Method for regulating and controlling water and fertilizer of apple orchard soil in semi-arid region

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for regulating and controlling soil water and fertilizer of an apple orchard in a semi-arid region, and belongs to the technical field of fruit tree planting. The method comprises the following steps: (1) ploughing fruit tree lines before sowing, and applying a base fertilizer; (2) taking the main stem of the fruit tree as a central axis, trimming a strip-shaped fertilizer ditch in the young orchard, and trimming a strip-shaped fertilizer ditch in the adult orchard; (3) selecting a Brassica campestris L. spring rape variety and a Brassica campestris L. strong winter rape variety which have shallow root systems and are barren and drought-resistant, and mixing and sowing the Brassica campestris L. spring rape variety and the Brassica campestris L. strong winter rape variety in the first ten days and the middle ten days of August between the rows of the fruit trees; and (4) cutting the overground part of the spring rape in late October, covering the overground part on the surface of the fertilizer ditch, and scattering a small amount of crushed soil on the overground part. And (5) cutting the overground part of the winter rape in late April of the next year, covering the overground part on the surface of the fertilizer ditch, and scattering a small amount of crushed soil on the overground part. The method is environment-friendly, simple and convenient, can significantly improve the moisture content of the deep soil of the orchard, and significantly increases the contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and mineral nutrients in the soil.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree planting and relates to a method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid area, and specifically relates to a method for building a fertilizer and water ditch in an apple orchard in a semi-arid area and intercropping spring and strong winter green manure rapeseed, and mowing the above-ground part of the green manure rapeseed in batches to cover the soil moisture conservation and fertilization on the surface of the fertilizer and water ditch. Background Art

[0002] Generally, areas with annual precipitation of 350mm to 500mm are called semi-arid areas, and their agriculture is called "dryland agriculture". Semi-arid areas are rich in land resources, with sufficient sunlight, large temperature difference between day and night, less rainfall and uneven seasonal distribution, drought in winter and spring and rainy in autumn. Due to the scarce precipitation and uneven distribution throughout the year, droughts occur from time to time. The Loess Plateau is an important part of the semi-arid area. The northern part of Shanxi, northern Shaanxi and central and eastern Gansu located in the Loess Plateau are apple-producing areas, with a huge area of ​​local apples and excellent apple quality. However, drought, water shortage and poor soil are the primary problems affecting apple production in semi-arid areas; the second is orchard weeds; the local apple yield and quality are mainly limited by the rainfall of the year, soil fertility and orchard management level.

[0003] In the semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau, the relative soil moisture content is mostly less than 60% during the vigorous apple growing season, and seasonal drought is severe. The water storage in the 0-60cm soil layer is consistent with the change in precipitation; the water content in the 0-200cm soil layer in the rhizosphere of fruit trees is generally insufficient. Studies have found that in orchards over 20 years old in northern Shaanxi, the infiltration of rainfall into the deep soil is close to zero, and orchards of different ages have experienced severe or intense drying below the 2.0-4.0m soil layer; the dry soil layer cuts off the connection between deep moisture and the upper layer, forming an abnormal soil moisture cycle pattern of "soil-plant-atmosphere". In addition, the soil layer in semi-arid areas is deep, the mineral nutrient content in the soil is low, the organic matter content in cultivated soil is less than 1%, the soil is compacted, and the ventilation and water permeability are low, and the soil fertility and quality are poor.

[0004] Planting green manure in orchards and covering the ground can effectively reduce soil evaporation, maintain soil moisture, and lower soil temperature, thus protecting fruit trees from damage caused by high temperatures in summer. Returning green manure to the fields increases soil organic matter and nutrient content, fertilizes the soil, and promotes the reproduction and metabolism of soil microorganisms. The roots of green manure penetrate the soil and break up the soil, forming a soil pore structure, increasing rainwater infiltration and soil moisture storage during the rainy season. Returning green manure to the fields increases soil aggregate structure and improves soil physical properties; planting green manure in orchards can also reduce orchard weeds, reduce weeding costs, establish a good orchard ecosystem, save production costs, and achieve quality and efficiency improvements in apple production.

