Driving method of LED display screen and related assembly
By flipping the output level of the microcontroller's GPIO pin, the problem of high cost and high power consumption of traditional LED display driver solutions is solved, and a low-cost and high-efficiency LED display driver solution is realized, ensuring the stability of the display effect.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202510122073.6
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-13
Smart Images

Figure CN119993036A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of display technology, and in particular to a driving method of an LED display screen and related components. Background Art
[0002] LED (Light Emitting Diode) display screens are widely used in scenarios such as car display screens because of their advantages such as good display effect, long life and energy saving. The LED control chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display screen based on the dimming data transmitted by the external device. In order to ensure the accuracy and stability of the LED display effect, the LED driver chip needs to use DCLK (Data Clock) to synchronize the transmission and processing of dimming data. Furthermore, in order to ensure that the dimming data can be read and processed by the LED driver chip at the right time, the continuity and accuracy of DCLK must be guaranteed.
[0003] Traditional solutions generally use FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) to generate continuous DCLK, but FPGA is expensive and consumes a lot of power. For LED display driver applications, it has the defects of excess performance, increased design complexity and cost. Summary of the invention
[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a driving method and related components of an LED display screen, which can simulate a data clock signal by flipping the output level of a GPIO pin of a microcontroller, ensure that an LED driver chip continuously receives the data clock signal, and realize a low-cost, high-efficiency LED display screen driving solution.
[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a driving method of an LED display screen, the method comprising:
[0006] Detecting whether the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip; wherein the LED driver chip is used to adjust the display effect of the LED display screen based on the dimming data and the data clock signal;
[0007] When it is determined that the external device does not send the dimming data to the LED driver chip, the output level of the GPIO pin of the microcontroller is flipped according to a preset rule, and the output signal of the GPIO pin is output to the LED driver chip as a data clock signal;
[0008] When it is determined that the external device sends the dimming data to the LED driver chip, the output of the GPIO pin is controlled to switch to a data clock signal simulated according to the dimming data, so that the LED driver chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display based on the data clock signal and the dimming data.
[0009] Optionally, the step of flipping the output level of the GPIO pin of the microcontroller according to a preset rule includes:
[0010] Triggering a timer in the microcontroller to count based on a preconfigured target clock source, so that the timer triggers a timer interrupt when the count value reaches the preconfigured target count value, and after the timer interrupt is triggered, the count value is restored to an initial value and restarts counting;
[0011] When it is detected that the timer interrupt is triggered, the output level of the GPIO pin is flipped.
[0012] Optionally, before triggering the timer in the microcontroller to count based on a preconfigured target clock source, the method further includes:
[0013] Determine the target count value and the target clock source of the timer according to the frequency of the required data clock signal; wherein the target count value is the count value when the timer triggers the timer interrupt;
[0014] The clock source of the timer is configured as the target clock source, and the count value of the timer is configured as the target count value.
[0015] Optionally, detecting whether the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip includes:
[0016] Acquire data received by the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip; wherein the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip is used to receive the dimming data sent by the external device;
[0017] Determine whether the value of the flag bit of the received data is a target value; wherein, when the flag bit of the data is the target value, it is determined that the external device sends the dimming data to the LED driver chip, and when the flag bit of the data is not the target value, it is determined that the external device does not send the dimming data to the LED chip.
[0018] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention also provides a driving system for an LED display screen, comprising:
[0019] A dimming data detection module, used to detect whether an external device sends dimming data to an LED driver chip; wherein the LED driver chip is used to adjust the display effect of the LED display screen based on the dimming data and a data clock signal; when it is determined that the external device does not send the dimming data to the LED driver chip, the first data clock generation module is triggered; when it is determined that the external device sends the dimming data to the LED driver chip, the second data clock generation module is triggered;
[0020] The first data clock generating module is used to flip the output level of the GPIO pin of the microcontroller according to a preset rule, and output the output signal of the GPIO pin as a data clock signal to the LED driving chip;
[0021] The second data clock generating module is used to control the output of the GPIO pin to switch to a data clock signal simulated according to the dimming data, so that the LED driving chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display screen based on the data clock signal and the dimming data.
[0022] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored. When the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of any of the above-mentioned driving methods for LED display screens are implemented.
[0023] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention also provides a vehicle-mounted display system, including an LED display screen, an LED driver chip and a microcontroller; wherein a computer program is stored in the microcontroller, and when the computer program is executed, the steps of any of the above-mentioned LED display screen driving methods are implemented.
