Multi-specification stone mining lumpiness prediction and blasting control method and system

Abstract

The invention discloses a multi-specification stone exploitation lumpiness prediction and blasting control method and system, and relates to the technical field of multi-specification stone exploitation. The method comprises the following steps of: 1, carrying out rock lumpiness partitioning on a stope according to lumpiness: (1) investigating a stope ore rock structural plane, namely investigating the distribution conditions of joints, fractures and fracture zones of the stope by adopting a survey line method to obtain the following results: (1) investigating the distribution conditions and characteristics of the joints and the fractures; (2) distribution conditions and characteristics of crushed zones; (3) distribution condition and characteristics of diabase; a Kuz-Ram mathematical model is adopted to establish a relational expression between blasting design parameters and the percentage of different lumpiness of the stone after blasting, the blasting pile lumpiness and the blasting effect can be predicted through the blasting parameters according to the relational expression, the blasting parameters can be optimized according to the prediction result, the blasting design parameters meet the requirements of project quality, and the method is simple, easy to operate and high in practicability. And reference can be provided for on-site construction.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of mining of stones of various specifications, and in particular to a method and system for predicting the mining block size and blasting control of stones of various specifications. Background Art

[0002] With the continuous expansion and rapid development of my country's infrastructure, more and more standard stones are being used in construction, rockfill dams, breakwaters and other projects. These projects have different requirements for stone specifications. Some projects have more than a dozen stone specifications, and these standard stones are mainly obtained by blasting. The blasting of standard stone is different from ordinary stone blasting. Ordinary stone blasting only needs to crush the rock to a certain extent to meet the requirements of on-site loading. The blasting mining of standard stone must control the rate of large pieces and reduce the rate of powder ore, and has certain requirements for block size and gradation. In recent years, in order to meet the needs of national defense construction, the construction of many important site leveling, docks and breakwater projects in my country has developed rapidly. These projects have strict requirements on the quality and gradation of standard stone. For example, the amount of stone used in the Sanya Tielu Port breakwater project reached 1100×104m3, and the core stone of the embankment required that the content of blocks below 10kg should be less than 10%, the content of 200-800kg should be less than 20%, and the content of 100-200kg should be greater than 70%. There are 8 specifications of various stones; there are 5 specifications of filler stones in an important military site leveling project in Northeast China, and the content of particles with a particle size greater than 0.3m does not exceed 30%, and the mud content does not exceed 5%; there are 10 types of standard stones in an important breakwater construction project in Qingdao, and 4 specifications of core stones for the embankment, and the total amount of mud and stone powder is required to be no more than 5%, the content of blocks below 10kg should not be more than 10%, and the content of blocks from 500 to 800kg should not exceed 10%. The common characteristics of these projects are large engineering volume, multiple types of stone specifications, unbalanced supply and demand, and strict quality requirements. Therefore, how to obtain the various specifications of stone required by the project through blasting is a difficult problem for such projects. To this end, we propose a method and system for predicting the quarrying size and blasting control of multi-specification stone. Summary of the invention

[0003] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method and system for predicting the size of quarrying stones of various specifications and for controlling blasting, so as to solve the problems raised in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0004] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0005] A method for predicting the size of quarried stones with different specifications and for controlling blasting.

[0006] Step 1: Divide the rock mass into smaller pieces according to the size of the rock mass:

[0007] (1) Investigation of the rock structure surface of the mining area:

[0008] By using the line survey method to investigate the distribution of joints, fissures and broken zones in the stope, the results are as follows:

[0009] ①Distribution and characteristics of joints and fissures;

[0010] ②Distribution and characteristics of the broken zone;

[0011] ③ Distribution and characteristics of diabase;

[0012] (2) Bursting funnel test:

[0013] The blasting funnel test was carried out in 5 different areas of the large quarry. The borehole diameter was about 46mm and the hole depth was 1m. Each hole was loaded with 0.45kg of No. 2 rock explosive, with a diameter of about 32mm and a charge length of 60mm. The charge was continuously charged in a columnar shape and filled with stone slag. A No. 8 detonator was used to detonate. After the blasting, the rock blocks of various sizes were weighed and counted by using a platform scale according to the block size of >300mm (called large block), <50mm (called small block), and 50-300mm (called qualified block). The volume occupied by the large block, small block and qualified block was converted respectively. Then the geometric dimensions of the funnel were measured, and the volume of the large block, small block and qualified block was calculated by comparing with the volume of the formed funnel. After mutual verification, the large block rate, small block rate and average qualified rate of the blasting funnel at this location were obtained.

