Triboelectric nanogenerator and self-powered intelligent aggregate system based on the generator

Abstract

The application relates to a triboelectric nanogenerator and a self-powered intelligent aggregate system based on the generator and belongs to the technical field of road pavement monitoring. The application solves the problem that the existing intelligent aggregate of asphalt pavement cannot realize self-power supply. The telescopic sleeve rod comprises a fixed sleeve and a telescopic rod slidingly arranged in the fixed sleeve, an elastic connecting piece is connected between the top end of the telescopic shell and the top end of the parallel type friction nanogenerator, the bottom end of the parallel type friction nanogenerator is fixed between the four fixed sleeves, and a driving assembly is located below the parallel type friction nanogenerator and connected with the four telescopic rods at the output ends. The triboelectric nanogenerator collects the vibration energy in the crossing process and converts the vibration energy into electric energy, which is used for power supply of the intelligent aggregate and further power supply of the intelligent aggregate, so that long-term, accurate and effective monitoring of the pavement structure performance is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a triboelectric nanogenerator and a self-powered intelligent aggregate system based on the generator, belonging to the technical field of road pavement monitoring. Background Art

[0002] Asphalt pavement has gradually been widely used due to its advantages such as good flatness, comfortable driving and low noise. However, due to improper design and construction, environmental factors and large traffic loads, asphalt pavement is prone to damage of different types and degrees. Monitoring and timely obtaining asphalt pavement deformation data is particularly important to improve the service life of asphalt pavement.

[0003] In-situ pavement sensing has long been a research focus. There are two main approaches for detecting internal deformation and damage in asphalt pavements: nondestructive testing (NDT) and embedded sensor testing. However, each approach has its own shortcomings. NDT requires high environmental conditions, suffers from subjective criteria, and lacks real-time monitoring capabilities. Commonly used embedded sensors, such as pressure cells, deflectometers, strain gauges, thermocouples, humidity sensors, and fiber optic sensors, are mostly wired, limiting their deployment and maintenance, as well as their incompatibility with road material deformation. Furthermore, the lack of information about smaller, localized deformations prevents monitoring and early warning of overall pavement deformation.

[0004] With the rapid development of 3D printing and sensor technology, SmartRock, intelligent artificial aggregate (IAA) and smart aggregate have been developed to replace natural aggregates to study the impact of aggregate movement on asphalt pavements. By giving particles the ability to sense deformation, monitoring and obtaining the internal change characteristics of asphalt mixtures is an emerging method for studying internal changes in asphalt mixtures.

[0005] Currently, smart aggregates are wireless sensors that integrate accelerometers, strain gauges, temperature sensors, gyroscopes, and Bluetooth modules. These sensors can replace natural aggregates and obtain their own X, Y, and Z-axis indicators, such as rotation angle, angular velocity, and acceleration, through real-time wireless transmission. However, the sensor modules in smart aggregates require an external power supply of only approximately 150mA, making it difficult to strike a good balance between durability and size. Furthermore, there is a lack of long-range and small-sized sensing modules to track aggregate movement in real time. Regularly replacing the batteries in embedded sensors or using solar technology would be costly and, in some cases, impractical. This issue is particularly challenging for continuous, long-term monitoring of pavement structures. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present invention aims to solve the problem that existing asphalt pavement smart aggregates cannot achieve self-power supply, and further provides a triboelectric nanogenerator and a self-powered smart aggregate system based on the generator.

[0007] The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the above technical problems is:

[0008] A triboelectric nanogenerator comprises a telescopic housing, a parallel triboelectric nanogenerator arranged inside the telescopic housing, an elastic connector, a drive assembly, and four telescopic rods arranged vertically and opposite to each other, wherein:

[0009] The telescopic sleeve comprises a fixed sleeve and a telescopic rod which is slidably mounted in the fixed sleeve.

[0010] The elastic connector is connected between the top of the telescopic housing and the top of the parallel friction nanogenerator.

[0011] The bottom end of the parallel friction nanogenerator is fixed between four fixed sleeves.

[0012] The driving assembly is located below the parallel friction nanogenerator and its output end is connected to four telescopic rods respectively.

[0013] When a downward mechanical force is applied to the telescopic shell, the four telescopic rods and the elastic connector shrink downward synchronously, causing the friction layers of the parallel triboelectric nanogenerators to contact. When the downward mechanical force disappears, the elastic connector resets, driving the telescopic rods and the telescopic shell to expand upward, causing the friction layers of the parallel triboelectric nanogenerators to separate. Through the contact-separation cycle of the friction layers, the downward mechanical energy applied to the telescopic shell is converted into electrical energy.

