Techniques for step coding with block code-based shaping

Abstract

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. The first device can identify parameters for step coding. The first device can perform a step coding procedure on the information bits according to the parameter to generate coded bits. At a current step of the step coding procedure, the first device can cascade a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, perform a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits for a subsequent step of the step coding procedure, an encoding procedure is performed on the third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, and the third set of bits and the set of parity bits are mapped to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for the subsequent step.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The following relates to wireless communications, including techniques for staircase coding with block code based shaping. Background Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcasting, and the like. These systems may be able to support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems (such as long term evolution (LTE) systems, advanced LTE (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems) and fifth generation (5G) systems (which may be referred to as new radio (NR) systems). These systems may employ techniques such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple access communication system may include one or more base stations, each of which supports wireless communications for communication devices, which may be referred to as user equipment (UE). Summary of the invention

[0003] The described technology relates to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support technology for ladder coding using block code-based shaping. For example, the described technology provides a framework for configuring a wireless device to perform ladder coding using block code-based shaping. In some examples, a first wireless device may communicate control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding. The first wireless device may perform a ladder coding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits. In some examples, as part of a current step of the ladder coding procedure, the first wireless device may concatenate a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits. The first set of shaped bits may be associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits may be associated with the current step. The first wireless device may perform a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure. The first wireless device may perform a forward error correction (FEC) coding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits. The third set of bits may be based on the second set of bits. The first wireless device may map the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for the subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure. The first wireless device may send the set of coded bits to the second wireless device.

[0004] A method for wireless communication at a first wireless device is described. The method may include: communicating control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding; performing a ladder coding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits, the ladder coding procedure at a current step including: concatenating a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, the first set of shaped bits being associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits being used for the current step; performing a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure; performing an FEC coding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based on the second set of bits; mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for the subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure; and sending the set of coded bits to a second wireless device.

[0005] An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device is described. The apparatus may include a processor, a memory coupled to the processor, and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: convey control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding; perform a ladder coding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits, the ladder coding procedure at a current step comprising: concatenating a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, the first set of shaped bits being associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits being used for the current step; perform a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure; perform an FEC coding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based on the second set of bits; map the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for the subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure; and send the set of coded bits to a second wireless device.

[0006] Another apparatus for wireless communications at a first wireless device is described. The apparatus may include: a component for conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding; a component for performing a ladder coding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits, the ladder coding procedure at a current step including: a component for concatenating a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, the first set of shaped bits being associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits being used for the current step; a component for performing a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure; a component for performing an FEC coding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based on the second set of bits; a component for mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for the subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure; and a component for sending the set of coded bits to a second wireless device.

[0007] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a first wireless device is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to perform the following operations: convey control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding; perform a ladder coding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits, the ladder coding procedure at a current step including: concatenating a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, the first set of shaped bits being associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits being used for the current step; performing a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure; performing an FEC coding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based on the second set of bits; mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for the subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure; and sending the set of coded bits to a second wireless device.

[0008] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder coding may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: communicating an indication of the length of each code block in a set of multiple code blocks to be used for ladder coding, wherein the second set of bits may be based on the length.

[0009] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: determining a number of component codes to be used for channel decoding based on the length of each code block, wherein performing the channel decoding procedure can be based on the number of component codes.

[0010] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder coding may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: communicating an indication of a decoding rate to be used for the ladder coding, wherein the second set of shaping bits may be based on the decoding rate.

[0011] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the second set of shaping bits may be further based at least in part on a number of bits to be carried by each symbol in the set of symbols.

[0012] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder coding may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: communicating an indication of a number of component codes to be used for channel decoding, wherein the channel decoding procedure may be performed using one or more component codes based on the number of component codes.

[0013] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the channel decoding procedure and the FEC encoding procedure may be performed at least partially concurrently.

[0014] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the FEC encoding procedure may be performed after the channel decoding procedure.

[0015] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, executing the ladder coding procedure may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: performing a channel coding procedure using the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits, wherein executing the FEC coding procedure may be based on the channel coding procedure.

[0016] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the third set of bits includes cover code bits.

[0017] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: performing a bit mask procedure on a portion of the third set of bits to obtain a shaped portion of the third set of bits, wherein the FEC encoding procedure may be further based on the bit mask procedure.

[0018] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the first wireless device includes a user equipment (UE), and the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder coding may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: receiving the control signaling that identifies the one or more parameters for the ladder coding, wherein performing the ladder coding procedure may be based on receiving the control signaling.

[0019] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the first wireless device includes a network entity, and the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder coding may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: sending the control signaling that identifies the one or more parameters for the ladder coding, wherein performing the ladder coding procedure may be based on sending the control signaling.

[0020] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the channel decoding procedure may be performed using a polar decoder.

[0021] A method for wireless communication at a second wireless device is described. The method may include: communicating control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding; receiving a set of symbols from a first wireless device; performing a ladder decoding procedure on the set of symbols according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits, the ladder decoding procedure at a current step including: mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; performing an FEC decoding procedure on the first set of bits to generate a set of shaping bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; performing a bit mask procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit mask procedure being based on the set of shaping bits; and outputting the set of information bits.

[0022] An apparatus for wireless communication at a second wireless device is described. The apparatus may include a processor, a memory coupled to the processor, and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions may be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: convey control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding; receive a set of symbols from a first wireless device; perform a ladder decoding procedure on the set of symbols according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits, the ladder decoding procedure at a current step including: mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; performing an FEC decoding procedure on the first set of bits to generate a set of shaping bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; performing a bit mask procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit mask procedure being based on the set of shaping bits; and outputting the set of information bits.

[0023] Another apparatus for wireless communication at a second wireless device is described. The apparatus may include: means for conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding; means for receiving a set of symbols from a first wireless device; means for performing a ladder decoding procedure on the set of symbols according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits, the ladder decoding procedure at a current step including: means for mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; means for performing an FEC decoding procedure on the first set of bits to generate a set of shaping bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; means for performing a bit mask procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit mask procedure being based on the set of shaping bits; and means for outputting the set of information bits.

[0024] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a second communication device is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to perform the following operations: convey control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding; receive a set of symbols from a first wireless device; perform a ladder decoding procedure on the set of symbols according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits, the ladder decoding procedure at a current step including: mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; performing an FEC decoding procedure on the first set of bits to generate a set of shaping bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; performing a bit mask procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit mask procedure being based on the set of shaping bits; and outputting the set of information bits.

[0025] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying ladder encoding may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: communicating an indication of a length of each code block in a set of multiple code blocks to be used for ladder decoding, wherein the second set of bits may be based on the length.

[0026] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder decoding may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: communicating an indication of a decoding rate to be used for ladder decoding, wherein the set of shaping bits may be based on the decoding rate.

[0027] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the set of shaping bits may be further based at least in part on a number of bits carried by each symbol in the set of symbols.

[0028] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder decoding may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: communicating an indication of a number of component codes to be used for ladder decoding, wherein the ladder decoding procedure can be based on the number of component codes.

[0029] In some examples of the methods, devices, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, executing the ladder decoding procedure may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: performing a channel encoding procedure on the set of shaped bits, wherein the bit mask procedure may be based on performing the channel encoding procedure.

[0030] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the second wireless device includes a UE, and the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder encoding may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: receiving the control signaling that identifies the one or more parameters for ladder decoding, wherein performing the ladder decoding procedure may be based on receiving the control signaling.

[0031] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the second wireless device includes a network entity, and the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder decoding may include operations, features, components, or instructions for performing the following operations: sending the control signaling that identifies the one or more parameters for ladder decoding, wherein performing the ladder decoding procedure can be based on sending the control signaling. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] Figure 1 and Figure 2 Each illustrates an example of a wireless communication system supporting a technique for staircase coding with block code based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 3 An example of a ladder coding scheme supporting techniques for ladder coding with block code based shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0034] Figure 4 An example of a ladder decoding scheme supporting techniques for ladder encoding with block code based shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0035] Figure 5 and Figure 6 Each illustrates an example of a process flow supporting techniques for staircase encoding with block code based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0036] Figure 7 and Figure 8 A block diagram of a device supporting techniques for staircase encoding with block code based shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0037] Fig. 9 A block diagram of a communication manager supporting techniques for staircase encoding with block code based shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0038] Fig.10 A diagram of a system including a device supporting techniques for staircase encoding with block code based shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0039] Fig.11 and Fig.12 A block diagram of a device supporting techniques for staircase encoding with block code based shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0040] Fig.13A block diagram of a communication manager supporting techniques for staircase encoding with block code based shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0041] Fig.14 A diagram of a system including a device supporting techniques for staircase encoding with block code based shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0042] Fig.15 and Fig.16 A flow chart illustrating a method of supporting techniques for staircase encoding with block code based shaping in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] In some wireless communication systems, a first communication device (e.g., user equipment (UE), network entity) may use a higher order modulation scheme (e.g., 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 64QAM, 256QAM) to improve the reliability of source information of a modulated signal (e.g., modulated using the higher order modulation scheme) that can be recovered by a second communication device (e.g., another UE, another network entity). For example, as part of the higher order modulation scheme, the first communication device (e.g., a transmitting device) may map a bit sequence to a symbol sequence, and send the symbol sequence to a second communication device (e.g., a receiving device) using a communication channel (e.g., via a modulated signal transmitted using a wireless medium). The information rate achievable using some higher order modulation schemes (e.g., the number of bits that can be transmitted per symbol of a symbol sequence) may be reduced relative to the capacity of the communication channel (e.g., the achievable rate at which information can be reliably transmitted using the communication channel). The difference between the information rate achievable using such a higher order modulation scheme and the capacity of the communication channel (e.g., the channel capacity) may be referred to as a shaping gap.

[0044] In some examples, to reduce the shaping gap (e.g., to achieve an information rate close to the channel capacity), the communication device may use probability amplitude shaping, in which a bit sequence (e.g., a sequence of information bits) may be mapped to a symbol sequence having relatively low energy (e.g., relative to other possible symbol sequences that may be used for mapping). However, in some examples, some techniques for probability amplitude shaping may be complex and result in increased computational costs at the first communication device and the second communication device. In some instances, to reduce complexity at the second communication device (e.g., a receiving device), the first communication device (e.g., a transmitting device) may use block code-based shaping, in which shaped information bits (e.g., data to be sent) may be jointly encoded with shaping bits (e.g., bits that may indicate how the information bits are shaped). However, in some examples, the necessity to send the shaping bits together with the shaped information bits may result in increased complexity and reduced performance at the first communication device.

[0045] Various aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to techniques for ladder coding with block code-based shaping, and more specifically to a framework for combining block code-based shaping with ladder coding. In some examples, ladder coding (e.g., row and column coding) may provide unterminated codes (e.g., codes that may have an indeterminate block length) that support increased throughput. Thus, a first communication device may utilize the structure of ladder coding to send shaping bits (e.g., generated as part of packet-based shaping), thereby improving performance while reducing complexity at the first communication device and the second communication device. In some examples, in order to implement ladder coding with block code-based shaping, the network may configure the first communication device with one or more parameters. For example, the network may send control signaling to the first communication device indicating the length of a code block (e.g., a ladder code block), a decoding rate, and the number of component codes to be shaped (e.g., using block code-based shaping).

[0046] Certain aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented to achieve one or more of the following potential advantages. The techniques employed by the described communication device may provide benefits and enhancements to the operation of the communication device, including encoding and decoding information bits for wireless communication. For example, the operations performed by the described communication device may provide one or more enhancements for ladder coding (or decoding) operations by combining ladder coding (or decoding) with block-based codes. In some specific implementations, the operations performed by the described communication device to combine block-based shaping with ladder coding (or ladder decoding) may include configuring the communication device with the length of the code block (e.g., ladder code block), the decoding rate, and the number of component codes to be shaped (e.g., using block-based shaping). In some other specific implementations, the operations performed by the described communication device may also support reduced processing, increased throughput, and increased data rates, among other benefits.

[0047] Aspects of the present disclosure are first described in the context of wireless communication systems. Aspects of the present disclosure are also described in the context of ladder coding schemes, ladder decoding schemes, and process flows. Aspects of the present disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flow diagrams relating to techniques for ladder coding with block code-based shaping.

[0048] Figure 1 An example of a wireless communication system 100 supporting techniques for staircase coding with block code based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may be a long term evolution (LTE) network, an advanced LTE (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a new radio (NR) network, or a network operating according to other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0049] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communication system 100, and may include devices in different forms or with different capabilities. In various examples, the network entities 105 may be referred to as network elements, mobility elements, radio access network (RAN) nodes, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, the network entities 105 and the UE 115 may communicate wirelessly via one or more communication links 125 (e.g., radio frequency (RF) access links). For example, the network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) within which the UE 115 and the network entity 105 may establish one or more communication links 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area within which the network entity 105 and the UE 115 may support signal communications according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs).

