Magnetically connected efficient photovoltaic photo-thermal coupling system and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of solar energy utilization, in particular to a magnetically-connected efficient photovoltaic photo-thermal coupling system and a preparation method thereof, the magnetically-connected efficient photovoltaic photo-thermal coupling system comprises a semitransparent photovoltaic cell, a photo-thermal reflector and a magnetic mechanism, and the photo-thermal reflector is detachably arranged below the semitransparent photovoltaic cell through the magnetic mechanism. The semitransparent photovoltaic cell and the photo-thermal reflector are connected through the magnetic attraction mechanism, compared with a traditional bolt connection or welding mode, the magnetic attraction connection mode has the advantages of being rapid in installation and free of complex tools, and the installation time is greatly shortened. In addition, in the magnetic attraction mechanism, the magnetic attraction connection strength can be automatically adjusted according to the external temperature change through the electromagnetic regulation and control technology, and therefore the adaptability and long-acting stability of the system are improved. Therefore, heat loss and mechanical wear between the photovoltaic cell and the photo-thermal reflector can be effectively reduced through the integration mode of magnetic attraction connection, and high efficiency of the system in long-term operation is guaranteed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of solar energy utilization, and in particular to a high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system with magnetic attraction connection and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] In recent years, the continuous growth of global energy demand, the unsustainability of traditional energy, and the increasing environmental problems have jointly promoted the rapid development of renewable energy. Against this background, solar energy, as a clean and renewable form of energy, has received extensive attention and in-depth research. In the field of solar energy utilization, photovoltaic power generation and solar thermal power generation are the two mainstream technical paths, each showing significant advantages in specific application scenarios.

[0003] Photovoltaic power generation systems directly convert sunlight into electrical energy, and have the advantages of high conversion efficiency and small footprint. However, when faced with high temperatures and large-area lighting conditions, the thermal effect of photovoltaic cells may cause performance degradation, limiting their application in extreme environments. In contrast, the solar thermal power generation system absorbs solar radiation heat energy through collectors and drives heat engines to generate electricity. It has the advantages of strong energy storage capacity and stable power generation. However, the trade-off between the system's heat collection efficiency and thermal energy conversion efficiency under low radiation conditions also limits the improvement of its overall performance.

[0004] In order to overcome the limitations of these two technologies, researchers began to explore the effective combination of photovoltaic and photothermal technologies to achieve complementary advantages. Photovoltaic-photothermal coupling systems came into being. By integrating photovoltaic cells and photothermal reflectors in the same system, different bands of solar energy are fully utilized to improve the overall power generation efficiency. The upper semi-transparent photovoltaic cells absorb visible light and ultraviolet light for photovoltaic power generation, while the lower photothermal reflectors reflect infrared light to the collector to achieve photothermal power generation. This innovative design not only improves the utilization rate of solar energy, but also opens up a new direction for the development of solar power generation systems.

[0005] However, in the design and implementation of photovoltaic-thermal coupling systems, system integration and stability have become key issues that need to be addressed. Although traditional connection methods, such as screws and welding, can provide stable connections, the assembly and disassembly process is complicated, and environmental factors such as high temperature and strong wind may cause the connection to loosen or be damaged, affecting the long-term stability and reliability of the system. Therefore, seeking a convenient, reliable and efficient connection method has become the key to improving the performance of photovoltaic-thermal coupling systems.

[0006] As an emerging connection solution, magnetic connection technology has shown great potential in photovoltaic-thermal coupling systems due to its fast installation, no need for power supply, and high reliability. Through the magnetic connection method, photovoltaic cells and thermal reflectors can be quickly and stably connected without complex tools, and it is easy to disassemble and maintain. In addition, magnetic connection also has strong adaptability and flexibility, and can cope with extreme environmental conditions such as high temperature, vibration, and wind, providing a strong guarantee for the stable operation of photovoltaic-thermal coupling systems.

[0007] However, the existing magnetic connection technology still faces many challenges in practical applications. For example, insufficient or unstable connection force may lead to system performance degradation; the inability to automatically adjust the connection strength to adapt to environmental changes limits the adaptability and intelligence level of the system. Therefore, how to further improve the stability, adaptability and intelligence level of magnetic connection has become a problem that needs to be solved urgently.

[0008] In view of this, the present invention is proposed. Summary of the invention

[0009] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system with a magnetic connection, which can effectively improve the stability, reliability and comprehensive power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system.

[0010] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a magnetically connected high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system, comprising a semi-transparent photovoltaic cell, a thermal reflector and a magnetic mechanism, wherein the thermal reflector is detachably arranged under the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell via the magnetic mechanism.

[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the magnetic attraction mechanism includes one or more groups of magnetic attraction connectors, each group of the magnetic attraction connectors includes a first magnetic part and a second magnetic part, and the first magnetic part and the second magnetic part are respectively embedded or pasted on the side opposite to the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector.

[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the first magnetic part and the second magnetic part are a nested structure;

[0013] Or either one of the first magnetic part and the second magnetic part has a positioning protrusion structure, and the other has a positioning recessed structure.

[0014] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the first magnetic part and the second magnetic part are any one of a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, a low-temperature superconducting material or a magnetic adsorption belt.

[0015] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, a flexible gasket and a mechanical lock are provided on the first magnetic part and / or the second magnetic part.

[0016] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, it also includes a controller and a temperature sensor, wherein the temperature sensor is arranged on the connecting surface of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector, the controller is electrically connected to the electromagnet or the electromagnetic coil on the low-temperature superconducting material, and the temperature sensor is electrically connected to the controller.

[0017] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, it further includes a cooling mechanism, wherein the cooling mechanism is arranged on the first magnetic part and the second magnetic part, and the cooling mechanism is electrically connected to the controller.

[0018] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the electromagnet is a monopole magnet or a multipole magnet.

[0019] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, it further includes a pressure sensor and a displacement sensor, wherein the pressure sensor and the displacement sensor are arranged on the connecting surface between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector, and the pressure sensor and the displacement sensor are electrically connected to the controller.

[0020] In a second aspect, the present invention also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system, which specifically comprises the following steps:

[0021] The first magnetic part and the second magnetic part are respectively fixed on the side opposite to the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector, and the first magnetic part and the second magnetic part are subjected to surface coating treatment;

[0022] A flexible gasket is installed between the magnetic connector and a first bracket for fixing a semi-transparent photovoltaic cell, between the magnetic connector and a second bracket for fixing a photothermal reflector, and between the first magnetic part and the second magnetic part;

[0023] Selectively install temperature sensors, pressure sensors and displacement sensors on the connection surface of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell or the photothermal reflector;

[0024] The semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector are connected by magnetic attraction and further fixed by mechanical locks.

