 , UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of base stations 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through the D2D P2P link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity through the D2D P2P link). In an example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can use any well-known D2D RAT (such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), etc.) to support.

[0070] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a decomposed base station architecture that can be adopted by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The deployment of a communication system (such as a 5G NR system) can be arranged with various components or constituent parts in a variety of ways. In a 5G NR system or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment (such as a base station (BS), or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality) can be implemented in an aggregated or decomposed architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR BS, a 5G NB, an AP, a transmit receive point (TRP) or a cell, etc.) can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also called a stand-alone BS or a monolithic BS) or a decomposed base station.

[0071] A converged base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A decomposed base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed between two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed in one or more other RAN nodes. A DU may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU may also be implemented as a virtual unit (e.g., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), a virtual radio unit (VRU), etc.).

[0072] Base station type operations or network designs may take into account the aggregated nature of base station functionality. For example, a disaggregated base station may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (network configurations such as those initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Decomposition may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing functionality of at least one unit, which may enable flexibility in network design. Various units of a disaggregated base station or disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0073] As mentioned earlier, Figure 2 A diagram illustrating an example decomposed base station 200 architecture is shown. The decomposed base station 200 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 211 that may communicate directly with a core network 223 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 223 through one or more decomposed base station units, such as a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 227 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 217 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 207, or both. The CU 211 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 231 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DU 231 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 241 via respective fronthaul links. The RU 241 may communicate with respective UEs 221 via one or more RF access links. In some implementations, a UE 221 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 241.

[0074] Each of the units, such as CU 211, DU 231, RU 241, and near-RT RIC 227, non-RT RIC 217, and SMO framework 207, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces, which are configured to receive or send signals, data, or information (collectively referred to as signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to the communication interface of these units may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via a transmission medium. For example, a unit may include a wired interface that is configured to receive or send signals to one or more of the other units via a wired transmission medium. Additionally, a unit may include a wireless interface that may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) that is configured to receive or send signals, or both, to one or more of the other units on a wireless transmission medium.

[0075] In some aspects, CU 211 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by CU 211. CU 211 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., central unit-user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (e.g., central unit-control plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some specific implementations, CU 211 may be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface (such as an E1 interface). As needed, CU 211 may be implemented to communicate with DU 231 for network control and signaling.

[0076] DU 231 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RUs 241. In some aspects, DU 221 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) at least in part according to a functional split such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some aspects, DU 231 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface that is configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 231 or with control functions hosted by CU 211.

[0077] The lower layer functionality may be implemented by one or more RUs 241. In some deployments, the RU 241 controlled by the DU 231 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc.), or both, based at least in part on functional splitting (such as lower layer functional splitting). In such an architecture, the RU 241 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 221. In some specific implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU 241 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 231. In some scenarios, this configuration may enable the DU 231 and the CU 211 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture such as a vRAN architecture.

[0078] The SMO framework 207 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 207 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operation and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 207 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 291) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 211, DU 231, RU 241, and near-RT RIC 227. In some specific implementations, the SMO framework 207 may communicate with hardware aspects of the 4G RAN such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 213 via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some specific implementations, the SMO framework 207 may communicate directly with one or more RUs 241 via the O1 interface. The SMO framework 207 may also include a non-RT RIC 217 configured to support the functionality of the SMO framework 207 .

[0079] The non-RT RIC 217 may be configured to include logic functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 227. The non-RT RIC 217 may be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 227 (such as via an A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 227 may be configured to include logic functions that enable near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions through an interface (such as via an E2 interface) that connects one or more CUs 211, one or more DUs 231, or both, and the O-eNB 213 with the near-RT RIC 227.

[0080] In some implementations, in order to generate an AI / ML model to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 227, the non-RT RIC 217 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information may be utilized by the near-RT RIC 227 and may be received from a non-network data source or from a network function at the SMO framework 207 or the non-RT RIC 117. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 217 or the near-RT RIC 227 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 217 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO framework 207 (such as via reconfiguration of O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0081] Various radio frame structures may be used to support downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, and sidelink transmissions between network nodes (eg, a base station and a UE). Figure 3 is a diagram 300 illustrating an example of a frame structure that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0082] NR (and LTE) utilizes OFDM on the downlink and single carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. However, unlike LTE, NR also has the option of using OFDM on the uplink. OFDM and SC-FDM divide the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also often referred to as frequency modulation, binary symbols, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. Typically, modulation symbols are transmitted in the frequency domain using OFDM and in the time domain using SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can depend on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers can be 15kHz, and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) can be 12 subcarriers (or 180kHz). Therefore, for a system bandwidth of 1.25 megahertz (MHz), 2.5MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, or 20MHz, the nominal fast Fourier transform (FFT) size can be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048, respectively. The system bandwidth may also be divided into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (ie, 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidths of 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0083] LTE supports a single parameter set (subcarrier spacing, symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR may support multiple parameter sets (μ). For example, 15kHz, 30kHz, 60kHz, 120kHz, and 240kHz or larger subcarrier spacing (SCS) may be available. Table 1 provided below lists some different parameters for different NR parameter sets.

[0084]

[0085] Table 1

[0086] In one example, a 15 kHz parameter set is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 millisecond (ms) frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes, each subframe is 1 ms, and each subframe includes one time slot. Figure 3 , time is represented horizontally (eg, on the X-axis), where time increases from left to right, and frequency is represented vertically (eg, on the Y-axis), where frequency increases (or decreases) from bottom to top.

[0087] A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, each of which includes one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. Figure 3An example of a resource block (RB) 302 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing a TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. Data or information for communication and / or sensing may be included in one or more RBs 302. RBs 302 are arranged by placing the time domain on the horizontal (or x) axis and the frequency domain on the vertical (or y) axis. As shown, RBs 302 may be 180 kilohertz (kHz) wide in frequency and one slot long in time (where a slot is 1 millisecond (ms) in time). In some cases, a slot may include fourteen symbols (e.g., in slot configuration 0). RBs 302 include twelve subcarriers (along the y-axis) and fourteen symbols (along the x-axis).

[0088] The intersection of a symbol and a subcarrier may be referred to as a resource element (RE) 304 or a tone. Figure 3 The RB 302 of the RF includes a plurality of REs, which include resource elements (REs) 304. For example, RE 304 is 1 subcarrier×1 symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol) and is the smallest discrete part of a subframe. RE 304 includes a single complex value representing data from a physical channel or signal. The number of bits carried by each RE 304 depends on the modulation scheme.

[0089] In some aspects, some REs 304 may be used to send downlink reference (pilot) signals (DL-RS). DL-RS may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), etc. Figure 3 The resource grid of exemplifies exemplary locations (labeled as “R”) of REs 304 for transmitting DL-RS.

[0090] Figure 44 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 470 of an electronic device 407 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. The electronic device 407 is an example of a device that may include hardware and software for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems using a communication network (e.g., a third generation partner network such as a fifth generation (5G) / new radio (NR) network, a fourth generation (4G) / long term evolution (LTE) network, a WiFi network, or other communication network). For example, the electronic device 407 may include or be part of a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone), a wearable device (e.g., a web-connected or smartwatch), an extended reality device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device), a personal computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a wireless access point, a router, a vehicle or a component of a vehicle, a server computer, a robotic device, and / or other devices used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. In some cases, device 407 may be referred to as user equipment (UE), such as when referring to a device configured to communicate using 5G / NR, 4G / LTE, or other telecommunication standards. In some cases, the device may be referred to as a station (STA), such as when referring to a device configured to communicate using the Wi-Fi standard.

[0091] The computing system 470 includes software and hardware components that may be electrically or communicatively coupled via a bus 489 (or may communicate in other ways, as appropriate). For example, the computing system 470 includes one or more processors 484. The one or more processors 484 may include one or more CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, APs, GPUs, VPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, dedicated hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing devices and / or systems. The bus 489 may be used by the one or more processors 484 to communicate between cores and / or with one or more memory devices 486.

[0092] The computing system 470 may also include one or more memory devices 486, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) 482, one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) 474, one or more modems 476, one or more wireless transceivers 478, one or more antennas 487, one or more input devices 472 (e.g., a camera, a mouse, a keyboard, a touch-sensitive screen, a touchpad, a keypad, a microphone or microphone array, etc.), and one or more output devices 480 (e.g., a display, a speaker, a printer, etc.).

[0093] One or more wireless transceivers 478 may receive wireless signals (e.g., signal 488) via antenna 487 from one or more other devices such as other user devices, network devices (e.g., base stations such as evolved Node B (eNB) and / or gNodeB (gNB)), WiFi access points (APs) such as routers, range extenders, etc.), cloud networks, etc. In some examples, computing system 470 may include multiple antennas or antenna arrays that can facilitate simultaneous transmission and reception functionality. Antenna 487 may be an omnidirectional antenna so that RF signals can be received from all directions and RF signals can be transmitted in all directions. Wireless signal 488 may be sent via a wireless network. The wireless network may be any wireless network, such as a cellular or telecommunications network (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), a wireless local area network (e.g., a WiFi network), a Bluetooth TM network and / or other networks. In some examples, one or more wireless transceivers 478 may include an RF front end that includes one or more components such as an amplifier, a mixer for down-converting a signal (also known as a signal multiplier), a frequency synthesizer (also known as an oscillator) that provides a signal to the mixer, a baseband filter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), one or more power amplifiers, and other components. The RF front end generally handles the selection of wireless signals 488 and the conversion of the wireless signals to baseband or intermediate frequencies, and may convert RF signals to the digital domain.