[0050] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout the coverage area 110 of the wireless communication system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary or mobile or both stationary and mobile at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or with different capabilities. Figure 1 Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices, such as Figure 1 Other UEs 115 or network entities 105 are shown.

[0051] As described herein, a node of the wireless communication system 100 (which may be referred to as a network node or a wireless node) may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein), a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein), a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, the node may be a UE 115. As another example, the node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In other aspects of this example, the first node, the second node, and the third node may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, references to UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, etc. may include disclosure of UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, etc. as nodes. For example, a disclosure that UE 115 is configured to receive information from network entity 105 also discloses that the first node is configured to receive information from the second node.

[0052] In some examples, the network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 or with each other or both. For example, the network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via one or more backhaul communication links 120 (e.g., according to S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocols). In some examples, the network entities 105 may communicate with each other via the backhaul communication links 120 (e.g., according to X2, Xn, or other interface protocols) directly (e.g., directly between the network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130). In some examples, the network entities 105 may communicate with each other via the midhaul communication links 162 (e.g., according to the midhaul interface protocol) or the fronthaul communication links 168 (e.g., according to the fronthaul interface protocol) or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication links 120, the midhaul communication links 162, or the fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., electrical links, optical fiber links), one or more wireless links (e.g., radio links, wireless optical links), etc. or various combinations thereof. UE 115 may communicate with core network 130 via communication link 155 .

[0053] One or more of the network entities 105 described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a transceiver base station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB), a next generation Node B, or a Gigabit Node B (any of which may be referred to as a gNB), a 5G NB, a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a Home Node B, a Home Evolved Node B, or other suitable terms). In some examples, the network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, stand-alone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single network entity 105 (e.g., a single RAN node, such as a base station 140).

[0054] In some examples, the network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) that may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed between two or more network entities 105, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance), or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN)). For example, the network entity 105 may include one or more of the following: a central unit (CU) 160, a distributed unit (DU) 165, a radio unit (RU) 170, a RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 175 (e.g., a near real-time RIC (near RT RIC), a non-real-time RIC (non-RT RIC)), a service management and orchestration (SMO) 180 system, or any combination thereof. The RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio unit (RRU), or a transmit receive point (TRP). One or more components of the network entity 105 in the decomposed RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entity 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations). In some examples, one or more network entities 105 of the decomposed RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., virtual CU (VCU), virtual DU (VDU), virtual RU (VRU)).

[0055] The functional split between CU 160, DU 165, and RU 170 is flexible and may support different functions, depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, and any combination thereof) are performed at CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between CU 160 and DU 165 such that CU 160 may support one or more layers of a protocol stack and DU 165 may support one or more different layers of a protocol stack. In some examples, CU 160 may host higher protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3), layer 2 (L2)) functions and signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)). The CU 160 may be connected to one or more DUs 165 or RUs 170, and the one or more DUs 165 or RUs 170 may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functions and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between the DU 165 and the RU 170, such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack, and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or more different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs 170). In some cases, the functional split between CU 160 and DU 165 or between DU 165 and RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions of a protocol layer may be performed by one of CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by different ones of CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170). CU 160 may be further functionally split into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. CU 160 may be connected to one or more DUs 165 via midhaul communication links 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u), and DU 165 may be connected to one or more RUs 170 via fronthaul communication links 168 (e.g., an open fronthaul (FH) interface). In some examples, midhaul communication link 162 or fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented based on an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 105 that communicate via such communication links.

[0056] In some wireless communication systems (e.g., wireless communication system 100), infrastructure and spectrum resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, thereby providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to core network 130). In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more network entities 105 (e.g., IAB nodes 104) may be partially controlled by each other. One or more IAB nodes 104 may be referred to as donor entities or IAB donors. One or more DUs 165 or one or more RUs 170 may be controlled in part by one or more CUs 160 associated with a donor network entity 105 (e.g., donor base station 140). One or more donor network entities 105 (e.g., IAB donors) may communicate with one or more additional network entities 105 (e.g., IAB nodes 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication links 120). The IAB node 104 may include an IAB mobile terminal (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by a coupled IAB donor's DU 165. The IAB-MT may include an independent set of antennas for relaying communications with the UE 115, or may share the same antennas of the IAB node 104 (e.g., of the RU 170) for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node 104 (e.g., referred to as a virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT)). In some examples, the IAB node 104 may include a DU 165 that supports communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node 104, UE 115) within a relay chain or configuration (e.g., downstream) of the access network. In such cases, one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture (e.g., one or more IAB nodes 104 or components of the IAB node 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.

[0057] Where the techniques described herein are applied to the context of a decomposed RAN architecture, one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture may be configured to support techniques for staircase coding with block code-based shaping as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally or alternatively be performed by one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture (e.g., an IAB node 104, a DU 165, a CU 160, a RU 170, a RIC 175, a SMO 180).

[0058] UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable term, where a "device" may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, etc. UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device, such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communication (MTC) device, etc., which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances or vehicles, meters, etc.

[0059] The UE 115 described herein may be capable of communicating with various types of devices such as other UEs 115 which may sometimes act as relays, as well as network entities 105 and network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, etc. Figure 1 shown.

[0060] The UE 115 and the network entity 105 may use resources associated with one or more carriers to wirelessly communicate with each other via one or more communication links 125 (e.g., access links). The term "carrier" may refer to a collection of RF spectrum resources having a physical layer structure defined to support the communication link 125. For example, a carrier for the communication link 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth portion (BWP)) that operates according to one or more physical layer channels for a given radio access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each physical layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling for coordinating carrier operations, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communication system 100 may support communications with the UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. Depending on the carrier aggregation configuration, the UE 115 may be configured to have multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers. Carrier aggregation may be used for both frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) component carriers. Communication between the network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between these devices and any part (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of the network entity 105. For example, the terms "send", "receive", or "communicate" when referring to the network entity 105 may refer to any part of the network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, CU 160, DU 165, RU 170) of the RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities 105).

[0061] The signal waveform transmitted via the carrier may include multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system using MCM technology, a resource element may refer to a symbol period (e.g., the duration of a modulation symbol) and a resource of a subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and the subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The number of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both), so that a relatively high number of resource elements (e.g., in the transmission duration) and a relatively high order modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively high rate of communication. Wireless communication resources may refer to a combination of RF spectrum resources, time resources, and spatial resources (e.g., spatial layers or beams), and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity used for communication with UE 115.

[0062] The time interval for the network entity 105 or the UE 115 may be expressed as a multiple of a basic time unit, which may be, for example, a sampling period T s =1 / (Δf max ·N f ) seconds, for which Δf max It can represent the supported subcarrier spacing, and N f The supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size may be indicated. The time intervals of the communication resources may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0063] Each frame may include multiple consecutively numbered subframes or time slots, and each subframe or time slot may have the same duration. In some examples, the frame may be divided into subframes (e.g., in the time domain), and each subframe may be further divided into a certain number of time slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable number of time slots, and the number of time slots may depend on the subcarrier spacing. Each time slot may include a certain number of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix appended in front of each symbol period). In some wireless communication systems 100, the time slot may be further divided into a plurality of micro time slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., N f The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or the operating frequency band.

[0064] A subframe, slot, mini-slot, or symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communication system 100 and may be referred to as a transmit time interval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., the number of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in a burst of a shortened TTI (sTTI)).

[0065] According to various techniques, physical channels may be multiplexed using carriers for communication. Physical control channels and physical data channels may be multiplexed for signaling via downlink carriers, for example, using one or more of a time division multiplexing (TDM) technique, a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) technique, or a hybrid TDM-FDM technique. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) of a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across a system bandwidth of a carrier or a subset of that system bandwidth. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of UEs 115. For example, one or more UEs in UE 115 may monitor or search a control region to obtain control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or more control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. The aggregation level of a control channel candidate may refer to the amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with coded information for a control information format having a given payload size. The search space sets may include a common search space set configured for transmitting control information to multiple UEs 115 , and a UE-specific search space set for transmitting control information to a specific UE 115 .

[0066] In some examples, the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140, RUs 170) may be mobile and thus provide communication coverage for mobile coverage areas 110. In some examples, different coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may overlap, but the different coverage areas 110 may be supported by the same network entity 105. In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities 105. The wireless communication system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of network entities 105 provide coverage for various coverage areas 110 using the same or different radio access technologies.

[0067] The wireless communication system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communication or low-latency communication or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communication system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). UE 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable or low-latency or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communication may include private communication or group communication, and may be supported by one or more services (such as push-to-talk, video, or data). Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.

[0068] In some examples, the UE 115 may be configured to support communication directly with other UEs 115 via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link 135 (e.g., according to a peer-to-peer (P2P), D2D, or sidelink protocol). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 in a group that are performing D2D communication may be within a coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a RU 170), which may support aspects of such D2D communication configured (e.g., scheduled) by the network entity 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 in such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of the network entity 105, or may otherwise be unable or not configured to receive transmissions from the network entity 105. In some examples, a group of UEs 115 communicating via D2D communication may support a one-to-many (1:M) system, in which each UE 115 transmits to each of the other UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, the network entity 105 may facilitate scheduling of resources for D2D communication. In some other examples, D2D communications may be performed between UEs 115 without involving network entity 105 .

[0069] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF)) for managing access and mobility and at least one user plane entity (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)) for routing packets or interconnecting to an external network. The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management of UE 115 served by a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be delivered through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation and other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to the IP service 150 of one or more network operators. IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or packet-switched streaming services.

[0070] The wireless communication system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands that may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Generally speaking, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is referred to as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelength ranges from about one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features (which may be referred to as clusters), but these waves may be sufficient to penetrate structures so that macro cells provide services to UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than 100 kilometers) compared to communications using lower frequencies and longer waves in the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portions of the spectrum below 300 MHz.

[0071] The wireless communication system 100 may utilize licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communication system 100 may use unlicensed bands (such as the 5 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band) to employ license assisted access (LAA), LTE unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology. When operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as network entity 105 and UE 115 may employ carrier sensing for conflict detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on carrier aggregation configuration (e.g., LAA) in conjunction with component carriers operating using licensed bands. Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, and the like.

[0072] The network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) or UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas that can be used to employ technologies such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of the network entity 105 or UE 115 may be located in one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with the network entity 105 may be located at different geographical locations. The network entity 105 may include an antenna array having a collection of multiple rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming for communications with the UE 115. Similarly, the UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally or alternatively, the antenna panel may support RF beamforming for signals sent via the antenna ports.

[0073] Beamforming (which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception) is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or direct an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining signals conveyed via antenna elements of an antenna array so that some signals propagating along a particular direction relative to the antenna array experience constructive interference, while other signals experience destructive interference. Adjustments to signals conveyed via antenna elements may include the transmitting device or the receiving device applying an amplitude offset, a phase offset, or both to signals carried via antenna elements associated with the device. Adjustments associated with each of these antenna elements may be defined by a set of beamforming weights associated with a particular direction (e.g., relative to the antenna array of the transmitting device or the receiving device or relative to some other direction).

[0074] The wireless communication system 100 may support a framework for configuring a wireless device to perform ladder coding using block code-based shaping. For example, a first wireless device (e.g., UE 115, network entity 105) may communicate control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding. The first wireless device may perform a ladder coding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits. In some examples, as part of a current step of the ladder coding procedure, the first wireless device may concatenate a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits. The first set of shaped bits may be associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits may be associated with the current step. The first wireless device may perform a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure. The first wireless device may perform a forward error correction (FEC) coding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits. The third set of bits may be based on the second set of bits. The first wireless device may map the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for the subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure. The first wireless device may send the set of coded bits to a second wireless device (e.g., another UE 115, another network entity 105).

[0075] Figure 2 An example of a wireless communication system 200 that supports techniques for staircase coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In some examples, the wireless communication system 200 may implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100. For example, the wireless communication system 200 may include a device 205-a and a device 205-b, each of which may be as described in reference Figure 1 An example of a UE 115 or a network entity 105 is described. Figure 2 In the example of , device 205-a can be a sending device (e.g., a device that can perform one or more encoding operations), and device 205-b can be a receiving device (e.g., a device that can perform one or more decoding operations). Device 205-a and device 205-b can communicate via communication link 215, which can be as described in reference Figure 1 An example of a communication link 125 is described. Figure 2 In the example of , the communication link 215 can be a downlink, an uplink, a sidelink, etc.

