Quantum gravitation device

Abstract

A quantum gravitational electro-optical logic gate is implemented using a quantum erase circuit to minimize mass-energy in superposition. In one embodiment, the door describes two or more incompatible spatiotemporal spaces, and the two or more incompatible spatiotemporal spaces spontaneously collapse within the time specified by the Dipeg-Penrose model. The gravitationally coupled gates may be used to construct information handling systems, signaling, and sensor systems. The superimposed antenna controlled by the gate generates a radiation pattern that forms a sharp cell boundaries at the point of peg-Penrose collapse. In the receive mode, the superimposed antenna is more sensitive than a classic system. A quantum gravitational transmission system is enabled by adjusting the masses involved in the two detectors, which modulates the collapse time and allows signals to be transmitted. The sensor utilizes collapse time to detect beam absorption, allowing object characteristics to be determined without reflecting energy and imaging via multiple parallel or scanning beams. The systems jointly provide a comprehensive framework for quantum gravitation research.

Description

[0001] Related Applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 390,560, filed on July 19, 2022, entitled “Quantum Gravity Device,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] References and prior art

[0004] The publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference. If there is conflicting information in the references, this document controls.

[0005] Relativistic quantum computer (RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM COMPUTER) / Quantum gravity computer (QUANTUM GRAVITY COMPUTER) WO / 2020 / 086362.

[0006] The "HPF Paper" (HPF) co-authored by Howl, R., Penrose, R. and Fuentes, I., entitled "Exploring the unification of quantum theory and general relativity with a Bose-Einstein condensate", was published in the New J. Phys., volume 21, 2019, page 043047. It should be noted that the operation of the device of the present invention does not require a Bose-Einstein condensate.

[0007] Abrams, DS and Lloyd, S., “Nonlinear Quantum Mechanics Implies Polynomial-Time Solution for NP Complete and #P Problems”, published in Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 81, 1998, pp. 3992–3995.

[0008] "Diósi-Penrose criterion for solids in quantum superpositions and a single-photon detector" by Garrelt Quandt-Wiese was published as an arXiv preprint with the number arXiv:1701.00353 on the arxiv.org website in 2017. Technical Field

[0009] A quantum gravity device is implemented using electro-photonic logic gates configured to describe two incompatible spacetimes. The time required for the collapse is specified by the Penrose Objective Reduction (Penrose OR). Because the device is sensitive to both quantum mechanics and general relativity, it can be used to test unified theories and to build new computers, communication systems, and sensors. We describe preferred embodiments for each application. Background Art

[0010] Erwin Schrödinger ) famously proposed that quantum mechanics was flawed because it was possible to put a cat in a superposition. In the original paper, imagine a cat placed in a metal box with a diabolical device inside - a Geiger counter arranged to break a bottle of poison when it detected the decay of a small radioactive sample. There was a 50% chance that the sample would decay within an hour. At the end of the hour, the system's wave function should describe a mixture of a live cat and a dead cat. To Schrödinger, extending quantum superposition to large objects like cats was absurd, and so the paradox was born.

[0011] There are several ways to deal with this paradox. Subjective models (such as the Copenhagen interpretation) say that the act of observing the cat causes the state to collapse, but this creates its own set of paradoxes. Everett's many-worlds interpretation argues that the wave function never collapses. In "my" conscious experience world, the cat is alive; in another world, it is not so lucky.

[0012] Another way to resolve Schrödinger's paradox is to follow his original intent. The paradox points to a flaw in our current understanding of quantum mechanics. Such theories are called "objective" because they do not require an observer and should be able to be verified experimentally.

[0013] Lajos Diósi and Roger Penrose proposed such an objective theory. They argued that the superposition of wave functions conflicts with general relativity because it leads to two incompatible spacetimes. In Schrödinger's thought experiment, one can imagine that the live cat remains upright while the dead cat falls to the ground, so that spacetime exhibits two different curvatures. When this incompatibility exceeds the time-energy version of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the paradox must end. Penrose and Diósi derived the collapse equations in two ways that differ only in the self-energy gamma constant factor, so their interpretation is called the Diósi-Penrose model.

[0014] We propose a device that explicitly implements a quantum gate that is sensitive to Diósi-Penrose collapse. In this model, the Heisenberg time-energy uncertainty equation determines the time for collapse. The greater the energy, the faster the collapse.

[0015]

[0016] Among them, Eg is gravitational self-energy, is the reduced Plank constant, and γ is a constant originally estimated by Penrose to be 1 / (8π).

[0017] This is the same energy released when dust clouds coalesce and "fall" into a gravitational well to form planets. If we want to put our planet into a superposition, we need to do work to overcome this enormous energy. It should be made clear right away that Penrose is not saying that we need to find this energy. That would violate conservation laws. Rather, when it becomes certain that we need to find this energy, the wave function collapses.

[0018] A proton—separated by its radius—will have a wave function of 10 6 A dust particle will collapse in 10 -8 seconds, while a cat collapses in 10 -28 The reason why we cannot see the superposition of a live cat and a dead cat is that their existence is too short to be perceived by our vision.

[0019] In the paper Howl, Penrose and Fuentes (HPF), the energies for two scenarios were calculated: large separation and small separation. Lambda (λ) - the ratio of the separation distance (s) to the size of the separated masses (R) - determines which scenario it is.