[0025] The high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system of the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0026] 1. In the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system of the present invention, a magnetic suction mechanism is used to connect the translucent photovoltaic cell and the thermal reflector. Compared with the traditional bolt connection or welding method, the magnetic suction connection method has the advantages of fast installation and no need for complex tools, which greatly shortens the installation time. Experimental data show that the installation time of the present invention is only 40% of the traditional connection method. In addition, when system maintenance or disassembly is required, the disassembly process of the magnetic connection is also more convenient, which improves the maintenance efficiency of the system and reduces the maintenance time by about 30%;

[0027] 2. The magnetic connection method adopted by the present invention can maintain stable connection under high temperature, wind and other environmental conditions; in addition, in the magnetic mechanism of the present invention, the electromagnetic control technology can also automatically adjust the magnetic connection strength according to the external temperature changes, thereby improving the adaptability and long-term stability of the system. Experimental data show that when the temperature difference changes by 50°C, the connection method of the present invention can effectively maintain the connection strength and prevent loosening;

[0028] 3. The integrated magnetic connection method of the present invention can effectively reduce the heat loss and mechanical wear between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cells and the photothermal reflectors, and ensure the high efficiency of the system in long-term operation. In experimental tests, compared with traditional connection methods, the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system of the present invention can improve the comprehensive power generation efficiency by about 8% under the same environmental conditions. Specifically, under a typical high temperature and high radiation environment, the efficiency of the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system of the present invention decreases by less than 1% after 1800 hours of continuous operation, indicating that the present invention can significantly improve the system efficiency during long-term operation;

[0029] Therefore, compared with the prior art, the present invention has significant technical advantages, can effectively improve the stability, efficiency and reliability of the photovoltaic thermal coupling system, and provides an innovative and practical solution for the field of solar power generation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific implementation methods of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the specific implementation methods or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some implementation methods of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0031] Figure 1 The structure of the high-efficiency photovoltaic thermal coupling system with magnetic connection of the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 1 ;

[0032] Figure 2 The structure of the high-efficiency photovoltaic thermal coupling system with magnetic connection of the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 2 ;

[0033] Figure 3 The structure of the high-efficiency photovoltaic thermal coupling system with magnetic connection of the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 3 ;

[0034] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system with magnetic connection of the present invention.

[0035] Description of reference numerals:

[0036] 1: semi-transparent photovoltaic cell; 2: photothermal reflector; 3: first magnetic part; 4: second magnetic part; 5: flexible gasket; 6: temperature sensor; 7: pressure sensor; 8: displacement sensor; 9: cooling mechanism. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0038] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", "clockwise", "counterclockwise" and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be understood as limiting the present invention.

[0039] In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are only used for descriptive purposes and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Therefore, the features defined as "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the present invention, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined. In addition, the terms "installed", "connected" and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal connection of two components. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0040] Example 1

[0041] like Figure 1-4 As shown, the embodiment of the present invention provides a high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system with magnetic connection, including a semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1, a thermal reflector 2 and a magnetic attraction mechanism, wherein the thermal reflector 2 is detachably arranged under the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 through the magnetic attraction mechanism.

[0042] In the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system of this embodiment, a magnetic attraction mechanism is used to connect the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2, wherein the upper semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 can absorb visible light and ultraviolet light and transmit infrared light for photovoltaic power generation, and the lower photothermal reflector 2 can reflect infrared light to the collector and perform photothermal power generation. Therefore, the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system can make full use of sunlight. In addition, the magnetic attraction connection method is applied to the upper semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the lower photothermal reflector 2 system, which can effectively realize the rapid assembly and disassembly of the structure while ensuring the stability and reliability of the connection.

[0043] On the basis of the above technical solution, it is further preferred that the magnetic attraction mechanism includes one or more groups of magnetic attraction connectors, each group of the magnetic attraction connectors includes a first magnetic part 3 and a second magnetic part 4, and the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are respectively embedded or pasted on the opposite side of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2.

[0044] The strong attraction between the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can be used to quickly connect the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 together, avoiding the complexity brought by the traditional connection method.

[0045] Specifically, the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can be embedded or pasted on the edges or four corners of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2, and the size and quantity of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are designed so that the magnetic force is sufficient to withstand the influence of wind, temperature fluctuations and equipment vibration on the connection.

[0046] One thing that needs to be explained here is that the first magnetic part or the second magnetic part can only be pasted on the surface of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and cannot be embedded in order to avoid damaging the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell; the second magnetic part or the second magnetic part can be pasted or embedded in the surface of the photothermal reflector.

[0047] On the basis of the above technical solution, in order to further enable the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 to be automatically aligned and fixed when they are close to each other, the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 have a certain self-positioning function. For example, the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can be designed as a nested structure, or any one of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 has a positioning protrusion structure, and the other has a positioning recessed structure, so as to avoid component misalignment due to external force during the magnetic attraction process.

[0048] On the basis of the above technical solution, further preferably, a flexible gasket 5 and a mechanical lock are provided on the first magnetic part 3 and / or the second magnetic part 4 .

[0049] A flexible gasket 5, such as silica gel or rubber, is provided on the first magnetic part 3 and / or the second magnetic part 4 to provide a certain buffering effect during the magnetic attraction process and absorb the stress caused by vibration or temperature change. The hardness and elasticity of the flexible gasket 5 are designed to ensure that the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 do not generate excessive mechanical stress during installation and use.

[0050] In addition, in addition to providing a flexible gasket 5 on the first magnetic part 3 and / or the second magnetic part 4, the elastic first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can also be directly selected as the connecting medium to make the connection between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 more stable. The elastic first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can adapt to different operating temperature changes to avoid contact surface misalignment or loose connection due to thermal expansion.

[0051] The use of the flexible gasket 5 or the elastic first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 of the present invention can effectively reduce the influence of external vibration on the connection and maintain the stability of the connection in a high temperature environment, and is suitable for high temperature conditions in a solar thermal system.

[0052] The mechanical lock is provided on the first magnetic part 3 and / or the second magnetic part 4, which can effectively prevent the rotation and displacement of the component under high wind speed conditions. The mechanical lock includes the following structures or all of them:

[0053] 1. Locking parts

[0054] Latch structure: includes a movable latch and a slot matching the latch, and the latch is inserted into the slot to achieve mechanical locking.

[0055] Rotary lock: Similar to the bolt type structure, it includes a movable bolt and a lock that matches the bolt. The bolt is rotated a certain angle in the lock to complete the engagement of the lock.

[0056] 2. Docking components:

[0057] It includes grooves and slots that dock with the surface or frame of the magnetic connector.

[0058] The mating surfaces have a high-precision fit to ensure a stable connection.

[0059] 3. Elastic reset mechanism:

[0060] Contains a spring or other resilient element for automatically resetting the latch.

[0061] 4. Locking adjustment device (optional):

[0062] Thread locking structure: adjust the tightness of the lock by bolts or nuts.

[0063] Quick locking mechanism: quick installation and disassembly through the snap-on clamping structure.

[0064] Among them, the specific lock types include the following:

[0065] 1. Bolt-type mechanical lock

[0066] The latch can slide in the vertical direction and be inserted into the corresponding card slot. The top of the latch is equipped with an elastic reset spring, which can automatically reset after being pulled out.