[0005] In summary, according to the climatic characteristics of semi-arid areas with little and concentrated rainfall, green manure should be planted in orchards during the rainy season to avoid competing with fruit trees for water. Timely mowing and mulching can inhibit soil evaporation, increase soil moisture storage, alleviate soil drought, and inhibit deep soil drying. Returning green manure to the field can also increase soil organic matter, fertilize the soil, improve soil structure, and inhibit orchard weeds, reduce production costs, and increase apple yield and quality, which is of great significance. Summary of the invention

[0006] In view of this, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid area, which adopts fertilizer and water ditches and green manure returning technology to inhibit soil evaporation, increase soil moisture storage, alleviate orchard soil drought, fertilize the soil, and increase soil organic matter; at the same time, intercropping green manure in the orchard can inhibit orchard weeds, improve orchard ecology, increase apple yield and quality, and reduce production costs.

[0007] In semi-arid areas, fertilizer ditches are built in the rows of young orchards and mature apple orchards planted with fruit trees. Spring rapeseed varieties and strong winter rapeseed varieties (which can safely overwinter in the local area) of the cabbage type Brassica campestris L. with strong adaptability, tolerance to barrenness, drought, shallow root system, and fast growth are selected. They are intercropped between the rows of fruit trees in the autumn rainy season to avoid competing with fruit trees for water. The aboveground part of the green manure rapeseed is cut in late autumn and the following spring and covered on the ground of the fertilizer ditches, and crushed soil is sprinkled on it.

[0008] To achieve the above object, the present invention mainly provides the following technical solutions:

[0009] An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid area, the method comprising the following steps:

[0010] (1) Land preparation before sowing: plough the spaces between fruit trees and apply 5.0-10.0 kg / mu of nitrogen and 3.0-5.0 kg / mu of phosphorus pentoxide as base fertilizer according to soil fertility and land preparation;

[0011] (2) Construction of fertilizer and water ditches: With the main trunk of the fruit tree as the central axis, a strip-shaped fertilizer and water ditch with a width of 1.6 to 1.8 m and a depth of 8 to 10 cm is constructed in young orchards with trees ≤ 3 years old. Soil is piled within a diameter of 18 to 20 cm at the base of the main trunk of the fruit tree to protect the roots. In mature orchards with trees > 3 years old, a strip-shaped fertilizer and water ditch with a width of 1.8 to 2.0 m and a depth of 8 to 10 cm is constructed. Soil is piled within a diameter of 28 to 30 cm at the base of the main trunk of the fruit tree to protect the roots. The bottom of the fertilizer and water ditch is flat, and the two sides are built into slopes. The spaces between the fruit tree rows are trimmed into an upward-raised arc.

[0012] (3) Select appropriate green manure varieties and mix them for sowing: Select Brassica campestris L. spring rapeseed varieties with shallow root systems, tolerance to barrenness and drought, and Brassica campestris L. strong winter rapeseed varieties (which can safely overwinter in the local area), mix the seeds of the two, and sow them between the rows of fruit trees in the autumn rainy season;

[0013] (4) Autumn mowing and covering: 58 to 62 days after rapeseed seedlings emerge, spring rapeseed will begin to sprout and enter the flowering period. In late October, the above-ground part of spring rapeseed should be mowed to a stubble height of 11 to 15 cm. The mowed above-ground part of the rapeseed should be evenly covered on the surface of the fertilizer ditch.

[0014] (5) Spring mowing and covering: Strong winter rapeseed can safely overwinter. In the spring of the following year, the rapeseed sprouts and bolts after wintering, and enters the flowering period in April. In late April, the above-ground part of the rapeseed should be mowed, with the root stubble height of 7 to 10 cm. The mowed above-ground part of the rapeseed should be covered on the surface of the fertilizer ditch.

[0015] Furthermore, in step (2), strip-shaped fertilizer and water ditches with the main trunk of the fruit tree as the central axis are constructed in the young orchard (≤3 years old) and the mature orchard (>3 years old), the bottom of the fertilizer and water ditch is flat, soil is piled at the roots of the fruit trees to protect the roots, and the rows of fruit trees are built into an upwardly raised arc.

