Stabilized heat transfer compositions, methods, and systems

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant and a stabilizer wherein the refrigerant comprises from about 5% to 100% by weight of trans-1, 2-difluoroethylene (R1132 (E)), and wherein the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and wherein the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene and optionally but preferably an acid depleted moiety.

Description

[0001] Cross-references

[0002] This application is related to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 403,719 filed on September 3, 2022, and claims the benefit of priority, which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present invention relates to compositions, methods and systems having utility in heat exchange applications including air conditioning and refrigeration applications. In a particular aspect, the present invention relates to compositions that can be used in heat transfer systems of the type in which refrigerant R-410A has been used. The compositions of the present invention are particularly useful as replacements for refrigerant R-410A for heating and cooling applications, and for retrofitting heat exchange systems, including systems designed for use with R-410A. Background Art

[0004] Mechanical refrigeration systems and related heat transfer devices (such as heat pumps and air conditioners) are well known in the art for industrial, commercial and domestic use. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were developed in the 1930s as refrigerants for such systems. However, since the 1980s, the impact of CFCs on the stratospheric ozone layer has become a focus of more attention. In 1987, many governments signed the Montreal Protocol, which was intended to protect the global environment, and set a timetable for phasing out CFC products. CFCs are to be replaced by more environmentally acceptable hydrogen-containing materials, namely hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

[0005] One of the most commonly used hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants is chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). However, subsequent amendments to the Montreal Protocol accelerated the phase-out of these CFCs and set a schedule for the phase-out of HCFCs, including HCFC-22.

[0006] In response to the need for non-flammable, non-toxic alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs, the industry has developed a variety of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with zero ozone depletion potential. R-410A (a 50:50 w / w blend of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)) is used as an industrial substitute for HCFC-22 in air conditioning and chiller applications because it does not cause ozone depletion. However, R-410A is not a drop-in replacement for R-22. Therefore, replacing R-22 with R-410A requires redesigning major components within the heat exchange system, including replacing and redesigning the compressor to accommodate the significantly higher operating pressure and volumetric capacity of R-410A compared to R-22.

[0007] Although R-410A has a more acceptable ozone depletion potential (ODP) than R-22, its continued use is problematic due to its high global warming potential of 2088. Therefore, there is a need in the art to replace R-410A with more environmentally acceptable alternatives.

[0008] The EU implemented the F-gas Regulation to limit the HFCs that can be placed on the market in the EU from 2015, as shown in Table 1. By 2030, only 21% of the amount of HFCs sold in 2015 will be available. Therefore, as a long-term solution, it is desirable to limit the GWP to below 427.

[0009] Table 1: F-Gas regulations

[0010] Year Quota reduction percentage GWP Level 2015 100％ 2034* 2016-2017 93％ 1891 2018-2020 63％ 1281 2021-2023 67％ 915 2024-2026 31％ 630 2027-2029 24％ 488 Beyond 2030 21％ 427

[0011] *2015 GWP levels are based on the UNEP 2012 usage study with no growth rate scenario.

[0012] It is understood in the art that alternative heat transfer fluids with a combination of difficult-to-achieve properties are highly desired, including excellent heat transfer properties (and particularly heat transfer properties that are well matched to the needs of a particular application), chemical stability, low or no toxicity, nonflammability, lubricant miscibility and / or lubricant compatibility, etc. In addition, it is desirable that any replacement for R-410A be well matched to the operating conditions of R-410A to avoid modification or redesign of the system. The development of heat transfer fluids that meet all of these requirements (many of which are unpredictable) is a significant challenge, particularly with respect to the chemical stability of such fluids.

[0013] It is very important to maintain system efficiency and proper and reliable function of the compressor that the combination of refrigerant and lubricant circulating in the vapor compression heat transfer system remain sufficiently stable so as not to degrade the performance of any aspect of the lubricant and / or refrigerant and / or operating equipment used in the heat transfer system. For example, lubricant / refrigerant decomposition products may accumulate and lodge in the coils and piping of the system, including in the heat transfer components, and / or the decomposition may prevent complete and effective lubrication of the compressor.

[0014] Applicants have recognized that it is desirable to provide compositions that can be used as replacements for R-410A in air conditioning applications, and particularly in residential and commercial air conditioning applications, including rooftop air conditioning, variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air conditioning, and freezer air conditioning applications. Applicants have also recognized that the compositions, methods, and systems of the present invention have advantages in, for example, heat pump and low temperature refrigeration systems. Summary of the invention

[0015] The present invention provides heat transfer compositions, including those useful as replacements for R-410A, that exhibit excellent thermal and chemical stability.

[0016] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 5 wt % to 100 wt % trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising one or more of an alkylated naphthalene, an epoxidized naphthalene, an acid depleted moiety, a nitrogen-containing stabilizer, a phosphorus-containing stabilizer, and a diene stabilizer. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 1A for convenience.

[0017] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 1B for convenience.

[0018] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises ethoxylated naphthalene. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 1C for convenience.

[0019] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an acid depleting moiety. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition ID for convenience.

[0020] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises a nitrogen-containing stabilizer. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 1E for convenience.

[0021] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises a phosphorus-containing stabilizer. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 1F for convenience.

[0022] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises a diene stabilizer. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 1G for convenience.

[0023] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 1H for convenience.

[0024] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 5 wt% to 100 wt% trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt% to less than 10 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition II for convenience.

[0025] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises epoxidized naphthalene. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 1J for convenience.

[0026] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 5 wt% to 100 wt% trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant preferably comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising epoxidized naphthalene, wherein the epoxidized naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt% to less than 10 wt% based on the weight of the epoxidized naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 1K for convenience.

[0027] As used herein, with respect to percentages based on a listing of identified compounds, the term "relative percentage" means the percentage of the identified compound based on the total weight of the listed compounds.

[0028] As used herein, with respect to weight percent, the term "about" with respect to the amount of an identified component means that the amount of the identified component may vary by + / - 2% by weight.

[0029] When a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene is used in combination in a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant containing R1132(E) and a lubricant, particularly a lubricant comprising POE and / or PVE, applicants believe that there is a critical range in which the stabilizing effect of the alkylated naphthalene is advantageously and unexpectedly enhanced relative to the stabilizing effect outside of the range, which range is from 1% to less than 10%, or preferably 1.5% to less than 8%, or preferably 1.5% to about 6%, or preferably 1.5% to 5%, by weight based on the alkylated naphthalene and lubricant. In particular, applicants believe that enhanced performance will be achieved within this critical range because when used in amounts above about 10%, in the absence of a solution as described below, the stabilizing properties of the alkylated naphthalene may deteriorate to an undesirable degree. In addition, applicants believe that when used in amounts less than 1%, the stabilizing properties of the alkylated naphthalene will be less than ideal for some applications. The existence of this critical range is unexpected for heat transfer compositions comprising R1132(E) and POE and / or PVE lubricants.

[0030] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising from about 10 wt % to about 75 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 2A for convenience.

[0031] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising from about 10 wt % to about 75 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising epoxidized naphthalene, wherein the epoxidized naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % based on the weight of the epoxidized naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 2B for convenience.

[0032] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % R-1234yf and about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 3A for convenience.

[0033] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % R-1234yf and about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising epoxidized naphthalene, wherein the epoxidized naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % based on the weight of the epoxidized naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 3B for convenience.

[0034] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % R-1234yf, about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % difluoromethane (HFC-32), and about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 4A for convenience.

[0035] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % R-1234yf, about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % difluoromethane (HFC-32), and about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising epoxidized naphthalene, wherein the epoxidized naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % based on the weight of the epoxidized naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 4B for convenience.

[0036] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % to 8 wt % based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 5 for convenience.

[0037] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 10 wt % to about 75 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % to 8 wt % based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 6 for convenience.

[0038] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 5 wt % to about 50 wt % R1234yf and about 35 wt % to about 70 wt % trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % to 8 wt % based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 7 for convenience.

[0039] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of about 30 wt % to about 50 wt % trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % to 8 wt % based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 8 for convenience.

[0040] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 5 wt% to 100 wt% trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5 wt% to 8 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 9 for convenience.

[0041] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 10 wt % to about 75 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5 wt % to 8 wt % based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 10A for convenience.

[0042] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 10 wt % to about 75 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5 wt % to 6 wt % based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 10B for convenience.

[0043] The present invention also includes any of heat transfer compositions 1 to 10, wherein the stabilizer comprises BHT. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 11 for convenience.

[0044] The invention also includes any of heat transfer compositions 1 to 11, wherein the stabilizer is substantially free of ADM as defined below.The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 12 for convenience.

[0045] As used herein, the term "acid depleting moiety" (which for convenience is sometimes referred to herein as "ADM") refers to a compound or group that, when present in a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, has the effect of significantly reducing the acid moiety originally present in the heat transfer composition, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt. % or more of R1132(E) (the percentage being based on the weight of all refrigerants in the heat transfer composition). As used herein, the term "significantly reduced" as used with respect to the acid moiety in the heat transfer composition means that the acid moiety is sufficiently reduced to result in a reduction in the TAN value (as defined below) of at least about 10 relative %.

[0046] When using a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene and an ADM in combination, the applicant has discovered that certain materials can significantly and unexpectedly enhance the performance of a stabilizer comprising or consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene stabilizer. Specifically, the applicant has discovered that certain materials can contribute to the depletion of the acidic portion in a heat transfer composition comprising R1132(E), including any heat transfer composition of the present invention. The applicant has discovered that, for at least the stability function of the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer according to the present invention, formulating the heat transfer composition with an ADM provides an unexpected synergistic enhancement. The reason for this synergistic effect cannot be precisely understood, but without being bound by any theory of operation, it is believed that the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer of the present invention works to a large extent by stabilizing the free radicals formed by the refrigerant R1132(E) of the present invention, but in the presence of the acidic portion, this stabilizing effect is at least somewhat weakened. Therefore, the presence of the ADM of the present invention allows the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer to work with an unexpected synergistic enhancement effect. Furthermore, applicants have discovered that the performance degradation applicants observed at relatively high concentrations of alkylated naphthalene (ie, about 10%) can be offset by incorporating ADM into the heat transfer composition (or into the stabilizing lubricant).

[0047] Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene and ADM.The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 1 for convenience.

[0048] Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising from about 40 wt % to about 99.9 wt % of alkylated naphthalene and from 0.05 wt % to about 50 wt % of ADM based on the weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 2 for convenience.

[0049] Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising from about 40 wt % to about 95 wt % alkylated naphthalene and from 5 wt % to about 20 wt % ADM based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and ADM in the stabilizer. Stabilizers according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 3 for convenience.

[0050] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises an alkylated naphthalene containing stabilizer and at least one co-stabilizer selected from the group consisting of an acid depleting moiety, a nitrogen containing stabilizer, a phosphorus containing stabilizer, a diene stabilizer, and a combination of two or more of these. Stabilizers according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 4A for convenience.

[0051] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising epoxidized naphthalene.The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 4B for convenience.

[0052] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer containing epoxidized naphthalene and at least one co-stabilizer selected from the group consisting of an acid depleting moiety, a nitrogen-containing stabilizer, a phosphorus-containing stabilizer, a diene stabilizer, and a combination of two or more of these. Stabilizers according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 4C for convenience.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising a nitrogen-containing stabilizer. Stabilizers according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 4D for convenience.

[0054] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising a nitrogen-containing stabilizer and at least one co-stabilizer comprising epoxidized naphthalenes, alkylated naphthalenes, acid depleted moieties, phosphorus-containing stabilizers, terpinene stabilizers, and combinations of two or more of these. Stabilizers according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 4E for convenience.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising a phosphorus-containing stabilizer.The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 4F for convenience.