[0024] The beneficial effect of the present invention is to provide a driving method and related components of an LED display screen, including detecting whether an external device sends dimming data to an LED driver chip; when the external device does not send dimming data to the LED driver chip, the microcontroller flips the output level of the GPIO pin according to a preset rule to simulate a data clock signal; when the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip, the microcontroller simulates a data clock signal based on the dimming data sent by the external device, and the LED driver chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display screen based on the data clock signal and the dimming data. When the dimming data cannot be used to simulate the data clock signal, the microcontroller simulates the data clock signal by flipping the output level of the GPIO pin, ensuring that the LED driver chip continuously receives the data clock signal, thereby realizing a low-cost and high-efficiency LED display screen driving solution. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the prior art and the drawings required for use in the embodiments are briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work.
[0026] Figure 1 A flow chart of a driving method of an LED display screen provided by the present invention;
[0027] Figure 2 A schematic structural diagram of a driving system for an LED display screen provided by the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0028] The core of the present invention is to provide a driving method and related components for an LED display screen, which can simulate a data clock signal by flipping the output level of a GPIO pin of a microcontroller, thereby ensuring that the LED driver chip continuously receives the data clock signal, thereby realizing a low-cost, high-efficiency LED display screen driving solution.
[0029] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0030] Please refer to Figure 1 , Figure 1 A flowchart of a driving method of an LED display screen provided by the present invention, the driving method comprising:
[0031] S101: Detect whether an external device sends dimming data to an LED driver chip; wherein the LED driver chip is used to adjust the display effect of the LED display screen based on the dimming data and a data clock signal.
[0032] S102: When it is determined that the external device does not send dimming data to the LED driver chip, the output level of the GPIO pin of the microcontroller is flipped according to a preset rule, and the output signal of the GPIO pin is output to the LED driver chip as a data clock signal.
[0033] S103: When it is determined that the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip, the output of the GPIO pin is controlled to switch to a data clock signal simulated according to the dimming data, so that the LED driver chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display screen based on the data clock signal and the dimming data.
[0034] In the present invention, the LED driver chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display screen based on the data clock signal and the dimming data. It should be noted that for other clock signals that may be involved in the operation of the LED driver chip (such as grayscale clock signals that may be interrupted during the operation of the LED driver chip), the present invention does not specifically limit the generation process thereof, and can be set according to the actual application scenario.
[0035] The dimming data is used to adjust the brightness and color of the lamp beads in the LED display screen, so that the LED display screen presents different display effects. For example, the external device determines the dimming data corresponding to each moment based on the display effect that needs to be presented by the LED display screen, and sends the dimming data to the LED driver chip through the SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) interface. The present invention does not impose any special restrictions on the generation method and data content of the dimming data, and can be set according to actual needs.
[0036] Among them, the data clock signal, namely DCLK, is used to synchronize the transmission and processing of dimming data, ensuring that the dimming data can be read and processed by the LED driver chip at the right time, thereby ensuring the display effect of the LED display. The data clock signal is equivalent to the life clock of the LED driver chip, and must be continuously output to the LED driver chip to ensure the normal operation of the LED driver chip.
[0037] The following is a detailed description of the implementation method of providing a continuous and uninterrupted data clock signal to the LED driver chip in the driving method of the LED display screen provided by the present invention.
[0038] When the external device normally sends dimming data to the LED driver chip, the microcontroller directly outputs the data clock signal simulated based on the dimming data to the LED driver chip through the GPIO pin, and the LED driver chip reads and processes the dimming data based on the data clock signal, thereby adjusting the display effect of the LED display. The present invention does not specifically limit how the microcontroller simulates the data clock signal based on the dimming data. For example, when the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip through the SPI interface, the signal output by the SPI interface generally includes an SCLK (Serial Clock) signal, a MOSI (Master Out Slave In) signal, a MISO (Master In Slave Out) signal, and a SS (Slave Select) signal, and the microcontroller can use the SCLK signal as a data clock signal.
[0039] When the external device stops sending dimming data to the LED driver chip (for example, when the external device completes the transmission of all dimming data), the microcontroller can no longer simulate the data clock signal based on the dimming data, resulting in an interruption in the data clock signal. In other words, from the time the external device stops sending dimming data to the LED driver chip to the time the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip next time, the data clock signal is vacant.
