Water and soil conservation ecological restoration method for spoil field

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration, and discloses a spoil field water and soil conservation ecological restoration method which comprises the following steps: S1, soil taking and filling: firstly, stripping surface soil of a soil taking field; the spoil field is compacted in a layered mode; s2, environmental data collection and soil condition detection: collecting environmental data of a spoil field; the soil quality is detected; s3, grass seed selection and sowing quantity determination: observing and analyzing the emergence rate, the survival rate and the heading and flowering rate of the test grass seeds, and selecting proper grass seeds and sowing quantity; s4, soil improvement and sowing: after soil improvement, sowing on surface soil of the spoil field; s5, plant maintenance and tree planting: after vegetation coverage, shrubs and arbors are planted; S6, ecological index evaluation: water and soil conservation and ecological restoration conditions are analyzed. According to the method, proper vegetation can be selected, it is guaranteed that the ecology of the spoil field is restored as soon as possible, water and soil loss is reduced, the local ecological environment is not affected, and the economic cost is low.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration, in particular to a soil and water conservation ecological restoration method for a spoil site. Background Art

[0002] During the construction process, a huge amount of waste soil is generated. These waste soils are dumped and landfilled in the setting up of waste dumps, which inevitably causes the destruction and loss of surface vegetation, changes in the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and disturbance of the local ecosystem. In order to prevent soil erosion and secondary ecological damage, especially in some ecologically fragile areas, such as high altitude areas, it is necessary to take ecological restoration measures for the borrow sites and waste dumps to prevent soil erosion.

[0003] A Chinese patent discloses a method for soil and water conservation ecological restoration of abandoned land (authorization announcement number CN100350106C). The soil and water conservation ecological restoration technology for abandoned land proposed in this patent mainly adopts biological measures, assisted by certain engineering measures, to achieve good soil and water conservation effects, and has a relatively low cost, achieving good effects of improving the ecological environment and visual effects. However, it does not select suitable vegetation according to local conditions, resulting in a low vegetation coverage rate and may affect the local ecological environment. Summary of the invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a soil and water conservation ecological restoration method for a spoil site to solve the problems raised in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: A soil and water conservation ecological restoration method for a spoil site comprises the following steps: S1. Soil excavation and filling: Before excavating and taking soil at the soil excavation site, the surface soil shall be stripped off and piled together; soil shall be taken at the soil excavation site and transported to the soil disposal site for compaction in layers; barrier protection and drainage facilities shall be set up according to the water erosion situation, and the site shall be leveled; S2. Environmental data collection and soil condition testing: Collect data on the climate conditions, topography and ecological environment of the spoil site; collect soil samples from the topsoil at the soil borrowing site to test the soil quality, soil composition and pH; S3. Selection of grass seeds and determination of sowing amount: Based on the collected data and soil test results, several kinds of test grass seeds suitable for growing in the area are screened out; in the environment of the abandoned soil site, soil samples are used for planting experiments, and the germination rate of the test grass seeds is observed and analyzed; if the germination rate of the test grass seeds meets the set requirements, the survival rate and heading and flowering rate of the test grass seeds are continuously observed and analyzed to determine the appropriate sowing grass seeds and sowing amount; if the germination rates of all the test grass seeds do not meet the set requirements, the experimental soil samples are improved, and the planting experiment is carried out again, and the germination rate, survival rate and heading and flowering rate of the test grass seeds are observed and analyzed to select the appropriate grass seeds and sowing amount; S4, soil improvement and sowing: according to the emergence rate of plant grass seeds in the soil sample, determine whether to improve the topsoil piled in step S1. If improvement is not required, the topsoil is directly spread on the spoil field; if improvement is required, the improved topsoil is spread on the spoil field; and sowing is carried out on the topsoil of the spoil field at the appropriate sowing period; S5. Plant maintenance and tree planting: In the first year of sowing, selective fertilizers are applied according to the vigor of the seedlings, and corresponding anti-evaporation measures are taken according to the evaporation of soil moisture; the dry soil layer is checked, and if the thickness of some soil layers exceeds the set value, water is irrigated in time; in the second year, the vegetation coverage is tested, and if the coverage does not meet the design requirements, replanting is carried out; after the third year, if the surface of the abandoned soil field is completely covered by plants, shrubs and trees adapted to local growth are planted separately until the entire abandoned soil field is completely covered with grass, shrubs and trees; S6. Ecological indicator evaluation: After the abandoned soil site is completely covered by plants, the landscape function, vegetation dynamic characteristics, and habitat complexity indicators are evaluated, and the soil and water conservation and ecological restoration conditions are analyzed.