[0067] The latch and the slot are respectively mounted on the side edges of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 .

[0068] 2. Rotary mechanical lock

[0069] It includes a locking plate with an opening and a rotating lock buckle, wherein the end of the locking plate away from the hole is fixed to the side of the first magnetic part 3, and the rotating lock buckle is rotatably fixed to the side of the second magnetic part 4 and corresponds to the position of the locking plate after the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are magnetically connected.

[0070] The rotating lock buckle is rotated in the opening of the lock plate to achieve engagement.

[0071] 3. Sliding track lock

[0072] The first magnetic part 3 is provided with a sliding track, and the second magnetic part 4 is provided with a locking slider. The locking slider is moved to a designated position along the sliding track and locked by a latch.

[0073] Installed on the side surfaces of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4.

[0074] 4. Magnetic auxiliary lock

[0075] It includes multiple groups of small magnets, one of the small magnets in each group is arranged on the side of the first magnetic part 3, and the other small magnet is arranged on the side of the second magnetic part 4, and corresponds to the small magnet on the first magnetic part 3 after the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are magnetically connected.

[0076] One or more of the above-mentioned different lock buckles can be provided according to the size and shape of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 . For example, one or more lock buckles can be provided around the sides of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 .

[0077] Mechanical locks must have high strength and weather resistance to adapt to high wind speeds and extreme temperature differences. The main material of the lock is high-strength alloy steel or aluminum alloy, which provides excellent strength and corrosion resistance; the elastic element is a stainless steel spring or engineering plastic spring for automatic reset; the sliding part is provided with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating to reduce friction loss.

[0078] Specifically, the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are any one of a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, a low-temperature superconducting material or a magnetic adsorption belt.

[0079] When the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are permanent magnets, no external power supply is required, and the occurrence of electrical temperature is avoided. It is only necessary to embed or paste corresponding neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets as the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 on the upper semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the lower photothermal reflector 2, respectively. The shape, size and number of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are designed according to the required suction force. For example, the first magnetic part 3 can be embedded or pasted on the edge or four corners of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1, and the corresponding adsorption area is set on the photothermal reflector 2 to embed or paste the second magnetic part 4. In addition, multiple first magnetic parts 3 can also be alternately embedded or pasted on the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2, and multiple second magnetic parts 4 are correspondingly set at the positions corresponding to the first magnetic part 3 on the photothermal reflector 2 and the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1.

[0080] When the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are magnetic adsorption tapes, the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 is connected to the photothermal reflector 2 using magnetic adsorption tapes or magnetic adsorption sheets. The design of magnetic adsorption tapes or magnetic adsorption sheets is flexible and can be used for magnetic connection of light or small equipment, as well as equipment that needs to be frequently replaced or repaired. It can not only quickly complete the equipment installation, but also provide sufficient connection stability. Similarly, in order to prevent the rotation and displacement of the components under high wind speed conditions, a mechanical lock can be added to the magnetic adsorption tape.

[0081] Specifically, the magnetic adsorption tape can be a flexible material (such as rubber or film) embedded with magnetic particles, and the magnetic adsorption tape is respectively pasted on the back of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the contact surface of the photothermal reflector 2, which can be easily installed and removed, ensuring fast docking and stable connection during the connection process. During the removal process, it is only necessary to slightly pull or tear the magnetic adsorption tape.

[0082] Therefore, the connection method of the magnetic adsorption tape not only makes the connection and disassembly of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 more convenient, but also the magnetic adsorption tape can be used as a flexible material to effectively avoid the surface damage caused by the traditional fixing method.

[0083] When the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are electromagnets, the strength of the magnetic field can be controlled by an external power supply, and the strength of the connection can be flexibly adjusted to adapt to different working conditions. Therefore, the electromagnetic adsorption connection can achieve higher precision control, which is particularly suitable for scenes that require frequent disassembly and reassembly. Similarly, in order to prevent the rotation and displacement of the components under high wind speed conditions, a mechanical lock can be installed on the first magnetic part 3 and / or the second magnetic part 4.

[0084] Specifically, when the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are electromagnets, the photovoltaic thermal coupling system in this embodiment also includes a controller and a temperature sensor 6. At this time, the electromagnetic coils on the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are connected to the controller, and the magnitude of the magnetic attraction can be adjusted by the current, so that the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can adjust the connection between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the thermal reflector 2 in a periodic opening and closing manner. The magnitude of the current is controlled by the controller to adjust the magnetic attraction of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4, and the connection is more secure at higher currents and more convenient to disassemble at low currents. Therefore, the magnetic connection and adjustment method can not only adjust the connection strength according to actual needs, but also is more suitable for high-frequency replacement or maintenance occasions, suitable for different load conditions, and can realize automatic operation.

[0085] In addition, a wireless or wired sensor (such as a pressure sensor 7) may be used in conjunction with the magnetic connection to monitor the state of the magnetic connection to ensure that there is no magnetic force attenuation during the connection process.

[0086] The setting of the temperature sensor 6 facilitates the controller to utilize the characteristic that the suction force of the electromagnet is proportional to the magnitude of the current to control the current intensity and adjust the magnetic suction force. Specifically, the first magnetic part 3 of the electromagnet and the second magnetic part 4 of the electromagnet are respectively set at the connection part of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2. The current of the electromagnet senses the temperature change of the working environment in real time through the temperature sensor 6, and then adjusts the magnetic suction force of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 through the controller to ensure that the photovoltaic photothermal coupling system can still maintain a stable connection under high temperature conditions.

[0087] The temperature sensor 6 used in this embodiment is a high-precision temperature sensor 6, which can monitor the operating temperature of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 in real time, and can cover the possible temperature range and adapt to extreme environments such as high temperature and extreme cold.

[0088] The data monitored by the temperature sensor 6 is transmitted to the controller through the signal processing unit, and the controller adjusts the current of the electromagnet according to the set temperature-magnetic attraction curve. Therefore, in a high temperature environment, the attraction of the electromagnet will automatically weaken, which can prevent excessive attraction from causing damage or deformation to the component structure of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2; in a low temperature or normal temperature environment, the magnetic attraction will be moderately enhanced to ensure a more secure connection.

[0089] In addition, according to the stress characteristics of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 and the temperature fluctuations in different areas, different levels of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can be designed for precise arrangement.

[0090] For example, in high-temperature areas of the system (such as areas close to the surface of the photothermal reflector 2), electromagnets with low magnetic attraction levels are used. These areas are heated more, so the magnetic attraction needs to be adjusted appropriately according to the temperature to avoid excessive attraction that causes compression and deformation of the components.

[0091] In areas with less temperature variation (such as the middle or bottom areas), use electromagnets with moderate magnetic attraction levels. These areas can maintain a higher level of magnetic attraction to ensure the stability of the overall connection.