[0040] In order to fill the gap during this period, the present invention selects a microcontroller with a hardware timer and a timer interrupt function. The microcontroller simulates the clock signal continuously output by the FPGA on a specific channel by flipping the output level of the GPIO (General Purpose Input / Output) pin to drive the LED driver chip. Without using the PWM module, the microcontroller combines the timer with the interrupt mechanism to generate a continuous and stable data clock signal to drive the LED driver chip, meeting the demand for adjusting the display effect of the LED display.
[0041] In the present invention, the output level of the GPIO pin is flipped according to a preset rule, for example, the output level of the GPIO pin is flipped every preset time interval. As a specific implementation, when the microcontroller detects that the external device does not send dimming data to the LED driver chip, the microcontroller triggers the timer to count based on the pre-configured target clock source. The timer triggers a timer interrupt when the count value reaches the pre-configured target count value. Each time the microcontroller detects a timer interrupt, the output level of the GPIO pin is flipped (that is, if the current level of the GPIO pin is a low level when the timer interrupt is detected, the level of the GPIO pin is flipped to a high level; if the current level of the GPIO pin is a high level when the timer interrupt is detected, the level of the GPIO pin is flipped to a low level), so as to achieve the purpose of flipping the output level of the GPIO pin every preset time interval. In addition, the timer in the microcontroller restores the count value to the initial value after the timer interrupt is triggered so as to restart the counting.
[0042] After detecting that the external device starts to send dimming data to the LED driver chip, the microcontroller controls the internal timer to stop working so that the LED driver chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display screen based on the data clock signal simulated by the microcontroller according to the dimming data.
[0043] The present invention configures the clock source of the timer inside the microcontroller as a specific clock source, controls the output level of the GPIO pin to flip when the timer triggers a timer interrupt, realizes the switching of high and low levels, simulates the data clock signal, and drives the LED driver chip. The signal output by the GPIO pin in the microcontroller is used to fill the data clock signal during the dimming data vacancy, ensuring that the LED driver chip can continuously and uninterruptedly receive the data clock signal, so that the display effect of the LED display can also be guaranteed.
[0044] It can be seen that the present invention does not use pulse width modulation technology. The microcontroller uses a timer and interrupt mechanism to generate a continuous and stable data clock signal to drive the LED driver chip, meeting the demand for accurately adjusting the display effect of the LED display. In addition, the microcontroller has the advantages of low power consumption and low cost, which can reduce the cost, power consumption and design complexity of the entire display system.
[0045] In summary, the present invention provides a driving method for an LED display screen, including detecting whether an external device sends dimming data to an LED driver chip; when the external device does not send dimming data to the LED driver chip, the microcontroller flips the output level of the GPIO pin according to a preset rule to simulate a data clock signal; when the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip, the microcontroller simulates the data clock signal based on the dimming data sent by the external device, and the LED driver chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display screen based on the data clock signal and the dimming data. When the dimming data cannot be used to simulate the data clock signal, the microcontroller simulates the data clock signal by flipping the output level of the GPIO pin, ensuring that the LED driver chip continuously receives the data clock signal, thereby realizing a low-cost, high-efficiency LED display screen driving solution. Moreover, compared with the method of using a PWM module to output a square wave signal to simulate a data clock signal, the method of simulating a data clock signal by flipping the level of the GPIO pin in the present invention is simpler and more flexible.
[0046] Based on the above embodiments:
[0047] As an optional embodiment, before triggering the timer in the microcontroller to count based on the preconfigured target clock source, the method further includes:
[0048] The target count value and the target clock source of the timer are determined according to the frequency of the required data clock signal; wherein the target count value is the count value when the timer triggers a timer interrupt. The clock source of the timer is configured as the target clock source, and the count value of the timer is configured as the target count value.
[0049] It can be seen from the above embodiments that when the microcontroller detects that the external device has not sent dimming data to the LED driver chip, it triggers the timer to count based on the pre-configured target clock source. The timer triggers a timer interrupt when the count value reaches the pre-configured target count value, restores the count value to the initial value, and then restarts counting. The microcontroller flips the output level of the GPIO pin every time it detects a timer interrupt. The output signal of the GPIO pin is equivalent to a square wave signal to simulate the data clock signal. Therefore, during the vacancy period when the external device does not send dimming data, the frequency of the data clock signal is consistent with the frequency of the output signal corresponding to the GPIO pin. The duty cycle of the data clock signal is consistent with the duty cycle of the output signal corresponding to the GPIO pin (the time that the GPIO pin continues to be high and the time that it continues to be low are both the time length of the timer counting from the initial value to the target count value, so it is generally fixed to 50%).