[0006] As a further solution of the present invention: in the step S3, the observation and analysis steps of the germination rate, survival rate and heading and flowering rate of the test grass seeds are as follows: S31, first observe the emergence rate of grass seeds, and select grass seeds with a germination rate greater than a set value; S32, after the plants have overwintered, observing the survival rate of the plants again, and selecting grass seeds with a survival rate greater than a set value; S32. Continue to observe the growth of the plants. After the plants reach sexual maturity, observe their heading and flowering conditions to determine their reproductive capacity. Select grass seeds with a high heading and flowering rate as sowing seeds.

[0007] As a further solution of the present invention: in the step S3, the types of grass seeds sown are not less than 3, and the sowing amount is not less than 3 kg / mu.

[0008] As a further solution of the present invention: in the step S3, the improvement treatment includes applying fertilizer, adjusting the soil pH value, and increasing the soil water retention rate and air permeability.

[0009] As a further solution of the present invention: in the step S1, the thickness of the topsoil stripped is 15 to 30 cm; in the step S4, the thickness of the topsoil flattened is greater than 10 cm, and the sowing depth is 2 to 3 cm.

[0010] As a further solution of the present invention: in the step S6, the landscape functions include stability against erosion, water penetration and retention capacity, and nutrient cycle status.

[0011] As a further solution of the present invention: in the step S6, the dynamic characteristics of vegetation include the number of vegetation species composition, species similarity with similar areas, the presence of framework species, and the development of target species.

[0012] As a further solution of the present invention: in the step S6, the habitat complexity includes tree crown cover, shrub cover, ground cover, litter and dead wood volume, and free water availability.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: The present invention firstly strips the surface soil of the soil borrowing site and backfills the remaining spoil into the spoil site; then collects data on the climate conditions, topography and ecological environment of the spoil site, and detects the surface soil conditions; then selects grass seeds suitable for local growth and the sowing amount through experiments; then sows and maintains the soil after improvement; after the plants completely cover the spoil site, evaluates ecological indicators, analyzes the soil and water conservation conditions and ecological restoration conditions; the method can select suitable vegetation, ensure that the ecology of the spoil site is restored as soon as possible, reduce soil and water loss, and does not affect the local ecological environment, and has a low economic cost. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] In an embodiment of the present invention, a soil and water conservation ecological restoration method for a spoil site includes the following steps: S1. Soil excavation and filling: Before excavating and taking soil at the soil borrowing site, the topsoil shall be stripped off and piled together; soil shall be taken at the soil borrowing site and transported to the waste soil site for compaction in layers. If the waste soil site is highly toxic, an isolation layer shall be first covered on the waste soil site before the waste soil is filled; and barrier protection and drainage facilities shall be set up according to the water erosion situation, and the site shall be leveled. Among them, barrier protection such as retaining walls and slope protection shall be used to prevent rainwater erosion; drainage facilities such as drainage ditches and drainage pipes shall be used to reduce soil and water loss; S2. Environmental data collection and soil condition testing: Collect data on the climatic conditions, topography and ecological environment of the dump site. The climatic conditions include subtropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and alpine climate. Different climatic regions have different climatic conditions, and the growth conditions of plants are also different. For example, temperature, relative humidity, annual rainfall, light time and intensity all affect plant growth. The topography includes plains, hills and deserts. The ecological environment includes forests, cultivated land, grasslands, wastelands and wildlife reserves. Soil samples of the topsoil are collected at the dump site to test the soil quality, soil composition and pH. The soil quality includes brown soil, loess and desert soil. The soil composition mainly tests the content of organic matter. S3. Selection of grass seeds and determination of sowing amount: Based on the collected data and soil test results, select several kinds of test grass seeds suitable for growing in the area. For example, in high-altitude areas, select grass seeds of Elymus danglingensis, Poa annua, Sophora japonica, Sand-fixing grass, Artemisia selengensis, and Elymus sibiricus as test grass seeds according to climatic conditions, topography, and ecological environment, as well as soil conditions, soil composition, and pH. In the environment of the abandoned soil site, use soil samples to carry out planting experiments, and observe and analyze the emergence rate of the test grass seeds. If the emergence rate of the test grass seeds meets the set requirements, continue to observe and analyze the survival rate and heading and flowering rate of the test grass seeds, and determine the appropriate sowing grass seeds and sowing amount. If the emergence rate of all test grass seeds does not meet the set requirements, such as the emergence rate setting requirement of not less than 55%, improve the experimental soil sample soil, carry out planting experiments again, observe and analyze the emergence rate, survival rate, and heading and flowering rate of the test grass seeds, and select appropriate grass seeds and sowing amount, which can reduce the economic cost in the improvement process. S4, soil improvement and sowing: according to the emergence rate of plant grass seeds in the soil sample, determine whether to improve the topsoil piled in step S1. If improvement is not required, the topsoil is directly spread on the abandoned soil field; if improvement is required, the improved topsoil is spread on the abandoned soil field; and sowing is carried out on the topsoil of the abandoned soil field during the appropriate sowing period, such as May to June; S5. Plant maintenance and tree planting: In the first year of sowing, selectively fertilize according to the vigor of the seedlings, and take corresponding anti-evaporation measures according to the evaporation of soil moisture, such as covering with non-woven nets; and check the dry soil layer. If the thickness of some soil layers exceeds the set value, such as the dry soil layer exceeds 3cm, water and irrigate in time; in the second year, check the vegetation coverage. If the coverage does not meet the design requirements, such as the coverage is less than 70%, replanting is carried out; after the third year, if the surface of the abandoned soil field is completely covered by plants, shrubs and trees adapted to local growth are planted separately until the entire abandoned soil field is completely covered with grass, shrubs and trees; S6. Ecological indicator evaluation: After the abandoned soil site is completely covered by plants, the landscape function, vegetation dynamic characteristics, and habitat complexity indicators are evaluated, and the soil and water conservation and ecological restoration conditions are analyzed.