[0016] Furthermore, in step (2), the angle between the slopes on both sides of the fertilizer ditch and the horizontal line is 45 degrees.

[0017] Furthermore, in step (2), the height of the raised arc between the fruit tree rows is about 5 cm.

[0018] Furthermore, in step (3), according to the climate characteristics of the semi-arid region, the varieties screened are as follows: the Brassica campestris L. spring rapeseed variety is Haoyou 11, and the Brassica campestris L. strong winter rapeseed variety is Yanyou 2.

[0019] Furthermore, in step (3), the seeds of the Brassica campestris L. spring rapeseed variety and the Brassica campestris L. strong winter rapeseed variety are mixed in a ratio of 1:1, and the sowing rate is 0.5 kg / mu.

[0020] Furthermore, in step (3), the sowing time is in early to mid-August.

[0021] Furthermore, in step (4), crushed soil is spread on the aerial part of the rapeseed covering the surface of the fertilizer ditch, and the weight of the crushed soil is 4% of the weight of the covering material.

[0022] Furthermore, in step (5), crushed soil is spread on the aerial part of the rapeseed covering the surface of the fertilizer ditch, and the weight of the crushed soil is 4% of the weight of the covering material.

[0023] Furthermore, in step (4), after the rape seedlings emerge, the rapeseed is sprayed with pesticides according to the insect index, and after rain at the 5-leaf stage, 5-10 kg of urea is spread per mu to promote seedling growth. The rapeseed can be mowed manually or mechanically.

[0024] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0025] The invention utilizes the climate characteristics of heavy rain in autumn and drought in winter and spring in semi-arid areas, selects annual green manure rapeseed with shallow root system and easy to rot, namely, selects Brassica campestris L. spring rapeseed varieties with short growth period and Brassica campestris L. strong winter rapeseed varieties that can safely overwinter in semi-arid areas, and sows them between fruit tree rows in the autumn rainy season. The rapeseed mainly consumes rainwater infiltrated into the shallow soil layer, has little effect on the moisture of the deep soil layer, and avoids competing with the fruit trees for water. Spring rapeseed varieties form a larger aboveground biological yield in autumn, and winter rapeseed varieties form a larger aboveground biological yield after wintering. According to the different growth characteristics and frost resistance of different varieties of rapeseed, the aboveground part of rapeseed is cut in late autumn (late October) and the spring of the following year (late April) and covered on the surface of the fertilizer ditch to inhibit soil evaporation; the rapeseed roots are interspersed and broken in the soil to increase the soil water seepage pores, increase the rainwater infiltration and soil water storage, and improve the soil moisture content; after the rapeseed rots, the soil organic matter content is increased to fertilize the soil. At the same time, by planting green manure rapeseed, weeds in the orchard are suppressed and the cost of weeding is reduced. Therefore, the present invention can simultaneously achieve the effects of regulating water and fertilizer in the orchard, conserving moisture and fertilizing, suppressing weed damage, and reducing costs, and is easy to operate, does not use mulch, and reduces environmental pollution. It is of great significance for the sustainable development of apple production in semi-arid areas.

[0026] Practice has proved that the application of the present invention in orchards can significantly increase soil moisture storage, increase deep soil moisture content, and significantly increase soil organic matter and mineral nutrient content, fertilize the soil, inhibit orchard weeds, protect the environment, and reduce costs. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of a fertilizer and water ditch of a method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid area of ​​the present invention;

[0028] Figure 2 It is the effect of rapeseed mulch fertilizer ditch on soil moisture content for two consecutive years. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] In order to further explain the technical means and effects adopted by the present invention to achieve the predetermined invention purpose, the specific implementation methods, technical solutions, features and effects of the present invention are described in detail below with preferred embodiments. The specific features, structures, or characteristics of the multiple embodiments in the following description can be combined in any suitable form.

[0030] A schematic diagram of a fertilizer and water ditch of a method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid region according to the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 1 As shown, the specific implementation steps are as follows.

[0031] 1. Selection and cultivation of plant materials: Select Brassica campestris L. rapeseed varieties with shallow root system, drought resistance, barrenness resistance and high aboveground biological yield, including spring variety Haoyou 11 and strong winter variety (safe overwintering) Yanyou 2.