[0050] Furthermore, the frequency of the output signal corresponding to the GPIO pin is related to the clock source of the timer, the target count value (i.e., the automatic reload value) when the timer interrupt is triggered, and the pre-divider of the timer. Therefore, before detecting whether the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip, the microcontroller first determines the target count value and the target clock source of the timer according to the frequency of the required data clock signal. Then the microcontroller configures the clock source of the timer as the target clock source and the count value of the timer as the target count value. The pre-divider is also pre-configured according to the above steps, and the present invention will not elaborate on this.
[0051] When the frequency of the data clock signal needs to be adjusted, the above steps of determining the target count value, the target clock source and the pre-divider need to be performed again. In other cases, it is not necessary to repeat the above steps each time before executing the driving method of the LED display screen.
[0052] In summary, after the microcontroller configures the timer, when the external device does not send dimming data to the LED driver chip, the microcontroller flips the output level of the GPIO pin based on the timer interrupt to simulate the square wave characteristics of the data clock signal, so that the microcontroller can output a stable square wave signal to simulate the data clock signal without relying on an external clock chip. In addition, the software simulation solution of the microcontroller reduces the complexity of the hardware design. By adjusting the timer-related parameters, the frequency of the data clock signal can be flexibly changed to meet the needs of different types of LED driver chips.
[0053] As an optional embodiment, detecting whether an external device sends dimming data to an LED driver chip includes:
[0054] The data received by the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip is obtained; wherein the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip is used to receive the dimming data sent by the external device. It is determined whether the value of the flag bit of the received data is a target value; wherein, when the flag bit of the data is the target value, it is determined that the external device sends the dimming data to the LED driver chip, and when the flag bit of the data is not the target value, it is determined that the external device does not send the dimming data to the LED chip.
[0055] It can be seen from the above embodiments that the driving method of the LED display screen provided by the present invention involves detecting whether an external device sends dimming data to the LED driving chip. The specific detection method is described below.
[0056] First, the driving method of the LED display screen provided by the present invention is performed by the microcontroller itself, and the microcontroller detects whether the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip. The present invention does not specifically limit the detection frequency of the microcontroller detecting whether the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip, and the detection can be performed in real time or at a preset time interval, and can be set according to actual needs.
[0057] Specifically, the external device sends the dimming data to the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip, and the port of the microcontroller is also connected to the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip, so that the microcontroller obtains the data received by the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip. For example, the external device for sending dimming data is connected to the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip through the SPI interface, and the microcontroller is also connected to the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip to receive the data received by the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip, and determines whether the LED driver chip receives the dimming data sent by the external device by detecting whether the flag bit of the data is the target value. Specifically, after the microcontroller obtains the data received by the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip, it determines whether the value of the flag bit of the data is the target value. When the flag bit of the data is the target value, it is determined that the external device has sent the dimming data to the LED driver chip, and when the flag bit of the data is not the target value, it is determined that the external device has not sent the dimming data to the LED chip. The detection method is simple and reliable, and provides a basis for the LED driver chip to accurately adjust the display effect of the LED display.
[0058] Please refer to Figure 2 , Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of a driving system of an LED display screen provided by the present invention, the driving system comprising:
[0059] The dimming data detection module 201 is used to detect whether the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip; wherein the LED driver chip is used to adjust the display effect of the LED display screen based on the dimming data and the data clock signal; when it is determined that the external device does not send dimming data to the LED driver chip, the first data clock generation module 202 is triggered; when it is determined that the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip, the second data clock generation module 203 is triggered;
[0060] A first data clock generating module 202, used to control the GPIO pin of the microcontroller to flip the output level according to a preset rule, and output the output signal of the GPIO pin as a data clock signal to the LED driving chip;
[0061] The second data clock generating module 203 is used to control the output of the GPIO pin of the microcontroller to switch to a data clock signal simulated according to the dimming data, so that the LED driving chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display screen based on the data clock signal and the dimming data.
[0062] For a detailed introduction to a driving system for an LED display screen provided by the present invention, please refer to the embodiment of the driving method for an LED display screen described above, and the present invention will not be elaborated herein.
[0063] The present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, and when the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of any of the above-mentioned driving methods for an LED display screen are implemented.
[0064] For a detailed introduction to the computer-readable storage medium provided by the present invention, please refer to the above-mentioned embodiment of the driving method of the LED display screen, and the present invention will not be elaborated here.