[0092] In low temperature areas of the system (such as close to the outside air contact surface or in the shadow), use electromagnets with higher magnetic attraction levels to ensure structural stability in cold environments.

[0093] On the basis of the above technical solution, in order to realize intelligent adjustment of the magnetic attraction force, each first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can also have a built-in adaptive adjustment circuit, and the controller can optimize the magnetic attraction force adjustment process of each first magnetic part 3 and each second magnetic part 4 through an intelligent algorithm to adapt to temperature changes and adjust the magnetic attraction force in real time to ensure efficient and stable connection.

[0094] The electromagnet module with built-in adaptive adjustment circuit has preliminary technical applications in industrial automation and robot grippers. It mainly monitors the environment and magnetic field changes through built-in temperature sensors 6, Hall sensors, etc., so as to automatically adjust the adsorption force of the electromagnet.

[0095] In the present invention, the above scheme can be realized by the following design elements:

[0096] Temperature sensor 6: used to monitor the environment and the working temperature of the electromagnet in real time;

[0097] Controller: adjusts the current in real time through operational amplifiers and other circuits to change the magnetic attraction of the electromagnet, and uses PWM (pulse width modulation) technology to achieve efficient magnetic attraction control;

[0098] Hall sensor or flux sensor: monitors the magnetic field strength to ensure the accuracy of the regulation process.

[0099] The controller optimizes the magnetic attraction adjustment process of each first magnetic part 3 and each second magnetic part 4 through an intelligent algorithm, which can be achieved in the following manner, and can also refer to the prior art:

[0100] 1. Adjustment based on PID control algorithm

[0101] principle:

[0102] The magnetic attraction of the electromagnet is adjusted using proportional (P), integral (I), and differential (D) control methods.

[0103] The current is adjusted through real-time feedback to achieve fast response and stable regulation.

[0104] Application steps:

[0105] Input set value: set the target magnetic attraction force according to environmental requirements and adsorption force standards;

[0106] Measurement and feedback: monitor temperature and magnetic field changes through sensors and feedback real-time data;

[0107] Adjust current output: The PID controller dynamically adjusts the current according to the difference to achieve precise control.

[0108] 2. Adaptive adjustment based on machine learning

[0109] principle:

[0110] By training the neural network model, the optimal magnetic attraction force adjustment strategy under different environmental conditions is learned.

[0111] Suitable for scenarios with complex environmental changes, such as stable connections in high temperature and high vibration environments.

[0112] Implementation steps:

[0113] Data collection: record multi-dimensional data such as temperature, magnetic attraction, environmental conditions, etc.

[0114] Model training: Train the model through supervised learning algorithms to optimize the regulation strategy from historical data;

[0115] Real-time reasoning and optimization: The model is deployed to the controller and the optimal adjustment parameters are calculated in real time.

[0116] Example algorithms include Deep Q-Network (DQN) and Support Vector Regression (SVR).

[0117] To further ensure that the electromagnet can always work in the optimal state under extreme environments such as high temperature and maintain a stable connection between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2, the photovoltaic-photothermal coupling system can also be set up with a real-time monitoring and feedback mechanism.

[0118] The real-time monitoring and feedback mechanism of the present invention can be realized by the following design elements:

[0119] Temperature sensor 6: monitors the temperature change of the electromagnet and the environment, such as a thermistor, a digital temperature sensor 6 (such as DS18B20);

[0120] Magnetic attraction force adjustment module: adjusts the attraction force of the electromagnet, such as PWM controller, current amplifier and electromagnet coil;

[0121] Data processing and feedback control module: processes the temperature sensor 6 data and adjusts the output signal, such as an MCU or PLC controller (such as STM32, Arduino);

[0122] Communication and remote monitoring module: transmit data and realize remote control, such as wireless communication module (LoRa, Wi-Fi), data visualization interface;

[0123] Power management module: provides stable power supply and current regulation, such as voltage regulator and lithium battery module.

[0124] At this point, the working process of the photovoltaic thermal coupling system is as follows:

[0125] 1. Sensor monitoring and signal acquisition

[0126] Temperature sensor 6: continuously collects the ambient and electromagnet working temperature.

[0127] Hall sensor or strain gauge: monitors the magnitude of the magnetic attraction force and the adsorption state of the electromagnet and the photothermal reflector 2.

[0128] 2. Data processing and feedback control

[0129] The controller processes the sensor data and calculates the difference between the actual and target magnetic attraction forces.

[0130] The control algorithm (PID control) adjusts the duty cycle of the PWM signal according to the difference and dynamically adjusts the electromagnet current output.

[0131] 3. Adjustment and status feedback

[0132] The magnetic attraction force is adjusted in real time according to the adjustment result to ensure the stable connection between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2.

[0133] The system provides feedback of current status information through LED indicators or data visualization interface.

[0134] 4. Exception handling and alarm mechanism

[0135] The system sets high temperature threshold, low magnetic attraction alarm threshold and other conditions, and sends out alarm signals when they exceed the range.

[0136] Automatically triggers cooling fans or reduces solenoid power output to prevent overheating.

[0137] The temperature sensor 6 is a thermistor or a digital temperature sensor 6 (such as DS18B20).

[0138] The magnetic attraction monitoring module is a Hall sensor or a strain gauge sensor. The Hall sensor monitors the changes in the magnetic field of the electromagnet and feeds back the magnetic attraction state; the strain gauge sensor indirectly evaluates the adsorption force by detecting structural deformation.

[0139] The controller selected is MCU (micro control unit) or PLC (programmable logic controller).

[0140] The electromagnet regulation module is a PWM modulation circuit or a high-efficiency current amplifier. The PWM modulation circuit realizes dynamic regulation of the electromagnet adsorption force by adjusting the duty cycle, and the high-efficiency current amplifier ensures that the electromagnet adsorption force responds quickly and stably.

[0141] In addition, the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system can also detect the working status and temperature changes of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 through the built-in diagnostic tool, and adjust the magnetic attraction level of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 according to the actual situation to avoid structural loosening or excessive pressure due to excessively strong or weak magnetic attraction.

[0142] Specifically, the implementation of the built-in diagnostic tool can refer to the above-mentioned real-time monitoring and feedback mechanism. The difference between the built-in diagnostic tool and the real-time monitoring and feedback mechanism is that the real-time monitoring and feedback mechanism is mainly used for real-time adjustment of the system to ensure dynamic and stable connection; while the built-in diagnostic tool focuses on system self-checking and performance analysis, which is used to detect anomalies during maintenance and optimize long-term operation strategies. Therefore, the diagnostic tool can further expand its functions to include:

[0143] Historical data analysis: Analyze temperature and adsorption force trends to predict potential failures.

[0144] Abnormal status recording: Capture and store events that are out of the normal range for maintenance personnel to review.

[0145] Automatic optimization suggestions: Provides suggestions for adjusting adsorption force based on data self-learning algorithm.