[0014] When the telescopic shell is not subjected to downward mechanical force for a long time, resulting in no electrical energy output, the four telescopic sleeves are controlled by the drive component to extend and retract, causing the friction layer of the parallel friction nanogenerator to undergo a contact-separation cycle, thereby achieving continuous output of electrical energy.

[0015] Furthermore, the drive assembly includes a mounting base, a drive structure, two pairs of first connecting rods, a pair of second connecting rods, a spiral adjustment rod, a pair of gears, a first support seat and two second support seats, wherein the mounting base is located below the parallel friction nanogenerator and is fixed to the lower part of the four fixed sleeves, the two pairs of first connecting rods are arranged opposite to each other and are respectively located between the two telescopic sleeves on the same side, one end of each pair of first connecting rods is correspondingly movably inserted into the lower part of the two telescopic rods, the other ends of the two pairs of first connecting rods are correspondingly fixed to the two ends of a pair of second connecting rods, a pair of second connecting rods are arranged in parallel, the middle part of each second connecting rod is rotatably mounted on the first support seat, the two ends of a pair of second connecting rods are correspondingly rotatably mounted on the two second support seats, a pair of gears are respectively mounted on the pair of second connecting rods and are staggered, the spiral adjustment rod is located between the pair of gears, and the rotation of the spiral adjustment rod is controlled by the drive structure, thereby driving the pair of gears to rotate relative to or in opposite directions.

[0016] Furthermore, the driving structure includes a driving motor, a magnet, an automatic control system and a battery, wherein one end of the spiral adjustment rod is fixedly connected to the output shaft of the driving motor through a connecting shaft, the magnet is installed on the connecting shaft, the motion state change of the magnet is detected by the automatic control system, and the start and stop of the driving motor is controlled according to the detected motion state change of the magnet, and the automatic control system is powered by the battery.

[0017] Furthermore, the parallel friction nanogenerator includes a plurality of friction nanogenerator bodies arranged in parallel up and down, each friction nanogenerator body includes two pole plates arranged in parallel up and down and a plurality of first springs fixed between the two pole plates, the opposite sides of the two pole plates are adhered with conductive copper sheets, the opposite sides of the two conductive copper sheets are adhered with friction layers, the two adjacent friction nanogenerator bodies share one pole plate, the bottom pole plate is fixed between four fixed sleeves, and the top pole plate is connected to the elastic connector.

[0018] Furthermore, in each friction nanogenerator body, the two friction layers are respectively a positive electrode friction layer and a negative electrode friction layer, wherein the positive electrode friction layer is a waste tire powder film, and the negative electrode friction layer is a polyvinylidene fluoride film.

[0019] Furthermore, a first slide is provided on the fixed sleeve, and a second slide is provided at the lower part of the telescopic rod and its direction is the same as that of the first slide. A cross bar is fixed in the second slide, and one end of the first connecting rod is a two-tooth fork-shaped structure. The two-tooth fork-shaped structure is movable fork mounted in the second slide and clamped with the cross bar. One end of the first connecting rod passes through the first slide and the second slide. When the telescopic rod slides up and down along the fixed sleeve, one end of the first connecting rod slides up and down along the first slide driven by the telescopic rod.

[0020] Furthermore, the elastic connector includes a connecting column and a second spring, wherein the top of the connecting column is fixedly connected to the top of the telescopic shell, and the two ends of the second spring are respectively fixed between the bottom end of the connecting column and the top of the parallel friction nanogenerator.

[0021] Furthermore, the telescopic housing includes a top plate, a bottom plate and a telescopic body installed between the top plate and the bottom plate, the top end of the telescopic rod and the top end of the elastic connector are both fixed to the top plate, and the bottom end of the fixed sleeve is fixed to the bottom plate.

[0022] Furthermore, the telescopic body is made of transparent material.

[0023] A self-powered smart aggregate system based on the above-mentioned triboelectric nanogenerator includes a triboelectric nanogenerator, a rectifier, an energy storage capacitor and smart aggregate, wherein the triboelectric nanogenerator is provided with a circuit system connected to the parallel triboelectric nanogenerator, the smart aggregate is embedded with a posture sensor, and the posture sensor is connected in parallel with the energy storage capacitor, and the circuit system in the triboelectric nanogenerator is connected to the energy storage capacitor and the smart aggregate through the rectifier.