[0076] In some examples of the wireless communication system 200, a communication device (e.g., device 205-a, device 205-b) may support higher order modulation (e.g., 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM) for wireless communication. For example, device 205-a (e.g., a transmitting device) may implement higher order modulation to improve the reliability with which another communication device (e.g., device 205-b, a receiving device) can recover the original source information (e.g., encoded information bits). In some examples, information (e.g., information bits) may be transmitted via a modulated signal that may be represented as a symbol (e.g., a phase and amplitude combination encoded over the duration of the modulated signal), and each symbol may be represented as a constellation point on a constellation diagram. For example, an information bit (e.g., k bits) may be represented as the number of constellation points (e.g., n constellation points), where a constellation point may correspond to a symbol (e.g., a vector) of a modulated signal having a specific in-phase component (i) and a specific orthogonal component (q).

[0077] In some examples, the symbol alphabet may be used to represent the Information bits (e.g., k bits) are mapped to constellation symbols (e.g., n constellation points), in which the symbol alphabet t may correspond to the size of the alphabet (e.g., an integer greater than about 1). There may be t elements (eg, symbols) included. In this example, an alphabet is used. The generated symbol sequence having a length n may be referred to as an ordered n-tuple, in which the elements of the sequence may correspond to the symbols included in That is, using the alphabet A sequence generated and having a length n may refer to a sequence of n elements in which each element (eg, symbol) of the sequence may be included in the alphabet In some examples, the ASK constellation (e.g., 2 M The constellation of the binary ASK modulation scheme can be The sign (e.g., magnitude) alphabet is associated with t=2 M-1 And {-1,1}× Corresponds to 2 M That is, the length (t) of the alphabet used with a modulation scheme to generate a symbol sequence (e.g., a constellation) may depend on the modulation order of the modulation scheme. Additionally or alternatively, the symbol a i The energy of (for example, given an alphabet It can be expressed as E for each i i =E(a i ). In this example, for any i∈{1,2,...,t-1}, the symbol energy can be different, where 0≤E(a i ) <E(ai+1 ). That is, the energy of the symbol may correspond to a non-negative value (eg, a non-negative integer).

[0078] In some examples, (e.g., using an alphabet of size t The generated symbol sequence can be written as s = (s1, s2, ... s n ), in which each element of (s) can correspond to the alphabet In such an example, the energy of the sequence (s) may be represented as E(s) and may be defined as the symbol energy (E(a)) of the symbols included in the sequence. i In some examples, the energy (E(a) of a symbol corresponding to a constellation point on a constellation diagram is the sum of i )) may be proportional to the square of the distance (e.g., Euclidean distance) between the constellation points of the constellation diagram and the origin. Additionally or alternatively, the distance between the constellation points may correspond to the noise margin. For example, an increased distance may correspond to an increased noise margin (e.g., of the symbol). Thus, the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (e.g., and the average energy) of the constellation diagram may correspond to the distribution of the constellation points within the constellation diagram.

[0079] The constellation of the modulated signal in some systems (such as systems that may use higher order modulation) may be fixed, and each constellation point may be used (e.g., selected at device 205-a) with approximately equal probability. For example, within the constellation, each constellation point (e.g., associated with a particular phase and amplitude) may have the same (or approximately the same) probability of being selected (e.g., transmitted) at device 205-a. That is, each symbol in a symbol sequence associated with the constellation may be associated with the same fractional occurrence rate. In such an example, constellation points (e.g., symbols) having relatively high amplitudes and relatively high powers may have the same probability of being selected (e.g., transmitted) as constellation points that may have relatively low amplitudes and relatively low powers. That is, the distribution of constellation points within the constellation may be uniform.

[0080] Additionally or alternatively, as the modulation order of the modulation scheme used to generate the modulated signal increases, the information rate that can be achieved using the modulation scheme (e.g., using uniform signaling) can decrease relative to the capacity of the channel (e.g., the communication channel used to send the modulated signal). For example, the capacity of the channel that can be achieved using the modulation scheme (e.g., 16QAM, 64QAM, or 256QAM) (e.g., channel capacity, an upper limit on the number of bits that can be sent per symbol, an upper limit on the rate at which information can be sent relatively reliably using the communication channel) can be associated with the SNR of the modulated signal (e.g., obtained using the modulation scheme). Therefore, the modulation and decoding scheme can have a specific SNR to achieve a specific information rate. In some examples, the difference between the SNR (e.g., of the modulated signal) that can achieve a specific information rate and another SNR that can achieve the channel capacity (e.g., an SNR associated with the information rate of a maximum capacity implementation or an otherwise suitable capacity implementation) can be referred to as a shaping gap. That is, the shaping gap may refer to the difference between the rate of information achievable using a modulation and coding scheme (eg, information rate) and the channel capacity of an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel at a specific SNR (eg, unconstrained channel capacity).

[0081] In some examples, constellation shaping may be applied to reduce the shaping gap. For example, if the distribution (e.g., the input distribution of constellation points within the constellation) is a Gaussian distribution, an increased channel capacity of the modulation scheme (e.g., on an AWGN channel) may be achieved. In some examples, the noise of the modulated signal may be reduced by reducing the average energy of the corresponding constellation. That is, the average SNR of the constellation may be increased (e.g., and the average energy may be reduced) by changing the relative distance between the constellation points or by changing the probability that a particular constellation point may be selected (e.g., by changing the fractional occurrence rate of some constellation points relative to other constellation points). For example, the average energy of the constellation may be reduced by increasing the fractional occurrence rate of constellation points that are relatively close to the origin (e.g., constellation points that may have relatively low energy) and reducing the fractional occurrence rate of constellation points that are relatively close to the origin (e.g., constellation points that may have relatively high energy).

[0082] In some examples, some techniques for reducing (e.g., closing) the shaping gap (e.g., and reducing the SNR) may include probabilistic shaping. For example, probabilistic shaping may enable symbols to be transmitted with a QAM shape and non-uniform probability. That is, probabilistic shaping may achieve a non-uniformly distributed constellation (e.g., a constellation with a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution) that may approach the channel capacity. For example, probabilistic shaping may employ equidistant constellation points, and may achieve one or more non-uniform (e.g., quasi-Gaussian) signal distributions. That is, for probabilistic shaping, the relative distances between different constellation points (e.g., within a constellation diagram) may be approximately equal, and the probability of selecting a particular constellation point (e.g., to be transmitted) may be non-uniform (e.g., quasi-Gaussian). For example, constellation points having relatively low amplitudes (e.g., relatively low power, relatively low energy) may have an increased probability of being selected compared to constellation points having relatively high amplitudes (e.g., relatively high power, relatively high energy) in order to achieve a quasi-Gaussian signal distribution.

[0083] In some examples, the probability distribution of the constellation points used for probability shaping may be modified to achieve a discrete Gaussian-like distribution, such as a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. For example, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of the constellation points (e.g., the amplitudes within a constellation diagram, such as an amplitude shift keying (ASK) constellation diagram) may provide a symmetric probability distribution p of the form described according to the following equation 1: v (x):

[0084]

[0085] where v may correspond to a non-negative integer (e.g., an integer greater than or equal to about 0). M ASK constellations may include a binary ASK constellation with an amplitude alphabet (e.g., The set of symbols (e.g., {±1,±3,...,±(2 M -1)}). In some examples, a Maxwell-Boltzmann distributed input can exhibit a shaping gain (e.g., an increase in information rate for the same power or an increase in energy efficiency for the same information rate achieved by probability shaping relative to signaling using an AWGN channel) relative to a uniformly distributed input (e.g., within an ASK constellation, relative to a constellation of an ASK modulation scheme).

[0086] In some examples, probability amplitude shaping (PAS) may be used (e.g., at device 205-a or device 205-b or both) as a technique for performing probability shaping. In some examples, PAS may provide a relatively large (or otherwise suitable) shaping gain. For example, PAS may enable a bit sequence (e.g., an input to the PAS) to be mapped to a symbol sequence based on the energy of the symbol sequence (e.g., according to an ordering of the symbol sequences that may be based on the corresponding energy of each sequence). That is, PAS may enable a bit sequence to be mapped to a certain number of symbol sequences (e.g., 2 sequences of length (n)) having relatively low energy (e.g., minimum or otherwise suitable energy). k symbol sequences), and thus may give rise to a distribution that may be close to a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution (e.g., a discrete Gaussian-like distribution).

[0087] In some examples, PAS may occur at a distribution matcher (e.g., implemented at a distribution matcher). For example, device 205-a (e.g., a transmitting device) may use a distribution matcher (e.g., a nonlinear pre-decoder) to transform a uniformly distributed bit sequence into a symbol sequence with a non-uniform (e.g., irregular) distribution. That is, device 205-a may use a distribution matcher to generate a symbol sequence of n amplitudes from a bit sequence of k bits. In some examples, the shaped output (e.g., a symbol sequence of n amplitudes) may correspond to a one-dimensional ASK sequence length. For example, a distribution matcher may map a bit sequence of length k to an amplitude sequence of length n, and induce a non-uniform (e.g., edge) distribution of amplitude symbols. In some examples, the k bits may be independent and distributed in a uniform distribution (e.g., identically distributed). Additionally or alternatively, relative to a uniform distribution, a non-uniform distribution on amplitude symbols (e.g., using amplitude symbols) may be closer to a capacity-implemented distribution. That is, the non-uniform distribution may be a Gaussian-like distribution (e.g., may be approximated to a Gaussian distribution) or (e.g., in an AWGN environment) may be a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. In some examples, the distribution matcher may have a distribution matching rate determined according to the following equation 2:

[0088] R s = k / n (2) Where k may correspond to the number of bits (e.g., information bits) input to the distribution matcher, and n may correspond to the number of symbol amplitudes (e.g., symbols) output from the distribution matcher. Device 205-a may use an amplitude-to-bit mapper to generate a first number of bits (e.g., n(m-1) amplitude bits) from the n amplitudes. In some examples, parameter m may correspond to the number of bits per dimension (e.g., 2 M-2 based on the logarithm of the ASK size). Additionally or alternatively, a first number of bits (e.g., n(m-1) amplitude bits) and a second number of bits (e.g., γn bits, where γ may be an integer and corresponds to a rate of data bits carried on symbol flags) may be input into a system forward error correction (FEC) encoder to generate a third number of bits (e.g., n(m-1) shaped bits), a number of shaped bits (e.g., γn non-shaped bits), and a number of parity bits (e.g., n(1-γ) parity bits). In some examples, the system FEC encoder may have a system FEC code rate determined according to Equation 3:

[0089] R c =(m-1+γ) / m≥(m-1) / m (3)

[0090] In some examples, device 205-a may use parity bits and shaped bits to generate a certain number of flag bits (e.g., n flag bits). In some examples, as part of generating the flag bits, device 205-a may map bits with a value of 0 to bits with a value of 1, and map bits with a value of 1 to bits with a value of -1. That is, device 205-a may perform a bit flip operation. Additionally or alternatively, device 205-a may use a modulator (e.g., such as multiplying n flag bits by n amplitudes point by point) to generate constellation points (e.g., a modulated signal including n constellation points). In some examples, device 205-a may send the modulated signal (e.g., n constellation points) to device 205-b. For example, device 205-a may transmit the modulated signal (e.g., n constellation points) at a transmission rate (R) that may be determined according to Equation 4. t ) to send the constellation points:

[0091] R t =R s +γ <H(A)+γ (4)

[0092] Where H(A) may correspond to the entropy of constellation point (a) and may be expressed according to the following Equation 5:

[0093]

[0094] In some examples, while PAS may result in increased capacity (e.g., relative to other types of coding-modulation schemes), PAS may also result in increased processing latency (e.g., due to processing bottlenecks caused by serial processing of arithmetic decoding) at both device 205-a (e.g., transmitter) and device 205-b (e.g., receiver).

[0095] In some other examples, device 205-a may use a shaping encoder to shape (e.g., mask) the information bits, and encode (e.g., jointly encode) the shaped information bits and information for shaping (e.g., bits indicating how the information bits may have been shaped, i.e., the shaping bits). In such examples, device 205-b (e.g., a decoding device) may decode (e.g., jointly decode) the shaped information bits (e.g., and the information for shaping), and re-encode the bits to obtain source information (e.g., the original information bits encoded at device 205-a). In some examples, block code-based shaping may provide reduced complexity at device 205-b (e.g., at a receiver), for example, due to utilizing one or more encoders and decoders (e.g., at device 205-b). Additionally or alternatively, block code-based shaping (e.g., using polar codes) may not be associated with arithmetic coding, and may result in reduced processing.