[0094] In some cases, computing system 470 may include a coding-decoding device (or CODEC) configured to encode and / or decode data transmitted and / or received using one or more wireless transceivers 478. In some cases, computing system 470 may include an encryption-decryption device or component configured to encrypt and / or decrypt data transmitted and / or received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 (e.g., in accordance with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and / or Data Encryption Standard (DES) standards).

[0095] One or more SIMs 474 may each securely store an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number and associated keys assigned to a user of the electronic device 407. The IMSI and keys may be used to identify and authenticate subscribers when accessing a network provided by a network service provider or operator associated with one or more SIMs 474. One or more modems 476 may modulate one or more signals to encode information for transmission using one or more wireless transceivers 478. One or more modems 476 may also demodulate signals received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 in order to decode the transmitted information. In some examples, one or more modems 476 may include a WiFi modem, a 4G (or LTE) modem, a 5G (or NR) modem, and / or other types of modems. One or more modems 476 and one or more wireless transceivers 478 may be used to communicate data of one or more SIMs 474.

[0096] The computing system 470 may also include (and / or communicate with) one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media or storage devices (e.g., one or more memory devices 486), which may include, but are not limited to, local and / or network accessible storage, disk drives, drive arrays, optical storage devices, solid-state storage devices (such as RAM and / or ROM), which may be programmable, flash-updatable, and / or the like. Such storage devices may be configured to implement any suitable data storage, including, but not limited to, various file systems, database structures, etc.

[0097] In various aspects, the functionality may be stored as one or more computer program products (e.g., instructions or code) in the memory device 486 and executed by the one or more processors 484 and / or the one or more DSPs 482. The computing system 470 may also include software elements (e.g., located within the one or more memory devices 486) including, for example, an operating system, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or other code, such as one or more applications, which may include computer programs that implement the functionality provided by the various aspects and / or may be designed to implement methods and / or configure systems, as described herein.

[0098] In some aspects, the electronic device 407 may include means for performing the operations described herein. The means may include one or more components of the computing system 470. For example, the means for performing the operations described herein may include one or more of an input device 472, a SIM 474, a modem 476, a wireless transceiver 478, an output device 480, a DSP 482, a processor 484, a memory device 486, and / or an antenna 487.

[0099] In some aspects, the electronic device 407 may include components for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing. In some examples, any or all of these components may include one or more wireless transceivers 478, one or more modems 476, one or more processors 484, one or more DSPs 482, one or more memory devices 486, any combination thereof, or other components of the electronic device 407.

[0100] Figure 5 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver 504 that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure, together with a transmitter 500, to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., position, velocity or speed, heading, etc.) of a target 502 object using RF bistatic sensing techniques. For example, the receiver 504 can use RF bistatic sensing to detect the presence and position of the target 502 (e.g., an object, user, or vehicle) that is located at a Figure 5 In one example, the receiver 504 may be in the form of a base station such as a gNB.

[0101] Figure 5 The bistatic radar system includes a transmitter 500 (e.g., a transmitting sensing node) and a receiver 504 (e.g., a receiving sensing node), wherein the transmitter is depicted in the figure as being in the form of a base station (e.g., a gNB), and the transmitter and the receiver are separated by a distance comparable to the expected target distance. Figure 5 The transmitter 500 and the receiver 504 of a bistatic radar system are located remotely from each other. In contrast, a monostatic radar is a radar system that includes a transmitter and a receiver that are co-located with each other.

[0102] An advantage of a bistatic radar (or more generally, a multistatic radar with more than one receiver) over a monostatic radar is the ability to collect radar echoes reflected from a scene at angles different than the angle at which the pulse was transmitted. This may be of interest in some applications (e.g., vehicle applications, scenes with multiple objects, military applications, etc.) where targets may reflect transmitted energy in many directions (e.g., where targets are specifically designed to reflect in many directions), which may minimize the energy reflected back to the transmitter. It should be noted that in one or more examples, a monostatic system may coexist with a multistatic radar system, such as when the transmitter also has a co-located receiver.

[0103] In some examples, Figure 5 The transmitter 500 and / or the receiver 504 may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle, or other device including at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4In some examples, the transmitter 500 and / or the receiver 504 may be a user device (e.g., Figure 4 Device 407) provides connectivity, such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or other device including at least one RF interface.

[0104] In some aspects, transmitter 500 may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. Transmitter 500 may include at least one processor (e.g., Fig.16 The transmitter 500 may further include an RF transmitter for transmitting a Tx signal including a Tx waveform 516. The RF transmitter may be a transmitter configured to transmit a cellular or telecommunication signal (e.g., a transmitter configured to transmit a 5G / NR signal, a 4G / LTE signal, or other cellular / telecommunication signal, etc.), a Wi-Fi transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter, or a wireless transmitter. TM transmitter, any combination thereof, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0105] The RF transmitter may be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna. In some examples, the Tx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions, or a directional antenna that transmits RF signals in a specific direction. In some examples, the Tx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0106] The receiver 504 may include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver 504 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as an Rx antenna. In some examples, the Rx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions, or a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In another example, the Rx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0107] The receiver 504 may also include an RF receiver coupled to the Rx antenna. The RF receiver may include a signal for receiving RF waveforms (such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth TM The output of the RF receiver may be coupled to at least one processor (e.g., Fig.16 The processor may be configured to process the received waveform (eg, Rx waveform 518).

[0108] In one or more examples, the transmitter 500 can implement RF sensing techniques, such as bistatic sensing techniques, by transmitting a Tx waveform 516 from the Tx antenna. It should be noted that although the Tx waveform 516 is illustrated as a single line, in some cases, the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted in all directions by an omnidirectional Tx antenna.

[0109] In one or more aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveform 516 may be used to increase or decrease the RF sensing resolution. These parameters may include frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveform 516, number of antennas configured to receive reflected RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 518) corresponding to the Tx waveform 516, number of spatial links (e.g., number of spatial streams multiplied by number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveform (e.g., Tx waveform 516) and the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 518) may include one or more radar RF sensing signals (also referred to as RF sensing RS).

[0110] During operation, the receiver 504 (e.g., operating as a receive sensing node) may receive a signal corresponding to the Tx waveform 516, which is transmitted by the transmitter 500 (e.g., operating as a transmit sensing node). For example, the receiver 504 may receive a signal reflected from an object or person within the range of the Tx waveform 516, such as the Rx waveform 518 reflected from the target 502. In some cases, the Rx waveform 518 may include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in the Tx waveform 516. In some examples, the receiver 504 may combine the received multiple sequences to improve the SNR.

[0111] In some examples, the RF sensing data can be used by at least one processor within receiver 504 to calculate a distance, angle of arrival, or other characteristics corresponding to a reflected waveform such as Rx waveform 518. In other examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine position, detect a change in position or motion pattern, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, position, movement, and / or orientation of an object (e.g., object 502) in the surrounding environment in order to detect object presence / proximity.

[0112] The processor of the receiver 504 may calculate the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 518) by using signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In other examples, the receiver 504 may send or transmit the RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device such as a server, which may perform calculations to obtain the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 518 or other reflected waveforms.

[0113] In one or more examples, the angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 can be calculated by a processor of the receiver 504 by measuring the time difference of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 between individual elements of the receive antenna array of the receiver 504. In some examples, the time difference of arrival can be calculated by measuring the receive phase difference at each element in the receive antenna array.

[0114] In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 may be used by the processor of the receiver 504 to determine the distance between the receiver 504 and the target 502 and the orientation of the target 502 relative to the receiver 504. The distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 may also be used to determine the presence, movement, proximity, identity, or any combination thereof of the target 502. For example, the processor of the receiver 504 may use the calculated distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 518 to determine that the target 502 is moving toward the receiver 504.

[0115] Figure 6 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver 604 in the form of a smartphone that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure, together with multiple transmitters (including transmitter 600a, transmitter 600b, and transmitter 600c) to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., position, speed or velocity, heading, etc.) of a target 602 object using RF bistatic sensing techniques. For example, receiver 604 can use RF bistatic sensing to detect the presence and position of target 602 (e.g., an object, user, or vehicle). Target 602 is Figure 6 The objects without communication capabilities (which may be referred to as device-less objects) are depicted in the form of people, vehicles (e.g., vehicles without the ability to send and receive messages such as using C-V2X or DSRC protocols), or other device-less objects. Figure 6 The bistatic radar system is similar to Figure 5 The dual-station radar system is just Figure 6 The bistatic radar system has multiple transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c, and Figure 5 The bistatic radar system has only one transmitter 500 .

[0116] Figure 6 The bistatic radar system of includes a plurality of transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c (eg, transmitting sensing nodes), which are illustrated as being in the form of base stations. Figure 6 The bistatic radar system of also includes a receiver 604 (eg, a receiving sensing node) depicted in the form of a smartphone. Each of the transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c is separated from the receiver 604 by a distance comparable to the expected distance from the target 602. Similar to Figure 5 The dual station system Figure 6 The transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c and the receiver 604 of the bistatic radar system are located far away from each other.

[0117] In one or more examples, the transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c, and / or the receiver 604 can each be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle (e.g., a vehicle configured to send and receive communications according to C-V2X, DSRC, or other communication protocols), or other devices including at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4 In some examples, transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c and / or receiver 604 may each be a user device (e.g., Figure 4 Device 407) provides connectivity, such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or other device including at least one RF interface.