[0024] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following effects:

[0025] When a downward mechanical force is applied to the telescopic shell, the four telescopic rods and the elastic connector contract downward synchronously, causing the friction layers of the parallel friction nanogenerators to contact. When the downward mechanical force disappears, the elastic connector resets, driving the telescopic rods and the telescopic shell to expand upward, causing the friction layers of the parallel friction nanogenerators to separate. This reciprocating movement completes the contact-separation cycle of the friction layer. Through the contact-separation cycle of the friction layer, the downward mechanical energy applied to the telescopic shell is converted into electrical energy.

[0026] When no vehicle passes over the telescopic shell for a long time and no external mechanical force is applied to it for a long time, the capacitor will easily be exhausted, that is, it will be unable to provide stable power supply for the smart aggregate. At this time, the driving component will be activated, driving the telescopic sleeve to extend and retract, and then driving the telescopic shell, elastic connector and parallel friction nanogenerator to extend and retract synchronously, completing the contact-separation cycle of the friction layer, thereby realizing continuous output of electrical energy.

[0027] Vibration energy from traffic is collected and converted into electrical energy through triboelectric nanogenerators. Using the triboelectric nanogenerators as a power source, they are used to power the smart aggregate, enabling long-term, accurate, and effective monitoring of pavement structural performance. High-performance electrical output is achieved through a parallel triboelectric nanogenerator structure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the specific embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0029] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the triboelectric nanogenerator of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the position change of the internal drive assembly and the telescopic sleeve when the telescopic housing is in the expanded state;

[0031] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the position change of the internal drive assembly and the telescopic sleeve when the telescopic housing is in the retracted state;

[0032] Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the drive component;

[0033] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the first connecting rod;

[0034] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the parallel triboelectric nanogenerator;

[0035] Figure 7 3D structural diagram of the triboelectric nanogenerator body (the first spring is not shown);

[0036] Figure 8 It is a structural diagram of the driving structure;

[0037] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the self-powered intelligent aggregate system;

[0038] Figure 10 This is a physical picture of smart aggregate.

[0039] In the picture:

[0040] 1. Telescopic shell; 11. Top plate; 12. Bottom plate; 13. Telescopic body;

[0041] 2. Parallel triboelectric nanogenerator; 21. Electrode plate; 22. First spring; 23. Conductive copper sheet; 24. Friction layer;

[0042] 3. Elastic connecting member; 31. Connecting column; 32. Second spring;

[0043] 4. Drive assembly; 41. Mounting base; 42. Drive structure; 421. Drive motor; 422. Magnet; 424. Battery; 425. Connecting shaft; 426. Hall sensor; 427. Microcontroller system; 428. Drive module; 429. Relay;

[0044] 5. Telescopic sleeve; 51. Fixed sleeve; 511. First slide; 52. Telescopic rod; 521. Second slide; 522. Crossbar;

[0045] 100. Triboelectric nanogenerator; 101. Rectifier; 102. Energy storage capacitor; 103. Smart aggregate. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] Specific implementation method 1: Combination Figures 1-10This embodiment is explained, and the technical solutions in the embodiment of the present invention are clearly and completely described. Obviously, the described embodiment is only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiment of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0047] It should be noted that the descriptions of the present invention regarding directions such as "front", "back", "left", "right", "inside", "outside", "left side", "right side", "upper", "lower", "top", and "bottom" are all defined based on the relationship between the orientations or positions shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the structure must be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be understood as limiting the present invention. In the description of the present invention, the meaning of "plurality" is more than two, unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined.

[0048] In the description of the present invention, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" should be understood broadly. For example, they may refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integral connections; they may refer to direct connections, indirect connections through an intermediary, or internal communication between two components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meanings of these terms in the present invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0049] A triboelectric nanogenerator comprises a telescopic housing 1, a parallel triboelectric nanogenerator 2 arranged inside the telescopic housing 1, an elastic connector 3, a drive assembly 4, and four telescopic rods 5 arranged vertically and opposite to each other, wherein:

[0050] The telescopic sleeve 5 includes a fixed sleeve 51 and a telescopic rod 52 that slides up and down inside the fixed sleeve 51. The elastic connector 3 is connected between the top of the telescopic housing 1 and the top of the parallel friction nanogenerator 2.

[0051] The bottom end of the parallel-connected triboelectric nanogenerator 2 is fixed between four fixed sleeves 51.

[0052] The driving assembly 4 is located below the parallel-type triboelectric nanogenerator 2 and its output end is connected to four telescopic rods 52 respectively.