[0096] In some examples, polar codes (e.g., implemented using a polar code configuration that may include polarization weight sequences, successive erasure decoding, and a rate of about 1 / 2) may provide one or more enhancements to higher order modulation schemes (e.g., schemes with a modulation order of 256QAM) relative to arithmetic codes (e.g., in which a symbol sequence length may be between about 64 symbols and 4096 symbols, and symbol distributions for constant composition distribution matching (CCDM) may be about 0.4321, 0.3568696, 0.2333333, and 0.155555). In such examples, the complexity associated with the polar codes may be insensitive to the rate (e.g., about 1 / 2 the rate). Additionally or alternatively, the polar codes may reduce the runtime associated with the arithmetic codes (e.g., at a transmitter and receiver, such as a CPU averaged over 1000 rounds at 1.70 GHz to 1.90 GHz) by about half. In such examples, the runtime associated with polar codes at the receiver may be negligible. Additionally or alternatively, polar codes may provide reduced complexity and latency (e.g., addition and subtraction may be utilized at reduced memory cost). In some examples, polar codes may be accelerated with some parallel processing (e.g., rapid serial elimination). Furthermore, arithmetic codes may reduce processing (e.g., processing bottlenecks), for example, due to bit-by-bit processing and dividend operations. That is, while some constellation shaping methods may target a specific distribution, such as via arithmetic decoding (e.g., CCDM), which may result in increased complexity (e.g., which may become a bottleneck for some throughput increase scenarios), block code-based shaping may use shaping bits to shape information, which may result in reduced transmit power (e.g., and the shaping bits are sent as overhead). However, in some examples, the necessity to send information for shaping (e.g., determining how to send the shaping bits) along with the shaped information bits may result in increased complexity and performance degradation at device 205-a. That is, relative to some arithmetic coding approaches, the complexity associated with block code based shaping may be reduced (eg, multiplications and dividends may not be utilized).

[0097] In some examples, device 205-a may implement a ladder code 220 (e.g., row and column encoding) that may provide an unterminated code (e.g., a code that may have an indeterminate block length) and support increased throughput. For example, a ladder code (e.g., a ladder code, a step of a ladder code) may include (e.g., result from) one or more iterations of row encoding 222 and column encoding 223. In some examples, code blocks (e.g., code blocks 221-a and code blocks 221-b), which may also be referred to as sub-blocks of a ladder code, may be represented as an m×m matrix (e.g., B i=m×m). In such an example, the ladder code 220 may be initialized to an all-zero state. That is, the relative first code block (e.g., code block 221-a) may correspond to an m×m array of zero symbols. Additionally or alternatively, a subsequent code block (e.g., code block 221-b) may include a certain number of information bits 225 (e.g., m(mr) information bits associated with code block 221-b), a certain number of shaping bits 230 (e.g., from the previous code block), and a certain number of parity bits 235 (e.g., mr parity bits that may be generated by encoding the information bits 225 and the shaping bits 230). In some examples, the ladder code (e.g., of the ladder code 220) may be in code block 221(B). i ) is performed recursively. That is, each subsequent code block 221 (for example, B i+1 ) may depend on the previous code block 221 (e.g., B i ). For example, for each i-th code block (e.g., code block 221-a, code block 221-b), information bits 225 (e.g., m (mr) information bits such as from a streaming source) may be arranged into one or more columns (e.g., mr columns), and parity bits 235 (e.g., mr parity bits) may be arranged into one or more other columns (e.g., r columns).

[0098] In some examples, the previous code block B may be calculated i-1 , so that the rows of the matrix (e.g., each row) may correspond to a codeword (e.g., a valid codeword). Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, an FEC encoder may be used and the steps of the ladder code (e.g., row encoding and column encoding) may be performed with a code length of 2m. For example, the steps of the ladder code may include m codewords. Additionally or alternatively, the ladder code rate may be determined according to the following equation 6:

[0099]

[0100] Where r may correspond to the length of the parity bits. Additionally or alternatively, the component FEC coding rate may be determined according to the following equation 7:

[0101]

[0102] In some examples, ladder codes 220 may correspond to spatially coupled codes that may have an increased (e.g., infinite or otherwise suitable) transmission structure and provide improved performance for scenarios where throughput may be relatively high (e.g., for streaming data or for sending relatively large packets). In some examples, a system that may rely on rigid (e.g., hard decision) decoding may use ladder coding that may employ Reed-Solomon codes and Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes as component codes for ladder coding. Additionally or alternatively, decoding delays (e.g., and communication delays) associated with ladder coding may be reduced relative to flexible (e.g., soft decision) methods (e.g., kernels) that may be used for (e.g., suitable for) some increased throughput scenarios (such as low density parity check (LDPC) codes).

[0103] In some examples, the ladder code 220 can be used for increasing block lengths to achieve a relative step error rate curve. In some examples, the amount of storage used for buffering associated with the ladder code may be relatively large. For example, for a system using B blocks (each block may be represented as m 2 matrix) for decoding, the number of buffer bits can be expressed as B×m 2 . Therefore, in order to avoid increasing the storage for buffering, retransmissions may occur within the buffer block. For example, if the consecutive decoded blocks have a length of 4 blocks, retransmissions may occur after the 4th block, which may enable flexible (e.g., soft) combining of blocks. In some examples, ladder coding may provide reduced complexity and reduce processing latency (e.g., utilizing hard decision decoding component codes), provide an enhanced transmit block structure, and may enable relatively high parallelism via a spatially coupled structure. However, in some cases, some shaping techniques used with ladder coding (e.g., CCDM) may increase complexity that may be incompatible with relatively low complexity receivers that may be used for ladder codes.

[0104] In some examples, techniques for ladder coding with block code-based shaping may provide one or more enhancements to communication between device 205-a and device 205-b. For example, the ladder code may be combined with a polar code for shaping (e.g., block code-based shaping). In such an example, the previous ladder block (B i-1 ) is propagated to the subsequent ladder block (e.g., the next ladder block B i ), which may provide increased flexibility and shaping gain. Additionally or alternatively, techniques for ladder coding with block code-based shaping may utilize a ladder code transmission strategy to increase performance.

[0105] like Figure 2As illustrated in the example of , device 205-a may receive (or send) control signaling 210 identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding. In some examples, device 205-a may perform a ladder coding procedure on multiple information bits (e.g., based on one or more parameters) to generate a set of coded bits. In some examples, the ladder coding procedure may include concatenating a first set of shaped bits 230 with a first set of information bits 225 at a current step to generate a second set of bits. In some examples, the first set of shaped bits 230 may be concatenated with a first set of shaped bits 225 from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure (e.g., with code block B). i-1 The first set of information bits 225 may be associated with the current step (eg, code block B). i ) is associated with.

[0106] In some examples, device 205-a may perform a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits (e.g., using a polar decoder) to generate bits to be used in subsequent steps of the ladder encoding procedure (e.g., with code block B). i+1 Additionally or alternatively, device 205-a may perform an FEC encoding procedure on the third set of bits (e.g., using an FEC encoder) to generate a set of parity bits 235. Device 205-a may map the third set of bits and the set of parity bits 235 to a set of symbols to generate symbols for subsequent steps of the ladder encoding procedure (e.g., associated with code block B). i+1 In some examples, device 205-a may send set 240 of coded bits (e.g., output of a ladder coding procedure) to device 205-b. In some examples, using a ladder coding procedure with block code-based shaping to generate set 240 of coded bits may improve reliability of communication between device 205-a and device 205-b, among other possible benefits.

[0107] Figure 3 An example of a ladder coding scheme 300 that supports techniques for ladder coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In some examples, the ladder coding scheme 300 can implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100 and the wireless communication system 200. For example, the ladder coding scheme 300 can be implemented at a communication device, which can be as described in reference to Figure 1 and Figure 2 Examples of the described devices.

[0108] In some examples, a communication device (e.g., a wireless device) may support techniques for ladder coding that utilizes block code-based shaping. For example, a first communication device (e.g., a transmitting communication device) may support techniques for ladder coding in which a channel decoder may be used to generate shaping bits and one or more shaping codewords that may be protected by FEC. Additionally or alternatively, a second communication device (e.g., a receiving device) may obtain (e.g., recover) coded information bits, for example, using a channel encoder with reduced complexity.

[0109] like Figure 3 As illustrated in the example of i During the column encoding or row encoding of the first communication device, the first communication device may use the current code block (e.g., component code 301-a and one or more other component codes that may be encoded in parallel) to perform one or more operations. Component code 301-a may include a previous code block (e.g., previous code block (B i-1 ), such as a row encoding or a column encoding, and the number of first shaped bits 310 of a component code of the code block, such as a row encoding or a column encoding, and the number of information bits 305 associated with the current code block. That is, during the current iteration, the first communications device may concatenate the first shaped bits 310 of the previous code block with the information bits 305 of the current code block to obtain a first set of bits. In some examples of block code based shaping, the first communications device may utilize the LLR generator 320 (e.g., after a bit mask, such as at an XOR operator 345) to generate a cover code that may increase power savings. For example, the first communications device may input a first set of bits (e.g., a set of bits that may be uniformly distributed) into the LLR generator 320 to obtain a second number of bits (e.g., an N×1 vector based on the input information bits). In some examples, the LLR generator 320 may generate the LLR (e.g., an N×1 vector) based on an amount of power that may be saved by bit flipping (e.g., by flipping one or more specific bits, by performing one or more flipping operations). For example, the transmitted bit can be represented as (u0,u1)=(1,1), and the flip operation performed on u0 can be represented as In such an example, the associated power change (eg, and relative LLR) may correspond to a value of approximately 16.

[0110] In some examples, the first communications device may input the second set of bits into a channel decoder 325 (e.g., a polar decoder) to obtain second shaped bits 330 (e.g., a second number of shaped bits, K×1 shaped bits) to be used (e.g., as input) for a subsequent code block 335. That is, the second shaped bits 330 (e.g., of the current code block, of the component code 301-a, and of one or more other component codes) may be concatenated and input into a subsequent code block 335 (e.g., a next code block, such as in an iterative manner).

[0111] Additionally or alternatively, the second number of bits may be input into a channel encoder 340 (e.g., a polar encoder) to obtain (e.g., generate) a third number of bits (e.g., N covered code bits). The third set of bits may include a number of flag bits (e.g., flag bits 335-a), a number of most significant bits (MSBs) (e.g., MSBs 335-b), and a number of least significant bits (LSBs) (e.g., LSBs 335-c). In some examples, the device may use a portion of the third set of bits to perform a shaping operation and a bit masking operation (e.g., at an XOR operator at 345). For example, the first communications device may use the MSB 335-b (e.g., a MSB of length N, a shaped codeword obtained from the channel encoder 340) to perform a shaping operation. In such an example, the overhead of the system may include the first shaping bits 310, which may be protected (e.g., jointly protected) with the shaped information bits (e.g., MSBs 335-b, a sequence of shaped information bits) using the FEC encoder 350. That is, the first communications device may use FEC encoder 350 to encode (e.g., jointly encode) the first shaped bits 310 and the information bits 305 to obtain a certain number of parity bits 315. The number of parity bits 315 may be concatenated with the information bits 305 (e.g., with one or more portions of the information bits 305) and the first shaped bits 310 to obtain a fourth set of bits. For example, the fourth set of bits (e.g., component code 301-b and one or more other component codes that may have been encoded) may include information bits 305, first shaped bits 310, and parity bits 315. In some examples, the first shaped bits 310 and parity bits 315 may be concatenated with LSBs 335-c. In some examples, the first communications device may (e.g., at 355) perform a bit-to-symbol mapping in which the fourth set of bits (e.g., of length N) may be mapped to a certain number of symbols (e.g., symbols of length N). In some examples, the first communications device may map the fourth set of bits to the number of symbols according to a shaping order (eg, associated with the fourth set of bits).

[0112] In some examples, the network may configure the first communications device with one or more parameters for ladder coding (e.g., for ladder component codes) (or may configure the first communications device in other ways). For example, the network may indicate to the first communications device a code block length configuration (N, K) for ladder coding (e.g., for ladder component codes, such as component code 301-a). In some examples, the first communications device may use the block length configuration to determine the structure of the ladder code (e.g., code block (B i ) size, and thus determines the size of the ladder block). For example, the parameter N may correspond to a code block (B i ), and the parameter K may correspond to the size of the code blocks to be included in the subsequent code blocks (Bi+1 ) in the first shaping bit 310. In some examples, the parameter N may be expressed as N=2m. Additionally or alternatively, the network may send a block length configuration (e.g., a configuration associated with a code block to be sent) and an FEC code rate (e.g., R c ) to configure (or the first communication device may be configured in other ways) the first communication device.