[0015] Preferably, in step S3, the observation and analysis steps of the emergence rate, survival rate and heading and flowering rate of the test grass seeds are as follows: S31, first observe the emergence rate of grass seeds, and select grass seeds with a germination rate greater than a set value, such as the set value is 55%; S32. After the plants have overwintered, observe the survival rate of the plants again and select grass seeds with a survival rate greater than a set value, such as 55%, because there is a possibility that although the germination rate is very high, a large number of seeds may die in cold climates; S32. Continue to observe the growth of the plants. After the plants reach sexual maturity, observe their heading and flowering conditions to determine their reproductive capacity. Select grass seeds with a high heading and flowering rate as sowing seeds.

[0016] Preferably, in step S3, at least three types of grass seeds are sown, and the sowing amount is not less than 3 kg / mu.

[0017] Preferably, in step S3, the improvement treatment includes applying fertilizers, adjusting the soil pH value, increasing the soil water retention rate and air permeability. If the soil is alkaline, pine needle soil made from rotten pine and cypress needles, dead branches and other dead materials can be mixed in; if the soil organic matter content is too low and the air permeability is poor, humus soil and farmyard manure can be mixed in; if the soil is loose sandy, water-retaining agent can be sprayed to increase the soil water retention rate.

[0018] Preferably, in step S1, the thickness of the topsoil stripped is 15 to 30 cm; in step S4, the thickness of the topsoil flattened is greater than 10 cm, and the sowing depth is 2 to 3 cm.

[0019] Preferably, in step S6, the landscape functions include stability against erosion, water penetration and retention capacity, and nutrient cycle status, wherein stability against erosion includes rain erosion and stability of soil after mechanical disturbance; water penetration and retention capacity includes stability or looseness of soil when it becomes wet; nutrient cycle status includes soil components that are eroded, degradation of surface organic matter and nutrient cycle status.

[0020] Preferably, in step S6, the dynamic characteristics of vegetation include the number of vegetation species composition, species similarity with similar areas, the presence of framework species, and the development of target species; wherein species similarity with similar areas refers to the similarity with plants in undisturbed areas, and framework species refer to species that provide shade and protection and are conducive to water and nutrient circulation and resource regulation. Without framework species, the ecosystem cannot achieve sustainable development.

[0021] Preferably, in step S6, the habitat complexity includes tree crown cover, shrub cover, ground cover, litter and dead wood volume, and free water availability; and the score of the entire habitat complexity of the dump is obtained by performing graded statistics on the above-mentioned indicator characteristics.