[0146] On the basis of the above technical solution, the position and strength level of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can be accurately calculated and arranged according to the force distribution and temperature distribution characteristics of the system. For example, the force point of the photothermal reflector 2 is usually in the central part, so an electromagnet with a higher suction level can be selected, while an electromagnet with a lower suction level is suitable for the edge. In addition, the force situation of the system under different temperature conditions can be analyzed by a computer model analysis system, and the arrangement of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can be optimized to ensure the connection stability of the system in a wider operating temperature range.

[0147] On the basis of the above technical solution, in order to further ensure the stable operation of the system, a plurality of redundant electromagnets may be arranged on the connection surface between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 to ensure the stability of the magnetic attraction.

[0148] This embodiment combines electromagnetic control and temperature sensing technology, and can dynamically adjust the magnetic attraction according to the temperature changes in the actual environment. For example, under high temperature conditions, the magnetic attraction adjustment technology can adjust the attraction of the electromagnet in real time to avoid structural damage or overheating of the magnet due to excessive attraction; by optimizing the material and design of the electromagnet, it can withstand higher temperature changes and maintain good working stability. Under low temperature conditions, the attraction of the electromagnet is appropriately enhanced, which effectively ensures the stability of the connection in a cold environment; at the same time, the thermal expansion coefficient of the material and the design of the electromagnet will ensure that the magnetic attraction is not subject to large fluctuations at low temperatures. Therefore, the magnetic attraction adjustment technology effectively avoids the problem that the traditional fixed connection method cannot adapt to temperature fluctuations, improves the intelligence level and adaptability of the equipment, and greatly enhances the long-term stability of the photovoltaic thermal coupling system.

[0149] When the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are low-temperature superconducting materials (such as yttrium barium copper oxide superconductor YBCO), the controller is electrically connected to the electromagnetic coil on the low-temperature superconducting material. By using low-temperature superconducting materials, the magnetic attraction can be enhanced and the energy loss can be reduced, thereby further improving the connection stability. Low-temperature superconducting materials have a high critical temperature and critical current, and can withstand large currents without entering a normal conductive state. Using low-temperature superconducting materials instead of traditional electromagnets can produce a stronger attraction in an efficient magnetic connection, which can make the connection between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 more stable, avoiding the situation where the traditional magnetic attraction is insufficient or too strong. In addition, the superconducting material has zero resistance in a low-temperature environment, and the current in the magnetic attraction system has almost no energy loss, ensuring the efficient operation of the photovoltaic and photothermal coupling system, especially in the energy conversion process, the energy loss is minimized. This design can also effectively reduce the volume and weight of the connecting components and improve the overall efficiency and stability of the system.

[0150] Superconducting materials can only maintain their superconducting properties in a low-temperature environment. Therefore, a cooling mechanism 9 is required to ensure that the operating temperature is always below the critical temperature. Especially in a high-temperature photothermal environment, it is crucial to keep the superconducting material at the optimal operating temperature.

[0151] To ensure cooling effect and system reliability, the installation of cooling mechanism 9 needs to be reasonably arranged so as to effectively maintain the low temperature environment of superconducting materials. The specific plan is as follows:

[0152] 1. Magnetic suction around key connection points

[0153] A cooling mechanism 9 is installed near the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 of the superconducting electromagnet module to ensure that the distance between the cooling mechanism 9 and the magnetic attraction module is minimized to reduce cooling loss.

[0154] Alternatively, a wraparound or embedded design is adopted, and the cooling mechanism 9 is placed in close contact with the surfaces of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 of the superconducting electromagnet module to efficiently dissipate heat.

[0155] 2. Independent cooling cavity design

[0156] The first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 of the superconducting electromagnet module are encapsulated in a vacuum insulation cavity or a multi-layer insulation material, and the external heat source is isolated by a low thermal conductivity material. The vacuum insulation cavity is connected to a refrigerator outside the cavity through a cooling pipeline to avoid direct exposure or loss of the refrigerant.

[0157] In order to achieve long-term stable operation at low temperature, the following solutions can be adopted:

[0158] 1. Use refrigerant cooling mechanism 9

[0159] Liquid nitrogen cooling: The temperature of liquid nitrogen is about -196℃ (77K), which can effectively maintain the superconducting state of most low-temperature superconducting materials.

[0160] The coolant is continuously transported through a closed circulation pipeline, and the liquid nitrogen in the pipeline is circulated by a pump to avoid direct evaporation and consumption of liquid nitrogen.

[0161] Liquid helium cooling: The temperature of liquid helium is about -268.8℃ (4.2K), which is suitable for low-temperature superconducting materials with higher requirements. At this time, it can be combined with high vacuum environment and insulation technology to reduce liquid helium evaporation loss.

[0162] 2. Use refrigeration cycle system

[0163] The closed-loop cooling technology is used to re-condense the vaporized coolant through the refrigeration compressor and cooler, ensuring the long-term use of the coolant without frequent replacement.

[0164] It is also possible to design high-efficiency heat exchangers to improve cooling efficiency and reduce energy consumption.

[0165] In addition, the temperature sensor 6 can monitor the ambient temperature around the superconducting electromagnet module in real time, and automatically adjust the coolant flow rate or cooling power to maintain the optimal temperature. When the temperature is abnormal, the system will issue an alarm and automatically switch to the backup refrigerator to ensure cooling continuity. The specific implementation plan is as follows:

[0166] 1. Install high-precision temperature sensors 6, such as platinum resistance (PT100 / PT1000) or thermocouples, inside and outside the cavity where the superconducting material is located to ensure that the temperature measurement accuracy is within ±0.1°C, and to collect the temperature changes of the internal working environment and the external environment in real time.

[0167] 2. Use a microcontroller (such as the STM32 series or a dedicated industrial controller) as the core processor to process the temperature sensor 6 data in real time.

[0168] 3. Use PID control algorithm to adjust cooling intensity to ensure that the system temperature is stable within the set range. For example, set high and low temperature thresholds, and trigger cooling power adjustment when the temperature exceeds the threshold: increase coolant flow or refrigeration compressor power when the temperature rises; reduce cooling power or shut down the refrigeration device to save energy when the temperature drops below the critical point.

[0169] Among them, the coolant flow rate can be accurately controlled by an electric flow control valve to control the circulation flow rate of the coolant; the refrigerator power can use variable frequency refrigerator technology to automatically adjust the cooling power according to demand.

[0170] 4. The microcontroller analyzes the temperature trend by controlling the temperature sensor 6 to perform regular sampling (e.g., once per second). If the system temperature continues to be abnormal, the control unit triggers an alarm and switches to the backup cooling mechanism 9 to ensure that the superconducting material is always in the best working condition.

[0171] This embodiment combines superconducting magnetic attraction technology with a photovoltaic thermal coupling system, and uses intelligent cooling technology to ensure low-temperature operation of superconducting materials, thereby achieving efficient and stable connection effects. In addition, the modular design and scalability of the superconducting magnetic attraction module with a cooling mechanism 9 enable the superconducting magnetic attraction module to be applied in various photovoltaic thermal systems, and has extremely high reliability and long-term use value.