[0118] The transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. Each of the transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c may include at least one processor (e.g., Fig.161610 of the processor 1610). Each of the transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c may also include an RF transmitter for transmitting a Tx signal including a Tx waveform 616a, 616b, 616c, 620a, 620b, 620c. In one or more examples, the Tx waveform 616a, 616b, 616c is an RF sensing signal, and the Tx waveform 620a, 620b, 620c is a communication signal. In one or more examples, the Tx waveform 620a, 620b, 620c is a communication signal that can be used to schedule a transmitter (e.g., transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c) and a receiver (e.g., receiver 604) to perform RF sensing of a target (e.g., target 602) to obtain location information about the target. The RF transmitter may be a transmitter configured to transmit a cellular or telecommunication signal (e.g., a transmitter configured to transmit a 5G / NR signal, a 4G / LTE signal, or other cellular / telecommunication signal, etc.), a Wi-Fi transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter, or a wireless transmitter. TM transmitter, any combination thereof, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0119] The RF transmitter may be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna. In one or more examples, the Tx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions, or a directional antenna that transmits RF signals in a specific direction. The Tx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0120] Figure 6 The receiver 604 may include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver 604 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as an Rx antenna. In one or more examples, the Rx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions, or a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In some examples, the Rx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array (e.g., a phased antenna array), which may be used for communication and / or sensing.

[0121] The receiver 604 may also include an RF receiver coupled to the Rx antenna. The RF receiver may include a signal for receiving RF waveforms (such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth TM The output of the RF receiver may be coupled to at least one processor (e.g., Fig.16 The processor may be configured to process the received waveform (eg, Rx waveform 618, which is a reflected (echo) RF sensing signal).

[0122] In some examples, the transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c can implement RF sensing techniques (e.g., bistatic sensing techniques) by having Tx waveforms 616a, 616b, 616c (e.g., radar sensing signals) transmitted from a Tx antenna associated with each of the transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c. Although the Tx waveforms 616a, 616b, 616c are illustrated as a single line, in some cases, the Tx waveforms 616a, 616b, 616c can be transmitted in all directions (e.g., through an omnidirectional Tx antenna associated with each of the transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c).

[0123] In one or more aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveforms 616a, 616b, 616c may be used to increase or decrease RF sensing resolution. These parameters may include, but are not limited to, frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveforms 616a, 616b, 616c, number of antennas configured to receive reflected (echo) RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 618) corresponding to each of the Tx waveforms 616a, 616b, 616c, number of spatial links (e.g., number of spatial streams multiplied by number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveforms (e.g., Tx waveforms 616a, 616b, 616c) and the received waveforms (e.g., Rx waveform 618) may include one or more radar RF sensing signals (also referred to as RF sensing RS). It should be noted that although Figure 6 Only one reflected sensing signal (eg, Rx waveform 618 ) is shown in FIG. 6 , but it should be understood that a separate reflected (echo) sensing signal will be generated by each sensing signal reflected from target 602 (eg, Tx waveforms 616 a , 616 b , 616 c ).

[0124] exist Figure 6 During operation of the system, the receiver 604 (e.g., which operates as a receive sensing node) can receive signals corresponding to Tx waveforms 616a, 616b, 616c transmitted by transmitters 600a, 600b, 600c (e.g., which each operate as a transmit sensing node). The receiver 604 can receive signals reflected from objects or people within the range of the Tx waveforms 616a, 616b, 616c, such as the Rx waveform 618 reflected from the target 602. In one or more examples, the Rx waveform 618 may include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in its corresponding Tx waveform 616a, 616b, 616c. In some examples, the receiver 604 can combine the received multiple sequences to improve the SNR.

[0125] In some examples, the RF sensing data can be used by at least one processor within the receiver 604 to calculate the distance, angle of arrival (AOA), TDOA, angle of departure (AoD), or other characteristics corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 618). In other examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine position, detect changes in position or motion patterns, or any combination thereof. In one or more examples, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, position, movement, and / or orientation of the target (e.g., target 602) in order to detect target presence / proximity.

[0126] The processor of the receiver 604 can calculate the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 618) by using signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In one or more examples, the receiver 604 can send or transmit the RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device such as a server, which can perform calculations to obtain the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 618 or other reflected waveforms (not shown).

[0127] In one or more examples, the processor of the receiver 604 can calculate the angle of arrival (AOA) of the Rx waveform 618 by measuring the TDOA of the Rx waveform 618 between individual elements of the receive antenna array of the receiver 604. In some examples, the TDOA can be calculated by measuring the receive phase difference at each element in the receive antenna array. In an illustrative example, to determine the TDOA, the processor can determine the arrival time difference of the Rx waveform 618 to the receive antenna array element using one of the receive antenna array elements as a reference. The time difference is proportional to the distance difference.

[0128] In some cases, the processor of the receiver 604 may use the distance, AOA, TDOA, other measurement information (e.g., AoD, etc.), any combination thereof of the Rx waveform 618 to determine the distance between the receiver 604 and the target 602, and determine the position of the target 602 relative to the receiver 604. In one example, the processor may use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA information as input to apply multilateration or other location-based algorithms to determine the position (e.g., 3D position) of the target 602. In other examples, the processor may use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA of the Rx waveform 618 to determine the presence, movement (e.g., speed or velocity, heading or direction or movement, etc.), proximity, identity, any combination thereof, or other characteristics of the target 602. For example, the processor of the receiver 604 may use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA corresponding to the Rx waveform 618 to determine that the target is moving toward the receiver 604.

[0129] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating a geometry for bistatic sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 7 The bistatic radar north reference coordinate system in two dimensions is shown. Specifically, Figure 7 700, receiver 704, and target 702 are shown. The bistatic triangle is located in the bistatic plane. The transmitter 700, target 702, and receiver 704 are shown relative to each other. The transmitter 700 and receiver 704 are separated by a baseline distance L. An extended baseline is defined to extend the baseline distance L beyond the transmitter 700 or receiver 704. The target 702 and transmitter 700 are separated by a distance R. T , and the target 702 and the receiver 704 are separated by a distance R R .

[0130] Angle θ T and θ R are the transmitter 700 observation angle and the receiver 704 observation angle, respectively, which are considered positive when measured clockwise from North (N). Angle θ T and θ R Also known as the angle of arrival (AOA) or line of sight (LOS). The bistatic angle (β) is the angle between the transmitter 700, the target 702, and the receiver 704 in the radar. Specifically, the bistatic angle is the angle between the transmitter 700 and the receiver 704, with the vertex at the target 702. The bistatic angle is equal to the observation angle of the transmitter 700 minus the observation angle of the receiver 704 θ R (For example, β = θ T –θ R ).

[0131] When the bistatic angle is exactly zero (0), the radar is considered to be monostatic; when the bistatic angle is close to zero, the radar is considered to be pseudo-monostatic; and when the bistatic angle is close to 180 degrees, the radar is considered to be a forward scatter radar. Otherwise, the radar is simply considered and is called a bistatic radar. The bistatic angle (β) can be used to determine the radar cross section of a target.

[0132] Figure 8 804 is a diagram illustrating an example of a bistatic distance 810 for bistatic sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In the diagram, a transmitter (Tx) 800, a target 802, and a receiver (Rx) 804 of a radar are shown relative to each other. The transmitter 800 is separated from the receiver 804 by a baseline distance L, the target 802 is separated from the transmitter 800 by a distance Rtx, and the target 802 is separated from the receiver 804 by a distance Rrx.

[0133] Bistatic distance 810 (shown as an ellipse) refers to the measured distance made by the radar in the case of a separated transmitter 800 and receiver 804 (e.g., the transmitter 800 and the receiver 804 are located far from each other). The receiver 804 measures the arrival time from when the transmitter 800 transmits a signal to when the receiver 804 receives the signal from the transmitter 800 via the target 802. The bistatic distance 810 defines an ellipse of constant bistatic distance, called an equidistant profile, on which the target 802 is located, with the focus centered on the transmitter 800 and the receiver 804. If the target 802 is at a distance Rrx from the receiver 804 and a distance Rtx from the transmitter 800, and the receiver 804 and the transmitter 800 are located a distance L apart from each other, then the bistatic distance is equal to Rrx+Rtx-L. It should be noted that the motion of the target 802 causes a rate of change of the bistatic distance, which results in a bistatic Doppler shift.

[0134] Typically, the constant bistatic distance points draw ellipses with the transmitter 800 and receiver 804 positioned as foci. The bistatic isostatic contours are where the ground slices through the ellipse. When the ground is flat, the intercepts form ellipses (e.g., bistatic distance 810). Note that these ellipses are not centered on the mirror point except when the two platforms have equal heights.

[0135] Fig. 9 An example 900 of wireless communication between devices based on sidelink communication is illustrated. The communication may be based on a time slot structure (e.g., Figure 3). For example, a transmitting UE 902 may transmit a transmission 914 that may be received by a receiving UE 904, 906, 908, which may include, for example, a control channel and / or a corresponding data channel. At least one UE may be in the form of an autonomous vehicle or an unmanned aerial vehicle. The control channel may include information for decoding the data channel and may also be used by the receiving device to avoid interference by avoiding transmission on the occupied resources during data transmission. The transmission time interval (TTI) and the number of RBs that the data transmission will occupy may be indicated in a control message from the transmitting device. In addition to operating as a receiving device, each of the UEs 902, 904, 906, 908 may also be capable of operating as a transmitting device. Therefore, the UEs 906, 908 are illustrated as transmitting transmissions 916, 920. Transmissions 914, 916, 920 (and 918 through a network device 907 such as a roadside unit) may be broadcast or multicast to nearby devices. For example, UE 914 may send communications intended to be received by other UEs within range 901 of UE 914. Additionally / alternatively, network device 907 may receive communications 918 from and / or send communications to UEs 902, 904, 906, 908. UE 902, 904, 906, 908 or network device 907 may include a detection component. UE 902, 904, 906, 908 or network device 907 may also include a vehicle-based safety message or mitigation component.