[0014] (3) Quarry blasting block size division:

[0015] According to rock hardness, rock type, on-site investigation of the mine rock structure surface and blasting funnel, the entire quarry rock mass is divided into large block area (more than 800kg), medium block area (100-800kg) and small block area (less than 100kg). By compiling the geological records of the rock structure surface of the large quarry and marking it on the map, a mine rock blasting block zoning map is drawn;

[0016] Step 2: Predict the size of the stone according to the blasting parameters

[0017] (2) Prediction model of stone size with various specifications:

[0018] Breakwater construction requires that the size and quantity of stone blocks change every day or every few days, and the blasting parameters also change accordingly. The blasting pile gradation also changes anytime and anywhere, which places very high requirements on blasting design and construction. Therefore, the step blasting technology for standard stone mining is different from that of open-pit mines and ordinary step blasting, but has its own characteristics. If the blasting effect and the gradation of stone block can be predicted according to the blasting design parameters, the construction efficiency can be greatly improved. Through engineering practice, the Kuz-Ram mathematical model combined with the rock mass characteristics of the quarry can achieve the purpose of predicting the blasting effect and block gradation;

[0019] (2) Application of Kuz-Ram prediction model

[0020] According to the design parameters, the prediction model is used to predict the blasting block size and calculate: The percentage of different block sizes can be calculated through the relationship. From this relationship, the percentage of stones of different specifications can be known according to the blasting design parameters;

[0021] Step 3: Blasting control technology for mining various stone specifications

[0022] (2) Blasting control technology for mining various specifications of stone:

[0023] According to the rock blasting and fragmentation mechanism and long-term blasting engineering practice, the rock fragmentation distribution after blasting is affected by many factors, among which the main influencing factors are the structure, texture and physical and mechanical properties of the rock, blasting parameters, explosive type, charge structure and detonation method, among which the blasting parameters include the minimum resistance line (chassis resistance line for step blasting), hole spacing, row spacing, blocking length, unit explosive consumption and single hole charge, etc. Uncoupled charge and interval charge structure are often used for blasting mining of various specifications of stone. This charge structure can improve the utilization rate of stone mining, reduce unqualified materials such as powder ore, and increase the content of qualified block stones;

[0024] (2) Blasting technology to reduce the collapse of powder ore:

[0025] In order to mine various specifications of stones that meet the requirements as required, reducing powder ore and reducing economic losses are the keys to the blasting of this project. After on-site practice and comparison, an economical and effective collapse blasting technology with uneven and uncoupled charging structure for this type of blasting project is summarized, which can meet the requirements of the project. The main idea of ​​the full-hole uneven and uncoupled charging technology is to divide the deep hole into upper and lower parts for charging design, and change the single charging structure (the charging amount per meter of the charging section is the same) into an upper and lower two-section charging. The charging amount per meter of the lower section is 1.2 to 2.2 times that of the charging amount per meter of the upper section (different charging diameters for the upper and lower sections). The lower explosive amount will break the bottom rock (thrown out from the parent rock), and the upper explosive amount will collapse the upper rock (weak loosening blasting), overcome the friction of the rock, and make it fall down by its own weight. The large pieces are decomposed by secondary blasting. The charging structure is the most important feature of the collapse blasting technology that is different from other step blasting technologies. It adopts a full-hole uneven uncoupled charge structure with a large uncoupled coefficient at the top of the blasthole and a small uncoupled coefficient at the bottom. According to different lithologies on site, the bottom is loaded with 110 or 100 mm charge rolls by self-weight, and the top is hoisted with 100, 90, 80, 70 mm charge rolls. The blasting parameters are determined as follows: the bottom is designed for enhanced throwing blasting, and the top is designed for weak loose blasting.