[0172] The present invention significantly enhances the magnetic attraction force and improves the stability and reliability of the connection by introducing superconducting magnetic attraction technology. Studies have shown that after multiple harsh environmental tests (including temperature changes, wind speed changes, etc.), the superconducting magnetic attraction technology of the present invention can maintain stable connection for a long time, and there is no decrease in connection strength at high temperatures. In a 1200-hour high-temperature test, the connection strength of the present invention only decreased by 3%, which is much lower than the 8% of the traditional connection method.

[0173] In another specific embodiment of the present invention, the magnetic attraction mechanism can also use variable polarity magnetic attraction technology, that is, using the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic coil to achieve polarity switching. The electromagnetic coil changes the polarity of the magnetic field it generates by inputting different current signals, thereby controlling the direction and strength of the magnetic attraction connection. Therefore, by adjusting the direction and magnitude of the current, rapid switching from attraction to repulsion can be achieved.

[0174] The process of adjusting the magnetic field polarity is dynamic and real-time. By adjusting the polarity of the magnetic attraction point, the docking method and position of the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can be flexibly adapted. Different connection methods will help adapt to different working environments.

[0175] When the direction of the current changes, the polarity of the magnetic field also changes. For example, a positive current will generate an attractive force, while a reverse current may change to a repulsive force. This adjustment method allows the attractive force of the connection point to change flexibly. Therefore, in a specific working environment, the function of attracting the connection to releasing the connection can be achieved by controlling the current as needed. For example, when the connection needs to be disassembled or assembled, the magnetic attraction can be changed by switching the direction of the current, thereby easily completing the disassembly of the magnetic connection.

[0176] When used, the electromagnetic coil is embedded in the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4, and the magnetic field polarity is adjusted by the change of the current. The sensor can also be used to monitor the temperature, pressure and other environmental factors of the connection point in real time, and the current size and direction can be automatically adjusted by the microprocessor to adapt to different working conditions and external environmental conditions. Among them, the design of the electromagnetic coil needs to select the coil parameters according to the required magnetic attraction strength and polarity change speed to ensure that it can provide a suitable magnetic attraction effect in different working scenarios.

[0177] Specifically, the location and connection of the microprocessor and sensor are as follows:

[0178] Microprocessor: installed near the controller or magnetic connector, and connected to each sensor through wires, used to receive sensor data, calculate control signals, and control the current size and direction of the electromagnet;

[0179] Temperature sensor 6: installed on or near the surface of the magnetic connector, connected to the microprocessor via a data cable, and used to monitor the working environment and device temperature in real time;

[0180] Pressure sensor 7: It is arranged on the surface or connection surface of the magnetic connection part and is connected to the microprocessor through a data line to monitor the stress of the connection point to prevent the structure from being loose or over-pressurized;

[0181] Current regulation module: set in the electromagnetic coil power supply circuit, connected to the microprocessor through the control signal, used to adjust the current size and direction according to the microprocessor signal;

[0182] Feedback control circuit: embedded in the whole system, it forms a closed-loop control with various sensors, microprocessors and current regulation modules to realize data acquisition, calculation and control closed loop.

[0183] The method of automatic and real-time adjustment mechanism of the variable polarity magnetic attraction technology in this embodiment:

[0184] 1. Data collection and feedback

[0185] The temperature sensor 6 and the pressure sensor 7 collect the environmental data such as temperature and pressure in real time and transmit them to the microprocessor;

[0186] The microprocessor analyzes the data and determines whether the current size and direction need to be adjusted based on the set parameter thresholds.

[0187] 2. Current regulation and polarity switching

[0188] The microprocessor sends a signal to the current regulation module to adjust the current direction and size of the electromagnetic coil to meet the needs of different connection states;

[0189] The polarity switching mechanism is achieved by changing the direction of the current, switching from an attractive state to a repulsive state.

[0190] 3. Environmental adaptation strategy

[0191] When the temperature rises to the set threshold, the system can reduce the current to reduce the heating of the electromagnet and ensure the stability of the system;

[0192] When the pressure exceeds the safe range, the system can adjust by changing the magnetic attraction to avoid excessive pressure or loose connections.

[0193] It can be seen that the magnitude and direction of the magnetic attraction can be precisely adjusted through the polarity-changing technology, so that components such as the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 can be quickly and accurately connected, thereby improving the stability and reliability of the connection. In addition, during the connection or disassembly process, the polarity-changing technology can effectively avoid the strong magnetic field interference that may exist in the traditional magnetic connection method, thereby improving the overall safety and operational convenience of the system.

[0194] Among them, the reason why the polarity-changing technology can effectively avoid the strong magnetic field interference that may exist in the traditional magnetic connection method is as follows:

[0195] 1. Dynamic adjustment of magnetic field interference

[0196] In traditional magnetic connection, due to the fixed polarity and magnetic field direction of the magnet, continuous strong magnetic field interference may occur, especially during the connection or removal process, the magnetic field strength and direction cannot be effectively controlled. The variable polarity technology can adjust the strength and polarity of the magnetic field in real time as needed through the adjustable magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic coil, avoiding excessive magnetic field interference.

[0197] 2. Polarity switching control

[0198] The variable polarity technology can quickly switch the polarity of the magnetic field according to the needs of connection or disassembly. For example, when connecting, the system can set the electromagnetic coil to generate an attractive magnetic field to firmly adsorb the connection point; when disassembling, the polarity of the magnetic field is reversed by changing the current direction of the electromagnetic coil, and the magnetic force changes from attraction to repulsion, avoiding the connection point being trapped by an overly strong attraction.

[0199] This polarity switching reduces the influence of strong magnetic fields that may occur in traditional magnetic connections, especially during the disassembly process, where the instantaneous change of the magnetic field can avoid any unnecessary interference.

[0200] 3. Localized control of magnetic field area

[0201] Compared with the global magnetic field of traditional magnetic connection, variable polarity technology allows localized control of the magnetic field. By precisely designing the electromagnetic coil and its layout, the area of ​​influence of the magnetic field can be controlled to be smaller, avoiding interference of strong magnetic fields on other components or equipment. Such control can ensure that the magnetic connection generates effective attraction in a specific area, while avoiding strong interference in other areas where the magnetic field is not required.

[0202] 4. Automatic adjustment mechanism

[0203] Polarity-changing technology is usually equipped with an intelligent control system that automatically adjusts the polarity and strength of the magnetic field according to the working environment and task requirements. This adjustment mechanism can respond to environmental changes in real time to avoid interference caused by excessive or unstable magnetic fields. Especially during the disassembly process, by adjusting the gradual weakening of the magnetic field, it can effectively reduce the impact on surrounding equipment or components.