[0056] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising a phosphorus-containing stabilizer and at least one co-stabilizer selected from the group consisting of alkylated naphthalenes, epoxidized naphthalenes, acid depleted moieties, nitrogen-containing stabilizers, terpinene stabilizers, and combinations of two or more of these. Stabilizers according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 4G for convenience.

[0057] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer comprising a triaryl phosphate.The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 4H for convenience.

[0058] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention comprises a stabilizer containing a triaryl phosphate and at least one co-stabilizer selected from the group consisting of an acid depleting moiety, a nitrogen-containing stabilizer, an epoxidized naphthalene, an alkylated naphthalene, a diene stabilizer, and a combination of two or more of these. Stabilizers according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 4I for convenience.

[0059] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 13 for convenience.

[0060] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as a heat transfer composition 14 for convenience.

[0061] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 3, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 15A for convenience.

[0062] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 15B for convenience.

[0063] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 20 wt % to about 75 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 16 for convenience.

[0064] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 20 wt % to about 75 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 17 for convenience.

[0065] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 3, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 20 wt % to about 75 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 18 for convenience.

[0066] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 20 wt % to about 75 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 19 for convenience.

[0067] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to about 50 wt % of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and about 35 wt % to about 70 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 20 for convenience.

[0068] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % of R1234yf and about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 21A for convenience.

[0069] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 3, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to about 50 wt % of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and about 35 wt % to about 70 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 21B for convenience.

[0070] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % of R1234yf and about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 21C for convenience.

[0071] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 3% to 15% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 22 for convenience.

[0072] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 1% to about 20% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), about 40% to about 50% by weight of R-1234yf, and about 40% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 23 for convenience.

[0073] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 3, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 3% to 15% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as a heat transfer composition 24 for convenience.

[0074] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the refrigerant comprises about 1% to about 20% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), about 40% to about 50% by weight of R-1234yf, and about 40% to about 50% by weight of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 25A for convenience. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0075] definition:

[0076] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "about" with respect to a temperature in degrees Celsius (° C.) means that the temperature may vary by an amount of + / - 5° C. In preferred embodiments, a temperature designated as about is preferably + / - 2° C., more preferably + / - 1° C., even more preferably + / - 0.5° C. of the identified temperature.

[0077] The term "capacity" is the amount of cooling (in BTU / hour) provided by the refrigerant in a refrigeration system. This is determined experimentally by multiplying the enthalpy change (in BTU / lb) of the refrigerant as it passes through the evaporator by the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. The enthalpy can be determined by measurements of the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant. The capacity of a refrigeration system relates to the ability to keep an area cooled at a specific temperature. The capacity of a refrigerant represents the amount of cooling or heating it provides, and provides some measure of the ability of a compressor to pump heat for a given volume flow of refrigerant. In other words, given a specific compressor, a refrigerant with a higher capacity will deliver more cooling or heating power.

[0078] The phrase "coefficient of performance" (hereinafter referred to as "COP") is a measure of generally accepted refrigerant performance, and is particularly useful for representing the relative thermodynamic efficiency of a refrigerant in a specific heating or cooling cycle involving refrigerant evaporation or condensation. In refrigeration engineering, the term represents the ratio of available refrigeration or cooling capacity to the energy applied by the compressor when compressing vapor, and therefore represents the ability of a given compressor to pump heat for a given volume flow of heat transfer fluid such as a refrigerant. In other words, given a specific compressor, a refrigerant with a higher COP will deliver more cooling or heating power. A method for estimating the COP of a refrigerant under specific operating conditions is to estimate from the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant using standard refrigeration cycle analysis techniques (see, for example, RC Downing, "FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK", Chapter 3, Prentice-Hall, 1988, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0079] The phrase "discharge temperature" refers to the temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the compressor. The advantage of a low discharge temperature is that it allows the use of existing equipment without activating thermal protection aspects of the system, which are preferably designed to protect the compressor components, and avoids the use of expensive control measures (such as injection of liquid) to reduce the discharge temperature.

[0080] The phrase "global warming potential" (hereinafter "GWP") was developed to allow the global warming impact of different gases to be compared. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy one ton of a gas emitted in a given time period will absorb relative to one ton of carbon dioxide emitted. The greater the GWP, the warmer the earth will be over that time period compared to CO2. The time period typically used for GWP is 100 years. GWP provides a common measure - allowing analysts to add up emission estimates for different gases. See www.epa.gov.

[0081] The phrase "Life Cycle Climate Performance" (hereinafter referred to as "LCCP") is a method by which the impact of air conditioning and refrigeration systems on global warming over their lifetime can be assessed. LCCP includes the direct impact of refrigerant emissions and the indirect impacts of energy consumption used to operate the system, energy to manufacture the system, and transportation and safe disposal systems. The direct impact of refrigerant emissions comes from the GWP value of the refrigerant. For indirect emissions, measured refrigerant characteristics are used to obtain system performance and energy consumption. LCCP is determined by using Formula 1 and Formula 2 as follows. Formula 1 is Direct emissions = Refrigerant charge (kg) × (annual loss rate × life + end-of-life losses) × GWP. Formula 2 is Indirect emissions = Annual power consumption × life × CO2 per kW-h of electricity produced. The direct emissions determined by Formula 1 and the indirect emissions determined by Formula 2 are added together to provide the LCCP. The LCCP is generated by the National Renewable Laboratory and used in The TMY2 and TMY3 data obtained in Pro version 4 software were analyzed. The GWP values ​​reported in the 4th Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 were used for calculation. LCCP is expressed as the mass of carbon dioxide (kg-CO2eq) during the life of the air conditioning or refrigeration system.

[0082] The term "mass flow rate" is the mass of refrigerant passing through a conduit per unit time.

[0083] The term "occupational exposure limit (OEL)" is determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34-2016, "Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants."

[0084] With respect to a particular heat transfer composition or refrigerant of the present invention as a "replacement" for a particular previous refrigerant, the term "replacement for..." as used herein means the use of the specified composition of the present invention in a heat transfer system that has heretofore been commonly used with that previous refrigerant. For example, when the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention is used in a heat transfer system such as residential and commercial air conditioners (including rooftop systems, variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, and chiller systems) that has heretofore been designed for and / or commonly used with R410A, then the present refrigerant is a replacement for R410A in such systems.

[0085] The phrase "thermodynamic glide" applies to a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture having a changing temperature during a phase change process in an evaporator or condenser at a constant pressure.

[0086] The phrase "thermodynamic glide" applies to a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture having a changing temperature during a phase change process in an evaporator or condenser at a constant pressure.

[0087] As used herein, the term "TAN value" refers to the Total Acid Number determined by accelerated aging to simulate the long-term stability of heat transfer compositions according to ASHRAE Standard 97 - "Sealed Glass Tube Method for Testing the Chemical Stability of Materials Used in Refrigerant Systems".

[0088] As used herein, the term "evaporator glide" refers to the difference between the saturation temperature of the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet and the dew point of the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet, assuming that the pressure at the evaporator outlet is the same as the pressure at the inlet. As used herein, the phrase "saturation temperature" refers to the temperature at which a liquid refrigerant boils into vapor at a given pressure.

[0089] As used herein, the phrase "non-toxic or low toxicity" means that the composition is classified as "A" by ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Nomenclature and Refrigerant Safety Classification, and is described in ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Annex B1 (such as various standards existed before the filing date of this application). Non-flammable and low toxic materials are classified as "A1" by ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Nomenclature and Refrigerant Safety Classification, and are described in ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Annex B1 (such as various standards existed before the filing date of this application).

[0090] The term "superheat" or simply "superheat" refers to the temperature of the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet rising above the saturated vapor temperature (or dew point temperature) of the refrigerant.

[0091] As used herein, the term "trans-1,2-difluoroethylene" refers to the trans isomer of 1,2-difluoroethylene and is abbreviated as R1132(E).

[0092] As used herein, the term "E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene" refers to the trans isomer of HFO-1234ze and is abbreviated as HFO-1234ze(E).

[0093] As used herein, the term "2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene" is abbreviated as HFO-1234yf.

[0094] As used herein, the term "1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane" is abbreviated as HFC-134a.

[0095] As used herein, the term "1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane" is known in the industry by the abbreviation HFC-134a and is abbreviated herein as HFC-134a.

[0096] As used herein, the term "E-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene" refers to the trans isomer of HFO-1336mzz and is abbreviated as HFO-1336mzz(E).

[0097] As used herein, the term "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane" is abbreviated as HFC-227ea.

[0098] As used herein, the term "difluoromethane" refers to CH2F2 and is abbreviated as HFC-32.

[0099] As used herein, the term "residential air conditioning" refers to a refrigeration system that operates with a heat exchanger that absorbs or adds heat to the indoor air in a structure occupied by humans.

[0100] As used herein, the term "split direct expansion air conditioning system" means an air conditioning system that operates with an indoor unit located inside a residence and including a heat exchanger that absorbs heat from or adds heat to indoor air in a structure in which humans reside, and an outdoor unit that includes a heat exchanger located outside the residence that releases heat to or absorbs heat from outdoor air.

[0101] As used herein, the term "secondary loop air conditioning system" refers to an air conditioning system having an internal refrigeration circuit that uses an indoor (or secondary) refrigerant to heat and / or cool the interior air and an external refrigeration circuit that uses an outdoor (or primary) refrigerant that is different from the indoor refrigerant and releases heat to the outdoor air or absorbs heat from the outdoor air.

[0102] As used herein, reference to a defined group (such as "heat transfer compositions 1 to 25") refers to each composition within the group, including where the defined number includes a suffix. For example, reference to "heat transfer compositions 1 to 25" is intended to include each composition within the group, including heat transfer compositions 10A and 10B, heat transfer compositions 15A and 15B, and so forth.

[0103] Heat transfer compositions

[0104] Applicants have discovered that the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 described herein) are able to provide exceptionally advantageous properties and, in particular, stability in use, particularly when the heat transfer compositions are used as a replacement for R-410A, and particularly in existing 410A residential air conditioning systems and existing R-410A low and medium temperature refrigeration systems, existing commercial air conditioning systems (including existing R-410A rooftop systems, existing R-410A variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, and existing R-410A chiller systems).

[0105] A particular advantage of the refrigerants of the present invention included in the heat transfer compositions is to provide refrigerants and heat transfer compositions that can be used as replacements for R-410A in various systems and have excellent heat transfer properties, low environmental impact (including extremely low GWP and near zero ODP), excellent chemical and thermal stability, low or no toxicity and / or lubricant compatibility, especially compatibility with POE and PVE lubricants. Such desirable advantages can be achieved by the refrigerants and heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

[0106] Preferably, the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25) comprises a refrigerant in an amount greater than 40 wt%, or greater than 70 wt%, or greater than 80 wt%, or greater than 90 wt% of the heat transfer composition.

[0107] Preferably, the heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25, consists essentially of a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer.

[0108] For the purpose of enhancing or providing specific functions to the composition, the heat transfer composition of the present invention may include other components, preferably without compromising the enhanced stability provided according to the present invention. Such other components or additives may include dyes, solubilizers, compatibilizers, auxiliary stabilizers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure additives and anti-wear additives.

[0109] Stabilizer:

[0110] Alkylated naphthalene

[0111] Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that alkylated naphthalenes are highly effective as stabilizers for the heat transfer compositions of the present invention. As used herein, the term "alkylated naphthalene" refers to compounds having the following structure:

[0112]

[0113] wherein R1 to R8 are each independently selected from a linear alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, and hydrogen. The specific lengths of the alkyl chains and mixtures of branched and linear chains with hydrogen may vary within the scope of the present invention, and those skilled in the art will recognize and appreciate that such variations reflect the physical properties of the alkylated naphthalenes, particularly including the viscosity of the alkylated compounds, and that producers of such materials often define materials by reference to one or more of such properties as alternative specifications for a particular R group.