[0026] (3) Comparison and analysis of blasting effects of collapse blasting technology:

[0027] In order to test the blasting effect of the uneven uncoupled charge blasting technology, several on-site industrial comparative tests were carried out on coupled charge, full-hole uncoupled charge and full-hole uneven uncoupled charge in different blasting block areas. From the traces left on the rock wall after blasting, it can be clearly seen that the full-hole uneven uncoupled charge forms a raindrop-shaped outline, the full-hole uncoupled charge forms a wine bottle-shaped outline, and the coupled charge forms an elliptical outline. The traces left on the rock wall are the embodiment of the main effect of the explosion shock wave, which shows that the full-hole uneven uncoupled charge is most affected by the explosion shock wave at the lower part of the borehole, and the upper part has the largest impact on the rock. The body damage is not great, and powder ore is mainly produced in the lower part. The whole hole uncoupled charge produces powder ore in the middle and lower part, while the coupled charge is subjected to the strong explosion shock wave at the top, middle and bottom, and produces the most powder ore. According to the analysis of the rock blasting mechanism, the use of uneven uncoupled charge, due to the presence of air, greatly reduces the initial impact pressure and tensile stress acting on the hole wall after the explosion of the explosive, reduces the radius of the crushing circle, and increases the effective utilization rate of energy. At the same time, due to the extension of the action time of the explosive gas, the formation of cracks between holes is more complete than that of coupled charge, the energy utilization is more sufficient, and the block size is more uniform.

[0028] Further: The distribution and characteristics of the joints and fissures described in step 1: There are 6 main joint groups: among them, the joints with a strike of 310°~320°, a dip to NE, an inclination of 65°~75° and a strike of 240°, a dip to S, and an inclination of about 60°~80° are the main joint structural surfaces; the joints on the east side are more developed than those on the west side, and the joint density on the east side is 3~4 / m; the joint density on the west side is 1~3 / m.

[0029] Further: The distribution and characteristics of the broken zone in step 1: The broken zone in the mining area is moderately developed, mainly weathering gullies and compression broken zones. The rocks in the broken zone are mainly granite, and the characteristics of its broken zone are mostly compression broken, joint development, containing a certain amount of weathered soil, strong rock cutting, block size of 5-15cm, broken zone width of 1-20m, and 4 broken zones with a width of 0.6-3.0m were found on the 100m step. The on-site investigation found that there is a granite mud zone similar to the occurrence of the diabase body due to the destruction of the diabase body on the 100m step, with a width of 3-4m, showing strong dynamic metamorphism and strong weathering characteristics, and all the materials in the zone are mud.

[0030] Further: Distribution and characteristics of the diabase mass in step 1: There is diabase mass combined with the rock mass in the working face of the mining area. The 100m step was measured on site, and 5 black diabase intrusions were found within a length of 150m, with a strike of 250°, a steep inclination, and a width of 0.5 to 5.0m. The diabase in the belt is broken by dynamic force and partially muddied.

[0031] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0032] The method and system for predicting the size of quarrying and controlling blasting of multi-specification stones,

[0033] (1) According to the engineering quality requirements, the mine rock structure surface survey was conducted on the mine site to obtain the distribution of joints, fissures and broken zones that affect the blasting effect. Blasting funnel tests were carried out in different areas of the mine site to obtain the block size distribution rate of different areas of the mine site. Combined with indicators such as rock hardness, rock type, and blasting funnel volume, the entire blasting area was divided into large block areas (more than 800 kg), medium block areas (100-800 kg) and small block areas (less than 100 kg). Through a large amount of geological cataloging, a blasting block size zoning map of the Tielugang quarry was drawn and successfully applied in practice.

[0034] (2) The Kuz-Ram mathematical model was used to establish a relationship between the blasting design parameters and the percentage of different stone sizes after blasting. Based on this relationship, the blasting pile size and blasting effect can be predicted by the blasting parameters. The blasting parameters can also be optimized based on the prediction results so that the blasting design parameters meet the requirements of project quality. This method is simple and easy to operate and can provide a reference for on-site construction.

