Pilot health index real-time monitoring device

Abstract

The invention discloses a pilot health index real-time monitoring device, which belongs to the technical field of monitoring and comprises an outer shell, a mounting block, a rotating opening, a camera, a rotating driving mechanism, a central processing unit and an alarm. The device is installed at the adaptive position of the aircraft, any burden of a pilot in the flight process is not increased, meanwhile, the sight of the pilot in the flight process is not blocked, and the use safety of the device is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the field of monitoring technology, and in particular relates to a real-time monitoring device for pilot health index. Background Art

[0002] As the core of air transportation, the physical health of pilots is directly related to flight safety and the operational quality of airlines. With the increasing heavy flight missions and increased flight time, the physical fitness and health of pilots face severe challenges. Therefore, real-time monitoring of pilot health index and timely detection and intervention of potential health problems are of great significance to ensuring flight safety.

[0003] Chinese patent application No. 202111392482.6 discloses a helmet for comprehensively monitoring the health status of a pilot, including a helmet, in which an ultrafine elastic conductive bristle bundle, a blood flow condition detection mechanism and a complexion detection mechanism are arranged. When the helmet is in use, the pilot's brain wave signal is collected by the ultrafine elastic conductive bristle bundle, the pilot's blood condition is detected by the blood flow condition detection mechanism, and the pilot's complexion condition is detected by the complexion detection mechanism. The pilot's health index is judged based on the pilot's brain wave signal, blood condition and complexion condition, so as to realize real-time monitoring.

[0004] The above technology has the following problems: the ultra-fine elastic conductive bristle bundle, blood flow condition detection mechanism and complexion detection mechanism of the above structure are all integrated in the helmet. Although the pilot's health index can be monitored in real time, the weight of the helmet is increased, that is, the burden on the pilot's head during flight is increased. If the flight time is long, it is easy to cause discomfort to the pilot. At the same time, the integration of the structure is easy to cause visual obstruction to the pilot, which is easy to have safety hazards.

[0005] In view of this, a real-time monitoring device for pilot health index is designed to solve the above problems. Summary of the invention

[0006] In order to solve the problems raised in the above background technology, the present invention provides a real-time monitoring device for pilot health index, which has the characteristics of not adding any burden to the pilot during flight, and not blocking the pilot's vision during flight, thereby improving the safety of the device.

[0007] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a real-time monitoring device for pilot health index, comprising:

[0008] An outer shell, used for installing various structures of the device;

[0009] Two mounting blocks are provided, symmetrically fixed in the middle of the mounting sides at the top and bottom ends of the outer shell, and used to fix the outer shell to the matching position of the aircraft;

[0010] There are two rotation ports, which are opened on the camera side of the outer shell and are used to install the camera structure of the device and meet the rotation adjustment of the camera structure of the device;

[0011] Two cameras are provided, which are arranged in two rotating ports and are used to capture images of the pilot's eye area;

[0012] A rotation driving mechanism is assembled between the outer shell and the two cameras, and is used to drive the two cameras to rotate and adjust positions so that the two cameras can capture images of the pilot's eye area;

[0013] The central processing unit is fixedly connected to the top of the outer shell, and is used to receive the images of the pilot's eye area taken by the two cameras, and process and analyze them to determine whether there are abnormal conditions including fatigue and pain, and send an alarm instruction when there are abnormal conditions;

[0014] The alarm is fixedly connected to the top of the outer shell and is used to receive the alarm command of the central processor and give sound and light alarms to serve as a warning.

[0015] Furthermore, the rotation drive mechanism comprises:

[0016] A first rotating shaft, one end of which is rotatably connected to the inside of the outer shell through a bearing, and is used to support the rotation;

[0017] There are two circular plates, one end of which is fixedly connected to the other end of the first rotating shaft, and the other circular plate is arranged at the other side of the outer shell for installing the rotating drive mechanism structure;

[0018] A driving mechanism is assembled between the outer shell and the other circular plate, and is used to drive the other circular plate to rotate;

[0019] A fixed shaft is fixedly connected to the two circular plates near the rotating openings and is used to install the rotating drive mechanism structure and enable the circular plates to rotate together with the rotating plates;