[0114] Applicants have discovered that the use of alkylated naphthalenes according to the present invention having the following properties as stabilizers is associated with unexpected, surprising and advantageous results, and for convenience, the alkylated naphthalene compounds having the described properties are referred to herein as Alkylated Naphthalene 1 or (AN1) to Alkylated Naphthalene 5 (or AN5), as shown in rows 1 to 5 of the following table, respectively:

[0115] Alkylated naphthalene Table 1

[0116]

[0117] As used herein, in conjunction with the viscosity at 40°C measured according to ASTM D467, the term "about" means + / - 4 cSt.

[0118] As used herein, in conjunction with the viscosity at 100°C measured according to ASTM D467, the term "about" means + / - 0.4 cSt.

[0119] As used herein, in conjunction with pour point measured according to ASTM D97, the term "about" means + / - 5°C.

[0120] Applicants have also discovered that the use of alkylated naphthalenes according to the present invention having the following properties as stabilizers is associated with unexpected, surprising and advantageous results, and for convenience, the alkylated naphthalene compounds having the described properties are referred to herein as Alkylated Naphthalene 6 or (AN6) to Alkylated Naphthalene 10 (or AN10), as shown in rows 6 to 10 of the following table, respectively:

[0121] Alkylated naphthalene Table 2

[0122]

[0123] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of Alkylated Naphthalene 1 and Alkylated Naphthalene 6 include those sold by King Industries under the following trade names: NA-LUBE KR-007A; KR-008; KR-009; KR-015; KR-019; KR-005FG; KR-015FG; and KR-029FG.

[0124] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of Alkylated Naphthalene 2 and Alkylated Naphthalene 7 include those sold by Kinshi Industries, Inc. under the following trade names: NA-LUBE KR-007A; KR-008; KR-009; and KR-005FG.

[0125] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of Alkylated Naphthalene 5 and Alkylated Naphthalene 10 include the product sold under the trade name NA-LUBE KR-008 by Kinshi Industries.

[0126] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 herein) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1.

[0127] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 herein) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN2.

[0128] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 herein) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN3.

[0129] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 herein) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN4.

[0130] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 herein) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5.

[0131] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 herein) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN6.

[0132] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 herein) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN7.

[0133] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 herein) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN8.

[0134] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 herein) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN9.

[0135] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 herein) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10.

[0136] Naphthalene epoxide

[0137] Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that epoxidized naphthalene is highly effective as a stabilizer for the heat transfer compositions of the present invention. As used herein, the term "epoxidized naphthalene" refers to a compound having the following structure:

[0138]

[0139] Each R 1 are independently epoxy-terminated ethoxy, propoxy or butoxy groups, provided that at least one R 1 is an epoxy terminated ethoxy group. The stabilizer compound according to this paragraph is referred to herein as EN1 for convenience.

[0140] In a preferred embodiment, R 1 are independently epoxy-terminated ethoxy or propoxy groups, provided that at least one R 1 is an epoxy terminated ethoxy group. The stabilizer compound according to this paragraph is referred to herein as EN2 for convenience.

[0141] In a preferred embodiment, R1 is independently an epoxy terminated ethoxy group.The stabilizer compound according to this paragraph is referred to herein as EN3 for convenience.

[0142] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxidized naphthalene is a compound according to the formula wherein each R1 is an epoxy-terminated ethoxy group as shown below:

[0143]

[0144] 1,6-Diglycidylnaphthyl ether. The stabilizer compound according to this paragraph is referred to herein as EN4 for convenience.

[0145] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25) wherein the composition comprises EN 1. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 25B for convenience.

[0146] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25) wherein the composition comprises EN 2. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 25C for convenience.

[0147] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25) wherein the composition comprises EN 3. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 25D for convenience.

[0148] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25) wherein the composition comprises EN 4. Heat transfer compositions according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 25E for convenience.

[0149] Acid Depletion Section (ADM)

[0150] Without undue experimentation, one skilled in the art will be able to identify a variety of ADMs that may be used in accordance with the present invention, and all such ADMs are within the scope of the present invention.

[0151] Epoxide

[0152] Applicants have discovered that epoxides, and particularly alkylated epoxides, are effective in producing the enhanced stability described herein when used in combination with alkylated naphthalene stabilizers and / or epoxidized naphthalene stabilizers, and while Applicants are not necessarily bound by theory, it is believed that this synergistic enhancement is due, at least in part, to their effectiveness as ADMs in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

[0153] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide is selected from epoxides that undergo a ring-opening reaction with the acid, thereby depleting the acid system without otherwise adversely affecting the system.

[0154] Useful epoxides include aromatic epoxides, alkyl epoxides (including alkyl ether epoxides), and alkenyl epoxides.

[0155] Preferred epoxides include those of Formula I:

[0156]

[0157] wherein at least one of said R1 to R4 is selected from a two-carbon to fifteen-carbon (C2-C15) acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group and a C2-C15 ether group. Epoxide groups according to Formula I with R groups as defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM1A for convenience.

[0158] Preferred epoxides also include epoxides of the following formula I:

[0159]

[0160] wherein said R1-R4 are each independently selected from H, C2-C15 acyclic groups, C2-C15 aliphatic groups and C2-C15 ether groups, provided that at least one of said R1-R4 is H and at least one of said R1-R4 is selected from C2-C15 acyclic groups, C2-C15 aliphatic groups and C2-C15 ether groups. Epoxide groups according to Formula I with R groups as defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM1B for convenience.

[0161] Preferred epoxides also include epoxides of the following formula I:

[0162]

[0163] wherein said R1-R4 are each independently selected from H, C2-C15 acyclic groups, C2-C15 aliphatic groups and C2-C15 ether groups, provided that at least two of said R1-R4 are H and at least one of said R1-R4 is selected from C2-C15 acyclic groups, C2-C15 aliphatic groups and C2-C15 ether groups. Epoxide groups according to Formula I with R groups as defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM1C for convenience.

[0164] Preferred epoxides also include epoxides of the following formula I:

[0165]

[0166] wherein said R1-R4 are each independently selected from H, C2-C15 acyclic groups, C2-C15 aliphatic groups and C2-C15 ether groups, provided that at least three of said R1-R4 are H and one of said R1-R4 is selected from C2-C15 acyclic groups, C2-C15 aliphatic groups and C2-C15 ether groups. Epoxide groups according to formula I with R groups as defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM1D for convenience.

[0167] In a preferred embodiment, at least one of R1 to R4 of Formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0168] R5-O-R6 Formula II

[0169] wherein each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 straight or branched (preferably unsubstituted) alkyl group. Epoxide groups as defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM2A for convenience.

[0170] In a preferred embodiment, at least one of R1 to R4 of Formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0171] R5-O-R6 Formula II

[0172] in

[0173] R5 is C1-C3 alkyl, preferably unsubstituted; and

[0174] R6 is a C3-C10 straight or branched (preferably unsubstituted) alkyl group. The epoxide groups defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM2B for convenience.

[0175] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1 to R4 of Formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0176] R5-O-R6 Formula II

[0177] wherein each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 straight or branched (preferably unsubstituted) alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1 to R4 are H. The epoxide groups defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM3A for convenience.

[0178] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1 to R4 of Formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0179] R5-O-R6 Formula II

[0180] in

[0181] R5 is connected to the epoxide group and is a C1-C3 straight or branched unsubstituted alkyl group; and

[0182] R6 is a C3-C10 straight or branched unsubstituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1 to R4 are H. The epoxide groups defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM3B for convenience.

[0183] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1 to R4 of Formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0184] R5-O-R6 Formula II

[0185] in

[0186] R5 is connected to the epoxide group and is a C1 unsubstituted alkyl group; and

[0187] R6 is a C8 branched, unsubstituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The epoxide groups defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM3C for convenience.

[0188] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether, which is an ADM3C compound having the structure:

[0189] A mixture of one or more of. The epoxide according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as ADM4 for convenience.

[0190] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1 to R4 of Formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0191] R5-O-R6 Formula II

[0192] wherein each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 linear or branched (substituted or unsubstituted) alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1 to R4 are H. The epoxide groups defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM5A for convenience.

[0193] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1 to R4 of Formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0194] R5-O-R6 Formula II

[0195] in

[0196] R5 is connected to the epoxide group and is a C1-C3 straight or branched unsubstituted alkyl group; and

[0197] R6 is a C3-C10 straight or branched substituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1 to R4 are H. The epoxide groups defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM5B for convenience.

[0198] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1 to R4 of Formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0199] R5-O-R6 Formula II

[0200] in

[0201] R5 is connected to the epoxide group and is a C1 unsubstituted alkyl group; and

[0202] R6 is a C8 branched substituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. Epoxide groups according to Formula I having R groups as defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM5C for convenience.

[0203] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1 to R4 of Formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0204] R5-O-R6 Formula II

[0205] in

[0206] R5 is connected to the epoxide group and is a C1 unsubstituted alkyl group; and

[0207] R6 is a C8 branched oxygen-substituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. Epoxide groups according to Formula I with R groups as defined in this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM5D for convenience.

[0208] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of glycidyl neodecanoate, which is an ADM5C compound wherein the substituent on R6 is O and has the structure:

[0209]

[0210] Epoxides according to this paragraph are sometimes referred to herein as ADM6 for convenience.

[0211] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN1 and ADM1.

[0212] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN4 and ADM1.

[0213] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN5 and ADM1.

[0214] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN10 and ADM1.

[0215] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN1 and ADM4.

[0216] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN4 and ADM4.

[0217] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN5 and ADM4.

[0218] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN10 and ADM4.

[0219] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN1 and ADM6.

[0220] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN4 and ADM6.

[0221] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN5 and ADM6.

[0222] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN10 and ADM6.

[0223] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN10 and ADM4.

[0224] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the composition comprises AN10 and ADM6.

[0225] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 25 (except heat transfer composition 12), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM6.

[0226] In the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, ADM is preferably present in an amount of about 0.05 wt % to about 2.5 wt %, preferably 0.05 wt % to about 1.5 wt %, or preferably 0.05 wt %-0.5 wt %, based on the weight of the lubricant plus ADM.

[0227] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention comprising the refrigerants of the present invention, alkylated naphthalenes, and epoxide-based acid depleting moieties are described in Table 1 below.

[0228] Table 1

[0229]

[0230]

[0231] For convenience, each heat transfer composition identified by a number in the first column of Table 1 above and Tables 2 to 5 below represents a definition of the heat transfer composition, and reference to a heat transfer composition by that number is a reference to a composition having the ingredients (and specified amounts) described in the table. In addition, as described above, references herein to a defined group (such as "heat transfer compositions 1 to 73") or a composition defined by a number refer to every composition within that group or composition, including where the defining number includes a suffix. For example, reference to "heat transfer composition 26" is intended to include every composition containing root 26, e.g., HTC26 includes HTC26A in Table 1, HTC26B in Table 2, etc.

[0232] In the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 herein, the alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of 0.01% to about 10%, or from about 1.5% to about 4.5%, or from about 2.5% to about 3.5%, wherein these amounts are calculated as weight percents based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene plus refrigerant in the system. The amounts specified in this paragraph are particularly preferred when ADM is also present.

[0233] In the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 herein, the alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of 0.1% to about 20%, or 1.5% to about 10%, or 1.5% to about 8%, wherein these amounts are calculated as weight percents based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene plus lubricant in the system. The amounts specified in this paragraph are particularly preferred when ADM is also present.

[0234] Carbodiimide

[0235] The ADM may include a carbodiimide. In a preferred embodiment, the carbodiimide includes a compound having the following structure:

[0236] R 1 -N=C=NR 2

[0237] Other stabilizers

[0238] It is contemplated that stabilizers other than alkylated naphthalenes and ADM may be included in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 73. Examples of such other stabilizers are described below.