[0022] The above are only preferred specific implementation modes of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field can make equivalent replacements or changes according to the technical solutions and inventive concepts of the present invention within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, which should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A soil and water conservation ecological restoration method for a spoil site, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1. Soil excavation and filling: Before excavating and taking soil at the soil excavation site, the surface soil shall be stripped off and piled together; soil shall be taken at the soil excavation site and transported to the soil disposal site for compaction in layers; barrier protection and drainage facilities shall be set up according to the water erosion situation, and the site shall be leveled; S2. Environmental data collection and soil condition testing: Collect data on the climate conditions, topography and ecological environment of the spoil site; collect soil samples from the topsoil at the soil borrowing site to test the soil quality, soil composition and pH; S3. Selection of grass seeds and determination of sowing amount: Based on the collected data and soil test results, several kinds of test grass seeds suitable for growing in the area are screened out; in the environment of the abandoned soil site, soil samples are used for planting experiments, and the germination rate of the test grass seeds is observed and analyzed; if the germination rate of the test grass seeds meets the set requirements, the survival rate and heading and flowering rate of the test grass seeds are continuously observed and analyzed to determine the appropriate sowing grass seeds and sowing amount; if the germination rates of all the test grass seeds do not meet the set requirements, the experimental soil samples are improved, and the planting experiment is carried out again, and the germination rate, survival rate and heading and flowering rate of the test grass seeds are observed and analyzed to select the appropriate grass seeds and sowing amount; S4, soil improvement and sowing: according to the emergence rate of plant grass seeds in the soil sample, determine whether to improve the topsoil piled in step S1. If improvement is not required, the topsoil is directly spread on the spoil field; if improvement is required, the improved topsoil is spread on the spoil field; and sowing is carried out on the topsoil of the spoil field at the appropriate sowing period; S5. Plant maintenance and tree planting: In the first year of sowing, selective fertilizers are applied according to the vigor of the seedlings, and corresponding anti-evaporation measures are taken according to the evaporation of soil moisture; the dry soil layer is checked, and if the thickness of some soil layers exceeds the set value, water is irrigated in time; in the second year, the vegetation coverage is tested, and if the coverage does not meet the design requirements, replanting is carried out; after the third year, if the surface of the abandoned soil field is completely covered by plants, shrubs and trees adapted to local growth are planted separately until the entire abandoned soil field is completely covered with grass, shrubs and trees; S6. Ecological indicator evaluation: After the abandoned soil site is completely covered by plants, the landscape function, vegetation dynamic characteristics, and habitat complexity indicators are evaluated, and the soil and water conservation and ecological restoration conditions are analyzed.

2. The method for soil and water conservation ecological restoration of a spoil site according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S3, the observation and analysis steps of the germination rate, survival rate and heading and flowering rate of the test grass seeds are as follows: S31, first observe the emergence rate of grass seeds, and select grass seeds with a germination rate greater than a set value; S32, after the plants have overwintered, observing the survival rate of the plants again, and selecting grass seeds with a survival rate greater than a set value; S32. Continue to observe the growth of the plants. After the plants reach sexual maturity, observe their heading and flowering conditions to determine their reproductive capacity. Select grass seeds with a high heading and flowering rate as sowing seeds.

3. The method for soil and water conservation ecological restoration of a spoil site according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S3, at least three types of grass seeds are sown, and the sowing amount is not less than 3 kg / mu.

4. The method for soil and water conservation ecological restoration of a spoil site according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S3, the improvement treatment includes applying fertilizer, adjusting the soil pH value, and increasing the soil water retention rate and air permeability.

5. The method for soil and water conservation ecological restoration of a spoil site according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S1, the thickness of the topsoil stripped is 15-30 cm; in the step S4, the thickness of the topsoil flattened is greater than 10 cm, and the sowing depth is 2-3 cm.

6. The method for soil and water conservation ecological restoration of a spoil site according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S6, the landscape functions include stability against erosion, water penetration and retention capacity, and nutrient cycle status.

7. The method for soil and water conservation ecological restoration of a spoil site according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S6, the vegetation dynamic characteristics include the number of vegetation species composition, species similarity with similar areas, the presence of framework species, and the development of target species.

8. The method for soil and water conservation ecological restoration of a spoil site according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S6, habitat complexity includes tree crown cover, shrub cover, ground cover, litter and dead wood volume, and free water availability.