[0032] 2. Required instruments and reagents: rotary tiller, lawn mower, and related farm tools.

[0033] Example 1: Experiment on green manure and rapeseed mulching and fertilization in ditch in Yan'an apple orchard

[0034] (1) The implementation site is an apple orchard in the tableland of the hilly area of ​​Yan'an. The orchard is flat and the fruit tree variety is Red Fuji Maluspumila Mill. The eight-angled crabapple is used as the rootstock. The planting density is 5m×4m and the trees are 4 years old.

[0035] (2) In late July, use a rotary tiller to plow the land between the fruit tree rows to a depth of 13 cm, and apply 10.0 kg / mu of nitrogen and 4.0 kg / mu of phosphorus pentoxide as base fertilizer in combination with land preparation. Then build a fertilizer and water ditch with a width of 2.0 meters and a depth of 8 to 10 cm, with the main trunk of the fruit tree as the central axis. The fruit tree rows are built into an upward-raised arc (arc height 5 cm), and the Figure 1 .

[0036] (3) Sow rapeseed after rain around August 10th while moisture is available. Mix the seeds of the above spring rapeseed varieties and strong winter rapeseed varieties in a 1:1 ratio and sow them mechanically in furrows. Cover the soil to a depth of 0.5 to 1 cm, set the row spacing to 25 cm, and sow at a rate of 0.5 kg / mu. Spray pesticides for prevention and control according to the insect index after the rapeseed emerges. Sprinkle 5 kg of urea per mu after rain when the rapeseed is in the 5-leaf stage to promote seedling growth.

[0037] (4) After 60 days of growth, the spring rapeseed will sprout and bloom, while the winter rapeseed is still in the seedling stage of vegetative growth. In late October, the above-ground part of the rapeseed is mowed with a backpack mower. The stubble height is 13 cm. The mowed above-ground part of the rapeseed is evenly covered on the surface of the fertilizer ditch in the fruit tree row, and crushed soil is sprinkled on it. The weight of the crushed soil is 4% of the weight of the covering material.

[0038] (5)) Winter rapeseed can safely overwinter. In the spring of the following year, winter rapeseed sprouts and begins to flower in April. In late April, use a backpack mower to mow the above-ground part of the rapeseed. The stubble is 9 cm high. The mowed above-ground part of the rapeseed is evenly covered on the surface of the fertilizer ditch (located in the fruit tree row), and crushed soil is sprinkled on it. The weight of the crushed soil is 4% of the weight of the covering.

[0039] (6) The rapeseed mulching and fertilizer ditch treatment (mulching) was implemented in the apple orchard for two consecutive years. The soil moisture content in the fertilizer ditch (root area of ​​the fruit trees) was measured in late April of the second year of implementation. The results showed that compared with the control (no intercropping and rapeseed mulching, no fertilizer ditch was built, the root area of ​​the fruit trees and the surface between the fruit tree rows were at the same level, and the orchard was managed according to the traditional clear tillage model), the rapeseed mulching and fertilizer ditch treatment significantly increased the soil moisture content in the 0-120 cm soil layer, and the soil moisture content in the 120-160 cm soil layer was close to that of the control. Figure 2 .

[0040] (7) The apple orchard implemented rapeseed mulch fertilizer ditch treatment for two consecutive years. In August of the second year of implementation, the nutrient content of 0-20 cm soil was measured. Compared with the control, the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and available potassium in the 0-20 cm soil increased significantly. The organic matter content increased by 0.76 g / kg, the available phosphorus increased by 3.4 mg / kg, and the available potassium increased by 81.2 mg / kg. The soil fertility was significantly improved. See Table 1.