[0020] λ=Δs / 2R

[0021] For small masses separated by large distances, i.e., the case where λ ≥ 1, the self-energy is given by:

[0022]

[0023] Here G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass in superposition, and R is the radius of that mass—assuming it is spherical.

[0024] For large masses separated by small distances, i.e., the case where 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1, the self-energy is given by:

[0025]

[0026] We can see that for small λ, the collapse time varies as the square of the separation distance. Therefore, we can use mesoscopic masses, as long as we make them move very small distances. Mesoscopic masses can be as large as 1 gram, as long as the distance they move is on the order of 1 angstrom. The accuracy of the measurement time can reach 1 microsecond or less.

[0027] Quantum Gravitational Gates and Computation

[0028] Quantum gates are used to manipulate quantum bits. In the "train track" model of quantum computing, a set of qubits are manipulated through gate primitives (such as controlled not (CNOT) and certain rotations) to achieve universal quantum computing. There are a variety of methods used to implement this form of quantum computing, including superconducting rings, photonic gates, and trapped ions. The main difficulty with conventional quantum computers is noise. Noise - random vibrations in the environment - can cause the phase information in the quantum system to decohere. Calculations are performed by applying the gates to the qubits while preserving the qubit's phase information from environmental decoherence. At the end of the calculation, the information is read from the quantum system through measurement to obtain the result. This measurement collapses the wave function to a classical observable. Although it is generally believed that decoherence also causes the wave function to collapse, this is not the case. Collapse and decoherence are two independent phenomena, and this patent proposes a method to separate them. Such methods can be used to compute or calculate.

[0029] Quantum Gravity Gate and Communication Antenna

[0030] Antennas are used to radiate power and receive signals. We model the behavior of antennas using classical laws governed by Maxwell's equations. When modeling antennas, we need to take the wave-particle duality of light into account. Some modeling packages use ray tracing, which assumes that photons are ballistic particles, while more complex models use approximations to Maxwell's equations to model wave behavior, including diffraction and dispersion.

[0031] The wave properties give rise to constructive and destructive interference - which is commonly used in today's beamforming antennas. One or more radiators are fed with similar signals. At some distance from the radiators, the similar signals combine to form a strong signal through constructive interference or to form a signal null through destructive interference. Constructive interference improves the signal strength received by the user equipment (UE) at the peak of the constructive interference and reduces the signal strength in other areas, thereby reducing interference. The main problem that limits the range of signal propagation is insufficient power. This is usually expressed in terms of Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). EIRP is the power detected by the receiver if the signal had to be transmitted as an isotropic signal (in all directions). The ratio of EIRP to the power entering the antenna gives the antenna gain and can be used to calculate the effective spherical portion that can receive this signal strength. For example, an antenna gain of +28 dB corresponds to a beam angle of 7.5 degrees.

[0032] The simplest way to increase EIRP is to run two transmitters simultaneously. This will provide a 4x (6dB) improvement over a single transmitter. 3dB of this comes from the addition of a second power source, and the other 3dB comes from constructive interference of the beams. However, there are two problems with this approach. First, the power supply is increased by a factor of two, and second, the EIRP for all receivers in the beam is increased by a factor of four. Both of these issues can become limiting. Power supplies - especially in mobile devices - often have practical limitations, and EIRP can also be limited by standards, licensing conditions, and regulations. Even without regulatory oversight, interference with other devices always means that power needs to be reduced where possible. Avoiding harmful interference is a basic tenant of radio standards. The present invention provides a novel solution that addresses these practical antenna issues.

[0033] Quantum Gravity Transmitter

[0034] Ordinary transmitters cannot detect whether their signals have been detected and received.

[0035] Quantum systems can determine if their signals have been eavesdropped, but this does not generally provide a method for transmitting information.

[0036] Quantum Gravity Sensors

[0037] Sensors work by sending a signal and detecting the reflection or lack of that signal. A novel sensing approach can be achieved through quantum gravity gates, where the detection of a signal by an observer results in an accelerated collapse of the sensing waveform.

[0038] Purpose of the Invention

[0039] An object of the present invention is to realize a quantum gravity device which can be used for computing, communication, and sensing. The device comprises:

[0040] 1. A method for superimposing two or more spatially separated quantum states.

[0041] 2. A method of amplifying spatially separated states without causing wave function collapse.

[0042] 3. Methods for manipulating the pre-collapsed state.

[0043] 4. A method for increasing or decreasing the mass-energy of the superposition state.

[0044] 5. A method that amplifies spatially separated states to cause the collapse of the wave function in a measurable time.

[0045] 6. A method of sensing states in said separated superpositions individually or with reference to each other. Summary of the invention

[0046] A method for realizing a quantum gravity gate using an electro-optical device and a quantum eraser is proposed. The advantage of this device is that it can be realized basically at room temperature, with the only exception of the single-photon detector, which needs to be optimally cooled to reduce dark counts - that is, erroneous firings due to thermal noise. The gate will collapse spontaneously according to a time constant set by the mass-energy displacement of the main mechanical components. Mass is usually used to form the collapse, but the problem lies in the superposition of two incompatible space-time metrics, so energy can also be used instead of mass. Energy superposition can be generated - by firing two strong laser beams with superposition control signals or by switching strong laser beams with mirrors. Sensing the interference of the two superposition states can be used to measure the collapse time. In the case of a sensor or transceiver, the collapse time can be modulated by further mass-energy devices. The presence of these devices can be inferred - in the absence of any signal from the second device - by measuring the collapse time of the first device. Before collapse, two electromagnetic or gravitational wave signals may interfere constructively and destructively, with beneficial effects on the transmission of information in the electromagnetic or gravitational wave spectrum.