[0113] In some examples, the network may configure the first communications device with a shaping block configuration (or may configure the first communications device in other ways). For example, the network may indicate to the first communications device the number of component codes (e.g., including component code 301-a) to be shaped (e.g., at each iteration). In some examples, the first communications device may determine the number of component codes to be shaped (e.g., at each iteration) based on a parameter N (e.g., N=2m). For example, the first communications device may determine the number of component codes (M) according to the following equation 8:

[0114] mod(m,M)=0. (8)

[0115] In such an example, the first communications device may perform channel decoding based on parameter M (e.g., using channel decoder 325). Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, parameter M (e.g., determined according to Equation 8) may provide equal dividends for a component code group (e.g., a set of multiple component codes). For example, based on parameter M, a shaping block (e.g., the number of component codes used for shaping) may include a component code (e.g., M=1) or a set of multiple component codes (e.g., M>1). That is, based on the value of parameter M, the first communications device may perform shaping per component code (e.g., using component code 301) or per component code group (e.g., using a set of multiple component codes including component code 301). Additionally or alternatively, the network may configure the first communications device (or may otherwise configure the first communications device) with a coding rate configuration for component code 301-a (e.g., a shaping codeword). For example, the network may indicate to the first communications device a coding rate to be used for component code 301-a (eg, a rate associated with channel decoder 325, a profile matching rate (R s )). In some examples, the first communications device may determine the number of shaping bits to be obtained (eg, per shaping block) based on a coding rate.

[0116] In some examples, a shaping block (e.g., the number of component codes to be shaped) may include a certain number of bits (e.g., MN bits). In such examples, the number of symbols (e.g., modulation symbols to which bits may be mapped) may depend on the number of bits included in the shaping block. For example, the number of symbols (N) may be determined according to Equation 9 below sym ):

[0117]

[0118] Where Q may correspond to the number of bits to be mapped per symbol (e.g., carried by each symbol). Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the number of shaping bits (e.g., the length of the shaping bit sequence (K)) may be determined according to the following equation 10: s )):

[0119] K s =N sym R s (10)

[0120] In such an example, the number of bits included in the shaped block (eg, K bits carried per shaped block) may be determined according to the following equation 11: i Units):

[0121] K i =MK-K s (11)

[0122] In some examples, using the second shaping bits 330 as an input to a subsequent code block 335 (e.g., placing the second shaping bits 330 at the subsequent code block 335) can enable the shaping operation (e.g., using the channel decoder 325) to be performed in parallel with the FEC encoding (e.g., using the FEC encoder 350). That is, the second shaping bits 330 can be obtained before or concurrently with (e.g., in parallel with) the FEC encoding. In some examples, performing channel decoding (e.g., the shaping operation) in parallel with the FEC encoding can enable a reduction in processing latency (e.g., due to performing FEC and shaping in parallel).

[0123] Figure 4 An example of a ladder decoding scheme 400 supporting techniques for ladder coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In some examples, the ladder decoding scheme 400 can implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100, the wireless communication system 200, and the ladder coding scheme 300. For example, the ladder decoding scheme 400 can be implemented at a communication device, which can be as described in reference to Figures 1 to 3 Examples of the described devices.

[0124] In some examples, one or more communication devices (e.g., wireless devices) may support techniques for ladder codes that utilize block-code-based shaping. For example, a second communication device (e.g., a receiving device) may support techniques for ladder decoding using block-code-based shaping. In some examples, a second communication device may receive a set of symbols (e.g., a sequence of symbols) from a first communication device (e.g., a transmitting device). In response, the second communication device may use the set of symbols to perform a ladder decoding procedure. For example, during the current step of the ladder decoding procedure, the second communication device may (e.g., at 420) perform a symbol-to-bit mapping operation to obtain a first set of bits (e.g., component code 401-a) for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. Component code 401-a may include a certain number of flag bits (e.g., flag bit 405-a), a certain number of MSBs (e.g., MSB 405-b), and a certain number of LSBs (e.g., LSB 405-c). Additionally or alternatively, a number of shaping bits 410 and a number of parity bits 415 may be concatenated with the LSBs 405 - c .

[0125] In some examples, the second communications device may perform an FEC decoding procedure on the first set of bits (e.g., using FEC decoder 425) to obtain the number of shaped bits 410 and a second number of bits (e.g., shaped information bits). The second communications device may input the number of shaped bits 410 into a channel encoder 430 to obtain a third number of bits (e.g., to obtain a shaped codeword). Additionally or alternatively, the communications device may perform a bit masking operation using the third set of bits (e.g., and the number of shaped bits 410) (e.g., at an XOR operator at 435) to obtain a fourth number of bits (e.g., component code 401-b). In some examples, performing ladder decoding using code block-based shaping may improve the reliability of the second communications device obtaining source information (e.g., a set of information bits) from a set of received symbols.

[0126] Figure 5 An example of a process flow 500 supporting techniques for ladder coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In some examples, the process flow 500 can implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100, the wireless communication system 200, the ladder coding scheme 300, and the ladder decoding scheme 400. For example, the process flow 500 can be implemented at the device 505-a and the device 505-b, which can be as described in reference Figures 1 to 4 Examples of the devices described. Figure 5 In the example of , device 505 - a may be a transmitting device (eg, an encoding device) and device 505 - b may be a receiving device (eg, a decoding device).

[0127] At 510, device 05-a may communicate (e.g., send or receive) control signaling (e.g., RRC signaling) identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding. In some examples, the one or more parameters may be as described throughout this disclosure (including references to Figure 3 ) For example, one or more parameters may indicate the size of a code block, a transmit block length, an FEC code rate, a number of component codes (e.g., to be shaped per iteration), a number of bits to be mapped, and a length of a shaped bit sequence, etc.

[0128] At 515, device 505-a may perform a ladder encoding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits. The ladder encoding procedure may be as described throughout this disclosure (including references to Figure 3 ) is an example of a ladder encoding procedure described in the prior art. For example, at a current step, the ladder encoding procedure may include concatenating a first set of shaping bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits. In some examples, the first set of shaping bits may be associated with a shaping of the first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder encoding procedure. Additionally or alternatively, the first set of information bits may be associated with the current step of the ladder encoding procedure.

[0129] In some examples, at the current step, device 505-a may perform a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder encoding procedure. Additionally or alternatively, device 505-a may perform an FEC encoding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits. In some examples, the third set of bits may be based on the second set of bits. For example, the third set of bits may be output from an encoding procedure (e.g., a polar encoding procedure) performed on the second set of bits.

[0130] In some examples, at the current step, device 505-a may map the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for a subsequent step of the ladder encoding procedure. At 520, device 505-a may send the set of encoded bits to device 505-b.

[0131] Figure 6 An example of a process flow 600 supporting techniques for ladder coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In some examples, the process flow 600 can implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100, the wireless communication system 200, the ladder coding scheme 300, the ladder decoding scheme 400, and the process flow 500. For example, the process flow 600 can be implemented at the device 605-a and the device 605-b, which can be as described in reference Figures 1 to 5 Examples of the devices described. Figure 6In the example of , device 605 - a may be a transmitting device (eg, an encoding device) and device 605 - b may be a receiving device (eg, a decoding device).

[0132] At 610, device 605-b may communicate (e.g., send or receive) control signaling (e.g., RRC signaling) identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding. In some examples, the one or more parameters may be as described throughout this disclosure (including references to Figures 3 to 5 ) For example, one or more parameters may indicate the size of a code block, a transmit block length, an FEC code rate, a number of component codes (e.g., to be shaped per iteration), a number of bits to be mapped, and a length of a shaped bit sequence, etc.

[0133] At 615, device 605-b may receive a symbol sequence (eg, a set of symbols) from device 605-a. The symbol sequence may be as described throughout this disclosure (including references to Figure 4 ) An example of a symbol sequence described in the foregoing. For example, a ladder coding procedure using shaping based on a block code can be used to generate a symbol sequence.

[0134] At 620, the device 605-b may perform a ladder decoding procedure on the symbol sequence according to one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits. The ladder decoding procedure may be as described throughout this disclosure (including references to Figure 4 ) is an example of a ladder decoding procedure described in the present invention. For example, at a current step, the ladder decoding procedure may include mapping a set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. Additionally or alternatively, at the current step of the ladder decoding procedure, the device 605-b may perform an FEC decoding procedure on the first set of bits to generate a set of shaping bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. In some examples, at the current step of the ladder decoding procedure, the device 605-b may perform a bit mask procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure. The bit mask procedure may be based on the set of shaping bits.

[0135] At 625, device 605-b may output the set of information bits. In some examples, decoding the symbol sequence (e.g., received at 615) using a ladder decoding procedure that utilizes block code-based shaping may improve the reliability with which device 605-b may obtain source information (e.g., the set of information bits) from the received symbol sequence, among other possible benefits.

[0136] Figure 7A block diagram 700 of a device 705 supporting techniques for staircase coding with block code based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 705 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 705 may include a receiver 710, a transmitter 715, and a communication manager 720. The device 705 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0137] The receiver 710 may provide means for receiving information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to techniques for staircase coding with block code-based shaping). The information may be communicated to other components of the device 705. The receiver 710 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0138] The transmitter 715 may provide means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 705. For example, the transmitter 715 may transmit information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to techniques for staircase encoding using block code-based shaping). In some examples, the transmitter 715 may be co-located with the receiver 710 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 715 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0139] The communication manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the techniques for staircase encoding with block code based shaping as described herein. For example, the communication manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations thereof, or components thereof, may support methods for performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0140] In some examples, the communication manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in a communication management circuit). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a central processing unit (CPU), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof that is configured to or otherwise supports components for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, the processor and a memory coupled to the processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by executing instructions stored in the memory by the processor).

[0141] Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the communication manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code executed by a processor (e.g., as communication management software or firmware). If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functionality of the communication manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general purpose processor (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting components for performing the functions described in the present disclosure), a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices.

[0142] In some examples, the communication manager 720 can be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, obtain, monitor, output, send) using or otherwise cooperating with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both. For example, the communication manager 720 can receive information from the receiver 710, transmit information to the transmitter 715, or integrate with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0143] The communication manager 720 may support wireless communication at a first wireless device (e.g., device 705) according to examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 720 may be configured to or otherwise support components for conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding. The communication manager 720 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing a ladder coding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits. At the current step, the ladder coding procedure includes concatenating a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, the first set of shaped bits being associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits being used for the current step. The communication manager 720 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing a channel decoding procedure on a second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure. The communication manager 720 may be configured to or otherwise support means for performing an FEC encoding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based on the second set of bits. The communication manager 720 may be configured to or otherwise support means for mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for a subsequent step of the ladder encoding procedure. The communication manager 720 may be configured to or otherwise support means for sending the set of encoded bits to a second wireless device (e.g., another device 705).

[0144] By including or configuring the communication manager 720 according to the examples described herein, the device 705 (eg, a processor controlling or otherwise coupled to the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, the communication manager 720, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reducing processing.

[0145] Figure 8 A block diagram 800 of a device 805 supporting techniques for staircase coding with block code based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 805 may be an example of aspects of the device 705, UE 115, or network entity 105 as described herein. The device 805 may include a receiver 810, a transmitter 815, and a communication manager 820. The device 805 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0146] The receiver 810 may provide means for receiving information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to techniques for staircase coding with block code-based shaping). The information may be communicated to other components of the device 805. The receiver 810 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0147] The transmitter 815 may provide means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 805. For example, the transmitter 815 may transmit information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to techniques for staircase coding using block code-based shaping). In some examples, the transmitter 815 may be co-located with the receiver 810 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 815 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0148] Device 805 or its various components may be examples of components for performing various aspects of the technology for ladder coding using block code-based shaping as described herein. For example, communication manager 820 may include parameter component 825, ladder coding component 830, coded bit component 835, or any combination thereof. Communication manager 820 may be an example of various aspects of communication manager 720 as described herein. In some examples, communication manager 820 or its various components may be configured to use or otherwise cooperate with receiver 810, transmitter 815, or both to perform various operations (e.g., receive, obtain, monitor, output, send). For example, communication manager 820 may receive information from receiver 810, transmit information to transmitter 815, or integrate with receiver 810, transmitter 815, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0149] The communication manager 820 may support wireless communication at a first wireless device (e.g., device 805) according to examples as disclosed herein. The parameter component 825 may be configured to or otherwise support a component for conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding. The ladder coding component 830 may be configured to or otherwise support a component for performing a ladder coding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits. At the current step, the ladder coding procedure includes concatenating a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, the first set of shaped bits being associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits being used for the current step. The ladder coding component 830 may be configured to or otherwise support a component for performing a channel decoding procedure on a second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure. The ladder coding component 830 may be configured to or otherwise support means for performing an FEC coding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based on the second set of bits. The ladder coding component 830 may be configured to or otherwise support means for mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure. The coded bit component 835 may be configured to or otherwise support means for sending the set of coded bits to a second wireless device (e.g., another device 805).