[0035] (3) Starting from the blasting control technology, the interval charging and uncoupled charging technologies were applied in the project to ensure the production of various specifications of stones. At the same time, in order to reduce the powder ore and improve the economic benefits, the collapse blasting technology with a full-hole uneven uncoupled charging structure was adopted. Through multiple comparative tests, the optimal blasting parameters of the full-hole uneven uncoupled charging structure were determined. The mechanism analysis was carried out in combination with the post-blasting contour and blasting theory. The engineering application shows that the collapse blasting technology with an uneven uncoupled charging structure has significant benefits in reducing the powder ore rate and engineering costs. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0036] Figure 1 For the present invention, the joints and cracks are distributed in rose diagrams;

[0037] Figure 2 This is a graph showing the calculation results of the ore and rock test data of the Tielugang quarry of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 3 The quarry blasting block size partition table of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 4 The quarry mining area division diagram of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the Kuz-Ram model equation of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the Kuz-Ram prediction model equation of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of the percentage relationship of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 8 It is a table diagram of blasting parameter design of the present invention;

[0044] Fig. 9 This is a diagram of the uneven uncoupled charge structure of the collapse blasting technology of the present invention;

[0045] Fig.10 It is a schematic diagram showing the comparison of the uncoupling coefficient and charge line density of different charge structures of the present invention;

[0046] Fig.11 The figures are comparative results of blasting tests of different charge structures of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0048] Embodiment 1:

[0049] See also Figure 1-11 The present invention provides a technical solution: a method for predicting the size of mining and blasting control of multi-specification stones.

[0050] Step 1: Divide the rock mass into smaller pieces according to the size of the rock mass:

[0051] (1) Investigation of the rock structure surface of the mining area:

[0052] Due to the mineralization effect and the destruction and damage caused by many geological tectonic movements in the long years after mineralization, various structural surfaces have been formed in the ore body. Among them, faults are the largest structural surfaces, and structural surfaces are more in the form of joints, fissures, and layers, which divide the ore rock into natural blocks of varying sizes and shapes. When perforating and blasting are carried out in discontinuous rock masses, the structural surface has actually formed many fracture surfaces, which will greatly affect the blasting effect, especially the impact on the size of the broken blocks. Therefore, investigating the structural surface of the ore rock in the mining area is a prerequisite for ensuring the mining of standard stones. By using the line survey method to investigate the distribution of joints, fissures and broken zones in the mining area, the results are as follows:

[0053] ①Distribution and characteristics of joints and fissures;

[0054] ②Distribution and characteristics of the broken zone;

[0055] ③ Distribution and characteristics of diabase

[0056] (2) Explosion funnel test:

[0057] The blasting funnel test was carried out in 5 different areas of the large quarry. The borehole diameter was about 46mm and the hole depth was 1m. Each hole was loaded with 0.45kg of No. 2 rock explosive, with a diameter of about 32mm and a charge length of 60mm. The charge was continuously charged in a columnar shape and filled with stone slag. A No. 8 detonator was used for detonation. After the blasting, the rock blocks of various sizes were weighed and counted by a platform scale according to the block size of >300mm (called large block), <50mm (called small block), and 50-300mm (called qualified block). The volumes were converted into large blocks, small blocks and qualified blocks respectively, and then the geometric dimensions of the funnel were measured. The volumes of large blocks, small blocks and qualified blocks were calculated by comparing them with the volume of the formed funnel. After mutual verification, the large block rate, small block rate and average qualified rate of the blasting funnel were obtained. The calculation results of the test data of the ore rock mass of the large quarry are shown in the figure. Figure 2 As shown, from Figure 2 It can be seen that the blasting funnel volume is the smallest in the rock mass with undeveloped fractures, followed by the rock mass with moderately developed fractures, and the blasting funnel volume of the rock mass with very developed fractures, moderately weathered granite, and diabase is 0.1141-0.2976m 3 ;

[0058] (3) Quarry blasting block size division:

[0059] According to rock hardness, rock type, on-site investigation of the rock structure surface of the quarry and blasting funnel, the entire quarry rock mass is divided into large block area (more than 800kg), medium block area (100-800kg) and small block area (less than 100kg). The zoning results are as follows: Figure 3 As shown in the figure, by recording the geological structure of the rock mass of the large quarry and marking it on the map, a blasting block size zoning map of the ore rock is drawn, as shown in the figure. Figure 4 As shown, the rock mass is divided into regions according to the blasting block size. This has the advantage of being more in line with the actual situation of breakwater block blasting mining, and being able to select different rock mass regions for blasting operations according to the block size requirements of the production plan;

[0060] Step 2: Predict the size of the stone according to the blasting parameters

[0061] (3) Prediction model of stone size with various specifications:

[0062] The construction of breakwaters requires that the size and quantity of stone blocks change every day or every few days, and the blasting parameters also change accordingly. The blasting pile gradation also changes anytime and anywhere, which places very high requirements on blasting design and construction. Therefore, the step blasting technology for standard stone mining is different from open-pit mines and ordinary step blasting, but has its own characteristics. If the blasting effect and the gradation of stone block can be predicted according to the blasting design parameters, the construction efficiency can be greatly improved. Through engineering practice, the Kuz-Ram mathematical model combined with the rock mass characteristics of the quarry can achieve the purpose of predicting the blasting effect and block gradation. As we all know, the Kuz-Ram model is a mathematical model proposed by Kuznetsov and Rosin-Ram. The Kuz-Ram model is a combination of the Kuz-Ram model and the Rammler model. The former studies the average block size of the blasting, while the latter studies the distribution characteristics of the block size. The Kuz-Ram model uses the average block size x of the sieve hole size of 50% under the sieve and the uniformity index β of the block size distribution to predict the blasting block size. With the help of the Kuz-Ram model, the blasting block size can be predicted on the computer according to the blasting parameters. If the prediction result cannot meet the engineering needs, the blasting parameters can be adjusted according to the blasting block size prediction result. The method is as follows: according to the blasting parameters, x and β are calculated by formula (1) and (2) respectively, and then xe is obtained from x and β according to formula (4). From β and xe according to formula (3), the percentage of different block sizes can be known. The detailed formula is as follows: Figure 5 As shown in;

[0063] (2) Application of Kuz-Ram prediction model

[0064] Blasting parameter design of 85 platform in Sanya Tielugang breakwater stone quarry Figure 8 As shown, according to the design parameters, the prediction model is used to predict and calculate the blasting fragmentation. The calculation formula is as follows Figure 6 As shown in: The percentage of different block sizes can be calculated through the relationship. Based on this relationship, the percentage of stones of different specifications can be known according to the blasting design parameters. The percentage formula is as follows: Figure 7 As shown in;

[0065] Step 3: Blasting control technology for mining various stone specifications

[0066] (3) Blasting control technology for mining various specifications of stone:

[0067] According to the rock blasting and fragmentation mechanism and long-term blasting engineering practice, the rock fragmentation distribution after blasting is affected by many factors, among which the main influencing factors are the structure, texture and physical and mechanical properties of the rock, blasting parameters, explosive type, charge structure and detonation method, among which the blasting parameters include the minimum resistance line (chassis resistance line for step blasting), hole spacing, row spacing, blocking length, unit explosive consumption and single hole charge, etc. Uncoupled charge and interval charge structure are often used for blasting mining of various specifications of stone. This charge structure can improve the utilization rate of stone mining, reduce unqualified materials such as powder ore, and increase the content of qualified block stones;

[0068] (2) Blasting technology to reduce the collapse of powder ore:

[0069] In order to mine various specifications of stones that meet the requirements as required, reducing powder ore and reducing economic losses is the key to the blasting of this project. After field practice and comparison, the economical and effective collapse blasting technology of uneven uncoupled charging structure for this type of blasting project is summarized, which can meet the requirements of the project. The main idea of ​​the full-hole uneven uncoupled charging technology is to divide the deep hole into upper and lower parts for charging design, and change the single charging structure (the same charging amount per meter in the charging section) into upper and lower 2-section charging, and the charging amount per meter in the lower section is 1.2~2.2 of the charging amount per meter in the upper section. times (different charge diameters at the top and bottom), the lower explosive volume will break the bottom rock (thrown out from the parent rock), and the upper charge volume will collapse the upper rock (weak loosening blasting), overcome the friction of the rock, and make it fall down by its own weight. The large pieces are decomposed by secondary blasting. The charge structure is the most important feature of the collapse blasting technology that is different from other step blasting technologies. It adopts a full-hole uneven uncoupled charge structure with a large uncoupled coefficient at the top of the blasthole and a small uncoupled coefficient at the bottom, as shown in Figure 9. At the site, according to different lithologies, the lower part is loaded with 110 or 100 mm charge rolls by self-weight, and the upper part is hoisted with 100, 90, 80, and 70 mm charge rolls by rope. The blasting parameters are determined as follows: the lower part is designed for enhanced throwing blasting, and the upper part is designed for weak loosening blasting. The uncoupled charge coefficient and the charge line density of the blasthole are shown in Figure 10. It can be seen from the table that the minimum upper charge line density is only 25% of the lower charge line density.

[0070] (3) Comparison and analysis of blasting effects of collapse blasting technology:

[0071] In order to test the blasting effect of the non-uniform uncoupled charge blasting technology, several on-site industrial comparison tests were carried out on coupled charge, full-hole uncoupled charge and full-hole non-uniform uncoupled charge in different blasting block size areas. The test results are shown in Fig.11It can be seen from the table that under the same hole network parameters, the powder ore produced by coupled charge, full hole uncoupled charge, and full hole uneven uncoupled charge decreases in turn. From the traces left on the rock wall after blasting, it can be clearly seen that the full hole uneven uncoupled charge forms a raindrop-shaped outline, the full hole uncoupled charge forms a wine bottle-shaped outline, and the coupled charge forms an elliptical outline. The traces left on the rock wall are the embodiment of the main effect of the explosion shock wave, which shows that the full hole uneven uncoupled charge is most affected by the explosion shock wave at the lower part of the borehole, and the upper part does not cause much damage to the rock mass. The powder ore is mainly It is produced in the lower part, and powder ore is produced in the middle and lower part of the full-hole uncoupled charge, while the coupled charge is subjected to the strong explosion shock wave at the top, middle and bottom, and the powder ore produced is the most. According to the analysis of the rock blasting mechanism, the use of uneven uncoupled charge, due to the presence of air, greatly reduces the initial impact pressure and tensile stress acting on the hole wall after the explosion of the explosives, reduces the radius of the crushing circle, and increases the effective utilization rate of energy. At the same time, due to the extension of the action time of the explosive gas, the formation of cracks between holes is more complete than that of coupled charge, the energy utilization is more sufficient, and the block size is more uniform.

[0072] Among them, preferably, the distribution and characteristics of the joints and fissures described in step one are as follows: there are 6 main joint groups: among them, the joints with a strike of 310°~320°, a dip to NE, an inclination of 65°~75° and a strike of 240°, a dip to S, and an inclination of about 60°~80° are the main joint structural surfaces; the joints on the east side are more developed than those on the west side, and the joint density on the east side is 3~4 / m; the joint density on the west side is 1~3 / m.

[0073] Preferably, the distribution and characteristics of the broken zone in step 1: the broken zone in the mining area is moderately developed, mainly weathering gullies and compression broken zones, the rocks in the broken zone are mainly granite, and the characteristics of its broken zone are mostly compression broken, joint development, containing a certain amount of weathered soil, strong rock cutting, block size of 5 to 15 cm, broken zone width of 1 to 20 m, and 4 broken zones with a width of 0.6 to 3.0 m were found on the 100m step. The on-site investigation found that there was a granite mud zone similar to the occurrence of the diabase body due to the destruction of the diabase body on the 100m step, with a width of 3 to 4 m, showing strong dynamic metamorphism and strong weathering characteristics, and all the materials in the zone were mud.

[0074] Preferably, the distribution and characteristics of the diabase body in step 1 are as follows: there is a diabase body combined with the rock mass in the working face of the mining area, and the 100m step is measured on site. Five black diabase intrusions are found within a length of 150m, with a strike of 250°, a steep inclination, and a width of 0.5 to 5.0m. The diabase in the belt is in a broken state due to dynamic action and is partially muddied.