[0020] Two fixed blocks are provided, which are symmetrically fixed to the fixed shaft and used for installing the rotation drive mechanism structure;

[0021] The double-headed screw is rotatably connected to the two circular plates away from the fixed axis through the bearing, and is used to install the rotating drive mechanism structure;

[0022] A follower mechanism is assembled between the outer shell and the double-headed screw to enable the double-headed screw to rotate together;

[0023] There are two movable blocks, which are symmetrically connected to the double-headed screw through a transmission nut and are used to move in the opposite direction when the double-headed screw rotates;

[0024] There are two movable frames, which are arranged outside the fixed block and the movable block on the same side and are fixedly connected to the two cameras to drive the two cameras to rotate;

[0025] There are four first movable openings, which are symmetrically opened in pairs on the two movable frames, and the two fixed blocks and the two movable blocks are respectively located in the four first movable openings, so that the two movable frames can be sleeved outside the two fixed blocks and the two movable blocks through the four first movable openings;

[0026] Eight second rotating shafts are provided, which are symmetrically rotatably connected to the top and bottom ends of the two fixed blocks and the two movable blocks through bearings, and are used to move with the movement of the two movable blocks;

[0027] There are eight second movable openings, which are symmetrically arranged on the two movable frames in a four-by-four pattern. The other ends of the eight second rotating shafts extend into the eight second movable openings respectively, so as to drive the two movable frames to move along with the movement of the eight second rotating shafts.

[0028] Furthermore, the driving mechanism comprises:

[0029] The motor is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the outer shell and is used to provide a rotational driving force;

[0030] A drive shaft, one end of which is connected to the output end of the motor through a coupling for transmitting the rotational driving force;

[0031] A third rotating shaft is fixedly connected to the side wall of another circular plate and is used to drive the connected circular plate to rotate;

[0032] The first adsorption mechanism is installed between the driving shaft and the third rotating shaft, and is used for adsorbing and connecting the driving shaft and the third rotating shaft, so that the driving shaft drives the third rotating shaft to rotate, thereby driving the connected circular plate to rotate.

[0033] Furthermore, the first adsorption mechanism includes:

[0034] An electromagnet is fixedly connected to the end wall of the drive shaft away from the motor and is used to generate electromagnetic adsorption;

[0035] The connecting block is sleeved outside the third rotating shaft, and two limit bars are symmetrically fixedly connected to the outer wall of the third rotating shaft, and two limit grooves are symmetrically opened on the inner wall of the connecting block. The two limit bars are placed in the two limit grooves, and are used to slide on the third rotating shaft and connect with the electromagnet when the electromagnet is energized;

[0036] The connecting spring is sleeved outside the third rotating shaft, and its two ends are respectively fixedly connected to the connecting block and the circular plate close to the side wall, so as to automatically reset when the electromagnet is powered off.

[0037] Furthermore, the follower mechanism comprises:

[0038] A first gear is fixedly sleeved on the driving shaft and is used to generate driving force;

[0039] A bracket, fixedly connected to the side wall of the circular plate close to the first gear, for mounting the follower mechanism structure;

[0040] The follower shaft is rotatably connected in the bracket through a bearing and is used to transmit the follower driving force;

[0041] The second adsorption mechanism is installed between the follower shaft and the double-headed screw, and is used for adsorption connection between the follower shaft and the double-headed screw, so that the follower shaft drives the double-headed screw to rotate;

[0042] The second gear is fixedly sleeved on the end wall of the follower shaft close to the first gear and meshedly connected with the first gear to generate a follower driving force.

[0043] Furthermore, the second adsorption mechanism has the same structure as the first adsorption mechanism.

[0044] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0045] 1. The device of the present invention is installed at an adaptive position of the aircraft, which will not increase any burden on the pilot during the flight, nor will it block the pilot's sight during the flight, thereby improving the safety of the device.

[0046] 2. The present invention uses two cameras to capture two eye area images of the pilot in real time during flight, and uses a central processor to process and analyze the two eye area images in real time to determine the pilot's eye status, and then determine the pilot's health index status, and perform related operations based on the pilot's health index status. Compared with the prior art, the dual determination based on the determination of the two eye area images can improve the monitoring accuracy of the device.