[0053] When a downward mechanical force is applied to the telescopic housing 1, the four telescopic rods 5 and the elastic connector 3 contract downward synchronously, causing the friction layers 24 of the parallel triboelectric nanogenerators 2 to contact. When the downward mechanical force disappears, the elastic connector 3 returns to its original position, driving the telescopic rods 5 and the telescopic housing 1 to expand upward, causing the friction layers 24 of the parallel triboelectric nanogenerators 2 to separate. Through the contact-separation cycle of the friction layers 24, the downward mechanical energy applied to the telescopic housing 1 is converted into electrical energy.

[0054] When the telescopic shell 1 is not subjected to downward mechanical force for a long time and thus has no power output, the four telescopic sleeve rods 5 are controlled by the driving component 4 to extend and retract, so that the friction layer 24 of the parallel friction nanogenerator 2 undergoes a contact-separation cycle, thereby achieving continuous power output.

[0055] The triboelectric nanogenerator structure of the present invention is a telescopic cubic structure. The telescopic housing 1 is preferably a cubic structure, and the four telescopic sleeve rods 5 are preferably arranged at the four corner positions of the telescopic housing 1.

[0056] The bottom end of the fixed sleeve 51 is fixed to the bottom of the telescopic shell 1, preferably fixed by an angle steel, and the top end of the telescopic rod 52 is fixed to the top of the telescopic shell 1, thereby achieving the adjustment of the telescopic shell 1's telescopic movement by sliding the telescopic rod 52 up and down in the fixed sleeve 51.

[0057] In the initial state of the elastic connecting member 3, the telescopic sleeve 5 and the telescopic housing 1 are both in the extended state.

[0058] When the elastic connecting member 3 is in a compressed state, the telescopic sleeve 5 and the telescopic housing 1 are both in a retracted state.

[0059] The triboelectric nanogenerator of the present invention is below the ground during use. The downward mechanical force applied by the top of the telescopic shell 1 is the external mechanical force excitation generated when vehicles on the road pass over the road surface above the triboelectric nanogenerator 100.

[0060] When an external mechanical force is applied from above to the telescopic housing 1, the contact-separation action of the friction layer 24 of the parallel-connected triboelectric nanogenerator 2 is achieved by the external mechanical force and the elastic connector 3. Specifically:

[0061] When a downward mechanical force is applied to the telescopic housing 1, the four telescopic rods 5 and the elastic connector 3 contract downward synchronously, causing the friction layers 24 of the parallel triboelectric nanogenerators 2 to contact. When the downward mechanical force disappears, the elastic connector 3 resets, driving the telescopic rods 5 and the telescopic housing 1 to expand upward, causing the friction layers 24 of the parallel triboelectric nanogenerators 2 to separate. This reciprocating movement completes the contact-separation cycle of the friction layer 24. Through this contact-separation cycle of the friction layer 24, the downward mechanical energy applied to the telescopic housing 1 is converted into electrical energy.

[0062] When no vehicle passes over the telescopic shell 1 for a long time and no external mechanical force is applied to it for a long time, the capacitor is easily exhausted, that is, it is impossible to provide stable power supply for the smart aggregate 103. At this time, the driving component 4 is activated, driving the telescopic sleeve 5 to extend and retract, and then driving the telescopic shell 1, the elastic connector 3 and the parallel friction nanogenerator 2 to extend and retract synchronously, completing the contact-separation cycle of the friction layer 24, thereby realizing the continuous output of electrical energy.

[0063] Vibration energy from traffic is collected and converted into electrical energy through a triboelectric nanogenerator, which serves as a power source for the smart aggregate 103, enabling long-term, accurate, and effective monitoring of pavement structural performance. The parallel configuration of two triboelectric nanogenerators achieves high-performance electrical output.