[0075] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations may be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and that the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for predicting the size of mining and blasting control of multi-specification stones, characterized in that: Step 1: Divide the rock mass into smaller pieces according to the size of the rock mass: (1) Investigation of the rock structure surface of the mining area: By using the line survey method to investigate the distribution of joints, fissures and broken zones in the stope, the results are as follows: ①Distribution and characteristics of joints and fissures; ②Distribution and characteristics of the broken zone; ③ Distribution and characteristics of diabase (2) Explosion funnel test: The blasting funnel test was carried out in 5 different areas of the large quarry. The borehole diameter was about 46mm and the hole depth was 1m. Each hole was loaded with 0.45kg of No. 2 rock explosive, with a diameter of about 32mm and a charge length of 60mm. The charge was continuously charged in a columnar shape and filled with stone slag. A No. 8 detonator was used to detonate. After the blasting, the rock blocks of various sizes were weighed and counted by using a platform scale according to the block size of >300mm (called large block), <50mm (called small block), and 50-300mm (called qualified block). The volume occupied by the large block, small block and qualified block was converted respectively. Then the geometric dimensions of the funnel were measured, and the volume of the large block, small block and qualified block was calculated by comparing with the volume of the formed funnel. After mutual verification, the large block rate, small block rate and average qualified rate of the blasting funnel at this location were obtained. (3) Quarry blasting block size division: According to rock hardness, rock type, on-site investigation of the mine rock structure surface and blasting funnel, the entire quarry rock mass is divided into large block area (more than 800kg), medium block area (100-800kg) and small block area (less than 100kg). By compiling the geological records of the rock structure surface of the large quarry and marking it on the map, a mine rock blasting block zoning map is drawn; Step 2: Predict the size of the stone according to the blasting parameters (1) Prediction model of stone size of various specifications: Breakwater construction requires that the size and quantity of stone blocks change every day or every few days, and the blasting parameters also change accordingly. The blasting pile gradation also changes anytime and anywhere, which places very high requirements on blasting design and construction. Therefore, the step blasting technology for standard stone mining is different from that of open-pit mines and ordinary step blasting, but has its own characteristics. If the blasting effect and the gradation of stone block can be predicted according to the blasting design parameters, the construction efficiency can be greatly improved. Through engineering practice, the Kuz-Ram mathematical model combined with the rock mass characteristics of the quarry can achieve the purpose of predicting the blasting effect and block gradation; (2) Application of Kuz-Ram prediction model According to the design parameters, the prediction model is used to predict the blasting block size and calculate: The percentage of different block sizes can be calculated through the relationship. From this relationship, the percentage of stones of different specifications can be known according to the blasting design parameters; Step 3: Blasting control technology for mining various stone specifications (1) Blasting control technology for mining various specifications of stone: According to the rock blasting and fragmentation mechanism and long-term blasting engineering practice, the rock fragmentation distribution after blasting is affected by many factors, among which the main influencing factors are the structure, texture and physical and mechanical properties of the rock, blasting parameters, explosive type, charge structure and detonation method, among which the blasting parameters include the minimum resistance line (chassis resistance line for step blasting), hole spacing, row spacing, blocking length, unit explosive consumption and single hole charge, etc. Uncoupled charge and interval charge structure are often used for blasting mining of various specifications of stone. This charge structure can improve the utilization rate of stone mining, reduce unqualified materials such as powder ore, and increase the content of qualified block stones; (2) Blasting technology to reduce the collapse of powder ore: In order to mine various specifications of stones that meet the requirements as required, reducing powder ore and reducing economic losses are the keys to the blasting of this project. After on-site practice and comparison, an economical and effective collapse blasting technology with uneven and uncoupled charging structure for this type of blasting project is summarized, which can meet the requirements of the project. The main idea of ​​the full-hole uneven and uncoupled charging technology is to divide the deep hole into upper and lower parts for charging design, and change the single charging structure (the charging amount per meter of the charging section is the same) into an upper and lower two-section charging. The charging amount per meter of the lower section is 1.2 to 2.2 times that of the charging amount per meter of the upper section (different charging diameters for the upper and lower sections). The lower explosive amount will break the bottom rock (thrown out from the parent rock), and the upper explosive amount will collapse the upper rock (weak loosening blasting), overcome the friction of the rock, and make it fall down by its own weight. The large pieces are decomposed by secondary blasting. The charging structure is the most important feature of the collapse blasting technology that is different from other step blasting technologies. It adopts a full-hole uneven uncoupled charge structure with a large uncoupled coefficient at the top of the blasthole and a small uncoupled coefficient at the bottom. According to different lithologies on site, the bottom is loaded with 110 or 100 mm charge rolls by self-weight, and the top is hoisted with 100, 90, 80, 70 mm charge rolls. The blasting parameters are determined as follows: the bottom is designed for enhanced throwing blasting, and the top is designed for weak loose blasting. (3) Comparison and analysis of blasting effects of collapse blasting technology: In order to test the blasting effect of the uneven uncoupled charge blasting technology, several on-site industrial comparative tests were carried out on coupled charge, full-hole uncoupled charge and full-hole uneven uncoupled charge in different blasting block areas. From the traces left on the rock wall after blasting, it can be clearly seen that the full-hole uneven uncoupled charge forms a raindrop-shaped outline, the full-hole uncoupled charge forms a wine bottle-shaped outline, and the coupled charge forms an elliptical outline. The traces left on the rock wall are the embodiment of the main effect of the explosion shock wave, which shows that the full-hole uneven uncoupled charge is most affected by the explosion shock wave at the lower part of the borehole, and the upper part has the largest impact on the rock. The body damage is not great, and powder ore is mainly produced in the lower part. The whole hole uncoupled charge produces powder ore in the middle and lower part, while the coupled charge is subjected to the strong explosion shock wave at the top, middle and bottom, and produces the most powder ore. According to the analysis of the rock blasting mechanism, the use of uneven uncoupled charge, due to the presence of air, greatly reduces the initial impact pressure and tensile stress acting on the hole wall after the explosion of the explosive, reduces the radius of the crushing circle, and increases the effective utilization rate of energy. At the same time, due to the extension of the action time of the explosive gas, the formation of cracks between holes is more complete than that of coupled charge, the energy utilization is more sufficient, and the block size is more uniform.