[0239] Phenol-based compounds

[0240] In a preferred embodiment, the stabilizer further comprises a phenol-based compound.

[0241] The phenol-based compound may be one or more compounds selected from the following: 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol, including 4,4'-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6- tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-butylenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-isobutylenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6 -cyclohexylphenol); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol: 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-α-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4 (N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis (2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis Bis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2,2',6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-methylenediphenol and tert-butylhydroquinone, and preferably BHT.

[0242] Phenolic-based compounds, and in particular BHT, may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0 wt % and preferably 0.0001 wt % to about 5 wt %, preferably 0.001 wt % to about 2.5 wt %, and more preferably 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt %. In each case, the weight percentages refer to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0243] Phenol-based compounds and in particular BHT may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0 wt % and preferably 0.0001 wt % to about 5 wt %, preferably 0.001 wt % to about 2.5 wt %, and more preferably 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt %. In each case, the weight percentage refers to the weight based on the weight of the lubricant in the heat transfer composition.

[0244] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising from about 40 wt % to about 95 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (including each of AN1 to AN10) and 0.1 to about 10 wt % of BHT based on the weight of all stabilizer components in the composition. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 6 for convenience.

[0245] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising about 40 wt % to about 95 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (including each of AN1 to AN10), about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % of ADM (including each of ADM1 to ADM6), and 0.1 to about 10 wt % of BHT based on the weight of all stabilizer components in the composition. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 7 for convenience.

[0246] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 herein), wherein the heat transfer composition comprises a stabilizer 6.

[0247] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 (except 12) herein), wherein the heat transfer composition comprises Stabilizer 7.

[0248] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 herein) comprising AN1 and BHT. The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 herein) comprising AN5 and BHT.

[0249] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-73) comprising AN10 and BHT.

[0250] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 (except 12) herein) comprising AN5, ADM4, and BHT.

[0251] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 (except 12) herein) comprising AN5, ADM6, and BHT.

[0252] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 (except 12) herein) comprising AN10, ADM4, and BHT.

[0253] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 (except 12) herein) comprising AN10, ADM6, and BHT.

[0254] Diene-based compounds

[0255] Diene-based compounds include C3 to C15 dienes and compounds formed by the reaction of any two or more C3 to C4 dienes. Preferably, diene-based compounds are selected from allyl ethers, propadiene, butadiene, isoprene, and terpenes. Diene-based compounds are preferably terpenes, including but not limited to rutinene, retinal, geraniol, terpinene, δ3-carene, terpinolene, phellandrene, fenchene, myrcene, farnesene, pinene, nerol, citral, camphor, menthol, limonene, nerolidol, phytol, carnosic acid, and vitamin A1. Preferably, the stabilizer is farnesene. Preferred terpene stabilizers are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60 / 638,003, filed December 12, 2004, published as US 2006 / 0167044A1, which is incorporated herein by reference. Among the terpenes, alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, limonene, and combinations of these are preferred in many embodiments.

[0256] In addition, the diene-based compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0 wt % and preferably from 0.0001 wt % to about 5 wt %, preferably from 0.001 wt % to about 2.5 wt %, and more preferably from 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt %. In each case, the weight percentages refer to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0257] Phosphorus-based compounds

[0258] The phosphorus compound may be a phosphite or a phosphate compound. For the purposes of the present invention, the phosphite compound may be a diaryl, dialkyl, triaryl and / or trialkyl phosphite, and / or a mixed aryl / alkyl di- or tri-substituted phosphite, in particular one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of hindered phosphites, tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, di-n-octyl phosphite, isooctyl diphenyl phosphite, isodecyl diphenyl phosphite, triisodecyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphite and diphenyl phosphite, in particular diphenyl phosphite.

[0259] The phosphate compound may be triaryl phosphate, trialkyl phosphate, alkyl monoacid phosphate, aryl diacid phosphate, phosphate amine, preferably triaryl phosphate and / or trialkyl phosphate, in particular tri-n-butyl phosphate.

[0260] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-73) wherein the composition comprises a phosphate ester.

[0261] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-73) wherein the composition comprises a triaryl phosphate.

[0262] The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-73) wherein the composition comprises a trialkyl phosphate.

[0263] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention comprising a refrigerant of the present invention, an alkylated naphthalene, an epoxide-based acid depleting moiety, and a phosphate are described in Table 2 below.

[0264] Table 2

[0265]

[0266]

[0267]

[0268] The phosphorus compound can be provided in an amount greater than 0 wt % and preferably from 0.0001 wt % to about 5 wt %, preferably from 0.001 wt % to about 2.5 wt %, and more preferably from 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt % in the heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73. In each case, the weight refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition, specifically including the phosphate stabilizer identified in Table 2 above.

[0269] The phosphorus compound can be provided in an amount greater than 0 wt % and preferably 0.0002 wt % to about 10 wt %, preferably 0.002 wt % to about 5 wt %, and more preferably 0.02 wt % to about 2 wt % in the heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73. In each case, the weight in this paragraph refers to the weight of the lubricant and the phosphate stabilizer, specifically including the phosphate stabilizer identified in Table 2 above.

[0270] Nitrogen compounds

[0271] When the stabilizer is a nitrogen compound, the stabilizer of the present invention (including the stabilizer for each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 73) may include an amine-based compound, such as one or more secondary or tertiary amines selected from the group consisting of diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine, and triisobutylamine. The amine-based compound (including the amine-based stabilizer for each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 73) may be an amine antioxidant, such as a substituted piperidine compound, i.e., an alkyl-substituted piperidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinone, or alkoxypiperidinyl derivative, particularly one or more amine antioxidants selected from the group consisting of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol; Bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidinyl) sebacate; bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate, poly(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidinyl succinate); alkylated p-phenylenediamines such as N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-p-phenylenediamine or N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine; and hydroxylamines such as tallowamine, methyl bis-tallowamine and bis-tallowamine; or phenol-alpha-naphthylamine or 765(Ciba), 1944 (Mayzo Inc) and 1770 (Mayzo Inc). For the purposes of the present invention, the amine-based compound may also be an alkyl diphenylamine such as bis(nonylaniline), a dialkylamine such as (N-(1-methylethyl)-2-propylamine, or one or more of phenyl-α-naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-α-naphthyl-amine (APANA), and bis(nonylphenyl)amine. Preferably, the amine-based compound (including the amine-based stabilizer for each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 73) is one or more of phenyl-α-naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-α-naphthyl-amine (APANA), and bis(nonylphenyl)amine, and more preferably phenyl-α-naphthylamine (PANA).

[0272] Alternatively, or in addition to the nitrogen compounds specified above, the nitrogen stabilizer for each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 73 may include one or more compounds selected from dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, nitrosobenzene and TEMPO[(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxy] which can be used as a stabilizer.

[0273] The nitrogen compound can be provided in the heat transfer composition, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73, in an amount greater than 0 wt % and from 0.0001 wt % to about 5 wt %, or from 0.001 wt % to about 2.5 wt %, or from 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt %. In each case, the weight percentage refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0274] Isobutylene

[0275] Isobutene can also be used as stabilizer according to the invention.

[0276] Additional stabilizer compositions

[0277] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of: alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and phenol. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 8A for convenience.

[0278] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and a phosphorus-containing compound. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 8B for convenience.

[0279] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and a nitrogen-containing compound. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 8C for convenience.

[0280] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; a phosphorus-containing compound; and a nitrogen-containing compound. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 8D for convenience.

[0281] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and terpinene. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 8E for convenience.

[0282] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; a phosphorus-containing compound; a nitrogen-containing compound; and a terpinene. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 8F for convenience.

[0283] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and limonene. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 8G for convenience.

[0284] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; a phosphorus-containing compound; a nitrogen-containing compound; and limonene. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 8H for convenience.

[0285] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting of: alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 9A for convenience.

[0286] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of: alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and ADM4; and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 9B for convenience.

[0287] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of alkylated naphthalene, AN4, ADM4 and phosphate.The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 9C for convenience.

[0288] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of AN4, ADM6 and phosphate.The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilizer 9D for convenience.

[0289] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and a combination of phosphate and phenol. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 10 for convenience.

[0290] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalene in an amount of about 40 wt % to about 95 wt %, including each of AN1 to AN10; ADM in an amount of about 0.5 wt % to about 25 wt %, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and an additional stabilizer in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt %, the additional stabilizer being selected from phosphates, phenols, and combinations thereof, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 11 for convenience.

[0291] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalene in an amount of about 70 wt % to about 95 wt %, including each of AN1 to AN10; ADM in an amount of about 0.5 wt % to about 15 wt %, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and an additional stabilizer in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 25 wt %, the additional stabilizer being selected from phosphates, phenols, and combinations thereof, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 12 for convenience.

[0292] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of: alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 13 for convenience.

[0293] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting of: alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 14 for convenience.

[0294] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of: alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; BHT; and phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 15 for convenience.

[0295] The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting of: alkylated naphthalene, including each of AN1 to AN10; and ADM, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; BHT; and phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 16 for convenience.

[0296] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising: alkylated naphthalene in an amount of about 40 wt % to about 95 wt %, including each of AN1 to AN10; ADM in an amount of about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt %, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and BHT in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt %, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 17 for convenience.

[0297] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising: alkylated naphthalene in an amount of about 70 wt % to about 95 wt %, including each of AN1 to AN10; ADM in an amount of about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt %, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and BHT in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 25 wt %, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 18 for convenience.

[0298] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising: alkylated naphthalene in an amount of about 40 wt % to about 95 wt %, including each of AN1 to AN10; ADM in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 25 wt %, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and a third stabilizer compound in an amount of 1 wt % to about 55 wt %, the third stabilizer compound being selected from BHT, phosphates, and combinations thereof, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 19 for convenience.

[0299] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalene in an amount of about 40 wt % to about 95 wt %, including each of AN1 to AN10; ADM in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 25 wt %, including each of ADM1 to ADM6; and BHT in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 20 for convenience.

[0300] The stabilizers of the present invention, including each of Stabilizers 1-20, can be used in any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including any of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-70.

[0301] Lubricants

[0302] Typically, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 70) contain a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, wherein the lubricant is present in an amount preferably from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, or from 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt %, or from 0.1 wt % to about 0.5 wt %, based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0303] POE lubricant

[0304] In a preferred embodiment, the POE lubricant of the present invention comprises a neopentyl POE lubricant. As used herein, the term neopentyl POE lubricant refers to a polyol ester (POE) derived from the reaction between neopentyl glycol (preferably pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane or neopentyl glycol, and in a preferred higher viscosity embodiment, dipentaerythritol) and a linear or branched carboxylic acid.

[0305] Commercially available POEs include neopentyl glycol dipelargonate, which is available as Emery 2917 (registered trademark) and Hatcol 2370 (registered trademark), and pentaerythritol derivatives, including those sold by CPI Fluid Engineering under the trade names Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H. Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H are preferred neopentyl POE lubricants having the properties identified below:

[0306]

[0307] Other useful esters include phosphate esters, dibasic acid esters, and fluoroesters.

[0308] A lubricant consisting essentially of POE having a viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt at 40° C. as measured according to ASTM D445 and about 5 cSt to about 10 cSt at 100° C. as measured according to ASTM D445 is referred to herein as Lubricant 1.

[0309] A lubricant consisting essentially of POE having a viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt measured at 40° C. according to ASTM D467 is referred to herein as Lubricant 2 for convenience.

[0310] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-73) comprises a POE lubricant.

[0311] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-73, comprise a lubricant consisting essentially of a POE lubricant.

[0312] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73) comprises a lubricant consisting of a POE lubricant.