[0064] The driving assembly 4 includes a mounting base 41, a driving structure 42, two pairs of first connecting rods 43, a pair of second connecting rods 44, a spiral adjustment rod 45, a pair of gears 46, a first support base 47 and two second support bases 48, wherein the mounting base 41 is located below the parallel friction nanogenerator 2 and is fixed to the lower part of the four fixed sleeves 51, the two pairs of first connecting rods 43 are arranged oppositely and respectively located between the two telescopic sleeves 5 on the same side thereof, and one end of each pair of first connecting rods 43 is movably inserted into the lower part of the two telescopic rods 52. The other ends of the connecting rods 43 are fixedly connected to the ends of a pair of second connecting rods 44, which are arranged in parallel. The middle portion of each second connecting rod 44 is rotatably mounted on a first support 47, and the ends of the second connecting rods 44 are rotatably mounted on two second support 48. A pair of gears 46 are mounted on the second connecting rods 44 in a staggered arrangement. The spiral adjustment rod 45 is located between the pair of gears 46. The drive structure 42 controls the rotation of the spiral adjustment rod 45, thereby driving the pair of gears 46 to rotate relative to or towards each other. With this design, the two gears 46 are staggered by the height of a spiral blade. The drive structure 42 controls the rotation of the spiral adjustment rod 45, thereby driving the gears 46 on either side of the spiral adjustment rod 45 to rotate relative to or towards each other. The gears 46 drive the telescopic rod 52 up and down through the second connecting rod 44 and the first connecting rod 43, thereby achieving the vertical extension and contraction of the telescopic housing 1 and the parallel triboelectric nanogenerator 2, ultimately achieving a contact-separation cycle of the friction layer 24 and thus achieving continuous electrical energy output.

[0065] The middle portions of the two second connecting rods 44 and the two gears 46 are supported by the first support base 47;

[0066] The two second support seats 48 are used to support the two ends of the two second support rods;

[0067] The second connecting rod 44 and the first support seat 47 and the second connecting rod 44 and the second support seat 48 are all rotatably connected. The four first connecting rods 43 are correspondingly fixed on the two ends of the two second connecting rods 44. When the second connecting rod 44 is driven by the driving structure 42 to rotate, it will drive the first connecting rod 43 to swing around the central axis of the second connecting rod 44, thereby controlling the up and down movement of the telescopic rod 52 located at the movable end of the first connecting rod 43.

[0068] The drive structure 42 includes a drive motor 421, a magnet 422, an automatic control system, and a battery 424. One end of the spiral adjustment rod 45 is fixedly connected to the output shaft of the drive motor 421 via a connecting shaft 425. The magnet 422 is mounted on the connecting shaft 425. The automatic control system detects changes in the motion state of the magnet 422 and controls the start and stop of the drive motor 421 based on the detected changes in the motion state of the magnet 422. The automatic control system is powered by the battery 424. With this design, when the telescopic housing 1 is extended and retracted by an external mechanical force, it drives the first connecting rod 43 to swing. The swinging of the first connecting rod 43 drives the second connecting rod 44 and the gear 46 to rotate, which in turn drives the spiral adjustment rod 45 between the two gears 46 to swing circumferentially. The connecting shaft 425 and the magnet 422 thereon swing along with the circumferential swing of the spiral adjustment rod 45. Therefore, an automatic control system is set to sense the swinging or stopping state of the magnet 422. When the automatic control system determines through signal detection that the magnet 422 is in a swinging state, it means that an external mechanical force is applied above the telescopic shell 1 at this time, and the drive motor 421 does not start; when the automatic control system determines through signal detection that the magnet 422 is in a stationary state, it means that no external mechanical force is applied above the telescopic shell 1 at this time. At this time, the automatic control system controls the drive motor 421 to start, driving the connecting shaft 425 and the spiral adjustment rod 45 to swing. The swing of the spiral adjustment rod 45 drives the two gears 46 and the two second connecting rods 44 to swing around their own axes, and then drives the first connecting rod 43 to swing, and finally drives the friction layer 24 in the parallel friction nanogenerator 2 to contact and separate in a cycle, thereby realizing continuous output of electrical energy.

[0069] The automatic control system includes a Hall sensor 426, a microcontroller 427, a drive module 428, and a relay 429. Its operating principle is as follows: when the connecting shaft 425 rotates, the magnet 422 attached thereto also rotates. Therefore, the Hall sensor 426 can sense the rotation of the connecting shaft 425. If the connecting shaft 425 does not rotate for a long time, the Hall sensor 426 detects this state change and generates an electrical signal. The Hall sensor 426 transmits the detected signal to the microcontroller 427. After receiving the sensor signal, the microcontroller 427 makes a judgment based on preset logic (for example, if it detects that the rotation has stopped for a certain period of time, it starts the drive motor 421). If the logical judgment result is "yes", the microcontroller 427 sends a control signal to the relay 429. After receiving the signal, relay 429 closes its normally open contact (or opens its normally closed contact), allowing (or cutting off) current flow to drive module 428. This in turn drives motor 421, which rotates connecting shaft 425, further rotating the screw adjustment rod 45, ultimately driving the entire triboelectric generator up and down. The power source for the automatic control system is rechargeable battery 424, which is charged when the triboelectric nanogenerator receives external mechanical force.