[0204] In the polarity changing technology, the electromagnet can be a multi-pole magnet in addition to the above-mentioned single-pole magnet. When a multi-pole magnet is used, the polarity changing technology can be referred to as the multi-pole magnetic field control technology. The multi-pole magnetic field control technology is described in detail below:

[0205] Adding multiple magnetic poles (such as two-pole, four-pole, eight-pole and other multi-pole designs) to the traditional single-pole magnetic structure makes the control of the magnetic field more flexible and able to adapt to complex connection requirements. The spacing and relative direction between each magnetic pole will be able to accurately control the scope of influence of the magnetic field, achieving more efficient docking and connection. Therefore, the introduction of a multi-pole magnetic field makes the attraction between the connection points more uniform, avoiding the uneven force that may occur in traditional magnetic connections. In addition, the interaction between each magnetic pole enhances the fit between components, making the connection more stable.

[0206] After adopting the multi-pole structure, the adjustment of the magnetic connection no longer relies on a single polarity, but can accurately adjust the size and direction of the magnetic attraction force through a combination of different polarities, thereby achieving multi-level fine adjustment of the connection force. When multiple connection points are working at the same time, the multi-pole magnetic field can ensure that each connection point can be accurately docked during the assembly process, avoiding installation errors caused by concentrated or uneven distribution of force, thereby improving the overall assembly accuracy and efficiency of the photovoltaic thermal coupling structure. Therefore, the multi-pole magnetic field control technology can effectively improve the accuracy of the magnetic connection.

[0207] In the multi-pole magnetic field control technology, the intelligent electronic control unit used is basically the same as the above-mentioned controller or control circuit in function, but there are certain differences in the implementation of functions and specific operations. The core functions of the intelligent electronic control unit in this embodiment include real-time data acquisition, analysis and processing, as well as the current and polarity adjustment of each magnetic attraction point, and can dynamically adjust the current direction and size according to the feedback information of the sensor. Therefore, the intelligent electronic control unit can be regarded as a control circuit with more advanced functions. It is not only a basic circuit for controlling current, but also includes the collection and processing of external environmental information (such as temperature, pressure, displacement, etc.), providing more sophisticated dynamic adjustment.

[0208] Compared with traditional control circuits, the main new functions of intelligent electronic control units include:

[0209] Real-time adjustment of magnetic attraction: by adjusting the current size and direction, it responds to environmental changes (such as temperature, pressure, etc.) in real time to ensure the stability of the magnetic connection;

[0210] Feedback mechanism: By connecting to external sensors, it can automatically monitor the status of connection points to avoid unstable connections caused by changes in the external environment.

[0211] Data processing and optimization: Based on the environmental data collected in real time, the control unit can run intelligent algorithms to optimize the strength and polarity of the magnetic connection to ensure safety and efficiency during the connection process.

[0212] The positions and connections of the microprocessor and the sensor in this embodiment are as follows:

[0213] 1. Location of sensor setting:

[0214] The temperature sensor 6, the pressure sensor 7, and the displacement sensor 8 can be arranged on the connection surface between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2. Specifically, these sensors should be placed at the following positions:

[0215] Temperature sensor 6: installed at the connection point or the part interacting with the external environment, used to monitor temperature changes in real time to prevent abnormal magnetic attraction caused by overheating or low temperature;

[0216] Pressure sensor 7: used to monitor the pressure distribution at the connection surface to ensure that the magnetic attraction force is moderate and avoid the connection being too tight or too loose;

[0217] Displacement sensor 8: used to detect the relative position change between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 to ensure that the two are always in the best connection state.

[0218] 2. Electrical connection between sensor and control unit:

[0219] The temperature sensor 6, the pressure sensor 7, and the displacement sensor 8 are all electrically connected to the control unit to exchange data. The specific method may be:

[0220] Wired connection: The temperature sensor 6, the pressure sensor 7, and the displacement sensor 8 are connected to the control unit through a dedicated signal line, and the data are fed back to the control unit in real time.

[0221] Wireless connection: If designed as a wireless transmission system, the sensor can maintain real-time communication with the control unit through wireless communication protocols (such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.).

[0222] 3. Feedback Mechanism

[0223] By monitoring the data provided by the sensor in real time, the magnetic attraction is adjusted to ensure the efficiency and stability of the connection. The sensor monitors the connection status and feeds back to the control unit, which adjusts the direction or size of the current based on the feedback information to optimize the magnetic attraction. For example, when the sensor detects that the pressure on the connection surface is too high, the control unit can reduce the current intensity, reduce the magnetic attraction, and avoid excessive adsorption.

[0224] The multi-pole magnetic points can be modularly arranged in the connection point area as required. Each module deploys magnetic modules of different polarities according to the actual force requirements to ensure uniform distribution of magnetic force. At the same time, according to the size of the photovoltaic-thermal coupling structure and the force conditions of each connection point, the layout of each magnetic point is optimized to ensure the efficient effect of the multi-pole magnetic field during the connection process.

[0225] When equipment maintenance or replacement is required, the use of variable polarity technology and multi-pole magnetic attraction structure can realize automatic disassembly and assembly of components. By adjusting the current direction and size of the electromagnetic coil, the magnetic attraction can be quickly released or enhanced, allowing components to be easily disassembled or reconnected without damage.

[0226] Therefore, the variable polarity magnetic attraction technology of the present invention can realize flexible control of the magnetic attraction force by switching the polarity of the electromagnetic coil, so that the connection of the photovoltaic thermal coupling structure is more accurate and stable. The use of a multi-pole magnetic field control scheme not only improves the accuracy of the connection, but also effectively improves the assembly efficiency and avoids assembly errors caused by uneven magnetic attraction. In the application of photovoltaic thermal systems, it not only enhances the stability of the connection, but also provides feasibility for rapid disassembly and maintenance of the system. In addition, the integration of the intelligent electronic control system makes the adjustment of the magnetic connection more intelligent, can cope with different working environments and working conditions, and has strong adaptability and reliability.

[0227] Example 2

[0228] This embodiment provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system, which specifically includes the following steps:

[0229] 1. Preparation process and materials of upper semi-transparent perovskite solar cells

[0230] (1) Material selection

[0231] Substrate material: transparent conductive oxide glass (such as FTO, ITO);

[0232] Perovskite precursor materials: perovskite materials with a band gap range of 1.63eV-2.5eV; solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO);

[0233] Hole transport layer (HTL): PEDOT:PSS, Spiro-OMeTAD, etc.

[0234] Electron transport layer (ETL): zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO2), etc.

[0235] Back electrode: transparent conductive layer or metal thin layer (such as silver, gold), etc.

[0236] Packaging materials: PET / PMMA transparent polymer film, etc.

[0237] Coating materials: Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3).

[0238] (2) Preparation process

[0239] Substrate cleaning: Use deionized water, isopropanol, and acetone for ultrasonic cleaning for 10 minutes in sequence to ensure that there are no pollutants on the substrate surface; use high-purity nitrogen to blow dry and bake at 120°C for 15 minutes to remove residual moisture; UVO treatment for 30 minutes to increase surface wettability.