[0313] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 1 , wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2 .

[0314] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 2, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0315] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 3, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0316] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 4, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0317] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 5, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0318] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 6, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0319] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 7, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0320] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 8, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0321] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 9, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0322] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 10, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0323] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 11A, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0324] Preferred heat transfer compositions include Heat Transfer Composition 11B, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0325] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 12, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0326] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 13, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0327] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 14, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0328] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 15, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0329] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 16 wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0330] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 17 wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0331] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 18 wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0332] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 19 wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0333] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 20, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0334] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 21 , wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2 .

[0335] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 22, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0336] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 23, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0337] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 24 wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0338] Preferred heat transfer compositions include heat transfer composition 25, wherein the lubricant is Lubricant 1 and / or Lubricant 2.

[0339] PVE lubricant

[0340] The lubricant of the present invention may generally include a PVE lubricant. In a preferred embodiment, the PVE lubricant is such as a PVE according to the following formula II:

[0341]

[0342] Wherein R2 and R3 are each independently a C1-C10 hydrocarbon, preferably a C2-C8 hydrocarbon, and R1 and R4 are each independently an alkyl, an alkanediol, or a polyoxyalkylene glycol unit, and n and m are preferably selected according to the needs of those skilled in the art to obtain a lubricant having the desired properties, and the preferred n and m are selected to obtain a lubricant having a viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt at 40° C. measured according to ASTM D467. The PVE lubricant described immediately above is referred to as Lubricant 3 for convenience. Commercially available polyvinyl ethers include those sold by Idemitsu under the trade names FVC32D and FVC68D.

[0343] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-73) comprise a PVE lubricant.

[0344] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-73, comprise a lubricant that consists essentially of a PVE lubricant.

[0345] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-73, comprise a lubricant consisting of a PVE lubricant.

[0346] In a preferred embodiment, the PVE in the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 73) is a PVE according to Formula II.

[0347] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 73) comprise a lubricant consisting essentially of Lubricant 3.

[0348] Stabilized lubricant

[0349] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant; and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention, including each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilized Lubricant 1 for convenience.

[0350] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a neopentyl POE lubricant; and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention, including each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilized Lubricant 2 for convenience.

[0351] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) Lubricant 1 or Lubricant 2; and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention, including each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilized Lubricant 3 for convenience.

[0352] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) Lubricant 3; and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention, including each of Stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilized Lubricant 4 for convenience.

[0353] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant; and (b) Stabilizer 1. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilized Lubricant 5 for convenience.

[0354] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant; and (b) Stabilizer 2. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilized Lubricant 6 for convenience.

[0355] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant; and (b) Stabilizer 3. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilized Lubricant 7 for convenience.

[0356] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant; and (b) Stabilizer 4. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilized Lubricant 8 for convenience.

[0357] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant; and (b) Stabilizer 5. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as Stabilized Lubricant 9 for convenience.

[0358] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant; and (b) 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % of an alkylated naphthalene based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 10 for convenience.

[0359] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant; and (b) 1 wt % to 8 wt % of an alkylated naphthalene based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 11 for convenience.

[0360] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant; and (b) 1.5 wt % to 8 wt % of an alkylated naphthalene based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 12 for convenience.

[0361] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant; and (b) 1.5 wt % to 6 wt % of an alkylated naphthalene based on the weight of the lubricant and the alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 13 for convenience.

[0362] The present invention includes the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of Heat Transfer Compositions 1-73) wherein the lubricant and stabilizer are the stabilized lubricants of the present invention, including each of Stabilized Lubricants 1-13.

[0363] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention comprising the refrigerant of the present invention, a lubricant, an alkylated naphthalene, and an epoxide-based acid depleting moiety are described in Table 3 below.

[0364] Table 3

[0365]

[0366]

[0367] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention comprising the refrigerant of the present invention, a lubricant, an alkylated naphthalene, an epoxide-based acid depleting moiety, and a phosphate are described in Table 4 below.

[0368] Table 4

[0369]

[0370]

[0371]

[0372] Preferred heat transfer compositions of the present invention comprising the refrigerant of the present invention (comprising from about 10% to about 75% R1132(E) (as specified in Tables 1 to 4)), alkylated naphthalene, an epoxide-based acid depleting moiety and a phosphate ester are described in Table 5 below (with concentration ranges as appropriate).

[0373] Table 5

[0374]

[0375]

[0376]

[0377]

[0378]

[0379]

[0380]

[0381]

[0382]

[0383]

[0384]

[0385] Method, use and system

[0386] The heat transfer compositions disclosed herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, are provided for use in heat transfer applications, including air conditioning applications, with highly preferred air conditioning applications including residential air conditioning, commercial air conditioning applications (such as rooftop applications, VRF applications, and chillers).

[0387] The present invention also includes methods for providing heat transfer, including refrigeration (including low temperature and medium temperature refrigeration), air conditioning methods, wherein highly preferred air conditioning methods include providing residential air conditioning, providing commercial air conditioning (such as methods for providing rooftop air conditioning, methods for providing VRF air conditioning, and methods for providing air conditioning using chillers), wherein the method uses the heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109.

[0388] The present invention also includes heat transfer systems, including refrigeration (including low temperature and medium temperature refrigeration) air conditioning systems, wherein highly preferred air conditioning systems include residential air conditioning, commercial air conditioning systems (such as rooftop air conditioning systems, VRF air conditioning systems and air conditioning chiller systems), wherein the method uses the heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109.

[0389] The present invention also provides uses of heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109), methods of using heat transfer compositions, and systems containing heat transfer compositions in combination with refrigeration, heat pumps, and chillers (including portable water coolers and central water coolers).

[0390] Any reference to a heat transfer composition of the present invention refers to each or any heat transfer composition as described herein. Thus, for the following discussion of uses, methods, systems, or applications of the present compositions, the heat transfer composition may comprise or consist essentially of any one of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109.

[0391] For the heat transfer system of the present invention including a compressor and a lubricant for the compressor in the system, the system may include a load of refrigerant and lubricant such that the lubricant load in the system is from about 5% to 60% by weight, or from about 10% to about 60% by weight, or from about 20% to about 50% by weight, or from about 20% to about 40% by weight, or from about 20% to about 30% by weight, or from about 30% to about 50% by weight, or from about 30% to about 40% by weight. As used herein, the term "lubricant load" refers to the total weight of the lubricant contained in the system as a percentage of the total amount of lubricant and refrigerant contained in the system. Such systems may also include a lubricant load of from about 5% to about 10% by weight, or about 8% by weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0392] The heat transfer system according to the present invention may include a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser and an expansion device fluidly connected to each other, and a heat transfer composition 1 to 109 and a chelating material in the system, wherein the chelating material preferably comprises: i. copper or a copper alloy, or ii. activated alumina, or iii. a zeolite molecular sieve containing copper, silver, lead or a combination thereof, or iv. an anion exchange resin, or v. a dehumidification material, preferably a dehumidification molecular sieve, or vi. a combination of two or more of the above.

[0393] The invention also includes a method for transferring heat of the type described, which comprises evaporating a refrigerant liquid in a plurality of repeated cycles to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor in a compressor and condensing the refrigerant vapor, the method comprising:

[0394] (a) providing a heat transfer composition according to the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109);

[0395] (b) optionally but preferably providing a lubricant to the compressor; and

[0396] (b) exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant to a chelating material.

[0397] Applications, equipment and systems

[0398] The present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) in a residential air conditioning system.

[0399] The present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) in a chiller system.

[0400] For the purposes of the present invention, examples of commonly used compressors include reciprocating, rotary (including rotary piston and rotary vane), scroll, screw, and centrifugal compressors. Thus, the present invention provides for use in heat transfer systems including reciprocating, rotary (including rotary piston and rotary vane), scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressors. Each and any refrigerant and / or heat transfer composition as described herein is provided.

[0401] For the purposes of the present invention, examples of commonly used expansion devices include capillary tubes, fixed orifices, thermal expansion valves, and electronic expansion valves. Thus, the present invention provides for use in heat transfer systems including capillary tubes, fixed orifices, thermal expansion valves, or electronic expansion valves, each and any refrigerant and / or heat transfer composition as described herein.

[0402] For the purposes of the present invention, the evaporator and the condenser may each be in the form of a heat exchanger, preferably selected from a finned tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell and tube heat exchanger, a plate heat exchanger, and a double-tube heat exchanger. Thus, the present invention provides each and any of the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions as described herein for use in a heat transfer system, wherein the evaporator and the condenser together form a finned tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell and tube heat exchanger, a plate heat exchanger, or a double-tube heat exchanger.

[0403] Therefore, the system of the present invention preferably includes a chelating material in contact with at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant according to the present invention, wherein the temperature of the chelating material and / or the temperature of the refrigerant and / or the temperature of the lubricant is at a temperature of preferably at least about 10°C at the time of the contact, wherein the chelating material preferably comprises a combination of: anion exchange resin, activated alumina, silver-containing zeolite molecular sieve and dehumidifying material, preferably a dehumidifying molecular sieve.

[0404] As used in this application, the term "in contact with at least a portion" in its broad sense is intended to include each of the described chelating materials and any combination of chelating materials in contact with the same or separate portions of the refrigerant and / or lubricant in the system, and is intended to include, but is not necessarily limited to, embodiments in which each type or specific chelating material is: (i) physically located together with each other type or specific material (if present); (ii) located in a physically separate location from each other type or specific material (if present), and (iii) a combination in which two or more materials are physically together and at least one chelating material is physically separated from at least one other chelating material.

[0405] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are useful in both heating and cooling applications.

[0406] In a particular feature of the invention, the heat transfer composition may be used in a cooling method that includes condensing the heat transfer composition and subsequently evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the article or body to be cooled.

[0407] Thus, the present invention relates to a method of cooling in a heat transfer system comprising an evaporator, a condenser and a compressor, the method comprising: i) condensing a heat transfer composition as described herein; and

[0408] ii) evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the body or article to be cooled;

[0409] The evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range of about -40°C to about +10°C.

[0410] Alternatively or additionally, the heat transfer composition can be used in a heating method comprising condensing the heat transfer composition in the vicinity of the article or body to be heated and subsequently evaporating the composition.

[0411] Thus, the present invention relates to a method of heating in a heat transfer system comprising an evaporator, a condenser and a compressor, the method comprising: i) condensing a heat transfer composition as described herein in the vicinity of a body or article to be heated, and

[0412] ii) evaporating the composition; wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range of about -30°C to about 5°C.

[0413] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided for use in air conditioning applications, including transportation and stationary air conditioning applications. Thus, any heat transfer composition described herein can be used in any of the following:

[0414] - Air conditioning applications, including mobile air conditioning, especially train and bus air conditioning,

[0415] - mobile heat pumps, in particular heat pumps for electric vehicles;

[0416] - a cooler, in particular a positive displacement cooler, more particularly an air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion cooler, which cooler is modular or conventionally individually packaged,

[0417] - residential air conditioning systems, especially ducted split or ductless split air conditioning systems,

[0418] -Residential heat pumps,

[0419] -Residential air-to-water heat pump / hydronic heating systems, industrial air conditioning systems, commercial air conditioning systems, particularly packaged rooftop units and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, and

[0420] -Commercial air source, water source or ground source heat pump system.

[0421] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided for use in refrigeration systems. The term "refrigeration system" refers to any system or apparatus that employs a refrigerant to provide cooling, or any component or part of such a system or apparatus. Thus, any heat transfer composition described herein may be used in any of the following:

[0422] - Low temperature refrigeration system,

[0423] -Medium temperature refrigeration system,

[0424] - Commercial refrigeration machines,

[0425] - Commercial freezers,

[0426] - Ice maker,

[0427] - Vending machines,

[0428] - transport refrigeration systems,

[0429] - household freezers,

[0430] - Home refrigerators,

[0431] -Industrial freezers,

[0432] -Industrial Refrigerator and

[0433] - Cooler.