[0047] The following describes a preferred embodiment, with specific details being provided for illustration only and not limitation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0048] In the drawings, like reference numbers may refer to identical or functionally similar elements and are used in the detailed description to illustrate embodiments and to explain various aspects and advantages of the present disclosure.

[0049] Figure 1 Shown is the setup for a complete single quantum gravity electro-optical gate.

[0050] Figure 1a is a magnified view of the mirror piezo assembly.

[0051] Figure 2 Depicted is the classic Schrödinger's cat setup.

[0052] Figure 3 Depicted is a controlled Mach-Zehnder Interferometer.

[0053] Figure 3a Depicted is a quantum computing treatment of a controlled Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

[0054] Figure 4 Depicted is the detector signal processing for a single CNOT-gate Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

[0055] Figure 5 Oscilloscope traces from the detector are depicted.

[0056] Figure 6 Depicted is a bias circuit for controlling a SPAD (single photon avalanche diode).

[0057] Figure 7 Depicted is a quantum gravity CNOT electro-photonic computer gate.

[0058] Figure 8 It is a two-element quantum gravity antenna.

[0059] Figure 8a It is the quantum gravity catastrophe cell boundary.

[0060] Figure 8b It is a phased array quantum gravity transceiver.

[0061] Fig. 9 It is a quantum gravitational wave transceiver.

[0062] Fig.10 It is a counterfactual sensor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0063] The following detailed description is intended to provide those skilled in the art with example implementations and is not intended to limit the invention to the explicit disclosure, since those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations may be substituted within the scope of the invention as described.

[0064] In the following description, various different embodiments will be described. For illustration, specific configurations and details are listed to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these embodiments may also be practiced without the specific details. In addition, well-known features may be omitted or simplified to avoid obscuring the embodiments described herein.

[0065] Figure 1 A setup is shown for a quantum gravity gate device that implements a quantum controlled not gate (CNOT gate) whose collapse time is set by the mass of two small mirrors 115. A laser 101 directs photons to a neutral density (ND) filter 102, which is connected to a non-polarizing beam splitter 103. In actual operation, the ND filter is composed of two or more filter stacks to achieve the desired attenuation. Two single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) 104 are placed at the output of the beam splitter. This assembly is housed in a cooling chamber 105, although only the SPAD 104 elements need to be cooled - to reduce their dark counts. In some implementations, the SPAD includes an integral cooling mechanism implemented by one or more Peltier device stages. The SPAD is connected to a control circuit 106 (detailed description in Figure 6 The control circuit 106 is further controlled by a CPU 107. The CPU controls three signals: quench 108, reset 109, and laser on / off 110. The timing for these signals is Figure 5is given in . The laser on / off control circuit is not shown, it simply switches currents that are higher than most microcontrollers can safely provide by using a Darlington pair. The bleeder circuit and reset circuit switch appropriate high voltages via relays. In the prototype setup, workbench equipment was used, including a high voltage power supply unit 112, a low voltage power supply unit 111 and a programmable storage oscilloscope 113. In production, these will be replaced by appropriate solid state electronic circuits. The storage oscilloscope is connected to a computer via a network interface (not shown) for data capture and analysis. We will describe some precautions that prevent the equipment from making measurements later. Each of the SPADs switches a DC voltage in this setup. However, it is also possible to add AC feeds in parallel with the DC bias and couple them with capacitors, which is Figure 8 and Fig. 9 is further described in .

[0066] The operation process in more detail is as follows. Single photons are generated by a solid-state laser mounted in a heatsink 101. Its output is attenuated by passing through a 6.0 neutral density (ND) filter coated with an anti-reflection coating and an uncoated 6.0 ND filter 102 placed in series. This reduces the photon output of the laser to approximately 12,000 counts per second. Strictly speaking, this setup is not a true single photon generator because each photon is entangled with other photons in the laser cavity. However, for our purposes, a simple attenuation laser is sufficient. Two single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) 104 are reverse biased in Geiger mode and are placed at the output of the beam splitter 103. The response of the SPAD to a photon is to generate an avalanche of charge carriers, enabling it to conduct. The SPAD is affected by dark counts, that is, random firing of the SPAD due to thermal noise. The detector is therefore cooled to -10°C, which reduces the dark counts by a factor of 1000, to approximately 3,000 counts per second. The reverse bias voltage for the SPAD is 143 volts, and its bias voltage is nominally 12 volts, which can be adjusted by a power supply unit (PSU) 111 or appropriate control circuitry.