[0047] 3. The present invention is provided with a rotation driving mechanism, which enables the two cameras to track the pilot's eyes in real time, and then to take real-time images of the eye area that can better express the pilot's eye status, thereby improving the monitoring accuracy of the device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0048] Figure 1 A perspective view of the present invention;

[0049] Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the present invention;

[0050] Figure 3 For the present invention Figure 2 Enlarged view of point A in the middle;

[0051] In the figure: 1. outer shell; 2. central processing unit; 3. alarm; 4. mounting block; 5. rotating port; 6. camera;

[0052] 101, circular plate; 102, fixed block; 103, fixed shaft; 104, first rotating shaft; 105, double-headed screw; 106, movable frame; 107, movable block; 108, second rotating shaft; 109, first movable opening; 110, second movable opening;

[0053] 201, motor; 202, drive shaft; 203, third rotating shaft;

[0054] 301, electromagnet; 302, connecting spring; 303, connecting block;

[0055] 401, first gear; 402, bracket; 403, follower shaft; 404, second gear. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0056] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0057] A real-time monitoring device for pilot health index, comprising:

[0058] The outer shell 1 is used to install various structures of the device;

[0059] There are two mounting blocks 4, which are symmetrically fixed in the middle of the mounting sides at the top and bottom ends of the outer shell 1, and are used to fix the outer shell 1 to the fitting position of the aircraft;

[0060] There are two rotation openings 5, which are opened on the camera side of the outer shell 1 and are used to install the camera structure of the device and meet the rotation adjustment of the camera structure of the device;

[0061] There are two cameras 6, which are arranged in the two rotating ports 5 and are used to capture images of the pilot's eye area;

[0062] A rotation drive mechanism is installed between the outer shell 1 and the two cameras 6, and is used to drive the two cameras 6 to rotate and adjust their positions so that the two cameras 6 can capture images of the pilot's eye area;

[0063] The central processor 2 is fixedly connected to the top of the outer shell 1, and is used to receive the pilot's eye area images taken by the two cameras 6, and process and analyze them to determine whether there are abnormal conditions including fatigue and pain, and send an alarm instruction when there are abnormal conditions;

[0064] The alarm 3 is fixedly connected to the top of the outer shell 1, and is used to receive the alarm instruction of the central processor 2 and give an audible and visual alarm to play a warning role.

[0065] The central processing unit 2 is electrically connected to the camera 6 , the rotation drive mechanism and the alarm 3 .

[0066] In this embodiment, see the attached Figure 1-2 Before the device is used, the two mounting blocks 4 are fixed to the matching position of the aircraft by screws, that is, the device is fixed to the matching position of the aircraft;

[0067] When the device is in use, the central processor 2 controls the two cameras 6 to start, the two cameras 6 take images, and transmit them to the central processor 2 for processing and analysis. If the central processor 2 analyzes that the two images are not the pilot's eye area, the rotation drive mechanism is controlled to start, and the rotation drive mechanism drives the two cameras 6 to rotate. During this process, the two cameras 6 continue to take images until the central processor 2 analyzes that the two images are the pilot's eye area and stops. During the pilot's flight, the two cameras 6 continuously take images and transmit them to the central processor 2 for processing and analysis. If the central processor 2 analyzes that the results of the two images are both that the pilot's eyes show fatigue or pain, the central processor 2 sends an alarm instruction, and the alarm 3 alarms so that timely processing can be carried out. If the central processor 2 analyzes that the results of the two images are different, the two images at the next moment are received again for reprocessing and analysis. During this process, if the pilot's eye area moves, the correction work of the above two cameras 6 is repeated to realize the device's real-time monitoring of the pilot's health index.