[0136] Fig.10 1010 is an example of a comb structure for a reference signal (e.g., PRS, SRS, etc.). For example, the comb structure 1010 is a comb-2 structure with two symbols (denoted as a comb-2 / 2-symbol structure). According to the comb-2 / 2-symbol structure of the comb structure 1010, each alternating symbol is assigned to a reference signal resource. Fig.10 The comb pattern in is used for a transmit-receive point (TRP). An overview of the comb structures 1010, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018, 1020, 1022 and 1024 is provided in Table 1 below:

[0137] 2- Symbols 4- Symbols 6-Symbols 12-Symbols Comb Teeth-2 {0,1} {0,1,0,1} {0,1,0,1,0,1} {0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1} Comb Teeth - 4 N / A {0,2,1,3} N / A {0,2,1,3,0,2,1,3,0,2,1,3} Comb teeth - 6 N / A N / A {0,3,1,4,2,5} {0,3,1,4,2,5,0,1,3,4,2,5} Comb teeth - 12 N / A N / A N / A {0,6,3,9,1,7,4,10,2,8,5,11}

[0138] Fig.11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a typical NR tracking reference signal (TRS) slot configuration. Specifically, Fig.11A typical two-slot NR TRS configuration is shown, which includes the distribution of NR TRS resources 1130a-1130l (e.g., NR TRS) across two slots (e.g., slot 1 1110a and slot 2 1110b). Up to two-slot TRS configurations (e.g., one or two slot configurations) are supported using a separation of four symbols.

[0139] Specifically, in Fig.11 In the embodiment of the present invention, each time slot 1110a, 1110b includes six TRS resources 1130a-1130l. For example, time slot 1 1110a includes six TRS resources 1130a-1130f, and time slot 2 1110b includes six TRS resources 1130g-1130l. In each time slot 1110a, 1110b, TRS resources 1130a-1130l are positioned within two symbols 1120a, 1120b, 1120c, 1120d (e.g., the fifth column and the ninth column of each of the two time slots 1110a, 1110b). The two symbols of each time slot (e.g., symbols 1120a and 1120b of time slot 1 1110a, and symbols 1120c and 1120d of time slot 2 1110b) have a separation of four symbols from each other. For example, symbols 1120a and 1120b of slot 1 1110a are separated from each other by four symbols, and symbols 1120c and 1120d of slot 2 1110b are separated from each other by four symbols.

[0140] TRS is generally used for communication, not for sensing. For example, after a device (eg, UE) receives TRS, the device may estimate time offset and frequency offset parameters based on the TRS for channel estimation of communication.

[0141] Regarding the sensing capability of TRS, a full-band TRS (where p is equal to three) can support range estimation capabilities similar to a positioning reference signal (PRS). However, each slot of a two-slot NR TRS configuration (e.g., slot 1 111a and slot 2 1110b) has a non-interleaved comb-4 structure, which can lead to false identification issues for range estimation.

[0142] NR TRS is not designed for sensing purposes and has low velocity resolution as compared to radar RS. The velocity resolution of NR TRS is low because the duration (gap) between the first and last symbols of one TRS that may span two slots (e.g., the gap between symbol 1120a of slot 1 1110a and symbol 1120d of slot 2 1110b) is small, which is equivalent to a short duration between symbols. This short duration between symbols results in low velocity resolution.

[0143] Fig.12 is an example Fig.11 Table 1200 shows an example of sensing performance of the NR TRS slot configuration 1100. Fig.12 The range resolution (Δd), velocity resolution (Δv), and maximum operating range (d max ) and maximum speed (v max ). Fig.12 Other variables in Table 1200 include the speed of light (c), bandwidth (W), carrier frequency (f c ), the duration (gap) between the first symbol and the last symbol of a TRS (T B ) (e.g., a TRS may span one or two time slots), and a guard period (T g ) (e.g., duration of carrier phase), and subcarrier spacing (Δf).

[0144] As shown in Table 1200, the NR TRS has a low (or coarse) velocity resolution (e.g., granularity) of approximately 228 (or 245) kilometers per hour (km / h). This means that the rate at which a target moves at a rate lower than the velocity resolution (e.g., approximately 228 (or 245) km / h) cannot be identified using the NR TRS. Any rates below the velocity resolution (e.g., approximately 228 (or 245) km / h) cannot be distinguished from one another and will simply be determined to have a rate equal to the velocity resolution. For example, if a target moves at 100 km / h, the rate of the target cannot be identified using the NR TRS, and the rate of the target will only be determined to be the velocity resolution (e.g., approximately 228 (or 245) km / h), which is very different from the true rate of 100 km / h. As a result, the velocity resolution of the NR TRS is not sufficiently refined for many sensing applications.

[0145] As previously described, as greater bandwidth is allocated to wireless communication systems (e.g., including cellular communication systems such as 4G / LTE, 5G / NR, and beyond) and more use cases are introduced into wireless communication systems, joint communication and RF sensing may be basic features of wireless communication systems. The disclosed systems and techniques employ TRS for joint communication and sensing.

[0146] In RF sensing, especially for obtaining accurate Doppler estimates, phase continuity needs to be maintained on the radar transmitter (Tx) side, which may be in the form of a base station or user equipment (UE). For most NR reference signals (e.g., radar RS), which may include NR positioning reference signals (PRS), phase continuity cannot be guaranteed. However, a radar receiver (Rx), which may be in the form of a UE, may assume (e.g., according to 3GPP specifications) that the radar Tx maintains phase coherence for up to two time slots of the NR TRS transmission from the radar Tx. The radar Rx may make assumptions about phase coherence because the radar Rx typically uses TRS to measure frequency offset parameters, which requires phase coherence to obtain accurate measurements.

[0147] 3GPP in Release 17 / 18 has formed a protocol for Radar Rx (e.g., UE) to report TRS-based Doppler estimates. The protocol mentions "study and, if justified, specify CSI reporting enhancements for high / medium UE speeds using time-domain correlation / Doppler domain information" and "UE reporting of time-domain channel properties measured via CSI-RS for tracking." This means that for high / medium medium modes (e.g., communications with fast mobile devices and / or when the Radar Rx is moving fast), the Radar Rx (e.g., UE) can report time-domain channel properties (e.g., Doppler) made using a Channel State Information-Reference Signal (CSI-RS) for tracking, which is equivalent to TRS.

[0148] The systems and techniques of the present disclosure utilize TRS to enhance RF sensing by associating TRS with radar RS for Doppler estimation. As previously mentioned, phase continuity cannot be guaranteed for most NR reference signals (e.g., radar RS). These systems and techniques utilize TRS to provide phase coherence to allow accurate Doppler estimation.

[0149] These systems and techniques also consider the enhancement of communication performance through fine Doppler estimation supported by radar RS. As mentioned above, TRS is usually used to measure time offset and frequency offset parameters to achieve channel estimation for communication. Since TRS can only provide coarse Doppler (velocity) resolution (e.g., Fig.12 1200), therefore, radar RS can be used to achieve finer Doppler (velocity) resolution than TRS to provide better communication performance.

[0150] In one or more examples, systems and techniques associate the TRS with the radar RS for Doppler estimation. In some cases, at the radar Tx side (e.g., Fig.14The network device 1420) may not maintain phase continuity. For these cases, there are several options that can be considered for Doppler estimation.

[0151] The first option for when phase continuity may not be maintained on the radar Tx side involves association between a single port TRS and the radar RS via purely implementation-specific (e.g., timeslot configuration) means without any specification enhancements (e.g., standardized signaling enhancements). For this option, the phase continuity is maintained on the radar Tx side by a single port TRS or two consecutive timeslots with the same or similar bandwidth (BW) (e.g., Fig.13 The TRS resource and the radar RS resource are multiplexed together within the time slot configuration 1300 of the UE to associate the TRS (e.g., TRS resource) and the radar RS (e.g., radar RS sensing resource) for Doppler estimation. This association implicitly provides a radar Rx (e.g., Fig.14 The network device 1410 of FIG. 140 indicates that phase coherence is maintained for both TRS and radar RS. Then, both TRS and radar RS can be utilized to provide accurate Doppler estimation. This time slot configuration implementation is detectable because the radar Rx will detect this configuration during operation.

[0152] Fig.13 1 shows an example of a time slot configuration 1300 including both TRS resources 1320a and radar RS resources 1320b according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Fig.13 In FIG. 1 , TRS resources 1320a and radar RS resources 1320b are multiplexed together in two consecutive time slots (e.g., time slot 1 1310a and time slot 2 1310b) having the same or similar bandwidth (BW). Thus, it can be assumed that phase coherence is maintained during the duration of these two time slots 1310a, 1310b. It should be noted that Fig.13 The illustrated time slot configuration 1300 is just one example time slot configuration 1300 (eg, a time slot configuration including only one time slot) of many different time slot configurations that may be employed for use with the disclosed systems and techniques employing TRS for joint communication and sensing.