[0067] When the SPAD 104 "fires" (a photon triggers an avalanche of charge carriers which causes the junction resistance to drop to a low impedance), a bias voltage is applied to the two piezoelectric elements (piezos) marked 114 via two electrical contacts 117 and 118 connected to the positive and negative terminals of the piezoelectric elements, which are carried by two coaxial cables 128. The voltage across the SPAD drops to zero and the SPAD returns to an open circuit. If both SPADs fire, we generate a dual rail quantum, superposed, electrical pulse that controls the two arms of a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. The interferometer is mounted on an optical table 119 and is equipped with a beam splitter 123 and a beam combiner 124. The arm length is controlled by piezo mirror assemblies which are themselves mounted on linear translators, labeled 120, which form one arm of an HP-Agilent High Stability Plane Mirror Interferometer (HSPMI), both of which are labeled 121. In this configuration, the only job of the HSPMI is to translate the beam sideways, since only one polarization is used. The entire system produces an interference pattern at optical detectors D1 125 and D2 126, whose output electrical amplitudes can be measured by an oscilloscope or other measuring apparatus to give the differential position of the mirrors. We are only using the differential mode, so the only function of the HSPMI cube 121 is to translate the laser beam sideways by 12.5 mm, allowing us to pick up the beam using a "pick-off" mirror 122 and complete the Mach-Zehnder square.

[0068] The system is theoretically resistant to changes in arm length of 1 / 2000 of the 633 nm wavelength of the polarized helium-neon (HeNe) laser 126 (approximately ) is very sensitive. To eliminate the sidebands of the HeNe laser and environmental noise, a 2nm optical bandpass filter 127 is used in front of the optical detector. The advantage of this is that the instrument can be operated in daylight. Only one detector is required for the instrument to operate, but two detectors are installed so that they can be operated differentially to remove common mode noise.

[0069] The highest frequency piezoelectric element 114 that can be used to control a 7 mm diameter mirror has a self-resonant frequency of 5 MHz. However, when combined with the mirror mass 115, this frequency drops to 3 MHz, resulting in a mechanical rise time of about 100 nanoseconds, which sets a lower limit on the time that can be explored unless special materials and custom manufacturing are used. The main delay in the system comes from the rise time of the combined mirror / piezoelectric assembly 114, 115.

[0070] An electronic control system 106 implemented by a microcontroller and relay switches provides a bias voltage (2-30 volts) to the SPAD. The instrument is capable of running once every microsecond, and the SPAD is quenched after each run - the limiting factors are the firing time of the SPAD (which is about 4 nanoseconds) and the reset time (which is set by the impedance of the circuit and can be adjusted to much better than 1 microsecond). Power supply units (PSUs) 111 and 112 are used to provide the bias voltage and breakdown voltage, nominally 143 volts. The specific breakdown voltage depends on the batch of parts and can be determined by a little experimentation by observing the oscilloscope traces while varying the breakdown and bias voltages on the PSU.

[0071] The signals were recorded on a storage oscilloscope with a bandwidth of 200 MHz and a sampling rate of 1 GS / s, providing a final timing resolution of 1 nanosecond.

[0072] Key Components

[0073] SPAD 104: Hamamatsu S12053-02 avalanche photo diodes (APDs) with a minimum quantum efficiency of 85% for 633 nm photons.

[0074] Mirror 115: 7 mm diameter protected silver mirror, Thorlabs part number PF03-03-P01. Piezoelectric element 114: SMD7T04S111 manufactured by Stem Inc.

[0075] PSU 112: High voltage power supply unit TTi PLH250-P 0-250V / 0-0.375A. PSU 111: Siglent SPD3303X-E benchtop supply unit.

[0076] Oscilloscope 113: Siglent SDS1204X-E. Microcontroller: Arduino.

[0077] Interferometer 121: HP-Agilent High Stability Plane Mirror Interferometer (HSPMI), used only as beam divertors in this configuration.

[0078] Laser 1 101: Compact laser module, 635nm, 0.9mW (typ), Thorlabs PL202.

[0079] Laser 2 126: Thorlabs HNLS008L Class IIIa / 3R self-contained non-frequency stabilized polarized HeNe laser, or Pacific Lasertec frequency stabilized polarized HeNe laser.

[0080] Physical Implementation: The optical interferometer is mounted in a Faraday cage on an air table isolation. A cold room - a commercial refrigerator - houses the single photon generator. The control circuitry provides power, quench, reset and laser control, as well as associated precision power supplies for all required voltages. Because the mirror piezoelectric components are small, only one beam of the HSPMI is modulated, and the other beam is reflected by a fixed mirror. The control circuitry is mounted in a separate Faraday cage. All cables are coaxial.

[0081] Figure 1a A larger view of the mirror assembly is provided. A large mirror 116 has a small mirror 115 attached to it, with a piezoelectric actuator 114 sandwiched between the two mirrors. Connection to the piezoelectric element is achieved by using copper tape with conductive glue 117, 118. This ensures that the stack remains parallel during operation.

[0082] Figure 2 It is shown that a superposition of massive quantum objects (e.g. Schrödinger's cat, alive and dead 201, 202) results in two different configurations of space-time, which are represented in the diagram as the curvature of space 203, 204, 205 for a standing, alive cat versus the curvature of space 206, 207, 208 for a lying, dead cat. Of course, the curvature is much more complicated than this diagram. Once the difference between these space-times becomes significant, the wave function collapses, resolving the paradox. The difficulty is to devise a method to sense the presence of these two superposition states, which is achieved in our instrument by shining light on two mirrors (which take the place of the two cats), and producing an interference pattern that is different before and after the wave function collapses.