[0068] Specifically, the rotation drive mechanism includes:

[0069] A first rotating shaft 104, one end of which is rotatably connected to the outer shell 1 through a bearing, and is used to support the rotation;

[0070] There are two circular plates 101, one end of one circular plate 101 is fixedly connected to the other end of the first rotating shaft 104, and the other circular plate 101 is arranged at the other side of the outer shell 1 for installing the rotating driving mechanism structure;

[0071] A driving mechanism is installed between the outer shell 1 and the other circular plate 101, and is used to drive the other circular plate 101 to rotate;

[0072] The fixed shaft 103 is fixedly connected to the two circular plates 101 near the rotating opening 5, and is used to install the rotating drive mechanism structure, and at the same time enables the circular plates 101 to rotate together with the rotating plates 101;

[0073] There are two fixed blocks 102, which are symmetrically fixed to the fixed shaft 103 and used to install the rotation drive mechanism structure;

[0074] The double-headed screw 105 is rotatably connected to the two circular plates 101 away from the fixed shaft 103 through the bearing, and is used to install the rotation drive mechanism structure;

[0075] The follower mechanism is assembled between the outer shell 1 and the double-headed screw 105, and is used to enable the double-headed screw 105 to rotate together;

[0076] There are two movable blocks 107, which are symmetrically connected to the double-headed screw 105 through a transmission nut, and are used to move in the opposite direction when the double-headed screw 105 rotates;

[0077] There are two movable frames 106, which are arranged outside the fixed block 102 and the movable block 107 on the same side and are fixedly connected to the two cameras 6 to drive the two cameras 6 to rotate;

[0078] There are four first movable openings 109, which are symmetrically opened on the two movable frames 106 in pairs. The two fixed blocks 102 and the two movable blocks 107 are respectively located in the four first movable openings 109, so that the two movable frames 106 can be sleeved outside the two fixed blocks 102 and the two movable blocks 107 through the four first movable openings 109;

[0079] Eight second rotating shafts 108 are provided, which are symmetrically rotatably connected to the top and bottom ends of the two fixed blocks 102 and the two movable blocks 107 through bearings, and are used to move with the movement of the two movable blocks 107;

[0080] There are eight second movable openings 110 , which are symmetrically opened on the two movable frames 106 . The other ends of the eight second rotating shafts 108 extend into the eight second movable openings 110 respectively, so as to drive the two movable frames 106 to move along with the movement of the eight second rotating shafts 108 .

[0081] The central processing unit 2 is electrically connected to the driving mechanism.

[0082] In this embodiment, see the attached Figure 2The rotation driving mechanism is driven by the driving mechanism to rotate the connected circular plate 101, the connected circular plate 101 drives the fixed shaft 103, the double-headed screw 105 and the follower mechanism to rotate, the fixed shaft 103 and the double-headed screw 105 respectively drive the connected fixed block 102 and the movable block 107 to rotate, the connected fixed block 102 and the movable block 107 respectively drive the connected second rotating shaft 108 to rotate, the connected second rotating shaft 108 drives the connected movable frame 106 to rotate, the connected movable frame 106 drives the connected camera 6 to rotate up and down at the corresponding rotating port 5, when the image captured by the camera 6 during this process contains the pilot's eye area but is not located in the center, the rotation of the circular plate 101 is stopped. The driving mechanism part drives the follower mechanism to rotate, and the follower mechanism drives the double-headed screw 105 to rotate. During the rotation of the double-headed screw 105, the two movable blocks 107 move in opposite directions on the double-headed screw 105. The two movable blocks 107 drive the connected second rotating shaft 108 to move in the same direction. During the movement of the connected second rotating shaft 108, it moves in the corresponding second movable opening 110, driving the two movable frames 106 to move left and right. The two movable frames 106 drive the two cameras 6 to rotate left and right in the corresponding rotating openings 5 ​​until the image captured by the camera 6 during this process includes the pilot's eye area and stops at the center, so as to realize the driving of the two cameras 6 to rotate and adjust the position.

[0083] Specifically, the driving mechanism includes:

[0084] The motor 201 is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the outer shell 1 and is used to provide a rotational driving force;

[0085] A drive shaft 202, one end of which is connected to the output end of the motor 201 through a coupling for transmitting a rotational driving force;

[0086] The third rotating shaft 203 is fixedly connected to the side wall of another circular plate 101 and is used to drive the connected circular plate 101 to rotate;

[0087] The first adsorption mechanism is installed between the driving shaft 202 and the third rotating shaft 203 and is used for adsorbing and connecting the driving shaft 202 and the third rotating shaft 203 so that the driving shaft 202 drives the third rotating shaft 203 to rotate, thereby driving the connected circular plate 101 to rotate.