[0065] The present invention also provides a vehicle-mounted display system, comprising an LED display screen, an LED driving chip and a microcontroller; wherein a computer program is stored in the microcontroller, and the computer program is the steps of implementing any of the above-mentioned driving methods for the LED display screen.
[0066] In this embodiment, the vehicle display system includes an LED display screen, an LED driver chip, and a microcontroller. The microcontroller is used to flip the output level of the GPIO pin according to a preset rule to simulate a data clock signal and fill the gap of the data clock signal when the external device does not provide dimming data to the LED driver chip; when the external device provides dimming data to the LED driver chip, the dimming data is directly used to simulate the data clock signal. The LED driver chip is used to adjust the display effect of the LED display screen based on the dimming data and the data clock signal.
[0067] For a detailed introduction to the vehicle-mounted display system provided by the present invention, please refer to the embodiment of the driving method of the above-mentioned LED display screen, and the present invention will not be elaborated here.
[0068] In this specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments. It should also be noted that in this specification, relational terms such as first and second, etc. are only used to distinguish one entity or operation from another entity or operation, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Moreover, the terms "include", "comprise" or any other variants thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, article or device including a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also other elements not explicitly listed, or also includes elements inherent to such process, article or device. In the absence of further restrictions, the elements defined by the sentence "including one..." do not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, article or device including the elements.
[0069] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but rather to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1. A method for driving an LED display screen, characterized in that: include: Detecting whether the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip; wherein the LED driver chip is used to adjust the display effect of the LED display screen based on the dimming data and the data clock signal; When it is determined that the external device does not send the dimming data to the LED driver chip, the output level of the GPIO pin of the microcontroller is flipped according to a preset rule, and the output signal of the GPIO pin is output to the LED driver chip as a data clock signal; When it is determined that the external device sends the dimming data to the LED driver chip, the output of the GPIO pin is controlled to switch to a data clock signal simulated according to the dimming data, so that the LED driver chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display based on the data clock signal and the dimming data.
2. The driving method of the LED display screen according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step of flipping the output level of the GPIO pin of the microcontroller according to a preset rule includes: Triggering a timer in the microcontroller to count based on a preconfigured target clock source, so that the timer triggers a timer interrupt when the count value reaches the preconfigured target count value, and after the timer interrupt is triggered, the count value is restored to an initial value and restarts counting; When it is detected that the timer interrupt is triggered, the output level of the GPIO pin is flipped.
3. The driving method of the LED display screen according to claim 2, characterized in that: Before triggering the timer in the microcontroller to count based on a preconfigured target clock source, the method further includes: Determine the target count value and the target clock source of the timer according to the frequency of the required data clock signal; wherein the target count value is the count value when the timer triggers the timer interrupt; The clock source of the timer is configured as the target clock source, and the count value of the timer is configured as the target count value.
4. The driving method of the LED display screen according to claim 1, characterized in that: The detecting whether the external device sends dimming data to the LED driver chip includes: Acquire data received by the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip; wherein the dimming data receiving end of the LED driver chip is used to receive the dimming data sent by the external device; Determine whether the value of the flag bit of the received data is a target value; wherein, when the flag bit of the data is the target value, it is determined that the external device sends the dimming data to the LED driver chip, and when the flag bit of the data is not the target value, it is determined that the external device does not send the dimming data to the LED chip.
5. A driving system for an LED display screen, characterized in that: include: A dimming data detection module, used to detect whether an external device sends dimming data to an LED driver chip; wherein the LED driver chip is used to adjust the display effect of the LED display screen based on the dimming data and a data clock signal; when it is determined that the external device does not send the dimming data to the LED driver chip, the first data clock generation module is triggered; when it is determined that the external device sends the dimming data to the LED driver chip, the second data clock generation module is triggered; The first data clock generating module is used to flip the output level of the GPIO pin of the microcontroller according to a preset rule, and output the output signal of the GPIO pin as a data clock signal to the LED driving chip; The second data clock generating module is used to control the output of the GPIO pin to switch to a data clock signal simulated according to the dimming data, so that the LED driving chip adjusts the display effect of the LED display screen based on the data clock signal and the dimming data.
6. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that: The computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program, and when the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of the driving method of the LED display screen according to any one of claims 1 to 4 are implemented.
7. A vehicle-mounted display system, characterized in that: It comprises an LED display screen, an LED driving chip and a microcontroller; wherein the microcontroller stores a computer program, and when the computer program is executed, the steps of the driving method of the LED display screen as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 are implemented.