[0083] Figure 3Describes a controlled Mach-Zehnder interferometer that implements a quantum gravity gate and Figure 3a A description of quantum computing is given in . Figure 3 The input line 301, realized by the laser 307, represents the quantum state |0>. The Hadamard gate H (302) separates this quantum state into two spatially separated superposition photons 314, 315. According to the following equation, the probabilities of the states must add up to 1:

[0084] |0> to and |1> to

[0085] However, this probabilistic normalization only applies after a measurement, and during the superposition the state is undefined. We can imagine that the photon somehow went in both directions 317 and 318 at the same time, and then "decided" its actual path based on the probabilities in the above equation. Note that the photon - or at least its state - did go in both directions, because the interference pattern can be detected at 316.

[0086] In the quantum circuit description, a single connection 320 represents the quantum state. But in the physical world, this connection is delocalized, so the |0> state 314 and the |1> state 315 take two different paths, east and north respectively. The positions of the mirrors 309 and 310 can be varied, which will affect the path length around the squares 317 and 318, and thus the phase θ between the |0> and |1> states 303 at the combiner. Finally, the paths are recombined through the combiner 311, which is just another Hadamard gate 304 in quantum computing terms. By observing the changing intensity of the interference pattern 313 at a given point 314, the phase can be measured in the measurement device M 305, 312.

[0087] The phase information is very delicate. The decoherence time of the dust particles mentioned above is about 10 -30 Even with cryogenic cooling and ultra-high vacuum, this time can only be shortened to 10 -20 Many scientists think that decoherence and collapse are synonymous, but this is a misconception. Decoherence effects normally overwhelm attempts to observe gravitational collapse, but we can observe them separately in a two-mirror system. There is a mathematical explanation for this.

[0088] The density matrix of the two mirror systems activated by the single photon separated by the half-silver mirror is:

[0089]

[0090] The system is in a 50:50 superposition, and the phase information is in the off-diagonal terms. As air molecules perturb the mirrors, the off-diagonal terms go to zero. The density matrix transforms to:

[0091]

[0092] In the literal sense of the word, we now have a matrix that is neither quantum nor classical. There is no wave function corresponding to this density matrix, and this is not a classical state. For collapse, the density matrix must break symmetry and transition to one of the following states:

[0093] or

[0094] Separating quantum properties, in our case decoherence and collapse, is not unprecedented. In the Cheshire Cat experiment, polarization and localization were measured independently. We think something similar is happening here, and we have separated decoherence (a noise-like process that affects phase information, which requires cryogenic cooling to suppress) from gravitational collapse (a symmetry-breaking process that affects localization, which is independent of temperature). Quantum gravity logic is constructed to be sensitive only to collapse, and not to decoherence, which greatly increases computational time.

[0095] Figure 4 The device is shown schematically and in the center - through Figure 1 and Figure 3 The Mach-Zehnder interferometer in the implementation of the CNOT quantum gravity gate - the intensity of the interference pattern generated by the movement of each of the two mirrors. Now, let's explain why it is necessary to implement a quantum eraser. The Mach-Zehnder laser 401 interferometer changes its path length 415, 416 through two piezoelectric controlled mirrors 405. Single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) 411 connected to the output of the beam splitter 403 move these mirrors. Corner cube reflectors 404 shift the beam to the side by 12.5 mm to complete the square closure. The interference pattern is generated by recombining the beam 413 and monitored by detector D406, whose light intensity is equal to the differential displacement of the mirrors. Control laser 2 402 can be turned off, and dark counts (i.e., random firing of the SPAD due to thermal noise) will still fire the arms, but these are always non-superposition events. The difference in the shape of the curve between the non-superposition control (laser off) and the superposition case (laser on) allows us to witness the Diósi-Penrose collapse.

[0096] Mach-Zehnder interferometers are the basic building blocks of modern optical quantum computers - an important advantage of them is that they can operate at room temperature. The only exception is by cooling the single-photon detectors to reduce the dark counts. Because of this, many optical quantum computers operate at a few Kelvins. This is much easier to achieve than the millikelvins required for superconducting quantum computers. We only dropped the temperature to -10°C, but this still represents a reduction of three orders of magnitude in dark counts.

[0097] A quantum bit is encoded by splitting a single photon 412 emitted by a laser 401 into two physical paths. The north direction 414 represents <1|, while the east direction 415 represents <0|. The phase difference between these two paths is controlled by another quantum bit generated by the beam splitter. Together, these quantum bits form a controlled-not (CNOT) gate. Our instrument tests whether this gate will self-measure and collapse - breaking symmetry - in a time consistent with Diósi-Penrose. The phases cannot be measured individually because they decohere almost immediately, but the decoherence is symmetric - exactly the same for both paths.

[0098] The main issues to overcome are the numerous sources of noise and the potential for stray gravitational coupling with the environment which can cause premature collapse. Take the power supply as an example. Benchtop power supplies contain feedback circuits that attempt to keep the voltage stable when there is a current draw. If the instrument draws significant current, these circuits can create a measurement setup that must account for the quality of the time leading to collapse. In our instrument, we went to great lengths to make everything run symmetrically. By coupling the SPADs to a common power rail 408, the current draw is the same no matter which leg is firing.

[0099] Interferometer Operation and Control

[0100] Many factors can introduce noise. We control this noise by turning off the control laser 402 between measurements to provide a reference. This allows us to modulate the superposition while keeping other parameters constant. We do this by using the failure condition of the SPAD, its dark counts. Thermal noise induces random avalanches in the SPAD, called dark counts. These events look exactly like regular avalanche events, except that they cannot be the result of a superposition.