[0088] The central processing unit 2 is electrically connected to the motor 201 and the first adsorption mechanism.

[0089] In this embodiment, see the attached Figure 3 The driving mechanism is controlled by the central processor 2 to start the motor 201, the motor 201 drives the output shaft to rotate, the output shaft of the motor 201 drives the driving shaft 202 to rotate, the driving shaft 202 drives the first adsorption mechanism to rotate, and the first adsorption mechanism drives the connected circular plate 101 to rotate, so as to realize the rotation drive of the connected circular plate 101.

[0090] Specifically, the first adsorption mechanism includes:

[0091] The electromagnet 301 is fixedly connected to the end wall of the driving shaft 202 away from the motor 201, and is used to generate electromagnetic adsorption;

[0092] The connecting block 303 is sleeved outside the third rotating shaft 203. Two limiting bars are symmetrically fixed to the outer wall of the third rotating shaft 203. Two limiting grooves are symmetrically provided on the inner wall of the connecting block 303. The two limiting bars are placed in the two limiting grooves, and are used to slide on the third rotating shaft 203 and connect with the electromagnet 301 when the electromagnet 301 is energized.

[0093] The connecting spring 302 is sleeved outside the third rotating shaft 203, and its two ends are respectively fixed to the connecting block 303 and the circular plate 101 close to the side wall, so as to automatically reset the electromagnet 301 when the power is cut off.

[0094] The central processing unit 2 is electrically connected to the electromagnet 301 .

[0095] In this embodiment, see the attached Figure 3 The first adsorption mechanism is controlled by the central processor 2 to energize the electromagnet 301, and the electromagnet 301 adsorbs the connecting block 303, so that the electromagnet 301, the connecting block 303 and the third rotating shaft 203 are in a connected state. At this time, the driving shaft 202 drives the electromagnet 301 to rotate, the electromagnet 301 drives the connecting block 303 to rotate, the connecting block 303 drives the third rotating shaft 203 to rotate, and the third rotating shaft 203 drives the connected circular plate 101 to rotate, so as to realize the adsorption connection drive of the driving shaft 202 and the third rotating shaft 203.

[0096] Specifically, the follow-up mechanism includes:

[0097] The first gear 401 is fixedly sleeved on the driving shaft 202 and is used to generate driving force;

[0098] The bracket 402 is fixedly connected to the side wall of the circular plate 101 close to the first gear 401 and is used to install the follower mechanism structure;

[0099] The follower shaft 403 is rotatably connected to the bracket 402 through a bearing and is used to transmit the follower driving force;

[0100] The second adsorption mechanism is installed between the follower shaft 403 and the double-headed screw 105, and is used to adsorb and connect the follower shaft 403 and the double-headed screw 105, so that the follower shaft 403 drives the double-headed screw 105 to rotate;

[0101] The second gear 404 is fixedly sleeved on the end wall of the follower shaft 403 close to the first gear 401 and meshedly connected with the first gear 401 to generate a follower driving force.

[0102] The central processing unit 2 is electrically connected to the second adsorption mechanism.

[0103] In this embodiment, see the attached Figure 3 When the follow-up mechanism follows, the central processor 2 controls the electromagnet 301 connected to the drive shaft 202 to be powered off, and the electromagnet 301 is separated from the connecting block 303. At the same time, the connecting block 303 is reset under the reset force of the connecting spring 302. At this time, the connected circular plate 101 will not be driven to rotate. The drive shaft 202 drives the first gear 401 to rotate, and the first gear 401 drives the meshing second gear 404 to rotate. The second gear 404 drives the connected follow-up shaft 403 to rotate, and the follow-up shaft 403 drives the second adsorption mechanism to rotate. The second adsorption mechanism drives the double-headed screw 105 to rotate, so as to realize the accompanying rotation drive of the double-headed screw 105.

[0104] Specifically, the second adsorption mechanism has the same structure as the first adsorption mechanism.