[0070] The parallel-connected triboelectric nanogenerator 2 comprises multiple triboelectric nanogenerator bodies arranged in parallel, one above the other. Each triboelectric nanogenerator body comprises two parallel pole plates 21 and multiple first springs 22 fixed between the two pole plates 21. The opposing sides of the two pole plates 21 are adhered to conductive copper sheets 23, and the opposing sides of the two conductive copper sheets 23 are adhered to friction layers 24. Two adjacent triboelectric nanogenerator bodies share one pole plate 21. The bottom pole plate 21 is fixed between four fixed sleeves 51, while the top pole plate 21 is connected to the elastic connector 3. With this design, each triboelectric nanogenerator body contains four first springs 22, evenly distributed circumferentially between the two pole plates 21. The pole plates 21 are acrylic. Taking the parallel-type friction nanogenerator 2 as an example, which includes three friction nanogenerator bodies arranged in parallel above and below, the three friction nanogenerator bodies are, from top to bottom, the first friction nanogenerator body, the second friction nanogenerator body, and the third friction nanogenerator body. The lower electrode plate 21 in the first friction nanogenerator body and the upper electrode plate 21 in the second friction nanogenerator body are the same electrode plate 21, and the lower electrode plate 21 in the second friction nanogenerator body and the upper electrode plate 21 in the third friction nanogenerator body are the same electrode plate 21.

[0071] Each triboelectric nanogenerator consists of two friction layers 24: a positive electrode friction layer and a negative electrode friction layer. The positive friction layer is made of a film of waste tire powder, while the negative friction layer is made of a film of polyvinylidene fluoride. This design opens up a new path for the resource utilization of waste tire rubber powder. The preparation method of the positive and negative friction layer materials is carried out according to the following steps:

[0072] 1. Preparation of positive electrode friction layer materials:

[0073] Dissolve waste tire rubber powder in tetrahydrofuran solution, add 2% to 10% wt of nano-silica and 0.02% to 0.1% wt of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, heat in a water bath at 40 to 60°C with magnetic stirring for 3 to 6 hours to obtain a completely dissolved waste tire rubber powder solution, pour the mixed solution into a mold with sandpaper in advance, let it stand for 24 hours until the solvent evaporates completely, and then obtain a waste tire rubber film with a thickness of about 0.1 to 0.3 mm.

[0074] 2. Preparation of negative electrode friction layer materials:

[0075] Dissolve polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) powder in N,N-dimethylformamide solution, add 2% to 10% wt of nano-silica and 0.02% to 0.1% wt of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, heat in a 40-60°C water bath with magnetic stirring for 3-6 hours, pour into a mold with sandpaper after complete dissolution, let it stand for 24 hours until the solvent evaporates completely to obtain a modified PVDF film with a thickness of about 0.1 to 0.3 mm.

[0076] The positive and negative electrode friction layers may be specifically: the positive electrode friction layer is a nylon film, and the negative electrode friction layer is a polyvinylidene fluoride film.

[0077] The positive and negative electrode friction layers can also be specifically: the positive electrode friction layer is a waste tire rubber powder film, and the negative electrode friction layer is a polytetrafluoroethylene film.

[0078] The present invention innovatively proposes a triboelectric nanogenerator with waste tire rubber powder as the core material, which not only opens up a new path for the resource utilization of waste tire rubber powder, but also further designs a self-powered intelligent aggregate 103 system to achieve long-term and effective monitoring of pavement structure performance, thus taking an important step in resource recycling and intelligent road maintenance.

[0079] The fixed sleeve 51 is provided with a first slideway 511, and the lower portion of the telescopic rod 52 is provided with a second slideway 521 oriented in the same direction as the first slideway 511. A crossbar 522 is fixedly mounted within the second slideway 521. One end of the first connecting rod 43 is a two-pronged fork-shaped structure, which is movably mounted within the second slideway 521 and engages with the crossbar 522. One end of the first connecting rod 43 passes through the first and second slideways 511, 521. When the telescopic rod 52 slides up and down along the fixed sleeve 51, one end of the first connecting rod 43 slides up and down along the first slideway 511, driven by the telescopic rod 52. With this design, the length of the two-pronged fork-shaped structure is required to ensure that the first connecting rod 43 does not disengage from the crossbar 522 when swinging up and down. The provision of the first slideway 511 provides space for the first connecting rod 43 to swing up and down.