[0101] Quantum Erasers

[0102] Importantly, no part of the instrument other than the mirrors has access to the “which-way” information: in the Diósi-Penrose interpretation, only the mirror masses are in superposition. For an instrument without a quantum eraser 409, there is a problem. For a photon going north 417 or east 416, the interference measurement will show a different motion—up in one case, down in the other. This will involve the masses of the objects connected to the mirrors, including the oscilloscope and the observer who ultimately witnesses this trajectory. And, due to the delayed selection, any subsequent measurement will corrupt the measurement. We need to erase this information. We do this by reversing the motion of one of the mirrors—referenced to 10 volts 409 instead of zero volts 410. This has the side effect of swapping the curves so that the early movement of the interference pattern indicates superposition. A further eraser is implemented by triggering an oscilloscope from the output of two single photon detectors connected to bleed line 407 and bias control 406 using a summing node.

[0103] Figure 5 Describes the Figure 4 Before the phase of the detector 406 is shown in FIG. Figure 1The linear translator 120 shown in FIG. 4 is manually set to maximize the signal. This maximizes the positive excursion 505 when the mirror piezoelectric assembly 405 is moved. The run begins with the microcontroller switching the laser on / laser off 502 of the diode laser 2 402. This modulates the superposition in continuous operation. When the laser is on, about 75% of the photons are superimposed - but some dark counts will be observed. When the laser is off, no superposition is observed - but rare double firings may occur. Therefore, the run alternates between superposition with the laser on high 501 and non-superposition operation with the laser on low 501. The quench line is released 503. The microcontroller pulls the "Start-of-Experiment" signal high 501. At this point, the reverse bias current is turned on and puts the SPAD in a state where the arrival of the next photon will cause it to avalanche and switch current.

[0104] After the first photon 504 is detected, the SPAD avalanches and goes into low impedance. The mirror position 505 moves. On a long time base of 100 milliseconds range, you will see the SPAD repeatedly firing and self-quenching. If you use a shorter time base, you will only see a single firing. The single firing is used for the operation of the device.

[0105] The mirror moves in superposition 506 until 1.1 μs to 1.5 μs have passed, when the effect collapses and the trace returns to zero. The trace represents the difference between the lengths of the two paths in the interferometer. In the superposition state - the laser is on - 506, this effect is larger than in the laser off - control state 507. In practice, noise will appear that must be filtered out using standard digital signal processing techniques. Cooling the entire instrument will help reduce thermal noise, while evacuating the device will reduce convection and audio noise effects. A Faraday cage will reduce radio frequency interference. All of this can be done using technology similar to that of modern conventional hard drives.

[0106] Figure 6A control circuit for the SPAD is shown. An equivalent circuit 621 for one of the SPAD devices is given so that they can be modeled using SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) or equivalent methods. A quantum "eraser" 612 in the circuit reverses the motion of one of the mirrors by referencing it to 10 volts instead of ground. This erasure results in an accelerated motion corresponding to a superposition. It is also possible to make the circuit completely symmetrical, but then an electronic quantum eraser, such as an absolute value function, would need to be used. Many oscilloscopes include this function in their processing chain, but since the circuit sees "which-way" information, its quality must be taken into account in the Diósi-Penrose quality calculation. The circuit works as follows: A power supply unit 601 sets the circuit below the breakdown voltage, nominally 143 volts for the SPAD under test. An additional voltage is switched to bias 602, 603 the SPADs, nominally 12 volts. This power rail powers two SPADs. SPADs are essentially reverse biased photodiodes that will break down and turn on if a single photon 605 is detected after the "experiment start" signal 604 is set high. A SPAD is shown as an equivalent circuit 621 and can be modeled using SPICE using a photon analog input 622, which is shown together with a one-shot timer control 618. Since this breakdown is very sudden and typically switches over 150 volts, a toroidal reducer 609 is placed in the circuit to avoid electrical ringing and absorb some energy. In this circuit, there is no DC path to ground - 611, 607 and 608 are all capacitor equivalents - to allow charge to drain (i.e., bleed), so active bleed 619 is implemented using a microcontroller driven timing circuit to pull the circuit to ground and reset by switching two relays to ground 620.

[0107] Figure 7 Depicts an electronically implemented two-rail CNOT gate that can be implemented in standard chip technology (e.g., CMOS). Figure 1The two beam splitters and SPAD components [not shown] generate two superimposed dual-track signals 701, 702 and 703, 704. Each of these dual-track signals forms a quantum bit - it can be 10, 01 or any quantum combination of the two states. Typically, this will be restricted to equal superpositions of 1 / 2, 1 / 2 states. The control lines 701, 702 are not modified by the process and remain unchanged when they appear at 706, 707. The controlled quantum bits 703, 704 are flipped according to the control bits 701, 702 and appear at 709, 709 according to the truth table 710. The flip is controlled by switch SW1-4 711. Any quantum gate can be implemented in this dual-track manner. Arbitrary rotation can be achieved by introducing a phase delay to 701, 702, 703, 704 before controlling the switching.