[0150] Fig. 9A block diagram 900 of a communication manager 920 supporting techniques for staircase encoding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The communication manager 920 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 720, the communication manager 820, or both as described herein. The communication manager 920 or its various components may be examples of components for performing various aspects of the techniques for staircase encoding with block code-based shaping as described herein. For example, the communication manager 920 may include a parameter component 925, a staircase encoding component 930, a coded bit component 935, a component code component 940, a bit mask component 945, or any combination thereof. Each of these components may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0151] The communication manager 920 may support wireless communication at a first wireless device (e.g., UE, network entity) according to examples as disclosed herein. The parameter component 925 may be configured to or otherwise support a component for conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding. The ladder coding component 930 may be configured to or otherwise support a component for performing a ladder coding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits. At the current step, the ladder coding procedure includes concatenating a first set of shaping bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, the first set of shaping bits being associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits being used for the current step. In some examples, the ladder coding component 930 may be configured to or otherwise support a component for performing a channel decoding procedure on a second set of bits to generate a second set of shaping bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure. In some examples, the ladder coding component 930 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing an FEC coding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based on the second set of bits. In some examples, the ladder coding component 930 may be configured to or otherwise support components for mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for subsequent steps of the ladder coding procedure. The coded bit component 935 may be configured to or otherwise support components for sending the set of coded bits to a second wireless device (e.g., another UE, another network entity).

[0152] In some examples, to support control signaling for communicating one or more parameters identifying ladder coding, parameter component 925 may be configured as or otherwise support components for communicating an indication of the length of each code block in a set of multiple code blocks to be used for ladder coding, wherein the second set of bits is based on the length.

[0153] In some examples, component code component 940 may be configured or otherwise support means for determining a number of component codes to use for channel decoding based on the length of each code block, where performing a channel decoding procedure is based on the number of component codes.

[0154] In some examples, to support control signaling that communicates one or more parameters that identify ladder coding, parameter component 925 can be configured to or otherwise support means for communicating an indication of a coding rate to be used for ladder coding, wherein the second set of shaping bits is based on the coding rate. In some examples, the second set of shaping bits is further based at least in part on the number of bits to be carried by each symbol in the set of symbols.

[0155] In some examples, to support control signaling for communicating one or more parameters identifying ladder coding, parameter component 925 may be configured as or otherwise support components for communicating an indication of a number of component codes to be used for channel decoding, where a channel decoding procedure is performed using one or more component codes based on the number of component codes.

[0156] In some examples, the channel decoding procedure and the FEC encoding procedure are performed at least partially concurrently. In some examples, the FEC encoding procedure is performed after the channel decoding procedure.

[0157] In some examples, to support performing a ladder coding procedure, ladder coding component 930 may be configured to or otherwise support means for performing a channel coding procedure using a second set of bits to generate a third set of bits, wherein performing the FEC coding procedure is based on the channel coding procedure. In some examples, the third set of bits includes cover code bits.

[0158] In some examples, bit mask component 945 may be configured or otherwise support components for performing a bit mask procedure on a portion of the third set of bits to obtain a shaped portion of the third set of bits, wherein the FEC encoding procedure is further based on the bit mask procedure.

[0159] In some examples, the first wireless device includes a UE, and to support conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding, the parameter component 925 may be configured as or otherwise support a component for receiving control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding, wherein execution of the ladder coding procedure is based on receiving the control signaling.

[0160] In some examples, the first wireless device includes a network entity, and to support conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding, parameter component 925 can be configured as or otherwise support means for sending control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding, wherein performing the ladder coding procedure is based on sending the control signaling. In some examples, the channel decoding procedure is performed using a polar decoder.

[0161] Fig.10 A diagram of a system 1000 including a device 1005 supporting techniques for staircase coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 1005 may be an example of a device 705, a device 805, a UE 115, or a network entity 105 as described herein, or include components thereof. The device 1005 may communicate (e.g., wirelessly) with one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, or any combination thereof. The device 1005 may include components for two-way voice and data communications, including components for sending and receiving communications, such as a communication manager 1020, an input / output (I / O) controller 1010, a transceiver 1015, an antenna 1025, a memory 1030, a code 1035, and a processor 1040. These components may be electronically communicated or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1045).

[0162] I / O controller 1010 can manage input signals and output signals of device 1005. I / O controller 1010 can also manage peripheral devices that are not integrated into device 1005. In some cases, I / O controller 1010 can represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral device. In some cases, I / O controller 1010 can utilize an operating system, such as or another known operating system. Additionally or alternatively, I / O controller 1010 may represent or interact with a modem, keyboard, mouse, touch screen, or similar device. In some cases, I / O controller 1010 may be implemented as part of a processor (such as processor 1040). In some cases, a user may interact with device 1005 via I / O controller 1010 or via hardware components controlled by I / O controller 1010.

[0163] In some cases, the device 1005 may include a single antenna 1025. However, in some other cases, the device 1005 may have more than one antenna 1025, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1015 may communicate bidirectionally via one or more antennas 1025, a wired or wireless link, as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1015 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1015 may also include a modem for: modulating packets; providing the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1025 for transmission; and demodulating packets received from one or more antennas 1025. The transceiver 1015 or the transceiver 1015 and one or more antennas 1025 may be examples of transmitters 715, transmitters 815, receivers 710, receivers 810, or any combination thereof or components thereof as described herein.

[0164] Memory 1030 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Memory 1030 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 1035 including instructions that, when executed by processor 1040, cause device 1005 to perform various functions described herein. Code 1035 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, code 1035 may not be directly executed by processor 1040, but may (e.g., when compiled and executed) cause a computer to perform the functions described herein. In some cases, memory 1030 may also contain, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) that may control basic hardware or software operations, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0165] Processor 1040 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some cases, processor 1040 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into processor 1040. Processor 1040 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 1030) to enable device 1005 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting techniques for ladder coding using block-code-based shaping). For example, device 1005 or a component of device 1005 may include processor 1040 and memory 1030 coupled to or coupled to processor 1040, and processor 1040 and memory 1030 are configured to perform various functions described herein.

[0166] The communication manager 1020 may support wireless communication at a first wireless device (e.g., device 1005) according to examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 1020 may be configured to or otherwise support components for conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding. The communication manager 1020 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing a ladder coding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits. At the current step, the ladder coding procedure includes concatenating a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, the first set of shaped bits being associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits being used for the current step. The communication manager 1020 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing a channel decoding procedure on a second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure. The communications manager 1020 may be configured to or otherwise support means for performing an FEC encoding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based on the second set of bits. The communications manager 1020 may be configured to or otherwise support means for mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for a subsequent step of the ladder encoding procedure. The communications manager 1020 may be configured to or otherwise support means for sending the set of encoded bits to a second wireless device.

[0167] By including or configuring the communications manager 1020 according to examples as described herein, the device 1005 can support techniques for increasing communications reliability, reducing latency, improving user experience associated with reduced processing, and improving utilization of processing power.

[0168] In some examples, the communication manager 1020 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, monitor, transmit) using or otherwise cooperating with the transceiver 1015, one or more antennas 1025, or any combination thereof. Although the communication manager 1020 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communication manager 1020 may be supported or performed by the processor 1040, the memory 1030, the code 1035, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1035 may include instructions executable by the processor 1040 to cause the device 1005 to perform various aspects of the techniques for staircase encoding with block code-based shaping as described herein, or the processor 1040 and the memory 1030 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations.

[0169] Fig.11A block diagram 1100 of a device 1105 supporting techniques for staircase coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 1105 may be an example of aspects of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1105 may include a receiver 1110, a transmitter 1115, and a communication manager 1120. The device 1105 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0170] Receiver 1110 may provide means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). The information may be communicated to other components of device 1105. In some examples, receiver 1110 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, receiver 1110 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, optical) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0171] The transmitter 1115 may provide means for outputting (e.g., sending, providing, conveying, transmitting) information generated by other components of the device 1105. For example, the transmitter 1115 may output information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) (such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units)). In some examples, the transmitter 1115 may support outputting information by sending signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, the transmitter 1115 may support outputting information by sending signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, optical) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 1115 and the receiver 1110 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include a modem or be coupled to a modem.

[0172] The communication manager 1120, the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the techniques for staircase encoding with block code-based shaping as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1120, the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or various combinations thereof, or components thereof, may support methods for performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0173] In some examples, the communication manager 1120, the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in a communication management circuit). The hardware may include a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof that is configured as or otherwise supports components for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, a processor and a memory coupled to the processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by executing instructions stored in the memory by the processor).

[0174] Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the communication manager 1120, the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code executed by a processor (e.g., as communication management software or firmware). If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functionality of the communication manager 1120, the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general purpose processor (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting components for performing the functions described in the present disclosure), a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices.

[0175] In some examples, communication manager 1120 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, obtain, monitor, output, send) using or otherwise cooperating with receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or both. For example, communication manager 1120 may receive information from receiver 1110, transmit information to transmitter 1115, or be integrated in conjunction with receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0176] The communication manager 1120 may support wireless communication at a second wireless device (e.g., device 1105) according to examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 1120 may be configured to or otherwise support components for conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding. The communication manager 1120 may be configured to or otherwise support components for receiving a set of symbols from a first wireless device (e.g., another device 1105). The communication manager 1120 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing a ladder decoding procedure on a set of symbols according to one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits. At the current step, the ladder decoding procedure includes mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. The communication manager 1120 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing an FEC decoding procedure on the first set of bits to generate a set of shaping bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. The communications manager 1120 may be configured or otherwise support means for performing a bit mask procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit mask procedure being based on the set of shaped bits. The communications manager 1120 may be configured or otherwise support means for outputting a set of information bits.

[0177] By including or configuring the communication manager 1120 according to the examples described herein, the device 1105 (eg, a processor controlling or otherwise coupled to the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, the communication manager 1120, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reducing processing.

[0178] Fig.12 A block diagram 1200 of a device 1205 supporting techniques for staircase coding with block code based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 1205 may be an example of aspects of the device 1105, network entity 105, or UE 115 as described herein. The device 1205 may include a receiver 1210, a transmitter 1215, and a communication manager 1220. The device 1205 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0179] Receiver 1210 may provide means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). The information may be passed to other components of device 1205. In some examples, receiver 1210 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, receiver 1210 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, optical) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0180] The transmitter 1215 may provide means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, transmitting) information generated by other components of the device 1205. For example, the transmitter 1215 may output information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) (such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units)). In some examples, the transmitter 1215 may support outputting information by sending signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, the transmitter 1215 may support outputting information by sending signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, optical) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 1215 and the receiver 1210 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include a modem or be coupled to a modem.

[0181] The device 1205 or its various components may be examples of components for performing various aspects of the technology for ladder coding using block code-based shaping as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1220 may include a ladder code parameter component 1225, a symbol component 1230, a ladder decoding component 1235, an information bit component 1240, or any combination thereof. The communication manager 1220 may be an example of various aspects of the communication manager 1120 as described herein. In some examples, the communication manager 1220 or its various components may be configured to use or otherwise cooperate with the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or both to perform various operations (e.g., receive, obtain, monitor, output, send). For example, the communication manager 1220 may receive information from the receiver 1210, transmit information to the transmitter 1215, or integrate with the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0182] The communication manager 1220 may support wireless communication at a second wireless device (e.g., device 1205) according to examples as disclosed herein. The ladder code parameter component 1225 may be configured to or otherwise support components for conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding. The symbol component 1230 may be configured to or otherwise support components for receiving a set of symbols from a first wireless device (e.g., another device 1205). The ladder decoding component 1235 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing a ladder decoding procedure on a set of symbols according to one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits. At the current step, the ladder decoding procedure includes mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. The ladder decoding component 1235 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing an FEC decoding procedure on a first set of bits to generate a set of shaping bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. The ladder decoding component 1235 may be configured to or otherwise support means for performing a bit mask procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit mask procedure being based on the set of shaped bits. The information bit component 1240 may be configured to or otherwise support means for outputting a set of information bits.

[0183] Fig.13 A block diagram 1300 of a communication manager 1320 supporting techniques for ladder coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The communication manager 1320 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 1120, the communication manager 1220, or both as described herein. The communication manager 1320 or its various components may be examples of components for performing various aspects of the techniques for ladder coding with block code-based shaping as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1320 may include a ladder code parameter component 1325, a symbol component 1330, a ladder decoding component 1335, an information bit component 1340, or any combination thereof. Each of these components may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more buses), which communication may include communication within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communication associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualized component associated with a network entity 105, between devices, components, or virtualized components associated with a network entity 105), or any combination thereof.