[0153] Fig.14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1400 for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Fig.14, system 1400 is shown to include a network device 1410 in the form of a UE. The network device 1410 (e.g., UE) can operate as a radar Rx for sensing purposes. A network device 1420 in the form of a base station (e.g., a gNB or a portion of a gNB, such as a CU, DU, RU, near-RT RIC, non-RT RIC, etc.) is also shown. The network device 1420 (e.g., gNB) can operate as a radar Tx for sensing purposes. The system 1400 also includes a plurality of network entities 1440, 1450, wherein the network entity 1440 is in the form of a radar server and the network entity 1450 is in the form of a location server.

[0154] System 1400 may include Fig.14 More or fewer network devices and / or more or fewer network entities than shown. Fig.14 Different types of network devices (e.g., vehicles) and / or different types of network entities (e.g., network servers) are shown. Moreover, the UE can be used as a radar Tx instead of a base station (e.g., gNB), such as Fig.14 As shown. In addition, in one or more examples, the network device 1410 (e.g., UE) may be equipped with heterogeneous capabilities, which may include, but are not limited to, 4G / 5G cellular connectivity, GPS capabilities, camera capabilities, radar capabilities, and / or LIDAR capabilities. The network devices 1410, 1420 and the network entities 1440, 1450 may be capable of performing wireless communications with each other via communication signals (e.g., signals 1470a, 1470b, 1470c, 1470d).

[0155] In one or more examples, network devices 1410, 1420 may be capable of sending and receiving some type of sensing signal (e.g., camera, RF sensing signal, optical sensing signal, etc.). In some cases, network devices 1410, 1420 may send and receive sensing signals (e.g., RF sensing signals 1460a, 1460b) for detecting nearby targets (e.g., target 1430 in the form of a vehicle) using one or more sensors. In some cases, network devices 1410, 1420 may detect nearby targets based on one or more images or frames captured using one or more cameras.

[0156] The network device 1420, which can operate as a radar Tx, can perform RF sensing (e.g., bistatic sensing) of at least one target (e.g., target 1430) to obtain RF sensing measurements (e.g., Doppler, RTT, TOA, and / or TDOA measurements) of these targets (e.g., target 1430). The RF sensing measurements of these targets (e.g., target 1430) can be used (e.g., by at least one processor of at least one of the network devices 1410, 1420 and / or at least one of the network entities 1440, 1450) to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., speed, position, distance, movement, heading, size, and / or other characteristics) of these targets (e.g., target 1430). As previously described, sensing generally involves monitoring moving targets (e.g., target 1430) with different motions (e.g., moving cars or pedestrians, human body motions such as breathing, and / or other micro-motions associated with the target). Doppler, which measures phase changes in the signal and indicates motion, is an important characteristic for sensing of a target (e.g., target 1430).

[0157] During operation of the system 1400, for example, when performing bistatic sensing of a target (e.g., target 1430), the network device 1420 (e.g., a base station) operating as a radar Tx may transmit an RF sensing signal 1460a to the target (e.g., target 1430). The RF sensing signal 1460a may include a time slot (e.g., one or two time slots) Fig.13 The TRS resources and radar RS resources multiplexed together within the time slot configuration 1300 of the network device 1460a). The sensing signal 1460a may be reflected from a target (e.g., target 1430) to generate an RF reflection sensing signal 1460b, which may be reflected toward the network device 1410 (e.g., UE). The network device 1410 (e.g., UE) operating as a radar Rx may receive the reflection sensing signal 1460b. After the network device (e.g., UE) receives the reflection sensing signal 1460b, the network device (e.g., UE) may obtain measurements (e.g., Doppler, RTT, TOA, and / or TDOA measurements) of the reflection sensing signal 1460b. Then, at least one processor (e.g., Fig.16 The processor 1610) can determine or calculate characteristics (e.g., speed, position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of a target (e.g., target 1430) by using sensing measurements (e.g., Doppler, RTT, TOA and / or TDOA measurements) from the received reflected sensing signal 1460b.

[0158] In some examples, network device 1410 (e.g., UE) may send measurements (e.g., Doppler, RTT, TOA, and / or TDOA measurements) and / or determined characteristics (e.g., velocity, location, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of a target (e.g., target 1430) to network device 1420 (e.g., base station) and / or network entity 1440 (e.g., radar server) via communication signals 1470a, 1470b. Then, network device 1420 (e.g., base station) and / or network entity 1440 (e.g., radar server) may send measurements (e.g., Doppler, RTT, TOA, and / or TDOA measurements) and / or determined characteristics (e.g., velocity, location, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of a target (e.g., target 1430) to network entity 1440 (e.g., radar server) and / or network entity 1450 (e.g., location server) via communication signals 1470c, 1470d.

[0159] In one or more examples of the disclosed systems and techniques, for the first option when phase continuity may not be maintained on the radar Tx side (e.g., network device 1420), the radar Tx (e.g., network device) 1420 may explicitly indicate to the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) that the TRS and the radar RS may be associated for Doppler estimation. In one or more examples, the indication may be through signaling, which may be a specification enhancement (e.g., a standardized signaling enhancement). Specifically, the indication may be signaled (e.g., signal 1470a) from the radar Tx (e.g., network device 1420) to the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) through quasi-co-location type C (QCL C) signaling between the TRS and the radar RS. Thus, if the TRS and the radar RS are associated with each other through a QCL C relationship, this will indicate to the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) that the TRS, the radar RS, or the TRS and the radar RS together can be used to estimate Doppler.

[0160] In some examples, the indication may be included in the assistance data for the sensing radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410). For these examples, system data signaling (e.g., signal 1470a) from radar Tx (e.g., network device 1420) to radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) may be used to indicate to radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) the association of TRS with radar RS.

[0161] In one or more examples, the TRS and the radar RS should be scheduled together close in time. Although the TRS and the radar RS do not need to be scheduled in the same time slot as each other, it is better to schedule them close in time to obtain accurate Doppler measurements.

[0162] The second option for when phase continuity may not be maintained on the radar Tx side involves the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) reporting a Doppler measurement report (e.g., including a Doppler estimate obtained based on TRS) to a radar server (e.g., network entity 1440). Typically, the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) transmits (e.g., via signal 1470a) the Doppler measurement report to the radar Tx (e.g., network device 1420). This second option includes the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) transmitting (e.g., via signal 1470b) the Doppler measurement report to the radar server (e.g., network entity 1440). The radar server (e.g., network entity 1440) may collect Doppler measurement reports from multiple radar receivers (Rx) for further processing.

[0163] In one or more examples, the TRS resource identification (ID) and the associated radar RS resource ID for Doppler estimation should be included in the Doppler measurement report. In some examples, the report in the physical (PHY) layer from the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) to the radar Tx (e.g., network device 1420) can be based on the Doppler measurement report of the radar Rx for high Doppler communication. Thus, the PHY layer processing can use the Doppler estimation in the Doppler measurement report for high Doppler communication.

[0164] In one or more examples, upper layer signaling (e.g., signaling in a network outside of a base station) of a Doppler measurement report may be based on a New Radio Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) protocol, similar to a radar Rx positioning measurement report. For example, a radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) may transmit (e.g., signal 1470a) a Doppler measurement report to a radar Tx (e.g., network device 1420). The radar Tx (e.g., network device 1420) may then transmit (e.g., signal 1470c) a Doppler measurement report to a radar server (e.g., network entity 1440). The radar server (e.g., network entity 1440) may then use the NRPPa protocol to transmit (e.g., signal 1470d) a Doppler measurement report to a location server (e.g., network entity 1450).

[0165] A third option for when phase continuity may not be maintained on the radar Tx side involves providing additional assistance data to the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410). For example, the assistance data may be a power offset between the TRS and the radar RS to enable receive signal combining by the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410). If the radar RS is a multi-port reference signal, there may be a per-port power offset configuration.

[0166] In one or more examples, these systems and techniques can provide enhancements to high Doppler communications through RF sensing. In some examples, Radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) may be involved in high mobility communications (e.g., communications with another device such as a UE moving at high speed and / or Radar Rx itself moving at high speed), and thus may require high-precision Doppler estimates to be able to maintain high mobility communications. For these situations, Radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) can obtain high-precision Doppler estimates from Radar RS.

[0167] There are several options that can be considered for providing enhancements of high Doppler communications through RF sensing. The first option for providing enhancements of high Doppler communications through RF sensing involves providing auxiliary data to the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) to enable high-precision Doppler estimation through the radar RS. In one or more examples, the auxiliary data may indicate an association between the TRS and the radar RS. The association may implicitly indicate to the radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) that phase coherence is guaranteed for the associated radar RS. The radar RS can then be utilized to provide accurate Doppler estimation. In some examples, as required by the radio access network (RAN) 4, if the radar Tx (e.g., network device 1420) is capable of supporting phase coherence on the associated radar RS, the radar Tx (e.g., network device 1420) should maintain this feature.

[0168] In one or more examples, the auxiliary data may indicate the configuration of the radar RS to the radar Rx (e.g., the network device 1410). As previously described, associating the TRS and the radar RS together in one time slot or two consecutive time slots with the same or similar BW implicitly indicates to the radar Rx (e.g., the network device 1410) that phase coherence is maintained for the associated radar RS. However, in some cases, the radar Rx (e.g., the network device 1410) may not be scheduled for a sensing session, and thus the radar RS may be transparent to the radar Rx (e.g., the network device 1410) by default. For these cases, auxiliary signaling may be provided to the radar Rx (e.g., the network device 1410) to indicate the configuration of the radar RS with the TRS, so as to allow the radar Rx (e.g., the network device 1410) to recognize that the radar RS is phase continuous, and thus high-precision Doppler measurements can be provided. Then, the radar Rx (e.g., the network device 1410) can obtain a high-precision Doppler estimate (e.g., Doppler measurement) from the radar RS, and generate a Doppler measurement report for the high-precision Doppler estimate based on the radar RS. Then, the radar Rx (e.g., the network device 1410) can transmit the Doppler measurement report to the radar server (e.g., the network entity 1440) and / or the radar Tx (e.g., the network device 1420) based on the associated radar RS.