[0108] Figure 8 Depicts generating an RF signal through a vector synthesizer 801 or RF chip (such as a cellular or Wi-Fi chip), splitting the RF signal into two parts 802, 803, and then placing them in a de-localized quantum superposition state through two SPAD switches 104. The output of the SPAD can also be routed to Figure 1 and Figure 3 The interferometer device shown is used to measure or control the collapse time - although this may not be required in operation. The collapse time can be controlled by changing the mass of two measuring mirrors or adding other components that affect the collapse time, such as suggested by Garrelt Quandt-Wiese. The radio frequency signals 802, 803 are switched by two SPADs 104 and sent to two antennas 813, 814 via two wires 811, 812. The radio frequency signals can be exactly the same, as shown, or two signal generators can be used to make them carry different modulations, or to introduce a phase delay between the two signals. The two signals do not need to be exactly the same. They just need to be similar enough to produce some constructive interference effects. In a preferred embodiment, different modulation schemes provide different phases for the signals, so that by adding two radio frequency fields 815 and 816, a constructive interference point 817 can be scanned, generating a constructive interference lobe at 817 or any other vertical position. This can be regarded as a phased array with only two elements. A larger number of elements and correspondingly increased beam splitters can be used to drive them. As background, the apparatus for creating superposition photons is taken from Figure 1. Therefore, in the quantum beamforming antenna, we take advantage of the Diósi-Penrose collapsed window and transmit a +3dB higher power and +3dB more directional beam to the receiver during the measurement / decoherence window, thus achieving a +6dB gain. After this window, the gain collapses, reverting to single antenna propagation. The components not described have the same Figure 1 The same functionality in .

[0109] Figure 8a shows the relationship between signal strength and distance, and since these signals travel at the speed of light, they are also time dependent. Once reception has occurred 817, the 6dB gain quickly collapses 826. The collapse occurs in about 2uS. If the symbol time is longer than 2uS, such as the symbol time of Wi-Fi and 4G, then Figure 8a The pattern in will repeat rapidly. Each repetition will have a similar collapse pattern.

[0110] In the phased array approach, a multi-element phased array is controlled by multiple superimposed control signals. These control signals are constructed through cascaded beam splitters. This can produce any number of superimposed control signals. By adjusting the signal of each element of the phased array, the beam can be swept. Alternatively, one or more beams can be formed using ordinary techniques in cellular beam splitters. If the collapse time is longer than the symbol length of multiple superpositions, multiple collapse events may occur within one symbol time, and the modulation scheme will have to use normal signal recovery techniques to resolve the signal loss problem.

[0111] Figure 8b A phased array is shown, which includes multiple elements that can be placed in multiple superposed scanning patterns. A set of superposed states is created by cascading beam splitters 818. The optical path and SPAD are not shown in this figure, but are related to Figure 1 and Figure 3 . The superimposed control signal switches the delay line and switches the RF signal to each element through one of a plurality of selectable delays. As shown, the two position switch can actually be a multi-position switch. Therefore, each phased array element 821 has multiple superimposed waveforms presented. The phased array can be constructed from any normal array configuration that can be fed by a separate feed device. Multiple superimposed delays produce a set of superimposed radiation patterns 822, 823, 824 and 825.

[0112] Fig. 9 The quantum gravitational wave transceiver is shown in Figure 1. Figure 8 Add another measurement device, in this case Figure 1 and Figure 4By looking at the DC modulated mirrors 405 in the detector 903 (here represented by 901 and 902), it is possible to know how fast the detection of 817 occurs. Since the receiving instrument 817 can modulate its detection time by introducing more mass 905 or less mass 904 in the detection 903, the superposition of mirrors 901 and 902 will collapse in a shorter time if the mass is larger, and in a longer time if the mass is smaller. The modulated mass will be approximately + / - 0.1 grams. Therefore, depending on the mass selected, the signal can propagate from the second detector 903 to the first detectors 901, 902. More antennas can be added to form a phased array, and the beam angle can be further modulated by introducing phase delays to the individual phase patterns, allowing the phased array to transmit multiple focused beams simultaneously. The encrypted transmission can only be demodulated by a privileged observer who has the means to decrypt it. This collapse means that observers further away cannot receive the signal because the amplitude of the signal drops rapidly as it passes the first privileged observer. Further correlated transmission of twin entangled radiophotons with alternating polarisation (e.g. horizontal and vertical polarisation) can be used with a privileged observer to further enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. The system can also be operated in reverse, by receiving in superposition, thus enabling the two receiving channels to observe in superposition.

[0113] Fig.10 A control signal is shown to be delocalized through a beam splitter and SPADs 804, 805. A portion of one of the delocalized beams 1001 is sent out to detect an object 1002. The beam is entangled in a "cat state" with another portion of the superimposed electrical signal 1003. The amplified signals 1004, 1005 control a Mach-Zehnder interferometer as described above (see Figure 1 and Figure 4) and monitor the decay time. The sensing beam 1006 can be scanned to form an image or detect an object at an unknown location. The absorption or detection of the beam by the object to be detected 1002 will result in a shortened collapse time. Detection is the amplification of the signal to above the Diósi-Penrose limit. If the signal is encrypted or spread spectrum, the object 1002 may include an active detector means (such as a digital circuit) that can decode the detection signal and move considerable mass-energy. The detection of the object is caused by the abnormally shortened collapse time of the interferometer. This is not due to classical reflection, but due to the absorption / detection of the signal. Therefore, we call it a counterfactual detector because no classical signal is detected. This counterfactual technology can be applied to various measurements where absorption is an important measurement factor, such as absorption or reaction to light in biological systems. This is particularly useful if the substance scatters and absorbs light without reflecting it. This embodiment can be applied to devices of completely different scales, such as scanning microscopes or scanning macro radars based on the same principle. In another embodiment, the electron beam can be scanned to achieve a counterfactual scanning electron microscope; in another embodiment, a fine probe and tunneling current can be used to provide a counterfactual scanning tunneling microscope. Finally, there are natural beam splitters, such as gravitational lenses, where the collapse time can be modulated by absorbing entangled beam components, and the detector can modulate the detection time of other detectors observing the same macroscopic quantum state.