[0184] The communication manager 1320 may support wireless communication at a second wireless device (e.g., UE 115, network entity 105) according to examples as disclosed herein. The ladder code parameter component 1325 may be configured to or otherwise support a component for conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding. The symbol component 1330 may be configured to or otherwise support a component for receiving a set of symbols from a first wireless device (e.g., another UE 115, another network entity 105). The ladder decoding component 1335 may be configured to or otherwise support a component for performing a ladder decoding procedure on a set of symbols according to one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits. At the current step, the ladder decoding procedure includes mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. In some examples, the ladder decoding component 1335 may be configured to or otherwise support a component for performing an FEC decoding procedure on a first set of bits to generate a set of shaping bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. In some examples, ladder decoding component 1335 may be configured to or otherwise support means for performing a bit mask procedure on a second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit mask procedure being based on the set of shaped bits. Information bit component 1340 may be configured to or otherwise support means for outputting a set of information bits.

[0185] In some examples, to support control signaling for communicating one or more parameters identifying ladder coding, the ladder code parameter component 1325 may be configured as or otherwise support components for communicating an indication of the length of each code block in a set of multiple code blocks to be used for ladder decoding, wherein the second set of bits is based on the length.

[0186] In some examples, to support control signaling that communicates one or more parameters for ladder decoding, ladder code parameter component 1325 can be configured to or otherwise support means for communicating an indication of a coding rate to be used for ladder decoding, wherein the set of shaping bits is based on the coding rate. In some examples, the set of shaping bits is further based at least in part on the number of bits carried by each symbol in the set of symbols.

[0187] In some examples, to support control signaling for communicating one or more parameters identifying ladder decoding, ladder code parameter component 1325 may be configured as or otherwise support components for communicating an indication of the number of component codes to be used for ladder decoding, where the ladder decoding procedure is based on the number of component codes.

[0188] In some examples, to support performing a ladder decoding procedure, the ladder decoding component 1335 may be configured as or otherwise support means for performing a channel encoding procedure on a set of shaped bits, wherein a bit mask procedure is based on performing the channel encoding procedure.

[0189] In some examples, the second wireless device includes a UE, and to support conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder encoding, the ladder code parameter component 1325 may be configured as or otherwise support a component for receiving control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding, wherein execution of a ladder decoding procedure is based on receiving the control signaling.

[0190] In some examples, the second wireless device includes a network entity, and to support conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding, the ladder code parameter component 1325 may be configured as or otherwise support a component for sending control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding, wherein execution of the ladder decoding procedure is based on sending the control signaling.

[0191] Fig.14 A diagram of a system 1400 including a device 1405 supporting techniques for staircase coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 1405 may be an example of a device 1105, a device 1205, a network entity 105, or a UE 115 as described herein or include components thereof. The device 1405 may communicate with one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, or any combination thereof, which may include communication through one or more wired interfaces, through one or more wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. The device 1405 may include components that support output and acquisition of communications, such as a communication manager 1420, a transceiver 1410, an antenna 1415, a memory 1425, a code 1430, and a processor 1435. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1440).

[0192] The transceiver 1410 may support bidirectional communication via a wired link, a wireless link, or both as described herein. In some examples, the transceiver 1410 may include a wired transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the transceiver 1410 may include a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. In some examples, the device 1405 may include one or more antennas 1415, which may be capable of (e.g., concurrently) sending or receiving wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1410 may also include a modem for: modulating a signal; providing the modulated signal for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 1415, by a wired transmitter); receiving the modulated signal (e.g., from one or more antennas 1415, from a wired receiver); and demodulating the signal. In some implementations, the transceiver 1410 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled to one or more antennas 1415 configured to support various receiving or obtaining operations or one or more interfaces coupled to one or more antennas 1415 configured to support various transmitting operations or output operations, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1410 may include or be configured to be coupled to one or more processors or memory components, which are operable to: perform or support operations based on received or obtained information or signals; or generate information or other signals for transmission or other output, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1410 or the transceiver 1410 and one or more antennas 1415 or the transceiver 1410 and one or more antennas 1415 and one or more processors or memory components (e.g., processor 1435 or memory 1425 or both) may be included in a chip or chip assembly installed in the device 1405. In some examples, the transceiver may be operable to support communications via one or more communication links (eg, communication link 125, backhaul communication link 120, midhaul communication link 162, fronthaul communication link 168).

[0193] Memory 1425 may include RAM and ROM. Memory 1425 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 1430 including instructions that, when executed by processor 1435, cause device 1405 to perform various functions described herein. Code 1430 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, code 1430 may not be directly executed by processor 1435, but may (e.g., when compiled and executed) cause a computer to perform the functions described herein. In some cases, among other things, memory 1425 may also include a BIOS that may control basic hardware or software operations, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0194] The processor 1435 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA, a microcontroller, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the processor 1435 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into the processor 1435. The processor 1435 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 1425) to enable the device 1405 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting techniques for ladder coding using block-based shaping). For example, the device 1405 or a component of the device 1405 may include a processor 1435 and a memory 1425 coupled to the processor 1435, the processor 1435 and the memory 1425 being configured to perform various functions described herein. Processor 1435 can be an example of a cloud computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as an operating system, virtual machine, or container instance) that can host functionality for performing functions of device 1405 (e.g., by executing code 1430).

[0195] The processor 1435 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the device 1405, such as in the memory 1425. In some implementations, the processor 1435 may be a component of a processing system. A processing system may generally refer to a system or a series of machines or components that receive inputs and process these inputs to produce a set of outputs (which may be passed to other systems or components (e.g., the device 1405)). For example, the processing system of the device 1405 may refer to a system including various other components or subcomponents of the device 1405, such as the processor 1435 or the transceiver 1410 or the communication manager 1420 or other components or combinations of components of the device 1405. The processing system of the device 1405 may interface with other components of the device 1405 and may process information (such as inputs or signals) received from other components or output information to other components. For example, a chip or modem of the device 1405 may include a processing system and one or more interfaces for outputting information or for obtaining information or both. One or more interfaces may be implemented as or otherwise include a first interface configured to output information and a second interface configured to obtain information, or the same interface configured to output information and obtain information, as well as other specific implementations. In some specific implementations, one or more interfaces may refer to an interface between a processing system of a chip or modem and a transmitter, so that device 1405 can send information output from the chip or modem. Additionally or alternatively, in some specific implementations, one or more interfaces may refer to an interface between a processing system of a chip or modem and a receiver, so that device 1405 can obtain information or signal input, and the information can be passed to the processing system. A person of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the first interface may also obtain information or signal input, and the second interface may also output information or signal output.

[0196] In some examples, bus 1440 may support communications of protocol layers (e.g., within protocol layers) of a protocol stack. In some examples, bus 1440 may support communications associated with logical channels of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack), which may include communications performed within components of device 1405, or communications performed between different components of device 1405 that may be co-located or may be located in different locations (e.g., where device 1405 may refer to a system in which one or more of communication manager 1420, transceiver 1410, memory 1425, code 1430, and processor 1435 may be located in one component of different components or divided between different components).

[0197] In some examples, communication manager 1420 may manage aspects of communications with core network 130 (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links). For example, communication manager 1420 may manage delivery of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some examples, communication manager 1420 may manage communications with other network entities 105 and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UE 115 in collaboration with other network entities 105. In some examples, communication manager 1420 may support an X2 interface within an LTE / LTE-A wireless communication network technology to provide communications between network entities 105.

[0198] The communication manager 1420 may support wireless communication at a second wireless device (e.g., device 1405) according to examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 1420 may be configured to or otherwise support components for conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding. The communication manager 1420 may be configured to or otherwise support components for receiving a set of symbols from a first wireless device (e.g., another device 1405). The communication manager 1420 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing a ladder decoding procedure on a set of symbols according to one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits. At the current step, the ladder decoding procedure includes mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. The communication manager 1420 may be configured to or otherwise support components for performing an FEC decoding procedure on the first set of bits to generate a set of shaping bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure. The communication manager 1420 may be configured or otherwise support means for performing a bit mask procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit mask procedure being based on the set of shaped bits. The communication manager 1420 may be configured or otherwise support means for outputting a set of information bits.

[0199] By including or configuring the communication manager 1420 according to examples as described herein, the device 1405 can support techniques for increasing communication reliability, reducing latency, improving user experience associated with reduced processing, and improving utilization of processing power.

[0200] In some examples, the communication manager 1420 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, obtain, monitor, output, transmit) using or otherwise cooperating with the transceiver 1410, one or more antennas 1415 (e.g., where applicable), or any combination thereof. Although the communication manager 1420 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communication manager 1420 may be supported or performed by the transceiver 1410, the processor 1435, the memory 1425, the code 1430, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1430 may include instructions that are executable by the processor 1435 to cause the device 1405 to perform various aspects of the techniques for performing staircase encoding with block code-based shaping as described herein, or the processor 1435 and the memory 1425 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations.

[0201] Fig.15 A flow chart illustrating a method 1500 for supporting techniques for staircase coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The operations of the method 1500 may be implemented by a UE or a network entity as described herein, or by corresponding components of the UE or network entity. For example, the operations of the method 1500 may be implemented by a UE or a network entity as described in reference to Figures 1 to 10 The described device (UE 115 or network entity 105) is performed. In some examples, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional units of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform various aspects of the described functions.

[0202] At 1505, the method may include communicating control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding. The operations of 1505 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1505 may be performed as described in reference to Fig. 9 The described parameter component 925 is executed.

[0203] At 1510, the method may include: performing a ladder encoding procedure on a set of multiple information bits according to one or more parameters to generate a set of encoded bits, the ladder encoding procedure at the current step including: concatenating a first set of shaped bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, the first set of shaped bits being associated with shaping the first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder encoding procedure, and the first set of information bits being used for the current step; performing a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder encoding procedure; performing an FEC encoding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based on the second set of bits; and mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for a subsequent step of the ladder encoding procedure. The operations of 1510 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed by reference to Fig. 9 The described ladder encoding component 930 is performed.

[0204] At 1515, the method may include sending the set of coded bits to the second wireless device. The operations of 1515 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1515 may be performed as described in reference to Fig. 9 The described encoding is performed by component 935.

[0205] Fig.16 A flow chart illustrating a method 1600 for supporting techniques for staircase coding with block code-based shaping according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The operations of the method 1600 may be implemented by a network entity or UE as described herein or by corresponding components of the network entity or UE. For example, the operations of the method 1600 may be implemented by a network entity or UE as described in reference to Figures 1 to 6 as well as Figures 11 to 14 The described device (e.g., a network entity or UE) is performed. In some examples, the device can execute an instruction set to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the device can use dedicated hardware to perform various aspects of the described functions.

[0206] At 1605, the method may include communicating control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding. The operations of 1605 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1605 may be performed as described in reference to Fig.13 The described ladder code parameter component 1325 is performed.

[0207] At 1610, the method may include receiving a set of symbols from a first wireless device. The operations of 1610 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1610 may be performed as described in reference to Fig.13 The symbol component 1330 described is executed.

[0208] At 1615, the method may include: performing a ladder decoding procedure on a set of symbols according to one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits, the ladder decoding procedure at the current step including: mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; performing an FEC decoding procedure on the first set of bits to generate a set of shaped bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; and performing a bit mask procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit mask procedure being based on the set of shaped bits. The operations of 1615 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1615 may be performed as described in reference to Fig.13 The described ladder decoding component 1335 is performed.

[0209] At 1620, the method may include outputting a set of information bits. The operations of 1620 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1620 may be performed as described in reference to Fig.13 The described information bit component 1340 is performed.

[0210] The following provides an overview of various aspects of the disclosure:

[0211] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising: communicating control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding; performing a ladder coding procedure on multiple information bits according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits, the ladder coding procedure at a current step comprising: concatenating a first set of shaping bits with a first set of information bits to generate a second set of bits, the first set of shaping bits being associated with shaping a first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder coding procedure, and the first set of information bits being used for the current step; performing a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure; performing an FEC coding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based at least in part on the second set of bits; and mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for the subsequent step of the ladder coding procedure; and sending the set of coded bits to a second wireless device.

[0212] Aspect 2: A method according to Aspect 1, wherein the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder coding includes: communicating an indication of the length of each code block in a plurality of code blocks to be used for the ladder coding, wherein the second set of bits is at least partially based on the length.

[0213] Aspect 3: The method according to aspect 2 also includes: determining a number of component codes to be used for channel decoding based at least in part on the length of each code block, wherein performing the channel decoding procedure is based at least in part on the number of component codes.

[0214] Aspect 4: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder coding includes: communicating an indication of a decoding rate to be used for the ladder coding, wherein the second set of shaping bits is at least partially based on the decoding rate.

[0215] Aspect 5: The method of aspect 4, wherein the second set of shaping bits is further based at least in part on the number of bits to be carried by each symbol in the set of symbols.

[0216] Aspect 6: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder coding includes: communicating an indication of the number of component codes to be used for channel decoding, wherein the channel decoding procedure is performed using one or more component codes based at least in part on the number of component codes.

[0217] Aspect 7: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein the channel decoding procedure and the FEC encoding procedure are performed at least partially concurrently.