[0169] A second option for providing enhancement of high Doppler communication through RF sensing involves radar Rx (e.g., network device 1410) transmitting a Doppler estimation report to a radar server (e.g., network entity 1440) and / or radar Tx (e.g., network device 1420) based on the associated radar RS. The Doppler estimation report may include a Doppler estimation based on a TRS and a Doppler estimation based on a radar RS. The TRS may provide a coarse measurement of Doppler, and the radar RS may provide a finer measurement of Doppler.

[0170] In some examples, the Doppler measurement report may be path-based, or used for path selection. For example, for a multipath channel, each path may produce a specific reflection signal away from a target (e.g., target 1430), and each reflection signal may have a different Doppler. The Doppler measurement report may include a Doppler estimate for each path, or a Doppler estimate from path selection.

[0171] A third option for providing enhancement of high Doppler communication through RF sensing involves the radar RS being scheduled as close as possible to the TRS in the time and frequency domains. Scheduling the radar RS as close as possible to the TRS in the time and frequency domains ensures that the radar RS is experiencing a channel that is closest to the channel experienced by the TRS, which may be a requirement for communication.

[0172] In one or more examples, the systems and techniques can have several additional options. One additional option is that the PRS can be considered a special case of the radar RS, which can be a network specific implementation. For this option, the PRS resources can be used for the radar RS resources, which are in the signal (e.g., Fig.13 The time slot configuration 1300 of the embodiment of the present invention is multiplexed with TRS resources (or alternatively, sidelink single sideband resources). Another additional option is that RF sensing (e.g., RF sensing based on the universal mobile telecommunications system air interface (Uu) interface) can be applied to sidelink based sensing. For this option, there can be an association between the sidelink (SL) radar RS and the SL single sideband (SSB) for Doppler estimation.

[0173] Another additional option is that resource association can also be based on a target rate. The target rate can be defined by the following pseudo code:

[0174] HorizontalVelocity

[0175] IE HorizontalVelocity is used to describe the velocity shape as defined in TS 23.032

[15] .

[0176]

[0177] In one or more examples, when a radar RS is associated with another radar RS, the association may be based on a specific target rate or a target rate range. In some examples, the radar RS in the side link and the associated TRS or SSB may be at different carrier components (CCs). When the signals have the same carrier component (CC), it can be assumed that they have the same Doppler. However, when the signals have different CCs, different Dopplers will be observed for different CCs. Signals with different CCs cannot be associated based on Doppler, because even with the same rate, different Dopplers will be observed for different CCs. Thus, when the signals have different CCs, they should be associated based on rate rather than Doppler. In one or more examples, there may be intra-band associations (e.g., using the same carrier frequency) and / or inter-band associations (e.g., using different carrier frequencies) for Doppler estimation. In some examples, associated RSs from different CCs can be used to detect and track targets at specific rates or rate ranges.

[0178] Fig.15 1 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a process 1500 for wireless communication employing TRS for joint communication and sensing. Process 1500 may be performed by a network device such as a UE (e.g., a smart phone, a smart watch, virtual reality glasses, or a vehicle) or a network entity (e.g., a base station (e.g., a gNB), a network server, etc.), or by a component or system (e.g., a chipset) of a network device. In some aspects, the network device operates as a radar receiver (Rx) for radio frequency (RF) sensing. The operations of process 1500 may be implemented as a processor on one or more processors (e.g., Fig.16 The software components executed and run on the processor 1610 or other processors of the wireless communication device. In addition, the wireless communication device can be enabled to send and receive signals in the process 1500, for example, through one or more antennas and / or one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceivers).

[0179] At block 1510, the network device (or a component thereof) may receive a reflected signal from a target. In some cases, the reflected signal includes a tracking reference signal (TRS) resource and a radar reference signal (RS) resource. In an illustrative example, the radar RS resource is a positioning reference signal (PRS) resource. In some cases, the reflected signal includes a sidelink (SL) single sideband (SSB) resource and a SL radar RS resource. In some aspects, the TRS resource and the radar RS resource (or the SL SSB resource and the SL radar RS resource) are multiplexed together in one or two time slots.

[0180] In some aspects, the reflected signal is based on a signal transmitted from a second network device and reflected from a target. The second network device may be a UE or a base station. For example, the second network device may operate as a radar transmitter (Tx) for radio frequency (RF) sensing (wherein the network device may operate as a radar Rx for RF sensing, as noted above).

[0181] At block 1520, the UE (or a component thereof) may determine a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal. In some cases, the UE (or a component thereof) may determine the Doppler estimate based on TRS resources. In some cases, the UE (or a component thereof) may determine the Doppler estimate based on radar RS resources. In some examples, the UE (or a component thereof) may determine the Doppler estimate based on TRS resources and radar RS resources. In some examples, the UE (or a component thereof) may determine the Doppler estimate based on SL SSB resources and / or SL radar RS resources.

[0182] In some aspects, a UE (or a component thereof) may receive signaling and / or assistance data from a network device that indicates (e.g., the assistance data may include an indication, such as an information element (IE) or field) that TRS resources and radar RS resources (or SL SSB resources and SL radar RS resources) are associated for estimating Doppler. For example, the TRS resources and radar RS resources (or SL SSB resources and SL radar RS resources) may be associated for estimating Doppler based on phase continuity between the TRS resources and the radar RS resources. In some examples, the signaling is received via quasi-co-location type C (QCL C) signaling.

[0183] In some cases, as noted above, the UE (or a component thereof) may receive assistance data from a network device. The assistance data may include a power offset between TRS resources and radar RS resources.

[0184] In some aspects, the UE (or its components) may generate a Doppler measurement report including a Doppler estimate. In some cases, the Doppler measurement report includes an identifier of a TRS resource and an identifier of a radar RS resource (or an identifier of an SL SSB resource and an identifier of an SL radar RS resource). In some examples, the UE (or its components) may output a Doppler measurement report for sending to a second network device or a first network entity. In some cases, the UE (or its components) may output a Doppler measurement report for sending to a second network device via a physical (PHY) layer. The second network device may be a base station, a UE, or other network device. In some cases, the Doppler measurement report may be received by the second network entity from the first network entity. In an illustrative example, the first network entity may be a radar server, a base station, or other network entity, and the second network entity may be a location server, a base station, or other network entity.

[0185] Fig.16 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 1600 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for employing TRS for joint communication and sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. Specifically, Fig.16 An example of a computing system 1600 is illustrated, which may be any computing device, for example, constituting an internal computing system, a remote computing system, a camera, or any components thereof, wherein the components of the system communicate with each other using connection 1605. Connection 1605 may be a physical connection using a bus, or a direct connection into processor 1610, such as in a chipset architecture. Connection 1605 may also be a virtual connection, a networked connection, or a logical connection.

[0186] In some aspects, computing system 1600 is a distributed system, where the functionality described in the present disclosure may be distributed within a data center, multiple data centers, a peer-to-peer network, etc. In some aspects, one or more of the described system components represent a number of such components, i.e., they each perform some or all of the functionality for which the component is described. In some aspects, each component may be a physical or virtual device.

[0187] The example system 1600 includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor) 1610 and connections 1605 that communicatively couple various system components including system memory 1615 such as read only memory (ROM) 1620 and random access memory (RAM) 1625 to the processor 1610. The computing system 1600 may include a cache 1612 of high-speed memory directly connected to the processor 1610, in close proximity to the processor, or integrated as part of the processor.

[0188] Processor 1610 may include any general purpose processor and hardware or software services, such as services 1632, 1634, and 1636 stored in storage device 1630, that are configured to control processor 1610 as well as a dedicated processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Processor 1610 may essentially be a completely independent computing system containing multiple cores or processors, buses, memory controllers, caches, etc. Multi-core processors may be symmetric or asymmetric.

[0189] To enable user interaction, computing system 1600 includes input devices 1645, which may represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for voice, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, a keyboard, a mouse, motion input, voice, etc. Computing system 1600 may also include output devices 1635, which may be one or more of a plurality of output mechanisms. In some cases, a multimodal system may enable a user to provide multiple types of input / output to communicate with computing system 1600.

[0190] The computing system 1600 may include a communication interface 1640, which may generally govern and manage user input and system output. The communication interface may perform or facilitate receiving and / or sending wired or wireless communications using wired and / or wireless transceivers, including using an audio jack / plug, a microphone jack / plug, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port / plug, an Apple TM Lightning TM Ports / plugs, Ethernet ports / plugs, Fiber optic ports / plugs, Dedicated wired ports / plugs, 3G, 4G, 5G and / or other cellular data network wireless signal delivery, Bluetooth TM Wireless signal transmission, Bluetooth TM Low Energy (BLE) wireless signal transmission, IBEACON TM Wireless signal transmission, radio frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transmission, near field communication (NFC) wireless signal transmission, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transmission, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transmission, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transmission, visible light communication (VLC), World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), infrared (IR) communication wireless signal transmission, public switched telephone network (PSTN) signal transmission, integrated services digital network (ISDN) signal transmission, ad hoc network signal transmission, radio wave signal transmission, microwave signal transmission, infrared signal transmission, visible light signal transmission, ultraviolet light signal transmission, wireless signal transmission along the electromagnetic spectrum, or some combination thereof.