[0434] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) is particularly provided for use in residential air conditioning systems (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, particularly the cooling temperature is about 7°C and / or in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, particularly the heating temperature is about 0.5°C). Alternatively or in addition thereto, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) is particularly provided for use in residential air conditioning systems having a reciprocating, rotary (rotary piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressor.

[0435] Each of the heat transfer compositions (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) is particularly provided for use in an air-cooled cooler (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, particularly about 4.5°C), particularly an air-cooled cooler with a positive displacement compressor, and more particularly an air-cooled cooler with a reciprocating scroll compressor.

[0436] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) is particularly provided for use in a residential air-to-water heat pump hydronic heating system (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, particularly about 0.5°C, or wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about -30°C to about 5°C, particularly about 0.5°C).

[0437] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, is particularly provided for use in medium temperature refrigeration systems (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, particularly about -8°C).

[0438] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, is particularly provided for use in low temperature refrigeration systems (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, particularly about -40°C to about -23°C or preferably about -32°C).

[0439] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) are provided for use in residential air conditioning systems, wherein the residential air conditioning systems are used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C) to buildings, for example in summer.

[0440] Therefore, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) are provided for use in split-type residential air conditioning systems, wherein the residential air conditioning system is used to supply cold air (the air has a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, especially about 12°C).

[0441] Therefore, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) are provided for use in a ducted split residential air conditioning system, wherein the residential air conditioning system is used to supply cold air (the air has a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, especially about 12°C).

[0442] Therefore, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) are provided for use in window-type residential air conditioning systems, wherein the residential air conditioning system is used to supply cold air (the air has a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0443] Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) are provided for use in portable residential air conditioning systems, wherein the residential air conditioning system is used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0444] The residential air conditioning system as described herein, included in the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably has an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil) and an expansion valve. The evaporator and condenser may be round tube plate fin, fin tube or microchannel heat exchanger. The compressor may be a reciprocating or rotary (rotary piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressor. The expansion valve may be a capillary tube, a thermal expansion valve or an electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of 0°C to 10°C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of 40°C to 70°C.

[0445] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) are provided for use in residential heat pump systems, wherein the residential heat pump system is used to supply warm air (the air has a temperature of, for example, about 18°C ​​to about 24°C, particularly about 21°C) to a building in winter. It can be the same system as a residential air conditioning system, but in heat pump mode, the refrigerant flow is reversed, and the indoor coil becomes a condenser and the outdoor coil becomes an evaporator. Typical system types are split and mini-split heat pump systems. The evaporator and condenser are typically round tube plate fin, fin or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor is typically a reciprocating or rotary (rotary piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressor. The expansion valve is typically a thermal or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, or about -30°C to about 5°C. The condensing temperature is preferably in the range of about 35°C to about 50°C.

[0446] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) are provided for use in commercial air conditioning systems, wherein the commercial air conditioning system may be a chiller for supplying cooling water (the water having a temperature of, for example, about 7°C) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. Depending on the application, the chiller system may be operated year-round. The chiller system may be air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled chillers typically have a plate, sleeve or shell-and-tube evaporator for supplying cooling water, a reciprocating or scroll compressor, a round tube plate fin, fin-and-tube or microchannel condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermal or electronic expansion valve. Water-cooled systems typically have a shell-and-tube evaporator for supplying cooling water, a reciprocating, scroll, screw or centrifugal compressor, a shell-and-tube condenser for exchanging heat with water from a cooling tower or a lake, sea or other natural resource, and a thermal or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0447] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) are provided for use in residential air-water heat pump hydronic heating systems, wherein the residential air-water heat pump hydronic heating systems are used to supply hot water (the water has a temperature of, for example, about 50°C or about 55°C) to buildings in winter for floor heating or similar applications. The hydronic heating system typically has a round tube plate fin, fin tube or microchannel evaporator that exchanges heat with ambient air, a reciprocating, scroll or rotary compressor, a plate, shell and tube or shell and tube condenser for heating water, and a thermal or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, or -30°C to about 5°C. The condensing temperature is preferably in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C.

[0448] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) are provided for use in medium temperature refrigeration systems, wherein the refrigerant has an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and in such systems the refrigerant has a condensing temperature preferably in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0449] Thus, the present invention provides a medium temperature refrigeration system for cooling food or beverages, such as in a refrigerator or bottle cooler, wherein the refrigerant has an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and in such systems the refrigerant has a condensing temperature preferably in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0450] The medium temperature system of the present invention (including the system described in the immediately preceding paragraph) preferably has: for example, an air-refrigerant evaporator for providing cooling to the food or beverage contained therein, a reciprocating, scroll or screw or rotary compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with the ambient air, and a thermal expansion valve or an electronic expansion valve. The heat transfer composition of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) is provided for use in a low temperature refrigeration system, wherein the refrigerant has an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant has a condensing temperature preferably in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0451] Thus, the present invention provides a low temperature refrigeration system for providing cooling in a freezer, wherein the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) comprises a refrigerant having an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant has a condensing temperature preferably in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0452] Therefore, the present invention also provides a low-temperature refrigeration system for providing cooling in a cream machine, wherein the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) comprises a refrigerant having an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant has a condensing temperature preferably in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0453] The cryogenic system of the present invention (including the system described in the immediately preceding paragraph) preferably has: an air-refrigerant evaporator for cooling food or beverages, a reciprocating, scroll or rotary compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermal expansion valve or an electronic expansion valve.

[0454] Thus, the present invention provides use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) in a cooler, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is provided in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the lubricant, and BHT is provided in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0455] Thus, the present invention provides use of a heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) in a cooler, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the lubricant, and BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0456] Therefore, the present invention provides the use of the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) in a cooler, wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt. % to about 5 wt. % based on the weight of the heat transfer composition, and BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt. % to about 5 wt. % based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0457] For the purpose of the present invention, each heat transfer composition according to the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) is provided for use in a cooler, wherein the evaporation temperature is in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C and the condensation temperature is in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C. The cooler is provided for air conditioning or refrigeration, and is preferably used for commercial air conditioning. The cooler is preferably a positive displacement cooler, more particularly an air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion cooler, which is modular or conventionally individually packaged.

[0458] Therefore, the present invention provides the use of each heat transfer composition according to the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) in a stationary air conditioner, in particular a residential, industrial or commercial air conditioner.

[0459] Therefore, the present invention provides the use of the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) in a stationary air conditioner, especially a residential air conditioner, an industrial air conditioner or a commercial air conditioner, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt. % to about 5 wt. % based on the weight of the lubricant, and BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt. % to about 5 wt. % based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0460] Therefore, the present invention provides the use of the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) in stationary air conditioning, especially residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt. % to about 5 wt. % based on the weight of the heat transfer composition, and BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001 wt. % to about 5 wt. % based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0461] Each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, is provided as a low GWP alternative to refrigerant R-410A.

[0462] Each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, is provided as a low GWP retrofit of refrigerant R-410A.

[0463] Thus, the heat transfer compositions and refrigerants of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, can be used as retrofit refrigerants / heat transfer compositions or as replacement refrigerants / heat transfer compositions.

[0464] Thus, the present invention includes methods of improving existing heat transfer systems designed for and containing R-410A refrigerant without requiring substantial engineering modifications to the existing system, specifically without requiring modifications to the condenser, evaporator, and / or expansion valve.

[0465] Therefore, the present invention also includes a method of using the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention to replace R-410A, especially in residential air conditioning refrigerants, without requiring substantial engineering modifications to existing systems, especially without changing the condenser, evaporator and / or expansion valve.

[0466] Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A and particularly as a replacement for R-410A in residential air conditioning systems.

[0467] Thus, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A and particularly as a replacement for R-410A in chiller systems.

[0468] Thus, there is provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system containing R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109).

[0469] The replacement step preferably includes removing at least a majority, and preferably substantially all, of the existing refrigerant (which may be, but is not limited to, R-410A) and introducing a heat transfer composition (including any of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) without any substantial modification of the system to accommodate the refrigerant of the present invention. Preferably, the method includes removing at least about 5 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 25 wt%, about 50 wt%, or about 75 wt% of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

[0470] Alternatively, the heat transfer composition may be used in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain or include R410A refrigerant, wherein the system is modified for use with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

[0471] Alternatively, the heat transfer composition may be used as a replacement in heat transfer systems designed to contain or adapted for use with R-410A refrigerant.

[0472] It should be understood that the present invention encompasses the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) as a low global warming potential replacement for R-410A, or in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system, or in a heat transfer system suitable for use with an R-410A refrigerant as described herein.

[0473] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that when the heat transfer composition is provided for use in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system as described above, the method preferably includes removing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant from the system. Preferably, the method includes removing at least about 5 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 25 wt%, about 50 wt%, or about 75 wt% of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109).

[0474] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, can be used as a replacement in a system that uses or is suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant, such as an existing or new heat transfer system.

[0475] The compositions of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) exhibit a number of desirable R-410A characteristics, but have a significantly lower GWP than R-410A, while having substantially similar or substantially matching and preferably as high or higher operating characteristics, i.e., capacity and / or efficiency (COP), than R-410A. This allows the compositions of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) to replace R-410A in existing heat transfer systems without requiring any significant system modifications, such as condensers, evaporators, and / or expansion valves. Therefore, the compositions of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) can be used as a direct replacement for R-410A in heat transfer systems.

[0476] Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, preferably exhibit operating characteristics comparable to R-410A, wherein the efficiency (COP) of the composition in a heat transfer system is 90% greater than that of R-410A.

[0477] Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, preferably exhibit operating characteristics comparable to R-410A, wherein the capacity in a heat transfer system is 95% to 105% of the capacity of R-410A.

[0478] It should be understood that R-410A is an azeotrope-like composition. Therefore, in order to make the claimed composition well matched with the operating characteristics of R-410A, the refrigerant included in the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) desirably exhibits a low level of glide. Therefore, the refrigerant included in the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109 according to the present invention as described herein) can provide an evaporator glide of less than 2°C, preferably less than 1.5°C.

[0479] Thus, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, preferably exhibit operating characteristics compared to R-410A, wherein the efficiency (COP) of the composition in a heat transfer system is from 100% to 102% of the efficiency of R-410A, and wherein the capacity in a heat transfer system is from 92% to 102% of the capacity of R-410A.

[0480] Preferably, in a heat transfer system in which the composition of the present invention is to replace R-410A refrigerant, the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) preferably exhibits the following operating characteristics compared to R-410A, wherein:

[0481] - the efficiency (COP) of the composition is 100% to 105% of the efficiency of R-410A; and / or

[0482] -The capacity is 92% to 102% of that of R-410A.

[0483] In a heat transfer system in which the composition of the present invention is to replace R-410A refrigerant, in order to improve the reliability of the heat transfer system, it is preferred that the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) also exhibit the following characteristics compared to R-410A:

[0484] - the discharge temperature is not more than 10°C higher than the discharge temperature of R-410A; and / or

[0485] - The compressor pressure ratio is 98% to 102% of the compressor pressure ratio of R-410A.