[0218] Aspect 8: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein the FEC encoding procedure is performed after the channel decoding procedure.

[0219] Aspect 9: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein performing the ladder coding procedure further comprises: performing a channel coding procedure using the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits, wherein performing the FEC coding procedure is at least partially based on the channel coding procedure.

[0220] Aspect 10: The method according to aspect 9, wherein the third set of bits includes cover code bits.

[0221] Aspect 11: The method according to any one of Aspects 9 to 10 further includes: performing a bit mask procedure on a portion of the third set of bits to obtain a shaped portion of the third set of bits, wherein the FEC encoding procedure is further based at least in part on the bit mask procedure.

[0222] Aspect 12: According to the method according to any one of aspects 9 to 11, the channel coding procedure is performed using a polar encoder.

[0223] Aspect 13: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 12, wherein the first wireless device includes a UE, and conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters used for ladder coding includes: receiving the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters used for ladder coding, wherein executing the ladder coding procedure is at least partially based on receiving the control signaling.

[0224] Aspect 14: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 12, wherein the first wireless device includes a network entity, and conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters used for ladder coding includes: sending the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters used for ladder coding, wherein executing the ladder coding procedure is at least partially based on sending the control signaling.

[0225] Aspect 15: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 14, wherein the channel decoding procedure is performed using a polar decoder.

[0226] Aspect 16: A method for performing wireless communications at a second wireless device, comprising: communicating control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding; receiving a set of symbols from a first wireless device; performing a ladder decoding procedure on the set of symbols according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits, the ladder decoding procedure at a current step comprising: mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; performing an FEC decoding procedure on the first set of bits to generate a set of shaping bits and a second set of bits to be used in the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; and performing a bit mask procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit mask procedure being based at least in part on the set of shaping bits; and outputting the set of information bits.

[0227] Aspect 17: A method according to Aspect 16, wherein the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters used for ladder encoding includes: communicating an indication of the length of each code block in a plurality of code blocks to be used for ladder decoding, wherein the second set of bits is at least partially based on the length.

[0228] Aspect 18: A method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 17, wherein the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder decoding includes: communicating an indication of a decoding rate to be used for ladder decoding, wherein the set of shaping bits is at least partially based on the decoding rate.

[0229] Aspect 19: The method of aspect 18, wherein the set of shaping bits is further based at least in part on the number of bits carried by each symbol in the set of symbols.

[0230] Aspect 20: A method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 19, wherein the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying the ladder decoding includes: communicating an indication of the number of component codes to be used for ladder decoding, wherein the ladder decoding procedure is at least partially based on the number of component codes.

[0231] Aspect 21: The method according to any one of aspects 16 to 20, wherein performing the ladder decoding procedure further comprises: performing a channel encoding procedure on the set of shaped bits, wherein the bit mask procedure is based at least in part on performing the channel encoding procedure.

[0232] Aspect 22: A method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 21, wherein the second wireless device includes a UE, and conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters used for ladder encoding includes: receiving the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters used for ladder decoding, wherein executing the ladder decoding procedure is at least partially based on receiving the control signaling.

[0233] Aspect 23: A method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 21, wherein the second wireless device includes a network entity, and conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters used for ladder decoding includes: sending the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters used for ladder decoding, wherein executing the ladder decoding procedure is at least partially based on sending the control signaling.

[0234] Aspect 24: An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform a method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 15.

[0235] Aspect 25: An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising at least one component for performing the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 15.

[0236] Aspect 26: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a first wireless device, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 15.

[0237] Aspect 27: An apparatus for wireless communication at a second wireless device, comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform a method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 23.

[0238] Aspect 28: An apparatus for wireless communication at a second wireless device, comprising at least one component for performing the method according to any one of aspects 16 to 23.

[0239] Aspect 29: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a second communication device, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to any one of aspects 16 to 23.

[0240] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. In addition, aspects from two or more methods may be combined.

[0241] Although aspects of LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR systems may be described for example purposes, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein may also be applicable to networks other than LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the techniques described may be applicable to various other wireless communication systems, such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, and other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0242] The information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips mentioned throughout the specification may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0243] The various illustrative blocks and components described in conjunction with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general purpose processor, DSP, ASIC, CPU, FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in an alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration).

[0244] The functions described herein can be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. When implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions can be stored as one or more instructions or codes of a computer-readable medium, or sent using one or more instructions or codes of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and specific implementations are within the scope of the present disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, the functions described herein can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hard wiring, or a combination of any of these items. Features that implement the functions can also be physically located at different locations, including being distributed so that various parts of the functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0245] Computer-readable medium includes both non-transient computer storage medium and communication medium, and it includes any medium that facilitates computer program to be transmitted from one position to another position.Non-transient storage medium can be any available medium that can be accessed by general or special-purpose computer.By way of example and not limitation, non-transient computer-readable medium can include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disc (CD) ROM or other optical disc storage device, disk storage device or other magnetic storage device or can be used for carrying or storing desired program code parts and any other non-transient medium that can be accessed by general or special-purpose computer or general or special-purpose processor in the form of instruction or data structure.Moreover, any connection is appropriately referred to as computer-readable medium.For example, if software is sent from website, server or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) or wireless technology such as infrared, radio and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL or wireless technology such as infrared, radio and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disks and optical disks used herein include CDs, laser optical disks, optical optical disks, digital versatile disks (DVDs), floppy disks, and Blu-ray disks. Disks can reproduce data magnetically, while optical disks can reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0246] As used herein (including in the claims), "or" used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items with a phrase such as "at least one of" or "one or more of") indicates an inclusive list, so that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). In addition, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be interpreted as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step described as "based on condition A" can be based on both condition A and condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase "based at least in part on."

[0247] The term "determining" encompasses a variety of actions, and thus, "determining" may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, database or other data structure), ascertaining, and the like. Furthermore, "determining" may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in a memory), etc. Additionally, "determining" may include parsing, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.

[0248] In the drawings, similar components or features may have the same reference label. In addition, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label with a dash and a second label to distinguish between similar components. If only the first reference label is used in the specification, the description may apply to any of the similar components having the same first reference label, regardless of the second or other subsequent reference labels.

[0249] The descriptions set forth herein in conjunction with the accompanying drawings describe example configurations and do not represent all examples that may be implemented or within the scope of the claims. The term "example" as used herein means "used as an example, instance, or illustration," rather than "preferred" or "advantageous over other examples." The specific implementation includes specific details to provide an understanding of the described techniques. However, these techniques may be practiced without these specific details. In some cases, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0250] The description herein is provided to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to implement or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to the present disclosure will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but should be granted the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising: conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding; Performing a ladder encoding procedure on a plurality of information bits according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits, the ladder encoding procedure at the current step comprising: concatenating a first set of shaping bits associated with shaping the first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder encoding procedure and the first set of information bits for the current step to generate a second set of bits; performing a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder encoding procedure; performing a forward error correction encoding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based at least in part on the second set of bits; as well as mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for use in the subsequent step of the ladder encoding procedure; and The set of coded bits is sent to a second wireless device.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein communicating the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder coding comprises: An indication of a length of each code block in a plurality of code blocks to be used for staircase encoding is communicated, wherein the second set of bits is based at least in part on the length.

3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: A number of component codes to be used for channel decoding is determined based at least in part on the length of each code block, wherein performing the channel decoding procedure is based at least in part on the number of component codes.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein communicating the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder coding comprises: An indication of a coding rate to be used for staircase encoding is communicated, wherein the second set of shaping bits is based at least in part on the coding rate.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the second set of shaping bits is further based at least in part on a number of bits to be carried by each symbol in the set of symbols.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein communicating the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder coding comprises: An indication of a number of component codes to be used for channel decoding is communicated, wherein the channel decoding procedure is performed using one or more component codes based at least in part on the number of component codes.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the channel decoding procedure and the forward error correction encoding procedure are performed at least partially concurrently.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the forward error correction encoding procedure is performed after the channel decoding procedure.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the ladder encoding procedure further comprises: A channel coding procedure is performed using the second set of bits to generate the third set of bits, wherein performing the forward error correction coding procedure is based at least in part on the channel coding procedure.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the third set of bits comprises covering code bits.

11. The method according to claim 9, further comprising: A bit masking procedure is performed on a portion of the third set of bits to obtain a shaped portion of the third set of bits, wherein the forward error correction encoding procedure is further based at least in part on the bit masking procedure.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the channel coding procedure is performed using a polar encoder.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first wireless device comprises a user equipment (UE), and the control signaling that communicates the one or more parameters identifying ladder coding comprises: The control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder encoding is received, wherein performing the ladder encoding procedure is based at least in part on receiving the control signaling.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first wireless device comprises a network entity, and conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder coding comprises: The control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder encoding is sent, wherein performing the ladder encoding procedure is based at least in part on sending the control signaling.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the channel decoding procedure is performed using a polar decoder.

16. A method for wireless communication at a second wireless device, comprising: conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding; receiving a set of symbols from a first wireless device; Performing a ladder decoding procedure on the set of symbols according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits, the ladder decoding procedure at the current step comprising: mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; performing a forward error correction decoding procedure on said first set of bits to generate a set of shaped bits and a second set of bits to be used in said current step of said ladder decoding procedure; and performing a bit masking procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit masking procedure being based at least in part on the set of shaping bits; and The set of information bits is output.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein communicating the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder coding comprises: An indication of a length of each of a plurality of code blocks to be used for ladder decoding is communicated, wherein the second set of bits is based at least in part on the length.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein communicating the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder decoding comprises: An indication of a coding rate to be used for staircase decoding is communicated, wherein the set of shaping bits is based at least in part on the coding rate.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the set of shaping bits is further based at least in part on the number of bits carried by each symbol in the set of symbols.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder decoding comprises: An indication of a number of component codes to be used for ladder decoding is communicated, wherein the ladder decoding procedure is based at least in part on the number of component codes.

21. The method of claim 16, wherein performing the ladder decoding procedure further comprises: A channel coding procedure is performed on the set of shaped bits, wherein the bit mask procedure is based at least in part on performing the channel coding procedure.

22. The method of claim 16, wherein the second wireless device comprises a user equipment (UE), and conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder coding comprises: The control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder decoding is received, wherein performing the ladder decoding procedure is based at least in part on receiving the control signaling.

23. The method of claim 16, wherein the second wireless device comprises a network entity, and conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder decoding comprises: The control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder decoding is sent, wherein performing the ladder decoding procedure is based at least in part on sending the control signaling.

24. An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising: processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder coding; Performing a ladder encoding procedure on a plurality of information bits according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of coded bits, the ladder encoding procedure at the current step comprising: concatenating a first set of shaping bits associated with shaping the first set of bits from a previous step of the ladder encoding procedure and the first set of information bits for the current step to generate a second set of bits; performing a channel decoding procedure on the second set of bits to generate a second set of shaped bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder encoding procedure; performing a forward error correction encoding procedure on a third set of bits to generate a set of parity bits, the third set of bits being based at least in part on the second set of bits; as well as mapping the third set of bits and the set of parity bits to a set of symbols to generate a fourth set of bits for use in the subsequent step of the ladder encoding procedure; and The set of coded bits is sent to a second wireless device.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the instructions for conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder coding are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: An indication of a length of each code block in a plurality of code blocks to be used for staircase encoding is communicated, wherein the second set of bits is based at least in part on the length.

26. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the instructions for conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder coding are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: An indication of a coding rate to be used for staircase encoding is communicated, wherein the second set of shaping bits is based at least in part on the coding rate.

27. An apparatus for wireless communication at a second wireless device, comprising: processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: conveying control signaling identifying one or more parameters for ladder decoding; receiving a set of symbols from a first wireless device; Performing a ladder decoding procedure on the set of symbols according to the one or more parameters to generate a set of information bits, the ladder decoding procedure at the current step comprising: mapping the set of symbols to a first set of bits for the current step of the ladder decoding procedure; performing a forward error correction decoding procedure on said first set of bits to generate a set of shaped bits and a second set of bits to be used in said current step of said ladder decoding procedure; and performing a bit masking procedure on the second set of bits to generate a third set of bits to be used in a subsequent step of the ladder decoding procedure, the bit masking procedure being based at least in part on the set of shaping bits; and The set of information bits is output.

28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the instructions for conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder coding are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: An indication of a length of each of a plurality of code blocks to be used for ladder decoding is communicated, wherein the second set of bits is based at least in part on the length.

29. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the instructions for conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder decoding are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: An indication of a coding rate to be used for staircase decoding is communicated, wherein the set of shaping bits is based at least in part on the coding rate.

30. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the instructions for conveying the control signaling identifying the one or more parameters for ladder decoding are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: An indication of a number of component codes to be used for ladder decoding is communicated, wherein the ladder decoding procedure is based at least in part on the number of component codes.

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