[0191] The communication interface 1640 may also include one or more range finding sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensors, laser range finders, RF radars, ultrasonic sensors, and infrared (IR) sensors) configured to collect data and provide measurements to the processor 1610, whereby the processor 1610 may be configured to perform determinations and calculations required to obtain various measurements of the one or more range finding sensors. In some examples, the measurements may include flight time, wavelength, azimuth, elevation, distance, linear velocity, and / or angular velocity, or any combination thereof. The communication interface 1640 may also include one or more global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers or transceivers for determining the location of the computing system 1600 based on receiving one or more signals from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the United States' GPS, Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and Europe's Galileo GNSS. There is no restriction to operating on any particular hardware arrangement, and thus the underlying features herein may be easily substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.

[0192] The storage device 1630 may be a non-volatile and / or non-transitory and / or computer-readable memory device, and may be a hard disk or other type of computer-readable medium that may store data accessible by a computer, such as a magnetic cassette, a flash memory card, a solid-state memory device, a digital versatile disk, a cassette, a floppy disk, a floppy disk, a hard disk, a magnetic tape, a magnetic stripe / magnetic stripe, any other magnetic storage medium, flash memory, a memristor memory, any other solid-state memory, a compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) optical disk, a rewritable compact disk (CD) optical disk, a digital video disk (DVD) optical disk, a Blu-ray disc (BDD) optical disk, a holographic optical disk, another optical medium, a secure digital (SD) card, a micro secure digital (microSD) card, card, a smart card chip, an EMV chip, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a mini / micro / nano / pico SIM card, another integrated circuit (IC) chip / card, a random access memory (RAM), a static RAM (SRAM), a dynamic RAM (DRAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a flash EPROM (FLASH EPROM), a cache memory (e.g., a layer 1 (L1) cache, a layer 2 (L2) cache, a layer 3 (L3) cache, a layer 4 (L4) cache, a layer 5 (L5) cache, or other (L#) cache), a resistive random access memory (RRAM / ReRAM), a phase change memory (PCM), a spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), another memory chip or box, and / or a combination thereof.

[0193] Storage device 1630 may include software services, servers, services, etc., which, when the code defining such software is executed by processor 1610, causes the system to perform functions. In some aspects, hardware services that perform specific functions may include software components for performing functions stored in a computer-readable medium connected to necessary hardware components such as processor 1610, connection 1605, output device 1635, etc. The term "computer-readable medium" includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other media capable of storing, containing or carrying instructions and / or data. Computer-readable media may include non-transitory media in which data may be stored and does not include carrier waves and / or transient electronic signals propagated wirelessly or over a wired connection. Examples of non-transitory media may include, but are not limited to, disks or tapes, optical storage media (such as compact discs (CDs) or digital versatile discs (DVDs)), flash memory, memory, or memory devices. Computer readable media may store thereon code and / or machine executable instructions, which may represent a procedure, function, subprogram, program, routine, subroutine, module, software package, category, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and / or receiving information, data, independent variables, parameters, or memory contents. Information, independent variables, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or sent via any suitable means, including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network sending, etc.

[0194] Specific details are provided in the above description to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects and examples provided herein, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the application is not limited thereto. Thus, although the exemplary aspects of the present application have been described in detail herein, it should be understood that various inventive concepts can be implemented and adopted in various other ways, and the appended claims are not intended to be interpreted as including these variations, unless limited by the prior art. The various features and aspects of the above-mentioned applications can be used individually or in combination. In addition, without departing from the broader scope of this specification, the various aspects can be used in any number of environments and applications beyond the environment and application described herein. Therefore, the description and the accompanying drawings should be considered as illustrative rather than restrictive. For the purpose of illustration, each method is described in a specific order. It should be appreciated that, in alternative aspects, each method can be performed in a different order than described.

[0195] For clarity of explanation, in some instances, the present technology may be presented as including separate functional blocks, which include devices, device components, steps or routines in the method embodied in software or a combination of hardware and software. Additional components other than those components shown in the drawings and / or described herein may be used. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form to avoid confusing these aspects in unnecessary details. In other instances, known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures and techniques may be shown without unnecessary details to avoid confusing various aspects.

[0196] In addition, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits and algorithmic steps described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software or a combination of the two. In order to clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various exemplary components, frames, modules, circuits and steps have been generally described in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints proposed to the entire system. Those skilled in the art can implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0197] Various aspects may be described above as a process or method, which is depicted as a flow chart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flow chart may describe an operation as a sequential process, many of the operations may be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. The process is terminated when the operations of the process are completed, but the process may have additional steps not included in the accompanying drawings. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, the termination of the process may correspond to the function returning to a calling function or a main function.

[0198] The processes and methods according to the above examples can be implemented using stored computer executable instructions or otherwise obtained from computer readable media. Such instructions may include, for example, instructions and data that configure a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a certain function or function group. Parts of the computer resources used can be accessed through a network. Computer executable instructions can be, for example, binary, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, source code. Examples of computer readable media that can be used to store instructions, information used, and / or information created during the method according to the described examples include disks or optical disks, flash memories, USB devices with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, etc.

[0199] In some aspects, computer readable storage devices, media, and memories may include wired or wireless signals containing bit streams, etc. However, when referred to, non-transitory computer readable storage media expressly excludes media such as power consumption, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals themselves.

[0200] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof in some cases, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0201] The various illustrative logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or executed using hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or any combination thereof, and may be implemented in any of a variety of form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, program code or code segments (e.g., computer program products) for performing the necessary tasks may be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. The processor may perform the necessary tasks. Examples of form factors include: laptops, smartphones, mobile phones, tablet devices, or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack-mounted devices, stand-alone devices, and the like. The functionality described herein may also be embodied in peripheral devices or add-in cards. By way of further example, such functionality may also be implemented on circuit boards in different chips or different processes executed on a single device.

[0202] The instructions, the media for conveying such instructions, the computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example means for providing the functionality described in this disclosure.

[0203] The techniques described herein may also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques may be implemented in any of a variety of devices, such as general-purpose computers, wireless communication devices, or integrated circuit devices with multiple uses, including applications in wireless communication devices, mobile phones, and other devices. Any features described as modules or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques may be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium including a program code, which includes instructions for executing one or more of the above-mentioned methods, algorithms, and / or operations when executed. A computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials. A computer-readable medium may include a memory or data storage medium, such as a random access memory (RAM) (such as a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)), a read-only memory (ROM), a non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a flash memory, a magnetic or optical data storage medium, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the technology may be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer, such as a propagated signal or wave.

[0204] The program code may be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuits. Such processors may be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor; however, in an alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Therefore, the term "processor" as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structures, any combination of the foregoing structures, or any other structure or device suitable for implementing the techniques described herein.

[0205] It should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the less than ("<") and greater than (">") symbols or terms used herein may be replaced by less than or equal to ("≤") and greater than or equal to ("≥") symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of the present specification.

[0206] Where a component is described as being “configured to” perform certain operations, such configuration may be achieved, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operations, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., a microprocessor or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operations, or any combination thereof.

[0207] The phrases “coupled to” or “communicatively coupled to” refer to any component being physically connected directly or indirectly to another component, and / or any component being in communication with another component directly or indirectly (e.g., connected to the other component via a wired or wireless connection and / or other suitable communication interface).

[0208] Claim language or other language stating "at least one of" a set and / or "one or more of" a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set (in any combination) satisfies the claim. For example, claim language stating "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" means A, B, or A and B. In another example, claim language stating "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A and B and C. The language "at least one of" a set and / or "one or more of" a set does not limit the set to the items listed in the set. For example, claim language stating "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" may mean A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B.

[0209] Illustrative aspects of the present disclosure include:

[0210] Aspect 1. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: receive a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal comprises a tracking reference signal (TRS) resource and a radar reference signal (RS) resource; and determine a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal.

[0211] Aspect 2. The apparatus according to aspect 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive signaling from a network device, wherein the signaling indicates that the TRS resources and the radar RS resources are associated for estimating Doppler.

[0212] Aspect 3. The apparatus according to aspect 2, wherein the signaling is via Quasi Co-location Type C (QCL C) signaling.

[0213] Aspect 4. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 2 or 3, wherein the TRS resources and the radar RS resources are associated for estimating Doppler based on phase continuity between the TRS resources and the radar RS resources.

[0214] Aspect 5. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive assistance data from a network device, wherein the assistance data includes an indication that the TRS resources and the radar RS resources are associated for estimating Doppler.

[0215] Aspect 6. The apparatus according to aspect 5, wherein the TRS resources and the radar RS resources are associated for estimating Doppler based on phase continuity between the TRS resources and the radar RS resources.

[0216] Aspect 7. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein the TRS resources and the radar RS resources are multiplexed together within one or two time slots.

[0217] Aspect 8. The device according to any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the device operates as a radar receiver (Rx) for radio frequency (RF) sensing.

[0218] Aspect 9. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 8, wherein the reflected signal is based on a signal reflected from the target and sent from a network device.

[0219] Aspect 10. The apparatus according to aspect 9, wherein the network device is one of a UE or a base station.

[0220] Aspect 11. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 9 or 10, wherein the network device operates as a radar transmitter (Tx) for radio frequency (RF) sensing.