[0041] Table 1 Effects of rapeseed mulch fertilizer ditch on soil nutrient content for two consecutive years

[0042] deal with Organic matter g / kg Total nitrogen g / kg Total phosphorus g / kg Alkaline nitrogen mg / kg Available phosphorus mg / kg Available potassium mg / kg Comparison 5.62±0.195b 0.38±0.006b 0.59±0.012b 22.4±1.50a 16.3±0.59b 166.2±2.38b cover 6.38±0.229a 0.47±0.006a 0.64±0.018a 23.7±1.29a 19.7±0.69a 247.4±0.55a

[0043] (8) In the orchards where the technology was implemented, it was found that weeds grew sporadically, with 1 to 3 weed species. No mowing or weeding was required from February to July, and the weeding cost was zero. In the orchards where the technology was not implemented, the number of weeds reached 9 to 11 species, the weeds enclosed the ground, and their height could reach about 70 cm. From February to July, 3 to 4 manual mowing was required, and the weeding cost per mu of orchard increased by 270 to 360 yuan (each weeding per mu of orchard took 0.5 days, and the labor cost was 180 yuan / day). The present invention significantly reduces the types and biomass of weeds, inhibits the growth of weeds in orchards, and reduces costs.

[0044] For matters not covered in the embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art can select from the prior art.

[0045] The above disclosure is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can easily think of changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, which should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the above claims.

Claims

1. A method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in apple orchards in semi-arid areas, characterized in that: The method comprises the following steps: (1) Land preparation before sowing: plough the spaces between fruit trees and apply 5.0-10.0 kg / mu of nitrogen and 3.0-5.0 kg / mu of phosphorus pentoxide as base fertilizer according to soil fertility and land preparation; (2) Construction of fertilizer and water ditches: With the main trunk of the fruit tree as the central axis, a strip fertilizer and water ditch with a width of 1.6-1.8m and a depth of 8-10cm is constructed in young orchards with trees ≤3 years old. Soil is piled up within a diameter of 18-20cm at the root of the main trunk of the fruit tree to protect the roots; in mature orchards with trees >3 years old, a strip fertilizer and water ditch with a width of 1.8-2.0m and a depth of 8-10cm is constructed. Soil is piled up within a diameter of 28-30cm at the root of the main trunk of the fruit tree to protect the roots; the bottom of the fertilizer and water ditch is flat, and the two sides are built into slopes. The spaces between the fruit tree rows are trimmed into an upward-raised arc; (3) Select green manure varieties and mix them for sowing: Select Brassica campestris L. spring rapeseed varieties with shallow root systems, tolerance to barrenness and drought, and Brassica campestris L. strong winter rapeseed varieties, mix their seeds, and sow them between the rows of fruit trees; (4) Autumn mowing and covering: 58 to 62 days after rapeseed seedlings emerge, spring rapeseed will begin to sprout and enter the flowering period. In late October, the above-ground part of spring rapeseed should be mowed to a stubble height of 11 to 15 cm. The mowed above-ground part of the rapeseed should be evenly covered on the surface of the fertilizer ditch. (5) Spring mowing and covering: Mowing the above-ground part of the rapeseed in late April of the following year, with the stubble height of 7 to 10 cm, and evenly covering the surface of the fertilizer ditch with the mowed above-ground part of the rapeseed.

2. The method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid area according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (2), the angle between the slopes on both sides of the fertilizer ditch and the horizontal line is 45 degrees.

3. The method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid region according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (2), the height of the arc between the rows of fruit trees is 5 cm.

4. The method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid region according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (3), the Brassica campestris L. spring rapeseed variety is Haoyou 11, and the Brassica campestris L. strong winter rapeseed variety is Yanyou 2.

5. The method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid region according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (3), the seeds of the Brassica campestris L. spring rapeseed variety and the Brassica campestris L. strong winter rapeseed variety are mixed in a ratio of 1:1, and the sowing rate is 0.5 kg / mu.

6. The method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid region according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (3), the sowing time is in early to mid-August.

7. The method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid region according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (4), crushed soil is spread on the aerial part of the rapeseed covering the surface of the fertilizer ditch, and the weight of the crushed soil is 4% of the weight of the covering material.

8. The method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid region according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5), crushed soil is spread on the aerial part of the rapeseed covering the surface of the fertilizer ditch, and the weight of the crushed soil is 4% of the weight of the covering material.

9. The method for regulating soil water and fertilizer in an apple orchard in a semi-arid region according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (4), after the rape seedlings emerge, pesticides are sprayed for prevention and control according to the insect index. After rain when the rape seedlings are in the 5-leaf stage, 5 to 10 kg of urea per mu is applied to promote seedling growth.

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