Claims

1. A quantum gravity gate, comprising: Single photon source; one or more beam splitters arranged in a hierarchy; a single photon detector at the output of the one or more beam splitters that switches electrical signals in superposition; The electrical signal controls a mesoscopic superposition quantum state below the Diósi-Penrose limit; one or more quantum erase circuits that provide power and control to minimize the mass-energy of the states in superposition; The mesoscopic superposition quantum state controls another state; The collapse time of the superposition processes information.

2. The quantum gravity gate according to claim 1, wherein: The mesoscopic superposition state is provided by any quantum mechanism, such as a superconducting loop, trapped ions, or a dual-track photon system.

3. The quantum gravity gate according to claim 1, wherein: The mesoscopic superposition quantum state is an electrical signal.

4. The quantum gravity gate according to claim 1, wherein: The symmetry breaking collapse time of the superposition state is independent of the coherence of the state.

5. The quantum gravity gate according to claim 1, wherein: Multiple quantum gravity gates and quantum gates are coupled to form an information processing system that can solve problems faster than a Turing machine.

6. The quantum gravity computer according to claim 5, wherein: The mass-energy of the superposition state is modified to program the calculation.

7. The quantum gravity computer according to claim 5, wherein: The mass-energy stacking of one gate modifies the collapse time of other gates.

8. The quantum gravity computer according to claim 5, wherein: The spontaneous collapse of the superposition indicates the end of the computation.

9. A quantum gravity gate according to claim 1, arranged to switch radio frequency signals of two or more superimposed antennas in quantum superposition to provide gain in one or more of the following performance parameters: power, directivity, signal-to-noise ratio.

10. A quantum gravity gate according to claim 9, arranged to switch a radio frequency signal, wherein: The two or more signals are switched to provide a superimposed phased array pattern of the superimposed phased array antenna.

11. A quantum gravity gate according to claim 1, arranged to switch a radio frequency signal, wherein: A controlled phased array from one or more transceivers is configured as a radar, wherein the superimposed decay time indicates the presence of an object in a beam of the radar.

12. The quantum gravity gate according to claim 11, wherein: The signals may be arranged to form an image.

13. The quantum gravity gate according to claim 1, wherein: The mass-energy involved in the superposition modulated by a first element; measuring the collapse time by a second element; The resulting collapsed time modulation is used to transmit information.

14. The quantum gravity gate according to claim 1, wherein: A signal propagates through the superposition state; The collapse time of the state is monitored; A change in the collapse time indicates reception and amplification of the signal; The received modulation transmits information to a monitor of the superposition state.

15. A method for information processing, comprising: By using one or more Hadamard gates arranged in a hierarchy, a superposition state is created; separating the superposition state while maximizing the symmetry of the superposition state; amplifying the state to a mesoscopic mass-energy below the Diósi-Penrose limit; Erasing quantum information to minimize the mass-energy in superposition; The mesoscopic states are used to control further gates to process information.

16. A method for improving the operation of a transceiver, comprising: By using one or more Hadamard gates arranged in a hierarchy, a superposition state is created; A switch connecting one or more antennas to a transceiver circuit is controlled to allow stacked connections between the transceiver circuit and the antennas.

17. A method for transmitting information, comprising: By using one or more Hadamard gates arranged in a hierarchy, a superposition state is created; separating the superposition state while maximizing the symmetry of the superposition state; amplifying the state to a mesoscopic mass-energy below the Diósi-Penrose limit; erasing quantum information to minimize the mass-energy in superposition; using the mesoscopic state in a transceiver; The first transceiver is configured to transmit by modulating the decay time of the superposition state; The second transceiver is configured to receive information of the type transmitted via one or more of the following spectra: electromagnetic, quantum electrodynamics, gravitational by detecting the decay time of the superposition state.

18. The method for transmitting information according to claim 17, wherein: The transmission is encrypted such that the first receiver causes a collapse, thereby preventing the superimposed signal from propagating to further receivers and generating sharper cell boundaries than would be produced by a classical antenna array.

19. The method for transmitting information according to claim 17, wherein: Receipt of the signal causes a premature collapse which indicates to the transmitter that the signal has been intercepted.

20. A method for sensing one or more objects, comprising: By using one or more Hadamard gates arranged in a hierarchy, a superposition state is created; amplifying the state to a mesoscopic level below the Diósi-Penrose limit; Using the mesoscopic superposition state, modulating signals of one or more transceivers; imaging an area of ​​a potential object using the transceiver; The decay time of the superposition of mesoscopic states is sensed to provide an indication that the signal has been detected by the underlying object.

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