[0080] The elastic connector 3 includes a connecting post 31 and a second spring 32. The top of the connecting post 31 is fixedly connected to the top of the telescopic housing 1, and the two ends of the second spring 32 are respectively fixed between the bottom of the connecting post 31 and the top of the parallel triboelectric nanogenerator 2. In this design, the connecting post 31 is preferably fixed in the middle of the top of the telescopic housing 1.

[0081] The telescopic housing 1 comprises a top plate 11, a bottom plate 12, and a telescopic body 13 mounted between the top and bottom plates 11 and 12. The top ends of the telescopic rod 52 and the elastic connector 3 are both fixedly connected to the top plate 11, while the bottom end of the fixed sleeve 51 is fixedly connected to the bottom plate 12. With this design, the telescopic body 13 can be any three-dimensional structure capable of expansion and contraction, such as two coaxially mounted rectangular cylindrical structures of unequal sizes that slide vertically together, or a pleated cylindrical structure.

[0082] The telescopic body 13 is made of a transparent material. This design allows the telescopic housing 1 to be visualized, making it easier to observe the internal structure of the telescopic housing 1 and facilitate maintenance.

[0083] A self-powered smart aggregate system based on the aforementioned triboelectric nanogenerator includes a triboelectric nanogenerator 100, a rectifier 101, an energy storage capacitor 102, and smart aggregate 103. The triboelectric nanogenerator 100 is equipped with a circuit system connected to the parallel triboelectric nanogenerator 2. The smart aggregate 103 is embedded with a posture sensor connected in parallel to the energy storage capacitor 102. The circuit system in the triboelectric nanogenerator 100 is connected to the energy storage capacitor 102 and the smart aggregate via the rectifier 101. The triboelectric nanogenerator 100 is a power supply device, while the smart aggregate 103 is an electrical consumer. The triboelectric nanogenerator 100 charges the energy storage capacitor 102, thereby providing the required stable current for the smart aggregate 103. This enables long-term monitoring of the pavement structure, addressing the current limitation of currently used smart aggregates 103 requiring constant battery replacement. The rectifier 101 converts DC to AC power to charge the energy storage capacitor 102, providing a stable power supply for the smart aggregate 103. Wires connect the triboelectric nanogenerator 100 to the rectifier 101, the rectifier 101 to the energy storage capacitor 102, the rectifier 101 to the smart aggregate 103, and the energy storage capacitor 102 to the smart aggregate 103. The outer shell of the smart aggregate 103 is 3D printed, obtained by industrial CT scanning of aggregates in a real asphalt mixture. The attitude sensor is a nine-axis attitude sensor.

[0084] The above description is only a preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field, within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, who makes equivalent replacements or changes based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered by the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A triboelectric nanogenerator, characterized by: It comprises a telescopic housing (1), a parallel-connected friction nanogenerator (2) arranged inside the telescopic housing (1), an elastic connector (3), a drive assembly (4), and four telescopic sleeve rods (5) arranged vertically and opposite to each other, wherein: The telescopic sleeve (5) comprises a fixed sleeve (51) and a telescopic rod (52) which is slidably mounted in the fixed sleeve (51) up and down. The elastic connecting member (3) is connected between the top end of the telescopic housing (1) and the top end of the parallel-type friction nanogenerator (2). The bottom end of the parallel friction nanogenerator (2) is fixed between four fixed sleeves (51). The driving assembly (4) is located below the parallel friction nanogenerator (2), and its output end is connected to four telescopic rods (52) respectively. When a downward mechanical force is applied to the telescopic housing (1), the four telescopic sleeves (5) and the elastic connector (3) are synchronously contracted downward, causing the friction layer (24) of the parallel friction nanogenerator (2) to contact. When the downward mechanical force applied disappears, the elastic connector (3) is reset, driving the telescopic sleeves (5) and the telescopic housing (1) to expand upward, causing the friction layer (24) of the parallel friction nanogenerator (2) to separate. Through the contact-separation cycle of the friction layer (24), the downward mechanical energy applied to the telescopic housing (1) is converted into electrical energy. When the telescopic housing (1) is not subjected to downward mechanical force for a long time, resulting in no electrical energy output, the four telescopic sleeve rods (5) are controlled to extend and retract by the driving component (4), so that the friction layer (24) of the parallel friction nanogenerator (2) performs a contact-separation cycle, thereby achieving continuous output of electrical energy; The driving assembly (4) includes a mounting base (41), a driving structure (42), two pairs of first connecting rods (43), a pair of second connecting rods (44), a spiral adjustment rod (45), a pair of gears (46), a first support base (47) and two second support bases (48), wherein the mounting base (41) is located below the parallel friction nanogenerator (2) and is fixed to the lower part of the four fixed sleeves (51), the two pairs of first connecting rods (43) are arranged opposite to each other and are respectively located between the two telescopic sleeves (5) on the same side thereof, one end of each pair of first connecting rods (43) is movably inserted into the lower part of the two telescopic rods (52), and the two pairs of The other ends of the first connecting rods (43) are fixedly connected to the two ends of a pair of second connecting rods (44) in pairs. The pair of second connecting rods (44) are arranged in parallel. The middle part of each second connecting rod (44) is rotatably mounted on the first support seat (47). The two ends of the pair of second connecting rods (44) are rotatably mounted on the two second support seats (48). A pair of gears (46) are respectively mounted on the pair of second connecting rods (44) and are staggered. The spiral adjustment rod (45) is located between the pair of gears (46). The spiral adjustment rod (45) is controlled to rotate by the driving structure (42), thereby driving the pair of gears (46) to rotate relative to or in opposite directions.