[0486] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) are used to replace R-410A in air conditioning systems (including both mobile air conditioning systems and stationary air conditioning systems). As used herein, the term mobile air conditioning system means a mobile, non-passenger air conditioning system, such as air conditioning systems in trucks, buses, and trains. Thus, each of the heat transfer compositions as described herein (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) can be used to replace R-410A in any of the following:

[0487] - air conditioning systems, including mobile air conditioning systems, in particular in trucks, buses and trains,

[0488] - mobile heat pumps, in particular heat pumps for electric vehicles;

[0489] - a cooler, in particular a positive displacement cooler, more particularly an air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion cooler, which cooler is modular or conventionally individually packaged,

[0490] - residential air conditioning systems, especially ducted split or ductless split air conditioning systems,

[0491] -Residential heat pumps,

[0492] -Residential air-to-water heat pump / hydronic heating systems,

[0493] -Industrial air conditioning systems and

[0494] - Commercial air conditioning systems, particularly packaged rooftop units and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems;

[0495] -Commercial air source, water source or ground source heat pump system.

[0496] The heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) can also be provided to replace R410A in refrigeration systems. Therefore, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) can be used to replace R10A in any of the following:

[0497] - Low temperature refrigeration system,

[0498] -Medium temperature refrigeration system,

[0499] - Commercial refrigeration machines,

[0500] - Commercial freezers,

[0501] - Ice maker,

[0502] - Vending machines,

[0503] - transport refrigeration systems,

[0504] - household freezers,

[0505] - Home refrigerators,

[0506] -Industrial freezers,

[0507] -Industrial refrigeration and

[0508] - Cooler.

[0509] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) is particularly provided to replace R-410A in residential air conditioning systems (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0 to about 10°C, particularly the cooling temperature is about 7°C and / or in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, or 30 to about 5°C, particularly the heating temperature is about 0.5°C). Alternatively or in addition, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) is particularly provided to replace R-410A in residential air conditioning systems having a reciprocating, rotary (rotary piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressor.

[0510] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109) is specifically provided to replace R-410A in air-cooled chillers (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, particularly about 4.5°C), particularly air-cooled chillers with positive displacement compressors, and more particularly air-cooled chillers with reciprocating scroll compressors.

[0511] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, is specifically provided to replace R-410A in a residential air-to-water heat pump hydronic heating system wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C ​​or about -30°C to about 5°C, specifically about 0.5°C.

[0512] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, is particularly provided to replace R-410A in medium temperature refrigeration systems wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, particularly about -8°C.

[0513] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, is particularly provided to replace R-410A in low temperature refrigeration systems wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, particularly about -40°C to about -23°C or preferably about -32°C.

[0514] Thus, there is provided a method for retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to include or contain R-410A refrigerant or suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109).

[0515] Thus, there is provided a method for retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to include or contain R-410A refrigerant or suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition according to the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109).

[0516] The present invention further provides a heat transfer system, which comprises a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator connected in fluid, and a heat transfer composition in the system, the heat transfer composition according to the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109), wherein the heat transfer system is a residential air conditioning system (wherein for cooling, the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, in particular about 7°C, and / or for heating, the evaporator temperature is in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C ​​or about -30°C to about 5°C, in particular about 0.5°C).

[0517] The present invention further provides a heat transfer system, which includes a fluid-connected compressor, a condenser and an evaporator, and a heat transfer composition in the system, the heat transfer composition according to the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109), wherein the heat transfer system is an air-cooled cooler (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C, in particular about 4.5°C), in particular an air-cooled cooler with a positive displacement compressor, more particularly an air-cooled cooler with a reciprocating or scroll compressor.

[0518] The present invention further provides a heat transfer system comprising a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator in fluid communication, and a heat transfer composition in the system, the heat transfer composition according to the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109), wherein the heat transfer system is a residential air-to-water heat pump circulation heating system (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C ​​or about -30°C to about 5°C, in particular about 0.5°C).

[0519] The present invention further provides a heat transfer system, which includes a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator in fluid communication, and a heat transfer composition in the system, the heat transfer composition according to the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 109), wherein the heat transfer system can be a refrigeration system, such as a low-temperature refrigeration system, a medium-temperature refrigeration system, a commercial refrigerator, a commercial freezer, an ice machine, a vending machine, a transport refrigeration system, a household freezer, a household refrigerator, an industrial freezer, an industrial refrigerator and a chiller.

[0520] Example

[0521] The refrigerant compositions identified as Refrigerants A1 and A2 in Table EA below are refrigerants within the scope of the present invention as described herein. The parameters selected for conducting the analysis were: same compressor displacement for all refrigerants, same operating conditions for all refrigerants, same compressor isentropic and volumetric efficiencies for all refrigerants.

[0522] Table EA: Examples of Evaluating Refrigerant Performance

[0523]

[0524] Refrigerant A1 is composed of the two compounds listed in Table EA, and Refrigerant A2 is composed of the three compounds listed in Table EA in their relative percentages.

[0525] Example 1A - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling)

[0526] A residential air conditioning system is used to supply cold air (26.7°C) to a building in the summer. Refrigerants A1 and A2 are used in the residential air conditioning system as described above and the performance is acceptable. The operating conditions are: condensing temperature = 46°C; condenser subcooling = 5.5°C; evaporating temperature = 7°C; evaporator superheat = 5.5°C; isentropic efficiency = 70%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and temperature rise in the suction line = 5.5°C.

[0527] Example 1B.-Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM4

[0528] A residential air conditioning system was constructed according to Example 1A to supply cold air, and a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to about 2.5% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was continuously operated over an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0529] Example 1C.-Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Comprising AN4 and ADM4

[0530] A residential air conditioning system was constructed according to Example 1A to supply cold air, and a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to about 2.5% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0531] Example 1D.-Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Comprising AN4 and ADM6

[0532] A residential air conditioning system was constructed according to Example 1A to supply cold air, and a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05% to about 2.5% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0533] Example 1E.-Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM6

[0534] A residential air conditioning system was constructed according to Example 1A to supply cold air, and a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05% to about 2.5% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0535] Example 1F.-Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) with Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 109

[0536] A residential air conditioning system was constructed to supply cool air according to Example 1A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109 was used as the heat transfer composition in a separate operation instead of the composition of Example 1A. In the case of each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, the system thus constructed was continuously operated for a longer period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition and any lubricant included in the composition were tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0537] Example 2A - Residential Heat Pump System (Heating)

[0538] A residential heat pump system is used to supply warm air (21.1°C) to a building in winter. Refrigerants A1 and A2 were used in a residential heat pump system as described above, and the performance was found to be acceptable. The operating conditions were: condensing temperature = 41°C; condenser subcooling = 5.5°C; evaporating temperature = 0.5°C; evaporator superheat = 5.5°C; isentropic efficiency = 70%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and temperature rise in the suction line = 5.5°C.

[0539] Example 2B.-Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM4

[0540] A heat pump system was constructed according to Example 2A, and a POE lubricant was included in the system with an alkylated naphthalene stabilizer according to the present invention (AN4, in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4, in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously over an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0541] Example 2B.-Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM4

[0542] A heat pump system was constructed according to Example 2A, and a PVE lubricant was included in the system with an alkylated naphthalene stabilizer according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0543] Example 2D.-Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Comprising AN4 and ADM6

[0544] A heat pump system was constructed according to Example 2A, wherein a POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4, in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6, in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system so constructed was operated continuously over an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0545] Example 2E.-Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Comprising AN4 and ADM6

[0546] A heat pump system was constructed according to Example 2A, wherein a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system so constructed was operated continuously over an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0547] Example 2F.-Residential Heat Pump System (Heating) with Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 109

[0548] A system was constructed according to Example 2A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109 was used in separate runs in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 2A. In the case of each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, the system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition and any lubricant included in the composition were tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0549] Example 3A - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Chiller

[0550] Commercial air conditioning systems (chillers) are used to supply cooling water (7°C) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. Refrigerants A1 and A2 were used in commercial air conditioning systems as described above, and the performance was found to be acceptable. The operating conditions were: condensing temperature = 46°C; condenser subcooling = 5.5°C; evaporating temperature = 4.5°C; evaporator superheat = 5.5°C; isentropic efficiency = 70%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and temperature rise in suction line = 2°C.

[0551] Example 3B. Commercial Air Conditioning System-Chiller with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Containing AN4 and ADM4

[0552] A commercial air conditioner was constructed according to Example 3A, wherein a POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) according to the present invention and an ADM (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) according to the present invention. The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0553] Example 3C. Commercial Air Conditioning System-Chiller with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Comprising AN4 and ADM4

[0554] A commercial air conditioner was constructed according to Example 3A, wherein a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0555] Example 3D. Commercial Air Conditioning System-Chiller with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Comprising AN4 and ADM6

[0556] A commercial air conditioner was constructed according to Example 3A, wherein a POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4, in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6, in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0557] Example 3E. Commercial Air Conditioning System-Chiller with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM6

[0558] A commercial air conditioner was constructed according to Example 3A, wherein a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4, in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6, in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0559] Example 3F. Commercial Air Conditioning System-Chiller with Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 109

[0560] A system was constructed according to Example 3A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109 was used in separate runs in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 3A. In the case of each of HTCs 1 to 109, the system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition and any lubricant included in the composition were tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0561] Example 4A - Residential Air-Water Heat Pump Circulation Heating System

[0562] A residential air-to-water heat pump hydronic heating system is used to supply hot water (50°C) to a building in winter for floor heating or similar applications. Refrigerants A1 and A2 were used in a residential heat pump system as described above, and the performance was found to be acceptable. The operating conditions were: condensing temperature = 60°C; condenser subcooling = 5.5°C; evaporating temperature = 0.5°C; evaporator superheat = 5.5°C; isentropic efficiency = 70%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and temperature rise in the suction line = 2°C.

[0563] Example 4B.-Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Cycle with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM4 Thermal System

[0564] A residential air-to-water heat pump hydronic heating system was constructed according to Example 4A, wherein a POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously over an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0565] Example 4C.-Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Cycle with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM4 Thermal System

[0566] A residential air-to-water heat pump hydronic heating system was constructed according to Example 4A, wherein a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously over an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0567] Example 4D.-Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Cycle with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM6 Thermal System

[0568] A residential air-to-water heat pump hydronic heating system was constructed according to Example 4A, wherein a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4, in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6, in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously over an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0569] Example 4E.-Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Cycle with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM6 Thermal System

[0570] A residential air-to-water heat pump hydronic heating system was constructed according to Example 4A, wherein a PVE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4, in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6, in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously over an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0571] Example 4F.-Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hydronic Heating System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 109

[0572] A system was constructed according to Example 4A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109 was used in separate runs in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 4A. In the case of each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, the system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition and any lubricant included in the composition were tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0573] Example 5A - Medium Temperature Refrigeration System

[0574] Medium temperature refrigeration systems are used to cool food or beverages such as in refrigerators and bottle coolers. Refrigerants A1 and A2 were used to simulate the medium temperature refrigeration system described above, and the performance was acceptable. Working conditions: condensing temperature = 40.6°C; condenser subcooling = 0°C (system with receiver); evaporating temperature = -6.7°C; evaporator superheat = 5.5°C; isentropic efficiency = 70%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and superheat in suction line = 19.5°C.

[0575] Example 5B. Medium temperature refrigeration system with POE lubricant and stabilizer comprising AN4 and ADM4

[0576] A medium temperature refrigeration system configured to cool food or beverages such as in refrigerators and bottle coolers was constructed according to Example 5A, wherein a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0577] Example 5C. Medium temperature refrigeration system with PVE lubricant and stabilizer comprising AN4 and ADM4

[0578] A medium temperature refrigeration system configured to cool food or beverages such as in refrigerators and bottle coolers was constructed according to Example 5A, wherein a PVE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0579] Example 5D. Medium temperature refrigeration system with POE lubricant and stabilizer comprising AN4 and ADM6

[0580] A medium temperature refrigeration system configured to cool food or beverages such as in refrigerators and bottle coolers was constructed according to Example 5A, wherein a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0581] Example 5E. Medium temperature refrigeration system with PVE lubricant and stabilizer comprising AN4 and ADM6

[0582] A medium temperature refrigeration system configured to cool food or beverages such as in refrigerators and bottle coolers was constructed according to Example 5A, wherein a PVE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0583] Example 5F.-Medium Temperature Refrigeration System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 109

[0584] A system was constructed according to Example 5A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109 was used in separate runs in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 5A. In the case of each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, the system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition and any lubricant included in the composition were tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0585] Example 6A - Low temperature refrigeration system

[0586] Low temperature refrigeration systems are used to freeze food such as in ice cream machines and freezers. Refrigerants A1 and A2a were used in low temperature refrigeration systems as described above, and the performance was found to be acceptable. Operating conditions: condensing temperature = 40.6°C; condenser subcooling = 0°C (system with receiver); evaporating temperature = -28.9°C; superheat at evaporator outlet = 5.5°C; isentropic efficiency = 65%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and superheat in suction line = 44.4°C.