2. The method for predicting the size of quarrying and controlling blasting of multi-specification stones according to claim 1 is characterized by: The distribution and characteristics of the joints and fissures described in step 1: There are 6 main joint groups: among them, the joints with a strike of 310°~320°, a dip of NE, an inclination of 65°~75° and a strike of 240°, a dip of S, and an inclination of about 60°~80° are the main joint structural surfaces; the joints on the east side are more developed than those on the west side, and the joint density on the east side is 3~4 / m; the joint density on the west side is 1~3 / m.

3. The method for predicting the size of mining and controlling blasting of multi-specification stones according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The distribution and characteristics of the broken zone described in step 1: The broken zone in the mining area is moderately developed, mainly weathering gullies and compression broken zones. The rocks in the broken zone are mainly granite, and the characteristics of the broken zone are mostly compression broken, joint development, containing a certain amount of weathered soil, strong rock cutting, block size of 5-15cm, broken zone width of 1-20m, and 4 broken zones with a width of 0.6-3.0m were found on the 100m step. The on-site investigation found that there is a granite mud zone similar to the occurrence of the diabase body due to the destruction of the diabase body on the 100m step, with a width of 3-4m, showing strong dynamic metamorphism and strong weathering characteristics, and all the materials in the zone are mud.

4. The method for predicting the size of mining and controlling blasting of multi-specification stones according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Distribution and characteristics of the diabase mass described in step 1: There is diabase mass combined with the rock mass in the working face of the mining area. The 100m step was measured on site, and 5 black diabase intrusions were found within a length of 150m, with a strike of 250°, a steep inclination, and a width of 0.5 to 5.0m. The diabase in the belt is broken due to dynamic effects and is partially muddied.

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