[0240] Hole transport layer deposition: prepare a hole transport layer solution (e.g., MeO-2PACz) on the perovskite layer by slit coating; Annealing: anneal the substrate at 100° C. for 10 minutes to form a dense hole transport layer;

[0241] Perovskite layer deposition: After preparation by slit coating method, the perovskite film was formed by heating at 100 °C for 30 minutes;

[0242] Electron transport layer deposition: Electron transport layer (such as C60 and BCP) is deposited on the perovskite layer using evaporation method;

[0243] Back electrode deposition: A transparent conductive layer (such as ITO or a multi-layer transparent electrode, etc.) with a thickness of 100 nm is deposited on the hole transport layer by sputtering.

[0244] Packaging: Use transparent packaging film to encapsulate the battery to prevent corrosion from environmental moisture and oxygen;

[0245] Coating: Indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are coated on the surface of the encapsulation layer to prevent environmental pollutants (such as dust and moisture) from affecting the battery components. It also has functions such as UV resistance and wear resistance. In addition, it can also protect the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 from the external environment such as high temperature, moisture and ultraviolet radiation.

[0246] 2. Preparation process and materials of lower photothermal reflector 2

[0247] (1) Material selection

[0248] Reflective material: Metal reflective layer: silver (Ag), aluminum (Al);

[0249] Substrate materials: ceramic substrate, stainless steel plate, glass substrate;

[0250] Protective coating materials: silicon dioxide (SiO2), magnesium fluoride (MgF2);

[0251] High temperature resistant adhesives: epoxy resin, ceramic adhesive.

[0252] (2) Preparation process

[0253] Substrate pretreatment: Polish the ceramic or stainless steel substrate to ensure surface smoothness, and use pickling and ultrasonic cleaning to remove surface oxides and impurities.

[0254] Reflective layer deposition: Silver or aluminum target is sputtered and deposited on the substrate surface under vacuum conditions, and the film thickness is controlled at 100-300nm.

[0255] Protective coating deposition: SiO2 is coated on the surface of the reflective layer to form a high temperature resistant and corrosion resistant protective layer. The thickness of the protective coating is controlled at 50nm to ensure the light reflection performance.

[0256] Annealing treatment: Annealing at 300-500℃ for 1 hour to improve the density and adhesion of the film layer.

[0257] A high temperature resistant adhesive is coated on the bonding interface between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 to ensure a stable connection between the two in a high temperature environment.

[0258] 3. Magnetic combination of semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and reflector

[0259] (1) Material selection

[0260] Magnetic materials: NdFeB permanent magnets, electromagnets, low-temperature superconducting materials or magnetic adsorption belts with strong magnetic force and high temperature resistance;

[0261] Magnetic coating: nickel plating;

[0262] Flexible connection materials: high temperature silicone rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), etc.

[0263] Support structure material: aluminum alloy, stainless steel bracket.

[0264] (2) Combination steps

[0265] The first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 of complementary shapes are respectively embedded in the edges of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2, and it is ensured that the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can be automatically aligned and firmly adsorbed during installation. The first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 can be placed in the same direction or in the opposite direction;

[0266] The first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are fixed to the frames of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 by using a high-strength adhesive, and the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 are subjected to surface coating treatment to enhance their high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance;

[0267] A flexible gasket 5 (such as silicone material, polyimide material, special rubber material, etc.) is installed between the magnetic connector and the first bracket for fixing the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1, between the magnetic connector and the second bracket for fixing the photothermal reflector 2, and between the first magnetic part 3 and the second magnetic part 4 to absorb vibration and prevent structural damage;

[0268] A temperature sensor 6, a pressure sensor 7 and a displacement sensor 8 are selectively installed on the connection surface of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 or the photothermal reflector 2;

[0269] Connect the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 by magnetic attraction to ensure the precise alignment between the components, check the firmness of the magnetic connection, and further fix it by mechanical lock.

[0270] Through the above-mentioned preparation process and material selection, the present invention can effectively realize an efficient and stable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system.

[0271] In summary, compared with the prior art, the present invention has significant technical advantages, can effectively improve the stability, efficiency and reliability of the photovoltaic thermal coupling system, and provides an innovative and practical solution for the field of solar power generation.

[0272] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or replace some or all of the technical features therein with equivalents. However, these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system with magnetic connection, characterized in that: It comprises a semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1), a photothermal reflector (2) and a magnetic attraction mechanism, wherein the photothermal reflector (2) is detachably arranged below the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) via the magnetic attraction mechanism.

2. The high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The magnetic attraction mechanism comprises one or more groups of magnetic attraction connectors, each group of the magnetic attraction connectors comprises a first magnetic part (3) and a second magnetic part (4), and the first magnetic part (3) and the second magnetic part (4) are respectively embedded or pasted on a side opposite to the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) and the photothermal reflector (2).

3. The high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The first magnetic part (3) and the second magnetic part (4) are a nested structure; Or any one of the first magnetic part (3) and the second magnetic part (4) has a positioning protrusion structure, and the other has a positioning recessed structure.

4. The high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The first magnetic part (3) and the second magnetic part (4) are any one of permanent magnets, electromagnets, low-temperature superconducting materials or magnetic adsorption belts.

5. The high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 2, characterized in that: A flexible gasket (5) and a mechanical lock are provided on the first magnetic part (3) and / or the second magnetic part (4).

6. The high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 4, characterized in that: It also includes a controller and a temperature sensor (6), wherein the temperature sensor (6) is arranged on the connection surface between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) and the photothermal reflector (2), the controller is electrically connected to the electromagnet or the electromagnetic coil on the low-temperature superconducting material, and the temperature sensor (6) is electrically connected to the controller.

7. The high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 6, characterized in that: It also includes a cooling mechanism (9), which is arranged on the first magnetic part (3) and the second magnetic part (4), and the cooling mechanism (9) is electrically connected to the controller.

8. The high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 6, characterized in that: The electromagnet is a monopole magnet or a multipole magnet.

9. The high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 6, characterized in that: It also includes a pressure sensor (7) and a displacement sensor (8), wherein the pressure sensor (7) and the displacement sensor (8) are arranged on the connection surface between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) and the photothermal reflector (2), and the pressure sensor (7) and the displacement sensor (8) are electrically connected to the controller.

10. The method for preparing a high-efficiency photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: The first magnetic part (3) and the second magnetic part (4) are respectively fixed on the side opposite to the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) and the photothermal reflector (2), and the first magnetic part (3) and the second magnetic part (4) are subjected to surface coating treatment; A flexible gasket (5) is installed between the magnetic connector and a first bracket for fixing a semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1), between the magnetic connector and a second bracket for fixing a photothermal reflector (2), and between the first magnetic part (3) and the second magnetic part (4); A temperature sensor (6), a pressure sensor (7) and a displacement sensor (8) are selectively installed on the connection surface of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) or the photothermal reflector (2); The semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) and the photothermal reflector (2) are connected by magnetic attraction and further fixed by a mechanical lock.

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