[0587] Example 6B. Cryogenic Refrigeration System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Comprising AN4 and ADM4

[0588] A low temperature refrigeration system configured to freeze food such as in ice cream machines and freezers was constructed according to Example 6A, wherein a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0589] Example 6C. Cryogenic Refrigeration System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Comprising AN4 and ADM4

[0590] A low temperature refrigeration system configured to freeze food such as in ice cream machines and freezers was constructed according to Example 6A, wherein a PVE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0591] Example 6D. Cryogenic Refrigeration System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizer Comprising AN4 and ADM6

[0592] A low temperature refrigeration system configured to freeze food such as in ice cream machines and freezers was constructed according to Example 6A, wherein a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0593] Example 6E. Cryogenic Refrigeration System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizer Comprising AN4 and ADM6

[0594] A low temperature refrigeration system configured to freeze food such as in ice cream machines and freezers was constructed according to Example 6A, wherein a PVE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0595] Example 6F - Low Temperature Refrigeration System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 109

[0596] A system was constructed according to Example 6A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109 was used in separate runs in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 6A. In the case of each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, the system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition and any lubricant included in the composition were tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0597] Example 7A. Commercial Air Conditioning System - Encapsulated Roof

[0598] A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building was tested. The experimental system included a packaged rooftop air conditioning / heat pump system and had an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein represent results from such a system. The operating conditions of the test were:

[0599] 1. Condensation temperature = about 46°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = about 67°C)

[0600] 2. Condenser subcooling = about 5.5℃

[0601] 3. Evaporation temperature = about 7°C (corresponding indoor ambient temperature = 26.7°C)

[0602] 4. Evaporator overheat = about 5.5℃

[0603] 5. Isentropic efficiency = 70%

[0604] 6. Volumetric efficiency = 100%

[0605] 7. Temperature rise in the suction line = 5.5°C

[0606] The performance of each of refrigerants A1 and A2 was found to be acceptable.

[0607] Example 7B. Commercial Air Conditioning System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM4 - Packaged House top

[0608] A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system was constructed according to Example 7A to supply cooled or heated air to a building, wherein a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene (AN4) according to the present invention in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer and an ADM (ADM4) according to the present invention in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer. The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0609] Example 7C. Commercial Air Conditioning System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM4 - Packaged House top

[0610] A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system was constructed according to Example 7A to supply cooled or heated air to a building, wherein a PVE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0611] Example 7D. Commercial Air Conditioning System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM6 - Packaged House top

[0612] A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system was constructed according to Example 7A to supply cooled or heated air to a building, wherein a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0613] Example 7E. Commercial Air Conditioning System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Containing AN4 and ADM6 - Packaged House top

[0614] A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system was constructed according to Example 7A to supply cooled or heated air to a building, wherein a PVE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0615] Example 7F. Commercial Air Conditioning System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 109 - Encapsulated Roof

[0616] A system was constructed according to Example 7A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109 was used in separate runs in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 7A. In the case of each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, the system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition and any lubricant included in the composition were tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0617] Example 8A - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Variable Refrigerant Flow System

[0618] A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow was tested and was configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building. The experimental system included multiple (4 or more) air-refrigerant evaporators (indoor coils), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coils), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein represent the results from such a system. The operating conditions of the tests were:

[0619] 1. Condensation temperature = about 46°C, corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = 67°C

[0620] 2. Condenser subcooling = about 5.5℃

[0621] 3. Evaporation temperature = about 7°C (corresponding indoor ambient temperature = 26.7°C)

[0622] 4. Evaporator overheat = about 5.5℃

[0623] 5. Isentropic efficiency = 70%

[0624] 6. Volumetric efficiency = 100%

[0625] 7. Temperature rise in suction line = 5.5° C. The performance of each of refrigerants A1 and A2 was found to be acceptable.

[0626] Example 8B. Commercial Air Conditioning System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Comprising AN4 and ADM4 - Variable Flow refrigerant

[0627] A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow was constructed according to Example 8A, which was configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building, wherein a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene (AN4) according to the present invention in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer and an ADM (ADM4) according to the present invention in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer. The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0628] Example 8C. Commercial Air Conditioning System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Comprising AN4 and ADM4 - Variable Flow refrigerant

[0629] A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow was constructed according to Example 8A, which was configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building, wherein a PVE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4 in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0630] Example 8D. Commercial Air Conditioning System with POE Lubricant and Stabilizers Comprising AN4 and ADM6 - Variable Flow refrigerant

[0631] A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow was constructed according to Example 8A, which was configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building, wherein a POE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4, in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6, in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0632] Example 8E. Commercial Air Conditioning System with PVE Lubricant and Stabilizers Comprising AN4 and ADM6 - Variable Flow refrigerant

[0633] A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow was constructed according to Example 8A, which was configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building, wherein a PVE lubricant was contained in the system and stabilized with an alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (AN4, in an amount of about 2% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer) and an ADM according to the present invention (ADM6, in an amount of about 0.05% to 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant plus stabilizer). The system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0634] Example 8F. Commercial Air Conditioning System with Heat Transfer Compositions 1 to 109 - Variable Flow Refrigerant

[0635] A system was constructed according to Example 8A, except that each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109 was used in separate runs in place of the heat transfer composition of Example 8A. In the case of each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 109, the system so constructed was operated continuously for an extended period of time, and after such operation, the heat transfer composition and any lubricant included in the composition were tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

[0636] Comparative Example 1 - Heat Transfer Composition Comprising Refrigerant and POE Lubricant and BHT

[0637] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention were tested in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 97 - "Sealed Glass Tube Method for Testing the Chemical Stability of Materials Used in Refrigerant Systems" by accelerated aging to simulate the long-term stability of heat transfer compositions. The refrigerant tested consisted of 50 weight percent HFO-1234yf and 50 weight percent R1132(E)) with 1.7 volume percent air in the refrigerant. The POE lubricant tested was ISO 32 POE having a viscosity of about 32 cSt at 40°C and having a water content of 300 ppm or less (Lubricant A). Included with the lubricant was the stabilizer BHT, but alkylated naphthalene and ADM were not included. After testing, the fluid was observed for evidence of instability.

[0638] Example 9 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a lubricant

[0639] The testing of Comparative Example 1 was repeated except that 2 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant was added and after testing as shown in Comparative Example 1, the stability was found to be unexpectedly improved.

[0640] Example 10 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a lubricant

[0641] The test of Example 9 was repeated except that 4 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant was added. The results were similar to those of Example 9.

[0642] Example 11 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a lubricant

[0643] The test of Example 9 was repeated except that 6 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant was added. The results were similar to those of Example 9.

[0644] Example 12 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a lubricant

[0645] The test of Example 9 was repeated except that 8 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant was added. The results were similar to those of Example 9.

[0646] Example 13 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a lubricant

[0647] The test of Example 9 was repeated except that 10 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant was added. The results were similar to those of Example 9.

[0648] Example 13A - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a lubricant

[0649] The test of Example 13 was repeated except that in addition to adding 10 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant, 1000 ppm by weight (0.1 wt %) of ADM (ADM4) was added. Unexpectedly improved results were achieved.

[0650] Example 13B - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a lubricant

[0651] The test of Example 13A was repeated except that in addition to adding 10 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant, 1000 ppm by weight (0.1 wt %) of ADM (ADM6) was added. The results were similar to Example 13A.

[0652] Comparative Example 2 - Heat Transfer Composition Comprising Refrigerant and PVE Lubricant and BHT

[0653] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention were tested in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 97 - "Sealed Glass Tube Method for Testing the Chemical Stability of Materials Used in Refrigerant Systems" by accelerated aging to simulate the long-term stability of heat transfer compositions. The refrigerant tested consisted of 50 weight percent HFO-1234yf and 50 weight percent R1132(E)) with 1.7 volume percent air in the refrigerant. The PVE lubricant tested was ISO 68 PVE having a viscosity of about 68 cSt at 40°C and a water content of 300 ppm or less (Lubricant B). Included with the lubricant was the stabilizer BHT, but alkylated naphthalene and ADM were not included. After testing, the fluid was observed and evidence of instability was found.

[0654] Example 14 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a PVE lubricant

[0655] The testing of Comparative Example 2 was repeated except that 2 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant was added and after testing as shown in Comparative Example 2, the stability was found to be unexpectedly improved.

[0656] Example 15 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a lubricant

[0657] The test of Example 14 was repeated except that 4 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant was added. The results were similar to those of Example 14.

[0658] Example 16 - Stabilizer for a Heat Transfer Composition Comprising a Refrigerant and a PVE Lubricant

[0659] The test of Example 14 was repeated except that 6 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant was added. The results were similar to those of Example 14.

[0660] Example 17 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a lubricant

[0661] The test of Example 14 was repeated except that 8 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant was added. The results were similar to those of Example 14.

[0662] Example 18 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant and a lubricant

[0663] The test of Example 14 was repeated except that 10 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant was added. The results were similar to those of Example 14.

[0664] Example 18A - Stabilizer for a Heat Transfer Composition Comprising a Refrigerant and a PVE Lubricant

[0665] The test of Example 18 was repeated except that in addition to adding 10 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant, 1000 ppm by weight (0.1 wt %) of ADM (ADM4) was added. Unexpectedly improved results were achieved.

[0666] Example 18B - Stabilizer for Heat Transfer Compositions Comprising Refrigerants and PVE Lubricants

[0667] The test of Example 18A was repeated except that in addition to adding 10 wt % of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) based on the weight of the lubricant, 1000 ppm by weight (0.1 wt %) of ADM (ADM6) was added. The results were similar to Example 18A.

Claims

1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % of AN4 and about 0.05 % to about 2.5 % of one or more compounds according to AMD1, wherein the amount of the stabilizer component is based on the weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

2. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt% to 8 wt% based on the weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

3. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5 wt% to 6 wt% based on the weight of the lubricant and the stabilizer.

4. The heat transfer composition of claim 3, wherein the at least one compound according to AMD1 comprises ADM4.

5. The heat transfer composition of claim 4, wherein the stabilizer comprises from about 40 wt% to about 99.9 wt% of the AN4 and from 0.05 wt% to about 50 wt% of the ADM4, based on the weight of the stabilizer.

6. The heat transfer composition of claim 1 wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN5.

7. The heat transfer composition of claim 6, wherein the compound according to ADM1 consists essentially of ADM4.

8. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer further comprises a triaryl phosphate and / or a trialkyl phosphate.

9. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising AN5 and ADM including ADM4, ADM6 and combinations of these, wherein the AN5 and ADM together constitute 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % based on the weight of the AN5, ADM and the lubricant.

10. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant comprising about 5 wt % to 100 wt % of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R1132(E)), the lubricant comprising a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprising AN10 and ADM4, wherein the AN10 and ADM4 together account for 1 wt % to less than 10 wt % based on the weight of the AN10, ADM4, and the lubricant.

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