[0221] Aspect 12. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the Doppler estimate based on the TRS resources.

[0222] Aspect 13. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the Doppler estimate based on the radar RS resources.

[0223] Aspect 14. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 13, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: generate a Doppler measurement report including the Doppler estimate.

[0224] Aspect 15. An apparatus according to any one of Aspect 14, wherein the Doppler measurement report includes an identification of the TRS resource and an identification of the radar RS resource.

[0225] Aspect 16. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 14 or 15, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: output the Doppler measurement report for transmission to a network device or a first network entity.

[0226] Aspect 17. The apparatus according to aspect 16, wherein the at least one processor is configured to output the Doppler measurement report for transmission to the network device via a physical (PHY) layer.

[0227] Aspect 18. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 16 to 17, wherein the network device is one of a base station or a UE.

[0228] Aspect 19. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 16 to 18, wherein the first network entity is a radar server.

[0229] Aspect 20. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 16 to 19, wherein the Doppler measurement report is received by a second network entity from the first network entity.

[0230] Aspect 21. The apparatus according to aspect 20, wherein the second network entity is a location server.

[0231] Aspect 22. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 21, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive assistance data from a network device, wherein the assistance data includes a power offset between the TRS resources and the radar RS resources.

[0232] Aspect 23. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 22, wherein the radar RS resource is a positioning reference signal (PRS) resource.

[0233] Aspect 24. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 23, wherein the apparatus is implemented as a user equipment (UE) and further comprises: a transceiver configured to receive the reflected signal.

[0234] Aspect 25. A method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving a reflected signal from a target at the UE, wherein the reflected signal comprises a tracking reference signal (TRS) resource and a radar reference signal (RS) resource; and determining a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal at the UE.

[0235] Aspect 26. The method according to aspect 25 further includes: receiving signaling from a network device at the UE, wherein the signaling indicates that the TRS resources and the radar RS resources are associated for estimating Doppler.

[0236] Aspect 27. The method according to aspect 26, wherein the signaling is via Quasi Co-location Type C (QCL C) signaling.

[0237] Aspect 28. The method according to any one of aspects 26 or 27, wherein the TRS resources and the radar RS resources are associated for estimating Doppler based on phase continuity between the TRS resources and the radar RS resources.

[0238] Aspect 29. The method according to any one of aspects 25 to 28 further includes: receiving assistance data from a network device at the UE, wherein the assistance data includes an indication that the TRS resources and the radar RS resources are associated for estimating Doppler.

[0239] Aspect 30. The method according to aspect 29, wherein the TRS resources and the radar RS resources are associated for estimating Doppler based on phase continuity between the TRS resources and the radar RS resources.

[0240] Aspect 31. The method according to any one of aspects 25 to 30, wherein the TRS resources and the radar RS resources are multiplexed together within one or two time slots.

[0241] Aspect 32. The method according to any one of aspects 25 to 31, wherein the UE operates as a radar receiver (Rx) for radio frequency (RF) sensing.

[0242] Aspect 33. A method according to any one of aspects 25 to 32, wherein the reflected signal is based on a signal reflected from the target sent from a network device.

[0243] Aspect 34. The method according to aspect 33, wherein the network device is one of a UE or a base station.

[0244] Aspect 35. A method according to any one of Aspects 33 or 34, wherein the network device radar transmitter (Tx) operates for radio frequency (RF) sensing.

[0245] Aspect 36. The method according to any one of aspects 25 to 35, wherein the Doppler estimate is determined based on the TRS resources.

[0246] Aspect 37. A method according to any one of aspects 25 to 36, wherein the Doppler estimate is determined based on the radar RS resource.

[0247] Aspect 38. The method according to any one of aspects 25 to 37, further comprising: generating a Doppler measurement report including the Doppler estimate at the UE.

[0248] Aspect 39. The method according to aspect 38, wherein the Doppler measurement report includes an identification of the TRS resource and an identification of the radar RS resource.

[0249] Aspect 40. The method according to any one of aspects 38 or 39, further comprising: sending the Doppler measurement report at the UE to a network device or a first network entity.

[0250] Aspect 41. The method according to aspect 40, wherein the Doppler measurement report is sent to the network device via a physical (PHY) layer.

[0251] Aspect 42. A method according to any one of aspects 40 to 41, wherein the network device is one of a base station or a UE.

[0252] Aspect 43. A method according to any one of aspects 40 to 42, wherein the first network entity is a radar server.

[0253] Aspect 44. The method according to any one of aspects 40 to 43, wherein the Doppler measurement report is received by a second network entity from the first network entity.

[0254] Aspect 45. The method according to aspect 44, wherein the second network entity is a location server.

[0255] Aspect 46. The method according to any one of aspects 25 to 45 further includes: receiving assistance data from a network device at the UE, wherein the assistance data includes a power offset between the TRS resources and the radar RS resources.

[0256] Aspect 47. A method according to any one of Aspects 25 to 46, wherein the radar RS resource is a positioning reference signal (PRS) resource.

[0257] Aspect 48. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor, the at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: receive a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal comprises a sidelink (SL) single sideband (SSB) resource and a SL radar reference signal (RS) resource; and determine a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal.

[0258] Aspect 49. The apparatus according to aspect 48, wherein the SL SSB resources and the radar RS resources are multiplexed together within one or two time slots.

[0259] Aspect 50. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 48 or 49, wherein the reflected signal is received via a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Air Interface (Uu).

[0260] Aspect 51. A method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving a reflected signal from a target at the UE, wherein the reflected signal comprises a sidelink (SL) single sideband (SSB) resource and a SL radar reference signal (RS) resource; and determining a Doppler estimate for the target based on the reflected signal at the UE.

[0261] Aspect 52. The method according to aspect 51, wherein the SL SSB resources and the radar RS resources are multiplexed together within one or two time slots.

[0262] Aspect 53. The method according to any one of aspects 51 or 52, wherein the reflected signal is received via a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Air Interface (Uu).

[0263] Aspect 54. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations according to any one of Aspects 1 to 47.

[0264] Aspect 55. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising one or more components for performing the operations according to any one of aspects 1 to 47.

[0265] Aspect 56. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, which when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to perform operations according to any one of aspects 48 to 53.

[0266] Aspect 57. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising one or more components for performing the operations according to any one of aspects 48 to 53.

[0267] Aspect 56. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations according to any one of Aspects 1 to 53.

[0268] Aspect 57. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising one or more components for performing the operations according to any one of aspects 1 to 53.

[0269] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be consistent with the full scope of the language claims, where elements mentioned in the singular are not intended to mean "one and only one", unless specifically stated otherwise, but rather "one or more".

Claims

1. A device for wireless communication, the device comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: receiving a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal includes a tracking reference signal (TRS) resource and a radar reference signal (RS) resource; and A Doppler estimate for the target is determined based on the reflected signal.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to: Signaling is received from a network device, wherein the signaling indicates that the TRS resource and the radar RS resource are associated for estimating Doppler.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the signaling is via Quasi Co-location Type C (QCLC) signaling. 4 . The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the TRS resource and the radar RS resource are associated for estimating Doppler based on phase continuity between the TRS resource and the radar RS resource.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to: Assistance data is received from a network device, wherein the assistance data includes an indication that the TRS resource and the radar RS resource are associated for estimating Doppler. 6 . The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the TRS resource and the radar RS resource are associated for estimating Doppler based on phase continuity between the TRS resource and the radar RS resource. 7 . The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the TRS resource and the radar RS resource are multiplexed together within one or two time slots.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein the device operates as a radar receiver (Rx) for radio frequency (RF) sensing.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reflected signal is based on a signal transmitted from a network device and reflected from the target.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the network device is one of a UE or a base station.

11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the network device operates as a radar transmitter (Tx) for radio frequency (RF) sensing.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the Doppler estimate based on the TRS resources.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the Doppler estimate based on the radar RS resources.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: A Doppler measurement report is generated including the Doppler estimate. 15 . The apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the Doppler measurement report comprises an identification of the TRS resource and an identification of the radar RS resource.

16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: The Doppler measurement report is output for sending to a network device or a first network entity.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor is configured to output the Doppler measurement report for transmission to the network device via a physical (PHY) layer.

18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the network device is one of a base station or a UE.

19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first network entity is a radar server.

20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the Doppler measurement report is received by a second network entity from the first network entity.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the second network entity is a location server.

22. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: Assistance data is received from a network device, wherein the assistance data includes a power offset between the TRS resource and the radar RS resource.

23. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the radar RS resource is a positioning reference signal (PRS) resource.

24. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is implemented as a user equipment (UE), and further comprising: A transceiver is configured to receive the reflected signal.

25. A method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving, at the UE, a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal includes a tracking reference signal (TRS) resource and a radar reference signal (RS) resource; as well as A Doppler estimate for the target is determined at the UE based on the reflected signal.

26. The method according to claim 25, further comprising: Signaling is received at the UE from a network device, wherein the signaling indicates that the TRS resource and the radar RS resource are associated for estimating Doppler. 27 . The method of claim 26 , wherein the TRS resource and the radar RS resource are associated for estimating Doppler based on phase continuity between the TRS resource and the radar RS resource.

28. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: receiving a reflected signal from a target, wherein the reflected signal includes a sidelink (SL) single sideband (SSB) resource and a SL radar reference signal (RS) resource; and A Doppler estimate for the target is determined based on the reflected signal.

29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the SL SSB resources and the radar RS resources are multiplexed together within one or two time slots.

30. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the reflected signal is received via a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Air Interface (Uu).

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