[0105] In this implementation, see the attached Figure 3 The adsorption rotation principle of the second adsorption mechanism is the same as the adsorption rotation principle of the first adsorption mechanism.

[0106] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations may be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and that the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A real-time monitoring device for pilot health index, characterized in that: include: An outer shell (1); Two mounting blocks (4) are provided and are symmetrically fixed in the middle of the mounting sides at the top and bottom ends of the outer shell (1); Two rotating openings (5) are provided and are opened on the camera side of the outer shell (1); Two cameras (6) are provided and are arranged in the two rotating openings (5); A rotation driving mechanism is assembled between the outer shell (1) and the two cameras (6); A central processing unit (2) is fixedly connected to the top of the outer shell (1); The alarm (3) is fixedly connected to the top of the outer shell (1).

2. A pilot health index real-time monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The rotation drive mechanism comprises: A first rotating shaft (104), one end of which is rotatably connected to the interior of the outer shell (1) via a bearing; Two circular plates (101) are provided, one end of one circular plate (101) is fixedly connected to the other end of the first rotating shaft (104), and the other circular plate (101) is provided on the other side of the interior of the outer shell (1); A driving mechanism is assembled between the outer shell (1) and another circular plate (101); A fixed shaft (103) is fixedly connected to the two circular plates (101) near the rotating opening (5); Two fixed blocks (102) are provided and are symmetrically fixed on the fixed shaft (103); A double-headed screw (105) is rotatably connected to the two circular plates (101) at the side away from the fixed shaft (103) via a bearing; A follower mechanism is assembled between the outer shell (1) and the double-headed screw (105); Two movable blocks (107) are provided and are symmetrically connected to the double-headed screw (105) through transmission nuts; Two movable frames (106) are provided, which are arranged outside the fixed block (102) and the movable block (107) on the same side and are fixedly connected to the two cameras (6); Four first movable openings (109) are provided, and are symmetrically opened in pairs on two movable frames (106); the two fixed blocks (102) and the two movable blocks (107) are respectively located in the four first movable openings (109); Eight second rotating shafts (108) are provided, and are symmetrically rotatably connected to the top and bottom ends of the two fixed blocks (102) and the two movable blocks (107) through bearings; There are eight second movable openings (110), which are symmetrically arranged in fours on the two movable frames (106). The other ends of the eight second rotating shafts (108) extend into the eight second movable openings (110) respectively.

3. A pilot health index real-time monitoring device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The driving mechanism comprises: The motor (201) is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the outer shell (1); A driving shaft (202), one end of which is connected to the output end of the motor (201) through a coupling; A third rotating shaft (203) is fixedly connected to a side wall of another circular plate (101); The first adsorption mechanism is assembled between the driving shaft (202) and the third rotating shaft (203).

4. A pilot health index real-time monitoring device according to claim 3, characterized in that: The first adsorption mechanism comprises: The electromagnet (301) is fixedly connected to the end wall of the driving shaft (202) away from the motor (201); The connecting block (303) is sleeved outside the third rotating shaft (203), the outer wall of the third rotating shaft (203) is symmetrically fixed with two limit bars, the inner wall of the connecting block (303) is symmetrically provided with two limit grooves, and the two limit bars are placed in the two limit grooves; The connecting spring (302) is sleeved outside the third rotating shaft (203), and its two ends are respectively fixedly connected to the connecting block (303) and the circular plate (101) close to the side walls.

5. A pilot health index real-time monitoring device according to claim 4, characterized in that: The following mechanism comprises: A first gear (401) is fixedly sleeved on the driving shaft (202); A bracket (402) is fixedly connected to a side wall of the circular plate (101) close to the first gear (401); A follower shaft (403) is rotatably connected to the bracket (402) via a bearing; The second adsorption mechanism is assembled between the follower shaft (403) and the double-headed screw (105); The second gear (404) is fixedly sleeved on the end wall of the follower shaft (403) close to the first gear (401) and meshedly connected with the first gear (401).

6. A pilot health index real-time monitoring device according to claim 5, characterized in that: The second adsorption mechanism has the same structure as the first adsorption mechanism.

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