2. The triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 1, wherein: The driving structure (42) includes a driving motor (421), a magnet (422), an automatic control system, and a battery (424), wherein one end of the spiral adjustment rod (45) is fixedly connected to the output shaft of the driving motor (421) via a connecting shaft (425), and the magnet (422) is mounted on the connecting shaft (425). The automatic control system detects the change in the motion state of the magnet (422), and controls the start and stop of the driving motor (421) according to the detected change in the motion state of the magnet (422). The automatic control system is powered by the battery (424).

3. The triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 1, wherein: The parallel-connected friction nanogenerator (2) comprises a plurality of friction nanogenerator bodies arranged in parallel up and down, each friction nanogenerator body comprising two pole plates (21) arranged in parallel up and down and a plurality of first springs (22) fixed between the two pole plates (21), conductive copper sheets (23) being adhered to opposite sides of the two pole plates (21), friction layers (24) being adhered to opposite sides of the two conductive copper sheets (23), two adjacent friction nanogenerator bodies sharing one pole plate (21), the pole plate (21) located at the bottom being fixed between four fixed sleeves (51), and the pole plate (21) located at the top being connected to the elastic connector (3).

4. The triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 3, wherein: In each friction nanogenerator body, the two friction layers (24) are respectively a positive electrode friction layer and a negative electrode friction layer, wherein the positive electrode friction layer is a waste tire powder film, and the negative electrode friction layer is a polyvinylidene fluoride film.

5. The triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 1, wherein: The fixed sleeve (51) is provided with a first slideway (511), the lower part of the telescopic rod (52) is provided with a second slideway (521) and its direction is the same as that of the first slideway (511), the second slideway (521) is fixed with a cross bar (522), one end of the first connecting rod (43) is a two-tooth fork structure, the two-tooth fork structure is movable fork mounted in the second slideway (521) and is engaged with the cross bar (522), one end of the first connecting rod (43) passes through the first slideway (511) and the second slideway (521), and when the telescopic rod (52) slides up and down along the fixed sleeve (51), one end of the first connecting rod (43) slides up and down along the first slideway (511) driven by the telescopic rod (52).

6. The triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 1, wherein: The elastic connecting member (3) comprises a connecting column (31) and a second spring (32), wherein the top end of the connecting column (31) is fixedly connected to the top end of the telescopic housing (1), and the two ends of the second spring (32) are respectively fixedly connected between the bottom end of the connecting column (31) and the top end of the parallel friction nanogenerator (2).

7. The triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 1, wherein: The telescopic housing (1) comprises a top plate (11), a bottom plate (12), and a telescopic body (13) installed between the top plate (11) and the bottom plate (12); the top end of the telescopic rod (52) and the top end of the elastic connector (3) are both fixedly connected to the top plate (11); and the bottom end of the fixed sleeve (51) is fixedly connected to the bottom plate (12).

8. The triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 7, characterized in that: The telescopic body (13) is made of transparent material.

9. A self-powered smart aggregate system based on the triboelectric nanogenerator according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising a triboelectric nanogenerator (100), a rectifier (101), an energy storage capacitor (102) and a smart aggregate (103), wherein the triboelectric nanogenerator (100) is provided with a circuit system connected to the parallel triboelectric nanogenerator (2), the smart aggregate (103) is embedded with a posture sensor, and the posture sensor is connected in parallel with the energy storage capacitor (102), and the circuit system in the triboelectric nanogenerator (100) is connected to the energy storage capacitor (102) and the smart aggregate through the rectifier (101).

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